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Physics Project

The document summarizes a physics investigatory project on investigating the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled with different transparent fluids. The project was conducted by Lakshay Gupta, a class 12 student, under the guidance of his physics teacher Mr. Anil Sharma. The project involved setting up an apparatus including a hollow prism, drawing board, liquids, and measuring tools. Experiments were performed by passing light through the prism at different angles of incidence and measuring the resulting angles of deviation. The results were recorded and analyzed to understand refraction through the prism.

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Lakshay Gupta
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69 views

Physics Project

The document summarizes a physics investigatory project on investigating the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled with different transparent fluids. The project was conducted by Lakshay Gupta, a class 12 student, under the guidance of his physics teacher Mr. Anil Sharma. The project involved setting up an apparatus including a hollow prism, drawing board, liquids, and measuring tools. Experiments were performed by passing light through the prism at different angles of incidence and measuring the resulting angles of deviation. The results were recorded and analyzed to understand refraction through the prism.

Uploaded by

Lakshay Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS

INVESTI
GATORY
PROJEC
T
SUBMITTED BY
Lakshay Gupta
Class-XII-D
Roll no-12408

Under The Guidance Of


Mr. Anil Sharma
(Physics Lecturer)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Lakshay
Gupta of class XII has
successfully completed the
research on the project under
the guidance of Mr. Anil
Sharma during year 2023-24

__________ ___________
Teacher sign. Principle sign.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deepest
appreciation to my teacher Mr. Anil
kumar sharma for helping me with his
project. His invaluable insights and
expertise have been instrumental in
shaping the direction and outcome of
this project.
I would also like to extend my
appreciation to my school principal
Mr. RP singh wholeheartedly.

Experimental setup
AIM:
To investigate the dependence, of the
angle of deviation on the angle of
incidence, using a hallow prism filled, one
by one, with different transparent fluids.
APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper,
hollow prism, different liquids (water,
kerosene oil, etc., drawing pins, pencil,
half meter scale, thump pins, graph papers
and a protractor.
THEORY:
Refraction of Light through a Prism -
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism
taken by a vertical plane, perpendicular to
the edge. BC is the base of the prism and
AB and AC are its two refracting surfaces.
RQ is the incident ray.
QS is the refracted ray.
ST is the emergent ray.
RQN₁ = angle of incidence
SQN3 r₁ angle of refraction inside prism
QSN3=r2 = angle of incidence inside prism
TSN2 e angle of emergence
BACA angle of prism
SFK D = angle of deviation
In QFS, KFS FQS + FSQ
D= (i)+(e- r2)
D=i+e (r₁+ r2) ... (1)
180°... (2) In QS₁Nз, r₁ + г2 + QN3S = 180°... r2
The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic
quadrilateral, then
A+QN3S 180
….. (3)
From (2) and (3)
= r₁ + г2
(4) Eq. (1) become
D= i + e-A D+A = i + e
... (5)
Angle of Minimum Deviation -
Definition: The minimum value of angle of
deviation is called angle of minimum
deviation. It is represented by the symbol Dm.
Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)
there are two values of angle of incidence.
One value equals 'i' and other value equals 'e'.
As angle 'i' is increased from a small value, e'
decreases from large value and angle of
deviation decreases. When angle of deviation
is minimum (Dm), then, 'i' and 'e' becomes
equal.

The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC.


Since ie, we have r₁ = r2. ('.'n= sin i/ sinr1 = sin e sinr2 )
Hence, at minimum deviation, when r₁ = r2 = r
(say).
We have
A = r₁+ 2 = r + r = 2r
r =Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and
i =e
From relation,
A+D = i + e
We have,
A+ Dm= i + i = 2i ⇒ i = A+ Dm/ 2
From Snell's law,
n =sin I /sin r
We have,
n=sin A+Dm/2/Sin A/2

This Relation is used for determining of n for Prism


material.
Diagram:-

DIAGRAM: Refraction through prism at different angles

PROCEDURE:
1.A white sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing
board with the help of drawing pins.
2.A straight line XX' parallel to the length of the paper
was drawn nearly in the middle of the
paper.
3.Points Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 were marked on the
straight line XX' at suitable distances of about 6cm.
4.Normal's N1Q1, N2Q2, N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn
on points Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.
5.Straight lines R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3 and R4Q4 were drawn
making angles of 40°, 45°,50° and 55° respectively with
the normal.
6.One corner of the prism was marked as A and it was
taken as the edge of the prism for all the observations.
7. Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the line
XX' and point Q1 was put in the middle of AB.
8. The boundary of the prism was marked.
9. Two pins P₁ and P2 were fixed vertically on the line
R1Q1 and the distance between the pins were about
2cm.
10.The images of points P₁ and P2 were looked through
face AC.
11.Left eye was closed and right eye was opened and
was brought in line with the two images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at about
2cm apart such that the open right eye sees pins P4
and P3 as images of P2 and P₁ in one straight line.
13. Pins P1, P2, P3 and P4 were removed and their pricks
on the paper were encircled.
14.Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with points Q2,
Q3 and Q4 for i = 45°,50° and 55°
15.Straight lines through points P4 and Ps were drawn
to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3 and S4T4.
16. T1S1, T2S2, T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward in the
boundary of the prism to meet produced incident rays
R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points F1, F2, F3 and F4.
17. Angles K1F1S1, K2F2S2, K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
measured. These angles give angle of deviation D1, D2,
D3 and D4.
18. Values of these angles were written on the paper.
19. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of the
prism. This gives angle A.
20. Observations were recorded.

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