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Social Science

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8th Standard
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Based on the Updated New Textbook
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Salient Features :
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Answers for all Textual Questions.

Exhaustive Additional Questions & Answers in all chapters.
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Unit Test Question paper for each unit, with answer key.
Common Annual Exam May 2022 Question Paper is given with answers.
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SURA PUBLICATIONS
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2022-23 Edition
© Reserved with Publishers
ISBN : 978-93-92559-83-9
Code No. : FY-8-SS-EM

Author :

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 Mr. G. Samuel, M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil.,
Chennai

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Head Office:
Sura Publications
1620, ‘J’ Block, 16th Main Road,
Anna Nagar, Chennai - 600 040.

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Phones: 044-4862 9977, 044-4862 7755.

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website : www.surabooks.com
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Note from publisher

It gives me great pride and pleasure in bringing to you Sura’s Social Science
Guide for 8th Standard. It is prepared as per the Latest New Textbook.

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This guide encompasses all the requirements of the students to comprehend the text
and the evaluation of the textbook.

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 Additional questions have been provided exhaustively for clear understanding of the
units under study.
In order to learn effectively, I advise students to learn the subject section-wise and

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practice the exercises given. It will be a teaching companion to teachers and a learning

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companion to students.
Though these salient features are available in this Guide, I cannot negate the
indispensable role of the teachers in assisting the student to understand the subject
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thoroughly.
I sincerely believe this guide satisfies the needs of the students and bolsters the teaching
methodologies of the teachers.
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I pray the almighty to bless the students for consummate success in their examinations.
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Subash Raj, B.E., M.S.

- Publisher
Sura Publications
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All the Best

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Contents
Unit Page No. Month

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HISTORY

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1 Advent of the Europeans 1-12 June

2 From Trade to Territory 13-26 June

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3 Rural Life and Society 27-36 July

4 People’s Revolt 37-48 August

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5 Educational Development in India 49-62 October

6 Development of Industries in India 63-75 November

7 Urban changes during the British period 76-86 November

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8 Status of Women in India through the ages 87-98 January

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GEOGRAPHY
1 Rocks and Soils 99-113 June
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2 Weather and Climate 114-123 July

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3 Hydrologic Cycle 124-132 July

4 Migration and Urbanisation 133-145 August

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5 Hazards 146-159 October

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6 Industries 160-168 October

7 Exploring Continents Africa, Australia and Antarctica 169-186 Nov & Dec

8 Map Reading 187-194 January

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Unit Page No. Month

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CIVICS

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1 How the State Government Works 195-204 June

2 Citizens and Citizenship 205-210 July

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3 Understanding Secularism 211-221 August

4 Human Rights and UNO 222-234 October

5 Road Safety Rules and Regulations 235-248 November

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6 Defence & Foreign Policy 249-258 January

7 The Judiciary 259-268 February

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ECONOMICS
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1 Money, Savings and Investments 269-280 Aug & Sept

2 Public and Private Sectors 281-290 February

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Common Annual Exam May 2022 Question Paper with answers 291-298
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History
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.s
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m
Contents

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Unit Page No. Month

.
HISTORY

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1 Advent of the Europeans 3-12 June
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2 From Trade to Territory 13-26 June

3 Rural Life and Society 27-36 July

4 People’s Revolt 37-48 August

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5 Educational Development in India 49-62 October

6 Development of Industries in India 63-75 November

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7 Urban changes during the British period 76-86 November

8 Status of Women in India through the ages 87-98 January

.s
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Unit
1 Advent of The Europeans
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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‰‰To know about the kinds of sources of modern India

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‰‰To understand the Portuguese trade interests in India
‰‰To understand the impact of Portuguese and Dutch
presence in India
‰‰To know the colonial settlements of Denmark

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‰‰To know the arrival and settlement of English and

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French East India Companies
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Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer :
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1. Who laid the foundation of Portuguese power in India?

(a) Vasco da Gama (b) Bartholomew Diaz
(c) Alfonso de Albuquerque (d) Almeida
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 [Ans : (c) Alfonso de Albuquerque]

2. Which of the following European Nation was the foremost attempt to discover
a sea route to India?
.s

(a) Dutch (b) Portugal (c) France (d) Britain

 [Ans : (b) Portugal]
3. In 1453 Constantinople was captured by____________.
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(a) The French (b) The Turks (c) The Dutch (d) The British
 [Ans : (b) The Turks]
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4. Sir William Hawkins belonged to____________.

(a) Portugal (b) Spain (c) England (d) France
 [Ans : (c) England]
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5. The first fort constructed by the British in India was ____________.

(a) Fort William (b) Fort St.George
(c) Agra fort (d) Fort St. David
 [Ans : (b) Fort St.George]

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 1

6. Who among the following Europeans were the last to come India as traders?
(a) The British (b) The French (c) The Danish (d) The Portuguese
 [Ans : (b) The French]
7. Tranquebar on the Tamilnadu coast was a trade centre of the ____________.
(a) The Portuguese (b) The British (c) The French (d) The Danish
 [Ans : (d) The Danish]

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History

II. Fill in the Blanks :

1. National Archives of India (NAI) is located in ____________. [Ans : New Delhi]

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2. Bartholomew Diaz, a Portuguese sailor was patronized by ____________.
 [Ans : King John II]
3. The printing press in India was set up by ____ at Goa in 1556.[Ans : Portuguese]
4. The Mughal Emperor _____ permitted the English to trade in India. [Ans : Jahangir]

.
5. The French East India Company was formed by ____________. [Ans : Colbert]

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6. ____________ the King of Denmark issued a charter to create Danish East India
company. [Ans : Christian IV]
III. Match the following :
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1. The Dutch – 1664
2. The British – 1602
3. The Danish – 1600
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4. The French – 1616

Ans 1. The Dutch – 1602
2. The British – 1600
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3. The Danish – 1616

4. The French – 1664
IV. State true or false :
.s

1. Auto biography is one of the written sources. [Ans : True]

2. Coins are one of the material sources. [Ans : True]
3. Ananda Rangam was a translator served under British. [Ans : False]
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Correct statement: Ananda Rangam was a translator served under French.

4. The place where historical documents are preserved is called archives.
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 [Ans : True]
V. Consider the following statements and tick (√) the appropriate
answer.
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1. i) Governor Nino de Cunha moved Portuguese capital from Cochin to Goa.

ii) Portuguese were the last to leave from in India.
iii) The Dutch founded their first factory at Surat.
iv) Sir Thomas Roe was sent to Jahangir’s court by King James I of England.
(a) i & ii are Correct. (b) ii & iv are Correct.
(c) iii is correct. (d) i, ii & iv are correct. [Ans : (d) i, ii & iv are correct]
4
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Unit - 1 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

Find out the wrong pair

(a) Francis Day - Denmark
(b) Pedro Cabral - Portugal
(c) Captain Hawkins - Britain
(d) Colbert - France [Ans : (a) Francis Day - Denmark]

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VI. Answer the following in one or two sentences.
1. Give a short note on Archives.
Ans. Archives is the place where historical documents are preserved. The National Archives

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of India (NAI) is located in New Delhi. It is the chief storehouse of the records of
the government of India.
2. Write about the importance of Coins.

.
Ans. Coins are a good source to know about administrative history. As compared to

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the literary sources the chances of manipulation is very less in the case of coins.
Thus they are an authentic archaelogical source.
3. Why Prince Henry is called ‘Henry the Navigator’?

Advent of The Europeans

Ans. Prince Henry of Portugal, who is commonly known as the “Navigator”, encouraged
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his countrymen to take up the adventurous life of exploring the unknown regions
of the world.
4. Name the important factories established by the Dutch in India.
ab

Ans. The important factories in India were Pulicat, Surat, Chinsura, Kasim bazaar, Patna,
Nagapatnam, Balasore and Cochin.
5. Mention the trading centres of the English in India.
Ans. The English had established their trading centres at Surat, Agra, Ahmedabad and
ur

Broach.
VII. Answer the following in detail :
1. Give an account of the sources of Modern India.
.s

Ans. (i) The sources for the history of modern India help us to know the political,
socio-economic and cultural developments in the country.
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(ii) The Portuguese, the Dutch, the French, the Danes, and the English recorded
their official transactions in India on state papers.
(iii) History can be written with the help of written sources and material sources.
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(iv) Written Sources: After the advent of the printing press, numerous book were
published in different languages. Hence people began to acquire knowledge
easily in the fields like art, literature, history and science.
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(v) Written sources include Literatures, Travel Accounts, Diaries, Auto Biographies,
Pamphlets, Government Documents and Manuscripts.
(vi) Archives: It has main source of information for understanding past
administrative machinery as well as a guide to the present and future generations
related to all matters.

5
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 1

(vii) Material Sources: Paintings and statues are the main sources of modern
Indian history which provide information about national leaders and historical
personalities and their achievements.
(viii) Historical buildings and museums preserve and promote our cultural heritage.
(ix) Coins are a good source to know about administrative history.
2. How did the Portuguese establish their trading centres in India?

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History

Ans. (i) In A.D. 1498, Vasco da Gama reached Calicut, where he was cordially received
by King Zamorin, the ruler of Calicut. A second Portuguese navigator, Pedro
Alvares Cabral, sailed towards India in 1500.

co
(ii) Vasco da Gama came to India for the second time in 1501 with 20 ships and
founded a trading centre at Cannanore.
(iii) One after another, they established factories at Calicut and Cochin.
(iv) King Zamorin attacked the Portuguese in Cochin, but was defeated.

.
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(v) Cochin was the first capital of the Portuguese East India Company.
(vi) In 1505, Francisco de Almeida was sent as the first Governor for the Portuguese
possessions in India.
(vii) Almeida had the aim of developing the naval power of the Portuguese in India.
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His policy was known as the “Blue Water Policy”.
(viii) Sultans of Bijapur and Gujarat were also apprehensive of the expansion of
Portuguese control of ports which led to an alliance between Egypt, Turkey
and Gujarat against Portuguese invaders.
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(ix) In a naval battle fought near Chaul, the combined Muslim fleet won a victory
over the Portuguese fleet under Almeida’s son.
(x) Almeida defeated the combined Muslim fleet in a naval battle near Diu, and
by the year 1509, Portuguese claimed the naval supremacy in Asia.
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(xi) The real founder of the Portuguese power in India was Alfonso de Albuquerque
who captured Goa and established the Portuguese authority over Ormuz in
Persian Gulf.
(xii) Governor Nino de Cunha moved capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530. In 1534,
.s

he acquired Bassein from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, in 1537.

(xiii) During the 16th century, Portuguese succeeded in capturing Goa, Daman,
Diu, Salsette, Bassein, Chaul and Bombay on the western coast, Hooghly on
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the Bengal coast and Santhome on the Madras coast and enjoyed good trade
benefits.
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3. How did the British establish their trading centres in India?

Ans. (i) In 1600, Elizabeth, the Queen of England granted a charter to the governor
and company of Merchants of London to trade with East Indies.
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(ii) The Company was headed by a Governor and a court of 24 directors.

(iii) Captain Hawkins visited Jahangir’s court and secured permission to raise a
settlement at Surat which was cancelled later.
(iv) In 1612, the English Captain Thomas Best, inflicted a severe defeat over the
Portuguese in a naval battle near Surat.
(v) The Mughal Emperor Jahangir permitted the English to establish their factory in
1613 at Surat, which became the headquarters of the English in western India.
6
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Unit - 1 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

(vi) Captain Nicholas Downton won another decisive victory over the Portuguese
in 1614.
(vii) This enhanced the British prestige at the Mughal court.
(viii) In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was sent to Jahangir’s court by King James I of
England, who succeeded in concluding a commercial treaty with the emperor.
(ix) Before the departure of Sir Thomas Roe, the English had established their

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trading centres at Surat, Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach.
VIII. Map skill
1. On the river map of India, mark the following trading centres of the Europeans.

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1) Calicut 2) Cochin 3) Madras 4) Pondicherry 5) Surat
6) Chinsura 7) Pulicat 8) Calcutta

.
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Advent of The Europeans

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ab
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.s
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 1

UNIT TEST
Time : 1 hr.  Marks : 25

I. Choose the correct answer : (3 × 1 = 3)

1. In 1453 Constantinople was captured by____________.
(a) The French (b) The Turks (c) The Dutch (d) The British

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History

2. The first paper currency was issued by RBI in ___________.

(a) 1940 (b) 1938 (c) 1937 (d) 1936

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3. The villages of Sutanuti, Kalikata and Govindpur grew into the city of _________.
(a) Bombay (b) Calicut (c) Delhi (d) Calcutta
II. Fill in the blanks :  (3 × 1 = 3)
1. Bartholomew Diaz, a Portuguese sailor was patronized by ____________.

.
2. The French East India Company was formed by ____________.

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3. In 1690, the British established a factory at __________ .
III. Match the following : (4 × 1 = 4)
A B
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1. The Dutch – i. 1664
2. The British – ii. 1602
3. The Danish – iii. 1600
4. The French – iv. 1616
ab

IV. True or False :  (2 × 1 = 2)

1. Ananda Rangam was a translator served under British.
2. After his third voyage to India, Vasco da Gama, died in Cochin in 1524.
ur

V. Answer in one or two sentences : (4 × 2 = 8)

1. Write about the importance of Coins.
2. Mention the trading centres of the English in India.
.s

3. What was the impact of the invention of printing press in India?

4. Write a short note on the Swedish East India Company.
VI Answer the following : (1 × 5 = 5)
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1. How did the Portuguese establish their trading centres in India?

Answer Key
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I. 1) (b) The Turks 2) (b) 1938 3) (d) Calcutta

II. 1) King John II 2) Colbert 3) Sutanuti
III. 1 – ii, 2 – iii, 3 – iv, 4 – i IV. 1) False 2) True
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V. 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. VI - 2

2) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. VI - 5
3) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. VI - 2
4) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. VI- 10
VI. 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. VII-2

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Unit
2 From Trade to Territory

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

‰‰ To know the rise of the Political Power of English

East India Company

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‰‰ To know the events and impact of Battle of Plassey

and Buxar
‰‰ To know the Carnatic wars and Mysore wars

‰‰ To know the Anglo-Maratha wars

.
‰‰ To understand the growth of colonial army and

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civilian administration
‰‰ To understand the principles of Subsidiary Alliance

and Doctrine of Lapse

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Evaluation
ab

I. Choose the correct answer :

1. The ruler of Bengal in 1757 was _____________.
(a) Shuja-ud-daulah (b) Siraj – ud – daulah
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(c) Mir Qasim (d) Tipu Sultan

 [Ans : (b) Siraj – ud – daulah]
2. The Battle of Plassey was fought in _____________.
.s

(a) 1757 (b) 1764 (c) 1765 (d) 1775 [Ans : (a) 1757]
3. Which among the following treaty was signed after Battle of Buxar?
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(a) Treaty of Allahabad (b) Treaty of Carnatic

(c) Treaty of Alinagar (d) Treaty of Paris
 [Ans : (a) Treaty of Allahabad]
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4. The Treaty of Pondichery brought the _____________ Carnatic war to an end .

(a) First (b) Second (c) Third (d) None[Ans : (b) Second]
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5. When did Hyder Ali crown on the throne of Mysore?

(a) 1756 (b) 1761 (c) 1763 (d) 1764 [Ans : (b) 1761]
6. Treaty of Mangalore was signed between _____________.
(a) The French and Tipu Sultan (b) Hyder Ali and Zamorin of Calicut
(c) The British and Tipu Sultan (d) Tipu Sultan and Marathas
 [Ans : (c) The British and Tipu Sultan]

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 2

7. Who was the British Governor General during Third Anglo-Mysore War?
(a) Robert Clive (b) Warren Hastings
(c) Lord Cornwallis (d) Lord Wellesley
 [Ans : (c) Lord Cornwallis]
8. Who signed the Treaty of Bassein with the British?
(a) Bajirao II (b) Daulat Rao Scindia

m
History

(c) Sambhaji Bhonsle (d) Sayyaji Rao Gaekwad [ Ans:(a)Bajirao II]

9. Who was the last Peshwa of Maratha empire?

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(a) Balaji Vishwanath (b) Baji Rao II
(c) Balaji Baji Rao (d) Baji Rao [Ans : (b) Baji Rao II]
10. Who was the first Indian state to join the subsidiary Alliance?
(a) Awadh (b) Hyderabad (c) Udaipur (d) Gwalior

.
 [Ans : (b) Hyderabad]

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II. Fill in the Blanks :
1. The Treaty of Alinagar was signed in _________. [Ans : 1757]
2. The commander in Chief of Sirajuddaula was _________. [Ans : Mir Jafar]
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3. The main cause for the Second Carnatic war was _________.
 [Ans : The issue of succession]
4. _________ adopted the policy of Doctrine of Lapse to extend the British Empire in
India. [Ans : Lord Dalhousie]
ab

5. Tipu Sultan was finally defeated at the hands of _________.

 [Ans : Arthur Wellesely]
6. After the death of Tipu Sultan Mysore was handed over to ________.
 [Ans : Krishna Raja Odayar]
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7. In 1800, _________ established a college at Fort William in Calcutta.

 [Ans : Lord Wellesley]
III. Match the following :
.s

1. Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle The First Anglo Mysore War

2. Treaty of Salbai The First Carnatic War
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3. Treaty of Paris The Third Carnatic War

4. Treaty of Srirangapatnam The First Maratha War
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5. Treaty of Madras The Third Anglo Mysore War

Ans 1. Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle The First Carnatic War
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2. Treaty of Salbai The First Maratha War

3. Treaty of Paris The Third Carnatic War
4. Treaty of Srirangapatnam The Third Anglo Mysore War
5. Treaty of Madras The First Anglo Mysore War

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 2

Additional Questions
I. Choose the correct answer :
1. The rule of ____________ in India became effective after the conquest of Bengal.
(a) Mughals (b) East India Company

m
(c) Portuguese (d) French Ans : (b) East India Company]
History

2. Siraj-ud-daula captured the British factory at ____________.

(a) Kasim bazar (b) Delhi (c) Alinagar (d) Chandranagore

co
 [Ans : (a) Kasim bazar]
3. Buxar was a small fortified town in the territory of ____________.
(a) West Bengal (b) Karnataka (c) Bihar (d) Rajasthan

.
 [Ans : (c) Bihar]

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4. In the battle of Adayar, the French army fought under captain ____________.
(a) Hector Munro (b) Robert Clive
(c) Eyre Coote (d) Paradise [Ans : (d) Paradise]
oo
5. Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ____________ was returned
back to the English.
(a) Madras (b) Trichinopoly (c) Hyderabad (d) Calcutta
 [Ans : (a) Madras]
ab

6. The out break of the seven years’ was in Europe led to the _______ war in India.
(a) I Carnatic (b) II Carnatic (c) III Carnatic (d) Wandiwash
 [Ans : (c) III Carnatic]
ur

7. In the III Carnatic war, France captured Fort ____________.

(a) Gwalior (b) St. David (c) William (d) Vellore
 [Ans : (b) St. David]
.s

8. The Battle of Wandiwash was fought by the English army under General ______.
(a) Forde (b) Dupleix (c) Hector Munro (d) Eyre Coote
w

 [Ans : (d) Eyre Coote]

9. The Seven year’s war was concluded by the treaty of ____________.
(a) Paris (b) Pondicherry (c) Madras (d) Mangalore
w

 [Ans : (a) Paris]

10. The state of Mysore rose to prominence uder the leadership of ____________.
w

(a) Chanda sahib (b) Salabat Jang

(c) Haider Ali (d) Mir Jafar [Ans : (c) Haider Ali]
11. In 1781, the British General Sir Eyre Coote defeated Haider Ali at____________.
(a) Hyderabad (b) Porto Novo (c) Mysore (d) Mangalore
 [Ans : (b) Porto Novo]

20
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12. ____________ Saved the British Dominion from the wrath of powerful enemies.
(a) Wellesley (b) Cornwallis (c) Warren Hastings (d) Dalhousie
 [Ans : (c) Warren Hastings]
13. Tipu attacked ____________ in 1789.
(a) Madras (b) Mangalore (c) Mahe (d) Travancore

m
 [Ans : (d) Travancore]

From Trade to Territory

14. During the course of the third Anglo - Mysore war ____________ took the
command of the British Army.

co
(a) Cornwallis (b) Dalhousie (c) Robert Clive (d) Curzon
 [Ans : (a) Cornwallis]
15. The internal conflict among the ____________ was best utilised by the British.

.
(a) Nizams (b) Marathas (c) Nawabs (d) Chauhans

ks
 [Ans : (b) Marathas]
16. Colonel Upton concluded the treaty of ____________ in 1776.
(a) Mangalore (b) Mysore (c) Purandhar (d) Pondicherry
 [Ans : (c) Purandhar]
oo
17. The death of ____________ in 1800 gave the British an added advantage.
(a) Mahadaji Scindia (b) Daulat Rao Scindia
(c) Madhav Rao (d) Nana Phadnavis
ab

 [Ans : (d) Nana Phadnavis]

18. In the III Anglo Maratha war, Hastings was supported by a force under General
____________ .
(a) Thomas Hislop (b) Mathews
ur

(c) Medows (d) Upton [Ans : (a) Thomas Hislop]

19. ____________, the Governor General of India in 1786, enforced the ruler against
private trade.
.s

(a) Warren Hastings (b) Wellesley

(c) Cornwallis (d) Robert Clive [Ans : (c) Cornwallis]
w

20. As per the Government of India Act of 1858, the maximum age for competitors
of civil services examination was fixed at ____________.
(a) 20 (b) 23 (c) 25 (d) 21 [Ans : (b) 23]
w

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. __________ of Portugal discovered a new sea route from Europe to India. 
w

 [Ans : Vasco da Gama]

2. __________ ascended the throne of Bengal in 1756. [Ans : Siraj - Ud - daula]
3. British captured ______, the French settlement in 1757. [Ans : Chandra nagore]
4. __________ concluded two treaties with Siraj-Ud-daula and Shah Alam II.
 [Ans : Robert Clive]

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Unit - 2 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

2. In 1761, Tipu Sultan became the de facto ruler of Hyderabad. [Ans : False]
Correct statement: In 1761, Tipu Sultan became the de facto ruler of Mysore.
3. Warren Hastings consolidated the British power in India. [Ans : True]
4. The Treaty of Salbai was signed between Cornwallis and Mahadaji Scindia.
 [Ans : False]

m
Correct statement: The Treaty of Salbai was signed between Warren Hastings and

From Trade to Territory

Mahadaji Scindia.
5. The idea of competition for recruitment was introduced first by the Charter Act,

co
1833. [Ans : True]
V. Answer the following in one or two sentences.
1. What was the motive behind the discovery of sea routes to India?

.
ks
Ans. The main motive behind those discoveries was to maximize profit through trade and
to establish political supremacy.
2. What were the causes of the Second Anglo Mysore war?
oo
Ans. (i) The English did not fulfill the terms of the treaty of 1769, when Haider’s
territories were attacked in 1771 by Marathas, Haider did not get help from
the British.
(ii) British captured Mahe, a French settlement within Haider’s Jurisdiction. It led
ab

to the formation of an alliance by Haider with the Nizam and Marathas against
the English in 1779.
3. Prepare flow chart to explain the period of the three Carnatic wars.
ur

Ans.

Carnatic wars
.s

First Second Third

w

Carnatic war Carnatic war Carnatic war

w

1746 - 1748 1749 - 1754 1756 - 1763

4. What were the results of the First Anglo Maratha War?

w

Ans. (i) RaghunathRao was pensioned off and MadhavRao II was accepted as the
Peshwa.
(ii) Salsette was given to the British.
(iii) The Treaty of Salbai established the British influence in Indian politics. It
provided the British twenty years of peace with the Marathas.

23
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 2

5. Explain with a flow chart the period of the Anglo Mysore wars.
Ans. Anglo-Mysore Wars

First Second Third Fourth

Anglo-Mysore Anglo-Mysore Anglo-Mysore Anglo-Mysore

m
History

Wars Wars Wars Wars

1767 - 1769 1780 - 1784 1790 - 1792 1799

co
6. Prepare a flow chart mentioning the period in which the Anglo Maratha wars
were fought.
Ans. 

.
Anglo-Maratha Wars

ks
First Second Third
Anglo-Maratha Anglo-Maratha Anglo-Maratha
oo
Wars Wars Wars

1775 - 1782 1803 - 1805 1817 - 1818

ab

7. What did the Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 state?

Ans. The Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 passed by the British Parliament exclusively
reserved certain categories of high executive and judicial posts for the covenanted
civil service which was later designated as the Indian Civil Service.
ur

8. Name the three Indians who became successful in the I.C.S. examination in 1869.
Ans. In 1869, three Indians - Surendra Nath Banerje, Ramesh Chandra Dutt and Bihari
Lal Gupta became successful in the I.C.S. examination.
.s

9. What did the Royal Commission of Public Service or the Lee Commission
recommend in 1923?
w

Ans. In 1923, a Royal Commission on Public Services was appointed with Lord Lee of
Fareham as chairman. This commission recommended that recruitment to all-Indian
services like the Indian Civil Service, the Indian Police Service and the Indian Forest
w

Service should be made and controlled by the Secretary of State for India. The
Lee Commission recommended the immediate establishment of a Public Service
Commission.
w

10. Write a short note on the Act of 1935.

Ans. The Act of 1935 also made provisions for the establishment of a Federal Public Service
Commission at the Centre and the Provincial Public Service Commissions in the
various provinces. Provision was also made for a Joint Public Service Commission
in two or more Provinces. Although, the main aim of this measure was to serve the
British interests, it became the base of the civil service system in independent India.
24
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Unit
3 Rural Life and Society
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

‰‰ To know the land revenue policy under the British

m
Rule
‰‰ To understand the Merits and Demerits of the land

co
revenue policy
‰‰ To know the agrarian crisis and revolts

.
ks
Evaluation
oo
I. Choose the correct answer:
1. Which system was called by different names like Jagirdari, Malguzari and
Biswedari etc.?
ab

(a) Mahalwari (b) Ryotwari (c) Zamindari (d) None of these

 [Ans : (d) None of these]
2. Under which Governor General did the permanent settlement implemented in
Bengal.
ur

(a) Lord Hastings (b) Lord Cornwallis

(c) Lord Wellesley (d) Lord Minto [Ans : (b) Lord Cornwallis]
3. What was the Mahal in the Mahalwari system?
.s

(a) House (b) Land (c) Village (d) Palace [Ans : (c) Village]
4. In which region was the Mahalwari system imposed?
(a) Maharashtra (b) Madras (c) Bengal (d) Punjab [Ans : (d) Punjab]
w

5. Who among the following Governors introduced Mahalwari system?

(a) Lord Hastings (b) Lord Cornwallis
w

(c) Lord Wellesley (d) Lord William Bentinck

 [Ans : (d) Lord William Bentinck]
6. In which region was the Ryotwari system not introduce by the British?
w

(a) Bombay (b) Madras (c) Bengal (d) None of these

 [Ans : (c) Bengal]
7. The Indigo revolt was led by whom?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Keshab Chandra Roy
(c) Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Biswas
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel [Ans : (c) Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Biswas]

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 3

8. The Bardoli Satyagraha was led by whom?

(a) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) DigambarBiswas (d) Keshab Chandra Roy
 [Ans : (a) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]
II. Fill in the Blanks :
1. _____ is the modified version of the Zamindari system.[Ans : Mahalwari system]

m
History

2. The Mahalwari system was a Brain child of ________. [Ans : Holt Mackenzie]
3. Indigo Revolt took place in _______. [Ans : Bengal]
4. Moplah Rebellion was held in _______. [Ans : August 1921]

co
5. The Champaran Agrarian Act was passed in __________. [Ans : May 1918]
III. Match the following :
Permanent Settlement Madras

.
1.

ks
2. Mahalwari Settlement Misery of the Indigo cultivators
3. Ryotwari system North west province
4. Nil Darpan Bengal
5. Santhal Rebellion First Peasant revolt
oo
Ans 1. Permanent Settlement Bengal
2. Mahalwari Settlement North west province
3. Ryotwari system Madras
4. Nil Darpan Misery of the Indigo cultivators
ab

5. Santhal Rebellion First Peasant revolt

IV. State true or false :
1. Warren Hastings introduced quinquennial land settlement. [Ans : True]
ur

2. Ryotwari system was introduced by Thomas Munro. [Ans : True]

3. Pabna revolt originated in the Yusufshahi pargana in Gujarat. [Ans : False]
Correct statement: Pabna revolt originated in the Yusufshahi pargana in Bengal.
.s

4. The Punjab land alienation Act was passed in 1918. [Ans : False]
Correct statement: The Punjab land alienation Act was passed in 1900.
V. Consider the following statement and tick() the appropriate answer :
w

1. Which of the following statement is not true about Zamindari system?

(a) This settlement was introduced in 1793.
(b) The Zamindars became the owner of the land.
w

(c) This system secured a fixed a stable income for the cultivators.
(d) This practice was applicable to the area of 19% of India.
[Ans : (c) This system secured a fixed a stable income for the cultivators.]
w

2. Which of the following statement is correct about Peasants revolt in India?

(a) The Santhal rebellion was held in Bengal.
(b) DinabandhuMitra wrote a drama called Nil Darban.
(c) The Deccan riots started from a village at Pune in 1873.
(d) The Moplah peasants rebellion was held in Tamil Nadu.
 [Ans : (b) DinabandhuMitra wrote a drama called Nil Darban.]

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Unit - 3 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

VI. Answer the following in one or two sentences :

1. List out any two salient features of the Permanent settlement.
Ans. Salient features of the Permanent settlement:
(i) The Zamindars were recognised as the owners of land as long as they paid the
revenue to the East India Company regularly.
(ii) The Zamindars acted as the agent of the Government for the collection of

m
revenue from the cultivators.
2. What were the salient features of the Ryotwari system?
Ans. Salient features of the Ryotwari system:

co
(i) Revenue settlement was done directly with the ryots.
(ii) Measurement of field and an estimate of produce was calculated.

Rural Life and Society

(iii) Government fixed the demand at 45 to 55 percent of the produce.

.
3. Bring out the effects of the Mahalwari settlement.

ks
Ans. Effects of the Mahalwari settlement:
(i) The Lambardar enjoyed privileges which was misused for their self-interest.
(ii) This system brought no benefit to the cultivators.
(iii) It was a modified version of the Zamindari system and benefited the upper
oo
class in villages.
4. What was the cause of Indigo Revolt in 1859 – 60?
Ans. (i) The European indigo planters compelled the tenant farmers to grow indigo at
ab

terms highly disadvantageous to the farmers.

(ii) The tenant farmer was forced to sell it cheap to the planter and accepted
advances from the planter that benefitted the latter. There were also cases of
kidnapping, looting, flogging and burning.
ur

(iii) Led by Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Charan Biswas, the ryots of Nadia district
gave up indigo cultivation in September 1859. Factories were burnt down and
the revolt spread.
.s

5. What was the contribution of Mahatma Gandhi on Champaran Satyagraha?

Ans. (i) The European planters of Champaran in Bihar resorted to illegal and inhuman
methods of indigo cultivation at a cost which was wholly unjust.
w

(ii) The peasants were liable to unlawful extortion and oppression by the planters.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi took up their cause. The Government appointed an enquiry
w

commission of which Mahatma Gandhi was a member.

(iv) The grievances of the peasants were enquired and ultimately the Champaran
Agrarian Act was passed in May 1918.
w

6. Mention the role of Vallabhai Patel in Bardoli Satyagraha.

Ans. (i) In 1928, the peasants of Bardoli (Gujarat) started their agitation under the
leadership of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, in protest against the government’s
proposal to increase land revenue by 30 percent.
(ii) The peasants refused to pay tax at the enhanced rate and started no-tax campaign
from 12 February 1928. Many women also participated in this campaign.
29
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 3

VII. Answer the following in detail.

1. Discuss the merits and demerits of the Permanent settlement.
Ans. Merits
(i) Under this system many of the waste lands and forests became cultivable lands.
(ii) The Zamindars became the owner of the land.
(iii) The Zamindars were made free from the responsibility of providing justice.

m
(iv) The Zamindars remained faithful to the British Government.
History

(v) This system secured a fixed and stable income for the British Government.
Demerits

co
(i) The British Government had no direct contact with the cultivators.
(ii) The rights of the cultivators were ignored and they were left at the mercy of
the Zamindars.
(iii) The peasants were almost treated as serfs.

.
(iv) This system was made the Zamindars lethargic and luxurious.

ks
(v) Many conflicts between the zamindars and the peasants arose in rural Bengal.
2. What were the impacts of the British Land Revenue system on the cultivators?
Ans. Impact of the British land revenue system on the cultivators
(i) A common feature of all the settlements was the assessment and the maximize
oo
income from land. It resulted in increasing land sales and dispossession.
(ii) The peasants were overburdened with taxation. Due to the tax burden and
famines, in general, the people suffered in poverty and burdened with debts.
They had to seek the moneylenders who became rich and acquired lands from
ab

the peasants.
(iii) The Zamindars, money-lenders and lawyers exploited the poor peasants.
(iv) The stability and continuity of the Indian villages was shaken.
(v) Cottage industries disappeared on account of the import of British goods and
the peasants had nothing to supplement their income.
ur

(vi) The old body of custom was replaced by new apparatus of law, courts, fees,
lawyers and formal procedures.
(vii) The British policy proved advantageous only to the government of a privileged
.s

section of the society at the cost of the cultivators who were the rightful owners
of their lands and claimants of the larger share of the produce.
3. Write a paragraph about the Moplah Rebellion.
w

Ans. Moplah Rebellion (1921)

(i) The Muslim Moplah (or Moplah) peasants of Malabar (Kerala) was suppressed
w

and exploited by the Hindu zamindars (Jenmis) and British government.

(ii) This was the main cause of this revolt.
(iii) The Moplah peasants got momentum from the Malabar District Conference,
w

held in April 1920.

(iv) This conference supported the tenants’ cause, and demanded legislations for
regulating landlord-tenant relations.
(v) In August 1921, the Moplah tenants rebelled against the oppressive zamindars.
In the initial phase of the rebellion, the Moplah peasants attacked the police
stations, public offices, communications and houses of oppressive landlords
and moneylenders.

30
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 3

UNIT TEST
Time : 1 hr.  Marks : 25

I. Choose the correct answer : (3 × 1 = 3)

1. What was the Mahal in the Mahalwari system?

m
(a) House (b) Town (c) Village (d) Palace
History

2. In which region was the Ryotwari system not introduced by the British?
(a) Bombay (b) Madras (c) Bengal (d) None of these

co
3. William Bentinck reduced the state share of revenue to ___________.
(a) 40% (b) 30% (c) 50% (d) 20%
II. Fill in the blanks :  (3 × 1 = 3)
1. The Mahalwari system was a Brain child of ________.

.
ks
2. Indigo Revolt took place in _______.
3. Maplah Rebellion was held in _______.
III. Match the following: (4 × 1 = 4)
A B
oo
1. Permanent Settlement – i. Madras
2. Mahalwari Settlement – ii. Misery of the Indigo cultivators
3. Ryotwari system – iii. North west province
4. Nil Darpan – iv. Bengal
ab

IV. True or False :  (2 × 1 = 2)

1. Ryotwari system was introduced by Thomas Munro.
2. The Punjab land alienation Act was passed in 1918.
ur

V. Answer in one or two sentences : (4 × 2 = 8)

1. Name the areas where Ryotwari system was introduced?
2. Why was the ‘Punjab Land Alienation’ Act passed by the British?
.s

3. Bring out the effects of the Mahalwari settlement.

4. What was the result of the Bacholi Satyagraha?
VI Answer the following : (1 × 5 = 5)
w

1. Narrate the course of the Pabna Revolt.

Answer Key
w

I. 1) (c) Village 2) (c) Bengal 3) (c) 50%

II. 1) Holt Mackenzie 2) Bengal 3) August 1921
w

III. 1) True 2) False IV. 1 – iv, 2 –iii, 3 – i, 4 – ii.

V. 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. VI - 2
2) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. VI - 6
3) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. VI - 3
4) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. VI - 9
VI. 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. VII - 3

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m
. co
ks
GEOGRAPHY
oo
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w

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m
Contents

co
Unit Page No. Month

.
ks
GEOGRAPHY
1 Rocks and Soils 101-113 June
oo
2 Weather and Climate 114-123 July

3 Hydrologic Cycle 124-132 July

ab

4 Migration and Urbanisation 133-145 August

5 Hazards 146-159 October

6 Industries 160-168 October

ur

7 Exploring Continents Africa, Australia and Antarctica 169-186 Nov & Dec

8 Map Reading 187-194 January

.s
w
w
w

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Unit
1 Rocks and Soils
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

m
‰‰To understand the nature of rocks, their types
and uses.
‰‰To identify the different types of rocks.

co
‰‰To study about the nature of soil and its

composition
‰‰To understand the importance of soil

.
conservation.

ks Evaluation
oo
I. Choose the correct answer :
1. Which of the following is known as sphere of rocks?
ab

(a) Atmosphere (b) Biosphere (c) Lithosphere (d) Hydrosphere

 [Ans : (c) Lithosphere]
2. World soil day is observed on
(a) 15th August (b) 12th January (c) 15th October (d) 5th December
ur

 [Ans : (d) 5th December]

3. Fossils are found in
(a) Sedimentary rocks (b) Igneous rocks
.s

(c) Metamorphic rocks (d) Plutonic rocks

 [Ans : (a) Sedimentary rocks]
4. The top layer of soil is called as
w

(a) organic layer or humas (b) topsoil

(c) subsoil (d) bedrock [Ans : (b) topsoil]
5. Ideal soil for growing cotton is
w

(a) Red soil (b) Black soil (c) Alluvial soil (d) Mountain soil
 [Ans : (b) Black soil]
w

6. The major component of soil is

(a) Rocks (b) Minerals (c) Water (d) All the above
 [Ans : (b) Minerals]
7. Which one of the following is the most widespread most and productive category of soil
(a) Alluvial soil (b) Black soil (c) Red soil (d) Mountain soil
 [Ans : (a) Alluvial soil]

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 1

II. Fill in the Blanks :

1. Scientific study of rocks is called ________. [Ans : Petrology]
2. _________ soil is highly suitable for millets cultivation. [Ans : Red]
3. The “skin of earth” is _________. [Ans : Soil]
4. _________ is the kind of metamorphic rock using which Taj Mahal was built.
Geography

m
 [Ans : White Marble]
5. _________ is known as the primary rocks. [Ans : Igneous rock]

co
III. State whether the following statements are true or false :
1. Igneous rocks are called primary rocks. [Ans : True]
2. Slate is formed from shale. [Ans : True]
3. Red soil is formed by the process of leaching. [Ans : False]

.
ks
Correct statement: Laterites soils is formed by the process of leaching.
4. M-sand is used as alternative for natural sand in construction. [Ans : True]
5. Volcanic mountains are covered with sedimentary rocks. [Ans : False]
Correct statement: Sedimentary rocks are formed from broken pieces of rocks.
oo
IV. Match the following :
1.
A. Granite 1. Bed rock
ab

B. Soil layer 2. Plutonic rock

C. Barren island 3. Strip farming
D. Soil conservation 4. Active Volcano
ur

A B C D
a) 2 1 4 3
b) 2 1 3 4
.s

c) 4 3 2 1
d) 3 4 2 1 Ans : a) A – 2, B – 1, C – 4, D – 3.
w

A. Basalt 1. Anthracite
2.
B. Limestone 2. Extrusive igneous
w

C. Coal 3. Metamorphic rock

D. Gneiss 4. Sedimentary rock
w

A B C D
a) 2 4 3 1
b) 2 4 1 3
c) 3 1 2 4
d) 3 1 4 2 Ans : b) A – 2, B – 4, C – 1, D – 3.

102
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Unit - 1 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

V. Choose the incorrect statement from the following :

1. a) Igneous rocks are called the primary rocks.
b) Soil is the product of weathering of rocks.
c) Sedimentary rocks are the hardest ones.
d) Deccan plateau is the region of Igneous rocks.

m
 [Ans : (c) Sedimentary rocks are the hardest ones.]
2. a) Soil erosion decreases its fertility.
b) Dynamic metamorphism is caused by high temperature.

co
c) Soil is a renewable source.
d) Humus is a part of the top layer of soil.
 [Ans : (b) Dynamic metamorphism is caused by high temperature.]

Rocks and Soils

.
VI. Consider the following statements and choose the right option from

ks
the given ones :
I) Statement (1): Sedimentary rocks consist of many layers.
Statement (2): Sedimentary rocks are formed by the sediments deposited at different
oo
points of time.
a) 1 and 2 are correct and 2 explains 1
b) 1 and 2 are correct but, 2 does not explain 1
c) 1 is correct but, 2 is incorrect
ab

d) 2 is correct but, 1 is incorrect.[Ans : (a) 1 and 2 are correct and 2 explains 1]

VII. Give reasons.
1. Chemical sedimentary rocks are found in the beds of reservoirs.
ur

Ans. Chemical Sedimentary rocks are formed by precipitating of minerals from water. It
is formed usually through evaporation of chemical rich solutions.
.s

2. Igneous rocks are found in the regions of volcanoes.

Ans. The igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of molten magma.
w

VIII. Distinguish between :

1. Metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock.
Ans.
w

S.No Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary Rocks

1. F ormed w hen Igneous a nd Formed by the sediments derived
Sedimentary rocks are subjected and deposited by various agents.
w

to high temperature and pressure.

2. Mostly crystalline in nature They are non- crystalline rocks
3. Fossils donot survive in these Contain fossils., Eg., Coal, Oil,
rocks natural gas
4. Eg., Gneiss, Slate, quartz Eg., Chalk, Sandstone, Rock Salt

103
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 1

2. Soil conservation and Soil erosion.

Ans. S.No Soil conservation Soil erosion
1. The process of protecting the soil Removal or destruction of the top layer of
from erosion to maintain its fertility. soil by natural forces and human activities.
2. Methods of soil conservation are Running water and wind are the major
Geography

afforestation, controlled grazing, agents of Soil erosion.

m
construction of dams, crop rotation Rill erosion and Gully erosion are the
etc., major types of soil erosion

co
IX. Answer briefly :
1. How are igneous rocks formed?
Ans. The igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of molten magma.

.
2. Describe about the composition of soil.

ks
Ans. The basic components of soil are mineral, organic matter, water and air. It consists
of about 45% mineral, 5% organic matter, 25% of water and 25% air. It is only a
generalized fact. The composition of soil varies from place to place and time to time.
oo
3. Define ‘rock’.
Ans. (i) The rocks are the solid mineral materials forming a part of the surface of the
earth and other similar planets.
(ii) A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. Rock is an important natural
ab

resource and is found in solid state.

(iii) It may be hard or soft in nature.
4. State the types of soils.
Ans. Alluvial soil, Black soil, Red soil, Laterite soil, Mountain soil, Desert soil.
ur

5. What is soil conservation?

Ans. Soil conservation is the process of protecting the soil from erosion to maintain its fertility.

X. Answer in a Paragraph :
.s

1. Explain the process of soil formation.

Ans. (i) Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids and organisms that
together support life.
w

(ii) Soil minerals form the basis of soil. It forms on the surface of the earth. It is
known as the ‘skin of the earth’.
w

(iii) Soils are produced from rocks (parent material) through the processes of
weathering and natural erosion.
(iv) Water, wind, temperature change, gravity, chemical interaction, living
w

organisms and pressure differences all help break down parent material.
It leads to the formation of loose material.
(v) In course of time, they further break down into fine particles. This process
release the minerals locked in the rock fragments.
(vi) Later on, the vegetative cover which develop in that region forms humus content
in the soil. This way the soil gets matured gradually.

104
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Unit - 1 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

2. Classify and explain the rocks.

Ans.
ROCKS

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

m
Inorganic
Intrusive Extrusive Organic

co
Igneous Chemical / Thermal Dynamic
Igneous Mechanical

Igneous:
(i) The igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of molten magma. Also

Rocks and Soils

called Primary or Parent Rocks.

.
(ii) Types: (1) Extrusive Igneous Rocks, (2) Intrusive Igneous Rocks

ks
(1) Extrusive Igneous Rocks: Molten magma which comes out from the
interior of the earth’s surface, gets solidified and forms such rocks. Fine
grained and glassy in nature. Eg., Basalt, found in north western peninsular
India.
oo
(2) Intrusive Igneous rocks: Molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s
crust, becomes solid and forms such rocks. Form large grains. Deep seated
rocks are plutonic rock and ones at shallow depths - Hypabysal rocks.
Eg., Granite, Diorite.
ab

Sedimentary:
(i) Formed by the sediments derived and deposited by various agents. Also called
stratified rocks.
(ii) Types: (1) Organic sedimentary rocks, (2) Mechanical sedimentary rocks,
ur

(3) Chemical sedimentary rocks

(1) Organic sedimentary rocks: Formed due to decomposition of dead Plants
and Animals. Contains fossils. Eg., Chalk, Talc
.s

(2) Mechanical sedimentary rocks: Formed from the disintegration of Igneous

and metamorphic rocks. Get deposited due to erosion by natural agents.
Get cemented after a long time to form rocks. Eg., Sandstone, Shale.
w

(3) Chemical sedimentary rocks: Formed by precipitating of minerals from

water. Formed due to evaporation of chemical rich solution. Eg., Rock Salt.
w

Metamorphic:
(i) Formed when Igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to high temperature
and pressure.
w

(ii) Types: (1) Thermal , (2) Dynamic

(1) T hermal Metamorphic: If the change in rocks is caused by high
temperature.
(2) Dynamic Metamorphic: If the change in rock is caused by high pressure.
Formed from Igneous rocks. Eg., Granite into gneiss
Formed from Sedimentary rocks. Eg., Shale into Slate

105
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Unit - 1 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

UNIT TEST
Time : 1 hr.  Marks : 25

I. Choose the correct answer : (3 × 1 = 3)

1. World soil day is observed on
(a) 15th August (b) 12th January (c) 15th October (d) 5th December

m
2. The major component of soil is
(a) Rocks (b) Gas (c) Water (d) Minerals

co
3. ____________ soil is porous and saline.
(a) Mountain (b) Desert (c) Alluvial (d) Red
II. Fill in the blanks :  (3 × 1 = 3)

Rocks and Soils

1. The “skin of earth” is _________.

.
2. _________ is known as the primary rocks.

ks
3. Intrusive Igneous rocks are also called __________ rocks.
III. True or False :  (2 × 1 = 2)
1. Slate is formed from shale.
oo
2. Volcanic mountains are covered with sedimentary rocks.
IV. Match the following : (4 × 1 = 4)
1. A B
a. Granite 1. Bed rock
ab

b. Soil layer 2. Plutonic rock

c. Barren island 3. Strip farming
d. Soil conservation 4. Active Volcano
V. Answer in one or two sentences : (4 × 2 = 8)
ur

1. Describe about the composition of soil. 2. What is soil conservation?

3. Name a few Major Active Volcanoes. 4. Mention some uses of rocks.
.s

VI Answer the following : (1 × 5 = 5)

1. Classify and explain the soil.
Answer Key
w

I 1) (d) 5 December
th
2) (d) Minerals 3) (b) Desert
II 1) Soil 2) Igneous rock 3) Crystallins
w

III 1) True 2) False

IV a – 2, b – 1, c – 4, d – 3
w

V 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. IX - 2

2) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. IX - 5
3) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. VIII - 5
4) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. VIII - 10
VI 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. X - 4

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Unit
2 Weather And Climate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

m
‰‰ To understand the importance of weather and
climate

co
‰‰ To learn about the nature of the elements of

weather and climate.

‰‰ To know the instruments used for measuring

weather elements

.
‰‰ To be able to recognize the kind of weather and

ks
climate of a place

Evaluation
oo
I. Choose the correct answer :
1. Earth’s atmosphere contains about ________ percentage of nitrogen and oxygen.
ab

(a) 78% and 21% (b) 22% and 1% (c) 21% and 0.97% (d) 10% and 20%
 [Ans : (a) 78% and 21%]
2. ________ is generally defined as the average conditions of the weather of a
place or a region.
ur

(a) earth (b) atmosphere (c) climate (d) sun

 [Ans : (c) climate]
3. The earth receives energy from ________.
(a) current (b) electro magnetic radiation
.s

(c) waves (d) heat

 [Ans : (d) heat]
4. Which one the following represents places with equal amount of rainfall
w

(a) isotherm (b) isohel (c) isobar (d) isohyets

 [Ans : (d) isohyets]
5. ________ is used to measure the humidity.
w

(a) anemometer (b) barometer (c) hygrometer (d) thermometer

 [Ans : (c) hygrometer]
w

II. Fill in the Blanks :

1. _______ refers to the condition of atmosphere for a short period of time.[Ans : Weather]
2. The scientific study of weather is called ______________. [Ans : Meterology]
3. The highest temperature ever recorded on the earth is ________. [Ans : 56.7°C]
4. _____________ is a ratio between the actual amount of water vapour and the
maximum amount of water vapour the air can hold. [Ans : Relative humidity]

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Unit - 2 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

5. ____________ and_____________ are measured by anemometer and wind vane

respectively. [Ans : Wind speed, Wind direction]
6. _________ are imaginary lines which connect the same temperatures of different
places. [Ans : Isotherms]
III. Match the following :

m
1. Climate Locating and Tracking Storms
2. Isonif Cyclone
3. Hygrometer Equal Snowfall

co
4. Radar Long Term Changes
5. Low Pressure Humidity

Weather And Climate

Answer

.
ks
1. Climate Long Term Changes
2. Isonif Equal Snowfall
3. Hygrometer Humidity
Radar Locating and Tracking Storms
oo
4.
5. Low Pressure Cyclone
IV. State whether the following statements are True or False :
1. The atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet. [Ans : True]
ab

2. The Scientific study of weather is called Climatology. [Ans : False]

Correct statement: The Scientific study of weather is called meterology.
3. Isohel refers equal sunshine. [Ans : True]
4. Humidity is calculated by Aneroid Barometer. [Ans : False]
ur

Correct statement: Air pressure is calculated by Aneroid Barometer.

V. Answer briefly :
1. Define ‘weather’.
Ans. Weather is the day today conditions(state) of the atmosphere at any place as regards
.s

sunshine, temperature, cloud cover, Wind fog condition, air pressure, humidity,
precipitation and such other elements.
2. What is insolation?
w

Ans. Insolation is the solar radiation that reaches the earth’s surface. The earth and its
atmosphere get heated from the sun through insolation.
w

3. What is meant by atmospheric pressure?

Ans. The weight of air above a given area on the earth’s surface is called atmospheric
pressure or air pressure.
w

4. Write a short note on “Planetary winds”

Ans. (i) Planetary Winds are the ones which blow almost in the same direction
throughout the year. So, they are called as Permanent or planetary winds.
(ii) Trade winds, Westerlies and polar easterlies are the types of prevailing winds.
5. What are “Isolines”?
Ans. Distribution of weather elements are shown by means of Isolines on maps. Isolines
are lines which join the places of equal values of weather elements.
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 2

VI. Distinguish between :

1. Weather and climate.
Ans.
S.No Weather Climate
1. Weather is the day to day condition Average condition of the weather of a
of the atmosphere at any place place or a region.
Geography

m
2. Refers to short periods like a day, Determined by measuring weather
a week, a month etc., elements for a long period of time
usually for 35 years

co
3. Sunshine, temperature, cloud Latitude, Altitude, direction of winds,
cover, wind, fog condition, air distance from the sun, Ocean currents
pressure, humidity precipitation are some of the factors determining
are some weather elements. climate.

.
2. Absolute and relative humidity.

ks
Ans.
S.No Absolute humidity Relative humidity
1. Mass or weight of water vapour Ratio between the actual amount of
present per unit volume of air. water vapour present in the air and the
maximum amount of water vapour it can
oo
hold at a given temperature.
2. Expressed usually in grams per Expressed as a percentage.
cubic metre of air.
ab

3. Permanent and seasonal winds.

Ans. S.No Permanent winds Seasonal winds
1. T h e o n e s w h i c h b l o w Winds which change their direction
almost in the same direction according to season in a year. Blow from sea
ur

throughout the year. to land in summer and land to sea in winter.

2. Also called Planetary winds. Also called Monsoon winds.
Eg., Trade wings, Weather Eg., North east monsoon winds, South west
.s

winds monsoon winds

VII. Give reasons.
w

1. The Weather and climate in different regions vary.

Ans. Angle of the sun’s rays, the length of daytime, altitude, distribution of land and water
bodies, location and direction of mountain ranges, air pressure, winds and ocean
w

currents are the major factors which affect the weather and climate of a region.
2. Temperature decreases with increase in altitude.
Ans. Temperature varies both horizontally and vertically. Temperature always decreases
w

with increasing height is known as Lapse rate which is 6.5 degree celsius per 1000
meters in troposphere.
3. Mountain climbers carry oxygen cylinders while ascending peaks.
Ans. With decreasing air pressure,the availability of oxygen to breath also decreases.
At very high altitudes, atmospheric pressure and available oxygen get so low that
people can become sick and even die. Mountain climbers use bottled oxygen when
they ascend very high peaks.
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Unit - 2 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

UNIT TEST
Time : 1 hr.  Marks : 25

I. Choose the correct answer : (3 × 1 = 3)

1. The earth receives energy from ----------.

m
(a) current (b) electro magnetic radiation
(c) waves (d) heat
2. __________ is used to measure the humidity.

co
(a) anemometer (b) barometer (c) hygrometer (d) thermometer
3. The ____________ scale is a sacle for measuring wind speeds.
(a) Richter (b) Vernier (c) Ratio (d) Beaufort

Weather And Climate

II. Fill in the blanks :  (3 × 1 = 3)

.
1. The scientific study of weather is called ______________.

ks
2. _______ and_________ are measured by anemometer and wind vane respectively.
3. The level of humidity __________ towards poles form equator.
III. True or False :  (2 × 1 = 2)
oo
1. The atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet.
2. Humidity is calculated by Aneroid Barometer.
IV. Match the following : (4 × 1 = 4)
1. 1. Climate i. Locating and Tracking Storms
ab

2. Isonif ii. Cyclone

3. Hygrometer iii. Equal Snowfall
4. Radar iv. Long Term Changes
5. Low Pressure v. Humidity
ur

V. Answer in one or two sentences : (4 × 2 = 8)

1. What is insolation?
2. Write a short note on “Planetary winds”
.s

3. Define High pressure.

4. Mention a few least windy places on earth.
w

VI Answer the following : (1 × 5 = 5)

1. List out the weather elements and associated measuring instruments.
Answer Key
w

I. 1) (d) heat 2) (c) hygrometer 3) (d) Beaufort

II. 1) Meterology 2) Wind speed, Wind direction 3) decreases
w

III. 1) True 2) False IV. 1. – iv, 2. – iii, 3. – v, 4. – i, 5. – ii

V. 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. V - 2
2) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. V - 4
3) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. V - 6
4) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. V - 11
VI 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. VIII - 3

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Unit
3 Hydrologic Cycle
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

m
‰‰To understand the status of water on the

co
earth.
‰‰To learn the basic concepts of Hydrologic
cycle.
‰‰To study the different components of

.
hydrologic cycle.

ks
oo
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer :
ab

1. The process in which the water moves between the oceans, atmosphere and
land is called
(a) River Cycle (b) Hydrologic Cycle
(c) Rock Cycle (d) Life Cycle
ur

 [Ans : (b) Hydrologic Cycle]

2. The percentage of fresh water on the earth is
(a) 71 (b) 97 (c) 2.8 (d) 0.6 [Ans : (c) 2.8]
.s

3. The process of changing of water from gaseous to liquid form is known as

(a) Condensation (b) Evaporation (c) Sublimation (d) Rainfall
w

 [Ans : (a) Condensation]

4. Water that flows in the sub-soil or through the ground into the streams, rivers,
w

lakes and oceans is termed as

(a) Condensation (b) Evaporation (c) Transpiration (d) Runoff
 [Ans : (d) Runoff]
w

5. The evaporation of water from the leaves of plants is called

(a) Transpiration (b) Condensation
(c) Water vapour (d) Precipitation[Ans : (a) Transpiration]
6. Water that is good enough to drink is called
(a) Groundwater (b) Surface water
(c) Potable water (d) Artesian water [Ans : (c) Potable water]

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Unit - 3 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

II. Fill in the Blanks :

1. The degree of water vapour present in the atmosphere is known as__________.
 [Ans : humidity]
2. There are _____________ phases in the water cycle. [Ans : three]
3. The falling of water towards the earth surface from atmosphere in any form is known
as ____________. [Ans : precipitation]

m
4. The precipitation with the rain drop size of<0.5mm in diameter is known as
_______________. [Ans : drizzle]
5. Mist is denser than _______________. [Ans : fog]

co
III. Match the following
1. Vegetation Clouds

Hydrologic Cycle
2. Condensation Sleet

.
3. Snow and rain drops At the surface

ks
4. Infiltration Transpiration

1. Vegetation Transpiration
Ans:
oo
2. Condensation Clouds
3. Snow and rain drops Sleet
4. Infiltration At the surface
ab

IV. Choose the correct statement :

1. Evaporation refers to
I. The process in which the gaseous form of water changes in to liquid form.
II. It refers to the process in which the liquid form of water changes into gaseous
ur

form.
III. Water boils at 100°C temperature but, it actually begins to evaporate at 0°C.
IV. It is responsible for the formation of clouds.
.s

(a) I and IV are correct (b) II only correct

(c) II and III are correct (d) All are correct
 [Ans : (c) II and III are correct]
w

V. State whether the following statements are True or False :

1. Water boils at 212°F temperature but, it begins to evaporate at 32°F. [Ans : True]
w

2. Mist is not the tiny droplets of water hanging in the air. [Ans : False]
Correct statement: Mist is the tiny droplets of water hanging in the air.
w

3. The sub-surface runoff is usually referred as interflow. [Ans : True]

VI. Answer briefly :
1. Write a short note on aquifer.
Ans. An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures
or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand or silt). Groundwater can be extracted
using a water well.
125
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 3

2. Define “hydrological cycle”.

Ans. Hydrologic cycle is a global sun-driven process where water is transported from
oceans to atmosphere, from atmosphere to land and from land back to oceans.
3. How is the dew formation takes place?
Ans. Dew is a water droplet formed by the condensation of water vapour on a relatively
Geography

cold surface of an object. It forms when the temperature of an object drops below

m
the dew point temperature.
4. Write a short note on surface run-off.
Surface Runoff is the portion of rainfall, which enters the stream immediately after

co
Ans.
the rainfall. It occurs, when the rainfall is longer, heavier and exceeds the rate of
infiltration. In this condition the excess water makes a head over the ground surface,
which tends to move from one place to another following land gradient and is known
as overland flow. When the overland flow joins the streams, channels or oceans, it

.
is termed as surface runoff or surface flow.

ks
VII. Give reasons :
1. Infiltration of water is low in the region of non-porous soil.
Ans. Water entering the soil at the surface of the ground is termed as infiltration. Infiltration
oo
allows the soil temporarily to store water, the rate of infiltration is influenced by the
physical characteristics of the soil, vegetative cover, moisture content of the soil,
soil temperature and rainfall intensity.
2. Fresh water is less on the earth.
ab

Ans. Most of the water on the earth is saline and is found in seas and oceans, which
constitutes about 97.2%.
3. Snowfall is common in the polar region and mountainous regions.
ur

Ans. (i) The precipitation in the form of powdery mass of ice is known as snowfall.
(ii) Often water vapour in a cloud is converted directly into snow pieces due to
lowering of temperature.
(iii) It is common in the polar and high mountainous regions.
.s

VIII. Answer in a paragraph :

1. Explain the different stages involved in the hydrological cycle.
w

Ans. The three important phases of the hydrologic cycle are: i) Evapotranspiration,
ii) Precipitation and iii) Runoff.
w

(i) Evapotranspiration : It is defined as the total loss of water from the earth
through evaporation from the surface water bodies and the transpiration from
vegetation. In cropped area, it is difficult to determine the evaporation and
w

transpiration separately. Therefore it is collectively called as evapotranspiration.

(ii) Precipitation: It refers to all forms of water that fall from clouds and reaches
the earth’s surface. For the occurrence of precipitation, cloud droplets or ice
crystals must grow heavy enough to fall through the air. When the droplets
grow large in size, they tend to all. While moving down, by collecting some
small droplets, they become heavy enough to fall out of the cloud as raindrops.

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. co
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CIVICS
oo
ab
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.s
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w
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co
Contents
Unit Page No. Month

.
ks
oo CIVICS
1 How the State Government Works 197-204 June

2 Citizens and Citizenship 205-210 July

3 Understanding Secularism 211-221 August

ab

4 Human Rights and UNO 222-234 October

5 Road Safety Rules and Regulations 235-248 November

ur

6 Defence & Foreign Policy 249-258 January

7 The Judiciary 259-268 February

.s
w
w
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Unit
1 How The State Government Works

m
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

‰‰The State executive.

co
Legislative
‰‰Powers and functions of the Governor.
Executive
‰‰Powers and functions of the Chief Minister.
‰‰Legislative Assembly and Council.

.
‰‰State Judiciary.

ks
oo
Evaluation
ab

I. Choose the correct answer :

1. The Governor of a state is appointed by
(a) President (b) Vice President
ur

(c) Prime Minister (d) Chief Minister [Ans : (a) President]

2. The State Council Minsters is headed by
(a) The Governor (b) Chief Minister
.s

(c) Speaker (d) Home Minister

 [Ans : (b) Chief Minister]
w

3. Who can summon and prorogue the sessions of the State legislature?
(a) Home Minister (b) President
(c) Speaker (d) The Governor[Ans : (d) The Governor]
w

4. Who does not participate in the appointment of the High Court Judge?
(a) Governor (b) Chief Minister
w

(c) Chief Justice of the High Court (d) President of India

 [Ans : (b) Chief Minister]
5. The age of retirement of the Judges of the High Court is
(a) 62 (b) 64 (c) 65 (d) 58 [Ans : (a) 62]

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 1

II. Fill in the Blanks :

1. ________ States are there in India at present. [Ans : 28]
2. The tenure of the Governor is normally ________ years. [Ans : five]
3. The District Judges are appointed by ________. [Ans : the Governor]
4. The Governor is the ________ Head of the State. [Ans : constitutional]
[Ans : 25]

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5. Minimum age to become an MLA is ________ years.
Civics

III. Match the following :

Governor Lower House

co
1.
2. Chief Minister Nominal Head
3. Legislative Assembly Upper House
4. Legislative Council Real Head

ks
Answers
1. Governor Nominal Head
2. Chief Minister Real Head
oo
3. Legislative Assembly Lower House
4. Legislative Council Upper House
IV. State true or false :
ab

1. Chief Minister is the chief administrator of the State. [Ans : True]

2. The Governor nominates two members of the Anglo- Indian Community to Legislative
Assembly. [Ans : False]
Correct statement: The Governor nominates one members of the Anglo- Indian
ur

Community to Legislative Assembly.

3. The number of judges in the High Courts is not uniform and fixed. [Ans : True]
V. Choose the correct statement :
.s

1. The State Legislative Assembly participates in the election of

i) President
w

ii) Vice – President

iii) Rajya Sabha members
w

iv) Members of the Legislative Council of the State

(a) i, ii & iii are Correct (b) i & iii are Correct
(c) i, iii & iv are correct (d) i, ii , iii & iv are correct
w

 [Ans : (c) i, iii & iv are correct]

VI. Answer the following in one or two sentences.
1. Name the two houses of the State legislature.
Ans. The State Legislature consists of the Governor and one or two houses. The upper
house is called the Legislative Council while the lower house is called the Legislative
Assembly.
198
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Unit - 1 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

2. Write the qualifications of the members of the Legislative Assembly.

Ans. (i) The candidate must be a citizen of India.
(ii) He/she must be 25 years and above.
(iii) The candidate must be of sound mind.
(iv) He/she must be an elector for any constituency in the state he is representing
from.

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3. How is the Chief Minister appointed?
Ans. The Governor appoints the leader of the majority party in the State Legislative
Assembly as the Chief Minister. He is the head of the State Council of Ministers.

How The State Government Works

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4. How is the Council of Ministers formed?
Ans. (i) The party which gets majority seats in the election forms the government.
(ii) The leader of the majority party in the election is chosen as Chief Minister.
(iii) The Chief Minister chooses his ministers from the MLAs of his party.

.
(iv) On the advice of the Chief Minister, the Governor appoints the other ministers.

ks
(v) Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister form the State Government.

VII. Answer the following in detail :

Discuss the powers and functions of the Chief Minister.
oo
1.
Ans. Powers and functions:
(i) The Chief Minister is the chief administrator of the State. All major decisions
of the State Government are taken under his leadership.
ab

(ii) The Chief Minister plays an important role in the formation of the Council
of Ministers. On the advice of the Chief Minister, the Governor appoints the
other Ministers.
(iii) The Chief Minister supervises the activities of different ministries and advises
ur

them accordingly. He also coordinates the activities of different ministries.

(iv) The Chief Minister plays an important role in making policies of the State
Government ensuring public interest. His voice is final in policy decisions of
.s

the State Government.

(v) The Governor appoints different higher officials of the State Government on
w

the advice of the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers.

2. Discuss the powers and functions of the Legislative Assembly.
Ans. The main duty of the Legislative Assembly is to make laws for the state. It can make
w

law on the subjects mentioned in the state list and the concurrent list. However, during
state emergency, it cannot exercise its legislative power.
The assembly has control over the State council of Ministers. The State council
w

(i)
of ministers are responsible or answerable to the Assembly for its activities. The
Assembly may pass a no confidence motion against the council of Ministers if
it is not satisfied with the performance of the council of Ministers.
(ii) The legislative Assembly has control over the finances of the state. A money
bill can be introduced only in the Assembly. The government cannot impose,
increase, lower or withdraw any tax without the approval of the Assembly.
199
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Unit
2 Citizens and Citizenship
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

m
‰‰Meaning, definition of citizens and citizenship

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‰‰The Constitutional Provisions of India
‰‰Acquisition and termination of Indian citizenship
‰‰Nature of overseas citizenship of India

.
‰‰Rights and responsibility of a citizen

ks
oo
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer :
ab

1. Which of the following is not a condition for becoming the citizen of India?
(a) Birth (b) acquiring property
(c) descent (d) naturalization [Ans : (b) acquiring property]
2. __________ of the Constitution of India deals with the Citizenship.
ur

(a) Part II (b) Part II Article 5-11

(c) Part II Article 5-6 (d) Part I Article 5-11
 [Ans : (b) Part II Article 5-11]
.s

3. Who is called the first citizen of India?

(a) The Prime Minister (b) The President
w

(c) The Chief Minister (d) The Chief Justice of India

 [Ans : (b) The President]
II. Fill in the Blanks :
w

1. ____________ of a state enjoy full civil and political rights. [Ans : Citizens]
2. Our Indian Constitution provides for only _________citizenship. [Ans : Single]
w

3. An Indian citizen who is residing outside India and holds an Indian passport are
called__________________. [Ans : Non- Resident Indian ]
4. All have right and __________responsibility citizens. [Ans : Civic]
5. ___________ is an idea enabling young people to access and participate in shaping
modern society. [Ans : Global citizenship]

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 2

III.
State true or false :
1. USA has single citizenship. [Ans : False]
Correct statement: USA has dual citizenship.
2. OCI card holder has voting rights in India. [Ans : False]
Correct statement: OCI card holder has no voting rights in India.

m
3. Citizen of India can enjoy Fundamental Rights guaranteed by our constitution.
Civics

 [Ans : True]
4. Nationality can be change and citizenship can not be changed. [Ans : False]

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Correct statement: Nationality cannot be change and citizenship can be changed
IV. Consider the following statements. Tick ( √ ) the appropriate answer:
1. Indian Citizen of a person can be terminated if

.
I. a person voluntarily acquires the citizenship of some other country.

ks
II. a person who has become a citizen through registration.
III. the Government of India is satisfied that citizenship was obtained by fraud.
IV. a citizen who is by birth indulges in trade with an enemy country during war.
(a) I and II are correct. (b) I and III are correct
oo
(c) I, III, IV are correct. (d) I, II, III are correct.
 [Ans : (b) I and III are correct]
2. Assertion (A) : When Pondicherry becomes the part of India in 1962, the people
lived there became Indian citizens.
ab

Reason (R) : It was done by one of the provisions of the Act of 1955 - by incorporation
of Territory.
(a) R is the correct explanation of A (b) R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is wrong but R is correct. (d) Both A and R are wrong.
ur

 [Ans : (a) R is the correct explanation of A]

V. Answer the following in one or two sentences :
.s

1. Name the types of citizens.

Ans. There are two types of citizens, Natural and Naturalised citizens.
(i) Natural citizens: are the citizens by birth.
w

(ii) Naturalised citizens: are the one who acquires citizenship.

2. What are the Rights that a citizen can enjoy in our country?
Ans. (i) Fundamental Rights
w

(ii) Right to vote in the election to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislature
(iii) Right to hold certain public offices
(iv) Right to become the Member of Parliament and State Legislature.
w

3. Mention any three qualities of a good citizen.

Ans. (i) Loyalty to the Constitution.
(ii) Obeys laws.
(iii) Contributes to society and community and performs civic duty.
(iv) Quality of goodness and justice.
(v) Respecting diversity.

206
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 2

UNIT TEST
Time : 1 hr.  Marks : 25

I. Choose the correct answer : (4 × 1 = 4)

1. ______________of the Constitution of India deals with the Citizenship.

m
(a) Part II (b) Part II Article 5-11
Civics

(c) Part II Article 5-6 (d) Part I Article 5-11

2. Who is called the first citizen of India?

co
(a) The Prime Minister (b) The President
(c) The Chief Minister (d) The Chief Justice of India
3. Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated once in ____________ years.
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2

.
4. A person born in India on or after 26 th
January 1950 but before 1 July 1987 is an
Indian citizen by ____________.

ks
(a) Birth (b) Descent (c) Registration (d) Natrualation
II. Fill in the blanks :  (4 × 1 = 4)
1. An Indian citizen who is residing outside India and holds an Indian passport are
oo
called ________.
2. ____ is an idea enabling young people to access and participate in shaping modern society.
3. __________ and __________ are two terms that refer to non-nationals of a country.
4. All have right and __________responsibility citizens.
ab

III. True or False :  (2 × 1 = 2)

1. A person born outside India on or after 10 December 1992 is a citizen of India if
th

either of his parents is an Indian citizen at the time of his birth.

2. OCI card holder has voting rights in India.
ur

IV. Answer in one or two sentences : (5 × 2 = 10)

1. What are the Rights that a citizen can enjoy in our country?
2. What do you know about the citizenship Act of 1955?
.s

3. Mention any three qualities of a good citizen.

4. Define Citizenship.
5. What do you mean by ‘Immigrant’?
w

V Answer the following : (1 × 5 = 5)

1. On what grounds that the citizenship of a person is cancelled?
Answer Key
w

I. 1) (b) Part II Article 5-11 2) (b) The President 3) (d) 2 4) (a) Birth
II. 1) Non- Resident Indian 2) Global citizenship 3) Alien, immigrant 4) Civic
w

III. 1) True 2) False

IV. 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. V - 2
2) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. V - 5
3) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. V - 3
4) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. V - 2
5) Refer Sura’s Guide, Additional Q. No. V - 7
V. 1) Refer Sura’s Guide, Textbook Q. No. VI - 1
210 
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Unit
3 Understanding Secularism

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

‰‰To understand the meaning of secularism

co
‰‰To know the importance of secularism
‰‰To develop the appreciation of the rights
guaranteed in the Constitution

.
‰‰To analyse the importance of secular education

ks
‰‰To discuss the constitutional provisions related
to secularism oo
Evaluation
ab

I. Choose the correct answer:

1. Secularism means
(a) State is against to all religions
(b) State accepts only one religion
ur

(c) An attitude of tolerance and peaceful co-existence on the part of citizen belonging
any religion
(d) None of these [Ans : c) An attitude of tolerance and peaceful co-existence
.s

 on the part of citizen belonging any religion]

2. India is a land of _______
w

(a) multi - religious faith (b) multi - cultural beliefs

(c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of these
 [Ans : (c) Both (a) & (b)]
w

3. The Preamble of the Constitution was amended in__________.

(a) 1951 (b) 1976 (c) 1974 (d) 1967
 [Ans : (b) 1976]
w

4. Which one of the following describes India as a secular state?

(a) Fundamental Rights
(b) Fundamental Duty
(c) Directive Principles of State Policy
(d) Preamble of the Constitution [Ans : (d) Preamble of the Constitution]

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 3

5. Right to freedom of religion is related to

(a) Judiciary (b) Parliament
(c) Directive principles of State Policy
(d) Fundamental rights [Ans : (d) Fundamental rights]
6. According to Article 28, which type of education is restricted in state aided
educational institutions?

m
(a) Religious instruction (b) Moral education
Civics

(c) Physical education (d) None above these

 [Ans : (a) Religious instruction]

co
7. The country will be considered as a secular country, if it _______
(a) gives importance to a particular religion
(b) bans religious instructions in the state – aided educational institutions.

.
(c) does not give importance to a particular religion

ks
(d) bans the propagation of any religious belief. [Ans : (c) does not give
 importance to a particular religion]
II. Fill in the Blanks:
1. Religion does not teach us _______. [Ans : animosity]
oo
2. Secularism is a part of democracy which grants _______.
 [Ans : equal rights to people]
3. _______ is a lack of belief in god and gods. [Ans : Atheism]
ab

4. The basic aim of our constitution is to promote _______ and _______.

 [Ans : unity and integrity of the nation]
5. Article 15 prohibits _______ on the grounds of religion, caste, sex or place of birth.
 [Ans : discrimination]
ur

III. Match the following:

1. Atheism – coined the word secularism
.s

2. Children – social reformer

3. Din-i-Illahi – lack of belief in god
4. Constitution – future citizen
w

5. Holyoake – Divine faith

6. Rajaram Mohan Roy – 1950
w

Ans.
1. Atheism – lack of belief in god
Children – future citizen
w

2.
3. Din-i-Illahi – Divine faith
4. Constitution – 1950
5. Holyoake – coined the word secularism
6. Rajaram Mohan Roy – social reformer

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. co
ks
Economics
oo
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w

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m
co
Contents
Unit

.
Page No. Month

ks
ECONOMICS
oo
1 Money, Savings and Investments 271-280 Aug & Sept

2 Public and Private Sectors 281-290 February

ab
ur
.s
w
w
w

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Unit
1 Money, Savings And Investments
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

m
‰‰To know about the Evolution of Money.

co
‰‰To know about the value, nature, function, and
importance of money.
‰‰To understand about Savings and Investments.

.
‰‰To know about the black money.

ks
oo
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer :
ab

1. Which metals were used for metallic money?

(a) gold (b) silver (c) bronze (d) all the above
 [Ans : (d) all the above]
2. Who designed the symbol (`) of Indian rupee?
ur

(a) Udayakumar (b) Amartya Sen

(c) Abijith Banerjee (d) None of these[Ans : (a) Udayakumar]
3. The value of money is
.s

(a) Internal value of money (b) External value of money

(c) Both a & b (d) None of these [Ans : (c) Both a & b]
4. Which is the Bank Money?
w

(a) Cheque (b) Draft

(c) Credit and Debit cards (d) All the above [Ans : (a) Cheque]
5. Pick out the incorrect one:
w

Investment can be made in different vehicle.

(a) Stock (b) Bonds (c) Mutual fund (d) Pay tax
 [Ans : (d) Pay tax]
w

6. Among the following who are responsible for Black Money?

(a) Tax evaders (b) Hoaders
(c) Smugglers (d) All of the above
 [Ans : (d) All of the above]

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 1

II. Fill in the Blanks :

1. Online Banking is also known as ______. [Ans : Net Banking]
2. ______ is what money does. [Ans : Money]
3. Electronic Banking is also known as ______ .
 [Ans : National Electronic Funds Transfer]
Economics

m
4. Credit cards and Debit cards are ______ money. [Ans : Plastic
5. In the ______ year Reserve Bank of India was established . [Ans : 1935]

co
III. Match the following :
1. Barter system tax evaders

2. Reserve Bank act Electronic Money

.
3. E- Money Consumer’s disposable income

ks
4. Savings exchanged goods for goods
5. Black money oo 1935

Answers
1. Barter system exchanged goods for goods
2. Reserve Bank act 1935
3. E- Money Electronic Money
ab

4. Savings Consumer’s disposable income

5. Black money Tax evaders
IV. Write the one word answer :
ur

1. The word Money is derived from?

Ans. The word Money is derived from Roman word “Moneta Juno”
2. Who prints and issues paper currencies in India?
.s

Ans. Reserve Bank of India.

V. Choose the correct statement :
w

1. Barter system had many deficiency like

I. Lack of double coincidence of wants
II. No difficulties of storing wealth
w

III. Common measure of value

IV. Indivisibility of commodities
(a) I and II is correct (b) I and IV is correct
w

(c) I, III and IV is correct (d) All are correct

 [Ans : (c) I, III and IV is correct]
VI. Find out the odd one :
1. Recent forms of money transactions are
(a) Credit card (b) Barter system
(c) Debit card (d) Online banking
 [Ans : (b) Barter system]
272
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Unit - 1 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

2. Effects of black money on economy is

(a) Dual economy (b) Undermining equity
(c) No effects on production (d) lavish consumption spending
 [Ans : (c) No effects on production]
VII. Write short answer :

m
1. What is the Barter System?
Ans. A barter system is an old method of exchange. Barter system is exchanging goods
for goods without the use of money in the primitive stage.

co
Money, Savings And Investments
2. What are the recent forms of money?
Ans. Plastic Money and E-Money

3. Short note on E-Banking and E-Money.

.
Ans. (i) E-Money: Electronic Money is money which exists in banking computer

ks
systems and is available for transactions through electronic system.
(ii) E-Banking: Electronic banking, also known as National Electronic Funds
Transfer (NEFT), is simply the use of electronic means to transfer funds directly
from one account to another rather than by cheque or cash.
oo
4. What are the essential of Money in your life?
Ans. Money is used as the source to fulfill basics needs as well as comforts in life. It gets
people accommodation, clothes, food and other things which add to luxury in life.
ab

It is an important source to live a healthy life too.

5. What is the Value of Money?
Ans. Value of money is the purchasing power of money over goods and services in a
ur

country.
6. What is Savings and Investment?
Ans. (i) Savings represents that part of the person’s income which is not used for
.s

consumption
(ii) Investment refers to the process of investing funds in capital asset, with a
view to generate returns
w

7. What is meant by Black Money?

Ans. Black Money is a form of unaccountable Money. Black Money is mostly created
w

by business people. The black money is accumulated by the criminals, smugglers,

hoarders, tax-evaders and other anti-social elements of the society.
w

8. What are the effects of black money on economy?

Ans. (i) Dual economy
(ii) Tax evasion, thereby loss of revenue to government.
(iii) Undermining equity
(iv) Widening gap between the rich and poor

273
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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 1

VIII. Write Brief answer :

1. What are the disadvantages of barter system?
Ans. (i) Lack of double coincidence of wants,
(ii) Common measure of value
(iii) Indivisibility of commodities
Economics

(iv) Difficulties of storing wealth

m
2. Write about the evolution of Money.
Ans. Money has evolved through different stages according to the time, place and
circumstances.

co
(i) Commodity Money: In the earliest period of human civilization, any
commodity that was generally demanded and chosen by common consent was
used as money. Eg. Goods like furs, skins, salt, rice, wheat, utensils, weapons

.
etc. Such exchange of goods for goods was known as ‘Barter Exchange’.

ks
(ii) Metallic Money: With progress of human civilization, commodity money
changed into metallic money. Metals like gold, silver, copper, etc. were used
as they could be easily handled. It was the main form of money throughout
the major portion of recorded history.
oo
(iii) Paper Money:
(a) It was found inconvenient as well as dangerous to carry gold and silver
coins from place to place. So, invention of paper money marked a very
important stage in the development of money.
ab

(b) Paper money is regulated and controlled by Central bank of the country
(Reserve Bank of India). At present, a very large part of money consists
mainly of currency notes or paper money issued by the central bank.
(iv) Credit Money or Bank Money:
ur

(a) Emergence of credit money took place almost side by side with that of paper
money. Eg. Cheque.
(b) The cheque (known as credit money or bank money), itself, is not money,
.s

but it performs the same as functions of money.

(v) Near Money: The final stage in the evolution of money has been the use of
w

bills of exchange, treasury bills, bonds, debentures, savings certificate etc.

3. What are the functions of Money? and explain it.
Ans. Functions of money are classified into Primary or Main function, Secondary function
w

and Contingent function.

Primary or main functions: The important functions of money performed in very
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economy are classified under main functions:-

(i) Medium of exchange or means of payment: Money is used to buy the goods
and services.
(ii) Measure of value: The values of all the goods and services are expressed in
terms of money. It is easier to determine the rate of exchange between various
type of goods and services.

274
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Unit
2 Public and Private Sectors

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

m
‰‰To know the history of public sector
‰‰To know the various indicators of

co
Socio-Economic Development
‰‰To understand the importance of public
sector
‰‰Appreciate the difference between public

.
and private sectors

ks
‰‰Understand the functions of private sectors
oo
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer:
ab

1. The public sector in India owes its origin in the ________ Industrial policy resolution
of the Government of India.
(a) 1957 (b) 1958 (c) 1966 (d) 1956
 [Ans : (d) 1956]
ur

2. Mixed economy is the mixture of merits of both ________.

(a) Capitalism (b) Socialism
(c) a & b are correct (d) a & b are incorrect
.s

 [Ans : (c) a & b are correct]

3. ________ is governed by a company law and controlled by the Government as principal
major share holders.
w

(a) Private Sector (b) Joint Sector (c) Public Sector (d) None of these
 [Ans : (b) Joint Sector]
4. Public sector is on ________ motive.
w

(a) Profit Motive (b) Service Motive

(c) Speculative Motive (d) None of these [Ans : (b) Service Motive]
w

II. Fill in the Blanks :

1. The ________ and ________ are allotted their respective roles in promoting the economic
welfare of all sections of the community. [Ans : Public sector and Private sector]
2. The private sector is on ________ motive. [Ans : profit]
3. ________ is the process of social and economic development in a society.
 [Ans : Socio Economic Development]

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Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std Unit - 2

4. The main function of private sector is to create ________ and ________.

 [Ans : Innovation and Moderisation]
5. The government is committed to strengthening ________ and co-operation among the
citizens. [Ans : understanding]

III. Match the following:

Economics

m
1. Think Tank – Primary Sector
2. Agriculture – Gross Domestic Product
3. Industries – NITI Aayog

co
4. GDP – Secondary Sector

Ans.
1. Think Tank – NITI Aayog

.
2. Agriculture – Primary Sector

ks
3. Industries – Secondary Sector
4. GDP –
oo Gross Domestic Product

IV. Which is the Odd one.

1. Which one of the following is not the indicator of the Socio Economic Development.
(a) Black Money (b) Life Expectancy
(c) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (d) Employment [Ans : a) Black Money]
ab

V. Which of the following is a correct answer

1. i)  he Industries which would be exclusively owned by the state are referred to as
T
Schedule-A
ur

ii) The industries in which the private sector could supplement the efforts of the state
sector, with the state taking the sole responsibility for starting new units which are
specific in Schedule-B.
iii) The remaining industries which were in the private sector are not mentioned in Schedule.
.s

(a) All are Correct (b) i and iii are correct

(c) i and ii are correct (d) None of these
 [Ans : c) i and ii are correct]
w

VI. Answer in briefly:

1. Write short note on public sectors.
w

Ans. (i)  he sector, which is engaged in the activities of providing government goods and
T
services to the general public is known as Public Sector.
(ii) The enterprises, agencies, and bodies are fully owned, controlled and run by the
w

government whether it is central government, state government or a local government.

2. What does the society want?
Ans. The society wants rapid industrialisation of the economy as the main key to economic
development, improving living standards and economic sovereignty.
3. Write the objectives of Public sector.
Ans. The objectives of Public Sector

282
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Unit - 2 Sura’s  Social Science 8th Std

(i)  o promote rapid economic development through creation and expansion of

T
infrastructure
(ii) To generate financial resources for development
(iii) To promote redistribution of income and wealth
(iv) To create employment opportunities
4. What are the three organs of public sectors?

m
Ans. The three organs of public sector are
(i) Administration by a Government Department
(ii) The Joint sector companies

co
(iii) Public Corporation

Public and Private Sectors

5. Name some indicators that measure socio-economic development.
Ans. Socio-economic development is measured with indicators, such as GDP, life expectancy,
literacy and levels of employment.

.
ks
6. Write short note on Private sector.
Ans. (i)  he segment of a national economy that is owned, controlled and managed by private
T
individuals or enterprises is known as Private sector.
(ii) The private sector companies are divided on the basis of sizes.
(iii) They can be created in two ways, i.e. either by the formation of a new enterprise or
oo
by the privatization of any public sector enterprise.
7. Name any three Major Private Sector industries.
Ans. (i) Infosys
(ii) Aditya Birla Company
ab

(iii) Tata Group of Companies

VII. Answer the following in detail:

1. Explain the organs of public sector.
ur

Ans. (i) Administration by a Government Department :

(a) It is very common almost in all countries.
(b) Example : Post and Telegraph, Railways, Port Trust, Irrigation Projects on India
etc.,
.s

(ii) The Joint sector companies:

(a) It is governed by a company law and controlled by the Government as principal
major share holders.
w

(b) Example : Indian Oil Petronas pvt ltd, Indian Oil Sky tanking Limited.Ratnagiri
Gas and Power Private Limited, Indian Synthetic Rubber Limited.
(iii) Public Corporation :
w

(a) This type of organization is the establishment of public corporation by the state
of the parliament of legislature.
(b) Example - LIC, Air India, The Reserve bank of India, Electricity Board.
w

2. Write briefly explain the history of public sector.

Ans. History of Public Sector :
(i) When India achieved independence in 1947, it was primarily an agricultural country
with a weak industrial base. It is established for their own economic interest and rule
the subcontinent with brute force.

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8th COMMON ANNUAL EXAMINATION - 2022 Reg. No.

STD
SOCIAL SCIENCE (with answers)
Time Allowed : 2.30 Hours] [Max. Marks : 100

I. Choose the correct Answer. 8. The maps which are know as plans are.
 (14 × 1 = 14) (a) Cadastral maps

m
(b) Topographical maps
1. Sir William Hawkins belonged _______
(c) Isoline maps
(a) Portugal (b) Spain
(d) Transport maps

co
(c) England (d) France
9. The state council ministers is headed by
2. Who signed the Treaty of Bassein with the
British (a) The Governer
(a) Baji rao II (b) Chief minister

.
(b) Daulat Raoscindia (c) Speaker

ks
(c) Sambhaji Bhonsle (d) Home Minister
(d) Sayyaji Rao Gcekwad 10. The Preamble of the constitution was
ameded in ______
3. In which year the new Education policy
was introduced in India? (a) 1951 (b) 1976 (c) 1974 (d) 1967
oo
(a) 1992 (b) 2009 (c) 1986 (d) 1968 11. When is Human Rights day observed?
4. The oldest industry in India was ____ (a) 9th December (b) 10th December
Industry (c) 11th December (d) 12th December
ab

(a) Textile (b) Steel 12. Pedestrains can cross the road only
(c) Electrical (d) Fertilizers _______
5. The major components of Soil is (a) at anywhere (b) near the signals
(a) Rocks (b) Minerals (c) at Zebra crossing (d) none
ur

(c) Water (d) All the above 13. The value of money is
6. The evaporation of water from the leaves (a) Internal value of money
of plant is called (b) External value of money
.s

(a) Transpiration (b) Condensation (c) Both a & b

(c) Water vapour (d) Precipiation (d) None of these
7. Statement (A) : Urbanisation is mainly 14. Public Sector is on _____ Motive.
w

due to the movement of people from rural (a) Profit motive

to cities (b) Service motive
Reason (R) : Rural to urban migration is (c) Speculative motive
w

not a predominant one (d) None of these
(a) A is the correct but R is incorrect II. Write short note (Any 10)  (10 × 2 = 20)
w

(b) Both A and R are incorrect 15. Write a short note on Black hole Tragedy.
(c) Both A and R are correct 16. Mention the Trading centres of the English
(d) A is in correct and R is correct in India?
17. Write short note on contoment Towns.
18. Mention the important Women Freedom
fighters in India?

[291]

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292  Sura’s - Social Science  Common Annual Exam. May - 2022  Question Paper with Answers

19. State the types of Soil. 4. Slums are generally found in cities
20. What is meant by atmospheric Pressure? 5. Chief minister is the chief administrator
21. Name any two pull factors of migrations. of the state.
22. Name the intermediate Directions? 33. What were the causes for the Great revolt
23. Name the two houses of the state Legislature. of 1857?
24. Name the types of citizens. 34. Describe the National Policy of Education.
25. Mention some of the Political rights.

m
35. How did the British establish their trading
26. Draw traffic signals and indicates the centres in India?
meaning.
36. Classify and Explain the soil.
27. What is the Barter system?
Write a paragraph about the conventional

co
37.
28. Name any three major private sector
industries. signs and symbols.
III. Answer the following : (10 × 5 = 50) 38. Discuss the powers and functions of the
legislative Assembly.
29. Fill in the Blanks :
39. Describe any five basic characteristics of

.
1. National Archieves of India (NAI) is
located in _______ Human rights.

ks
2. The word “Veda” means______ 40. What are the functions of money? And
3. There are _____ phases in the water Explain it.
cycle. 41. Write the differences between public and
private sector.
oo
4. The District judges are appointed by___
5. In the ____ year Reserve Bank of India 42. Mark the following places in world map.
was established. 1. Indian Ocean
30. Match the following. 2. Asia
3. China
ab

1. The British - Socio - cultural

migration 4. Cape of Good Hope
5. Pacific Ocean
2. Ryotwari system - Humidity
IV. Answer the following. (2 × 8 = 16)
3. Wood’s despatch - 1600
ur

43. (a) Distinguish between

4. marriage - madras
1. Metamorphic rock and
5. Hygrometer - 1854 seedimentary rock
31. Match the following. 2. Globe and map
.s

1. Chief Minister - Secondary Sector (b) Give reasons

2. Child Helpline - Exchanged goods 1. Mountain climbers carry oxygen
for goods
w

cylinders while ascending

3. Political rights - 1098 peaks.
4. Barter system - Real head 2. Fresh water is less on the earth.
w

5. Industries - Right to vote 44. Mark the following places on indian map.
32. Say true / false. 1. Madras 2. Jansi
1. Ananda Rangam was a translator served 3. Cochin 4. Qualiar
w

under British. 5. Andaman Nichobar Island

2. Ryotwari System was introduced by 6. Barrackpore
Thomas muntro. 7. Surat 8. Madurai
3. The atomosphere is a layor of gases 
Surrounding the planet.

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