Indices and Logarithms

INTRODUCTION
In previous classes, we have read that if a is any real number and n is a natural number, then
a a x a x a. n times
where a is called the base, n is called the exponent or index and an is the exponential form
We defined
1
GO= anda -n = — = ,a 0. We note that 00 is not defined. It is called an indeterminant
form.
For example:
(i) 30=1, 3-5=1 = I
35 243

222 1 1 125
; •S•s-125' 5 8
125

(iit) (-2) 0 = 1, (-2) 3 = (-2) (-2) (-2) = —8,(—2)-3= 1 1 1

(-2)3 -8
Also, we have read the laws of exponents.
If a, b are rational numbers and m, n are integers, then the following results
hold:
(t) am . an = am•n a
(it) (amY = amn (iil) —
a
(i?) am . = (ab)m
b

(viil) an = b't, n —a = b

(ix) a m = a n, a 1 m = n.
In this chapter, we shall extend these laws when the base is a positive real number and
the
exponents are rational numbers.

FRACTIONAL INDICES (OR SURDS)

We know that the square root of a positive real number a is that number which when multiplied
by
itself gives a as the product.
Thus, if b is the square root a, then b x b = a i.e. b2 = a.
Ihe square root of the number a is denoted by , so b =
The concept of square root can be extended to cube root, fourth root, , nth root, where
n is a natural number.
Let a be a positive real number and n be a natural number, then = b if and only if bn

A ph Mathematics-
 Fot example 2 23 = 8; = 3 because 35
- 243. Note that the symbol
the radical sign

In language of exponenB, we write

= an
1
So, in particular. we write = 8i. = (243); etc
Now let us try to understand what is 85
?
There are two wavs:
2 2
2 2
85 = 22 4. 5
8 = (8 2)5 = (64)'

This leads us to thc followtng definition

If a > O is a real number and m, n are integers, n > O, m, n
have no common factors except I.

a' a'

LAWSOF EXPONENTS FOR REAL NUMBERS

Laws of exponents for real numbers are-.
If a, b are positive real numbers and m, n are rational numbers, then the followtng results
hold.

(t) a' . an = (amp = (iit) — = am- n

(m) .bm = (abr

(t'il) an = n a=b (viil) am= an m = n provided a I.

Note
If p and q are different positive prime integers, then p mq n = p lq k m = I and n = k.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Stmphfy thefollowing:
314y'
5
(t) (3x 4y 3) (18x 3y ) (it)18r3y5 (iil)

Solution. (1)(3r 4y 3) (18x 3y5) = 3.18.x4.x3.y3.y5 = 54x7y8.

314
¯
18r3 •y5 6 6y2

212
9
Y

(33)-2/3 = 33 (-2/3) = 3-2= =

(iv) = (27-2)1/3 = (27)-2/3 = 32 9
Example 2 Simpl!fy the fot10Ti%g•.

(I) (625)-3 (it) (256)

(625 (625);
Solution. (1) (625)Z

= (625/ = (620)' = (54)7 = = 51= 5

(n) Note that 4 2

(236) = (256)-; — (28)n = 2

+ = (28)i + (7)Ä
I—C.M.
of 4 and 3 = 12,so wnte each number Withexponent 12.

(2S)i = and 73 = (74)lZ

28x28x2S 12
7x7x7x7
4x4 x 4 E 64

Example 3. Simplify ( 25

Solution.
16

313 23
33 53

33
33 23 -

pphe Ma hematics;XI
Example 4. Find the
(216)7 (256) (243/;

Solution.
(216) 3 E
(243)

= + (236)i +

— + (44)ä + —

= 4(62) + 43 +
+64+6=214.

Example 5. Etnluatc — + (001) -1/ 2 —(27) 2/ 3 . Leave your ansuvras a fraction.

-1/2
—(33)2/3
Solution. 2 100

+10

Example 6. Simplify: 16

16
Solution.

= 16—3 x 22 x 1 +

= 16—3x 4+ -=16-12+-
16

Example 7. Simplify thefollowing:

(it)
139 —231+1

(iil) x; + x 3 x; —1+ x j

"+2 _ 631+1 5"52 —63151

135" - 23 1+1 133 1 - 2-5 13 1

-65) 25-30_-5_
5'1(13-2-5) 13-10 3
 men

(ii)
I-m)l+tn

- = x o = 1.

x 5. x3
(iil) x3-t+X3 = x;.x3 —x3+ xi.x 3 +

-l
xl —10 + x 3 +x3 -x 3 + r

Example 8. If a = b 2-r , b = c 2Yand c = a2z, provc that xyz = —

Solution. Given a = 1,2r . .(1) .(iit)

Substituhng the value of b from (it) in we get
— (c2Y)2x c4-ry ..(iv)
Substituting the value of c from (in) in (iv), we get
a (a22)4ry
(Assume a > 0, a 1)

xyz —
Example 9. If a x = bY= c: and b2 = ac, prove that y =
Solution. Let a x = bY= c: = k (say), then

, kY andc = kz.

Given

11
kY —
y

Example 10. If abc = I, show that

Solution.

abc = 1 = abandc = —
1+ b + ab ab
b + ab+ 1
ab a
ab
I + b + ab I + b + ab ab+ I + b 1 + b + ab

14 pplied Mathematics-X
Example 11. = y= . v—
Solution.x•y— Y2
(Note this stet')

(51

Example12 Gia-n 1176= y . -

(D the nummul aalues of p. q and r (n) the
Solution. (1)Given 1176= y .34.7'
..- fra-•.iö't.
2x2x2x3x7x7=
2 3 .3 1 .7 2 =
p = 3, q = 1 and r 2.
(Sec note page Il )
24
40
Example 13. Solve thcfo!lozctng equatiors for x:
1-21
32 5

1
Solution. (1) Given 4 21 —
32

241 = 2-5
5
4

1-21 1/'
(it) Given

1—21
3

1 —2x
=-3 1-2r=-6
2
21=-7 —x: 7

EXERCISE
21
Simplify thefollowing (1 to 9):

81 -
61 S
1. (it)
64
2b 50 X
2. + 81/3.
a-I

Indi and Logarit m 15

 1

* (it) (0.027)-5.
3.
1825)

4 1/2
+ 50
4. 87 + 2-2 (it)

-1/2
_ —
5. (32)0+ 3-4 x 36 + (it) 95/2

—
6. 163/ 4 +2 (3)0 (n) (81)3/4 (2)0.

6 3 3 6
3 ix4 7x9i x 27
7. (it) 22 + 20 + 2—2

2 1 1
52(x+6)x
(32)5 x(4) 2
8. (it) (125)2x
2-2 + (64)-1/3
b—c c—a
x
9. (it)
7 x

10. Prove the following :

1
_lx_l = xyz.
ab
11. Ifa= c-,- b = ax and c = bY,prove that xyz = 1.
12. If a = xyP- l , b = xyq- I and c = xy r - l , prove that
aq—r .b r -p.cp-q = 1.

= 6¯:, prove that —+ —+ _ =

1
13. If 21 =

2yz
14. If2 X= 3Y= 122, prove that x =
Y¯z
15. Evaluate x l / 2 .y-l .z 2 / 3 when x = 9, y = 2 and z = 8.
16. If x4y 2z 3 = 49392,find the values of x, y and z, where x, y and z are different positive
primes.
17. Solve the following equations for x:
(it) (13)G -44-34-6
3 125
(iil) 27 (iv)
32

9".3 2.3n - (27)" 1

18. If prove that m
33m.23 27 '
Answers
8 16 1
1. 2. (t) 5ab
27 25 4

1
3.
1 1
(it)-1224
2 3 2
5. (0 19 (it) 231 6. 12 (it) 27

16 pplied Mat ma i
 4

LOGARITHMS

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い、こト .、
、
で、心

ド=ト直第
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=第、

k ト心5 = 4、

い0ド =き01. 、 10い

ドいい

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g、

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1=

コしan 出msい10 (3Ⅱ commong山 mま

コⅡ no退 部、
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Forexample.ユ = logr02-
 ILLUSTRATIVF EXAMPLES

lisamplej, i form

0027 -

2, 10
011) (l) T)

(ili) -I I 1

Iğxajnplc 3. Ih” ('f (Ill f"

(ip) 8

Solution. (i) lok')Ih

16 —4.

JOE 162
4

2-1.
(iv) Int (Jİ) X—8 (2 1/ 2)'

I-ct

51. 8
a 51 (5)-3 -3,
125
008) -3.
Example 4. Eind tir tuluc of x m each Mthefolloa•ınx•
(1) lox,xz5 (11)loş, x 2$ 2
3
Solution. (İ) 108,x • 5 35 Xz 32
_
(ü) X 2.5 42-5 Xz
5
2 Xz X • 32
f.samrle S. t

Solution. O) log

.32 (2 t

4 .12z:' r, e,.

EXERCISE22
I. Cons ert the tollossångto logarithmic form.
(in) 1

C,) 10-2 z 001 = 27

2. Convert the following Into exponenttnl form

2
log: 32 S (n) 1081 (lit)

log,025 —2
3. By convernng to exponential form. find the values of'
(t) log: 16 10848
log:o.2-5

4. the followtng equations for

(I) 10831= 2 (il) 1081 OX = —2 log, —

log, r = —IS logo (x I)= 2

(Cit) loga(2x
3
3) = — (t'til) I) log x = —

(x) logs z —2.O,

Answers
1. 108525 = 2 100-1 = 5
3
(it')log,- --2 = -2
(v) 108100.01 logs127=

Indices-nod. Logatithrns 19
Example 2. SimplJfy the following:

(1) 10810a + log,ob2

(n) logo a -
logt,IP logc - logad/
solution. (1)logioa + logi0 b2 + loglocl log10 (a b2.cl)
(Product law)
(n) 10K,a - logb b2 + log, —logd dl
logo a - 2 logb b + 3 lw c (Power law)
—41081d
-1-2.1 +3.1-4.1 (Power law)
logon = 1)
Example 3. Express log10 in terms of log,oa,
log,ob, log,oc.

Solution. loglO = logtoa2c —10810

(Quotient
= logioa 2 + log10C—log10
(b)i
(Product Lawl
= 2 10810 a + log10C— —
1
log10 b.
2 (Power Law)
Example 4. Evaluate: 3 + log10(10-2).
Solution. 3 + loglo(10-2) 3 + (-2) log10 10
[Power Lawl
-3 + (-2).1
10- Il

Example 5. Evaluate thefollowing:

125
log 5 (it) 108'672—10862 (lit)
108125 108 53 3
Solution. (t) log 45 ¯ ¯ log 5
log 51/2 1
—log 5
2

(it) log672— log62 = log6 — = log636 = log662

-2 10866=2 x 1 ( 10K.a = 1)

(iit) log48 —logs32 = log42 3 —logs25 = —

3 10&4— — log88
= 10&43/2 —108885/3 = —
5
3
( logaa= 1)
3 5 9-10 1
6 6

Example 6. Express as a single logarithm: 2 + - 108109-2 log105.

Solution. 2 + —log109 —2 log105 = 21 + —log109—2 log105

=2 + log10 (9) 1/2 — 1•: = 11

= + log103 —log1025

= (10)2 x 3 = log10 100 x 3 = log1012.

25 25

Ind'c sa d L arithm 21
 - , -L + log n,find"
Example 7. If IOS 2 IOS 16 - 2 IDS' 45

Z- = J + log
Solution. Given log 7 - log 2 log 16 - 2 log 3 —log 45

—log — log 10 log

log 7 —log 2 + log 16 - log (3) 2
log 10
e1
16 45
log(10x n) log = log 10"
log
45

log 40 10" 4.
log 40

+ 2 log —I O.find thr Of

Example 8. If 3 IOS

Solution. Given log 2 log —1 = O

log + log
—s log (m•
= 10, raising both sides to the power 6, we get
106

Example 9. Srmphfy the follo.•cins•:

(t) log (los x?) —Ios (IOSx) (n) logba.logcb. log, c ('Il) 1082(log?
(log? 16))

Solution. (1)log (log x 2) —log (log x) = log (210g x) —log (log x) = log log:

(it) logb a. 10K b. loga c = (logt a. 10K.b). loga c = a. log, c = I.

(ih) log2 (log: (108216)) = log? (log2 (logz 24)) = log2 (log: (4)) = log2 (log2 22) = 1082(2) 1

Example 10. (1)If = = les'c prove that a a . bb.cc

1 1
, prove that b2 = ac

IOS a k
Solution. (t) Let
loga = k (b —c); log b a); logc = k (a —b)
a log a + log b + c logc = ka (b —c)+ kb (c —a) + kc (a —b) = 0
log aa. = log I = J.

(it) Given loga n loge n logb n

logn a + logn c = 2 logn b (Using rectprtx-al formula)
logn ac = logn b2
ac = b2, as required

Example Il. Ifa = logs y: , b log zx and c = log: y, thenprovethat

1 1
Solution. I a logs y: x logs yz logr xyz
Similarly, = Jogxy.zy and —L = logy. z.
 4. 4. logrv. log wry log

tvatnple 12. Solve for x.

125
O) IOS - log: (log, x) = 4
5

Oil) log, 15$ = 2 -log, 3 $ (it') log(fir -4)

108
Solution. (t) log log 5-1 log S
5

Given log, 15JS = 2 -log, 3vfS log, + log,

log, log, 225=2
-s 15=2
log v 15

(tv) Given log (51 —4) —log(x + l) = log 4

log = log 4
x 41
51-4

Example 13. Fl'ld the oaluc of x x —IORIO(2m —1) = 1.

Solution. Given loglOX —loglO (21' —I) =

21-1 21-1 21-1

10
—I x 19x = x= — .
19

Example 14. Solt%'the following equations for x:

(i) logy 25—lost 5 + logr (it) lost (Sr —3) —logr4 = 2

Solution. (i) Given log, 25—log, 5 + logs

log r | 2-6 = 2 logs — = 2

5 25

=2 2 logr — = 2
5

5
Given logs (8x —3) —logs 4 = 2

logs 4
4

23
 2v(2t

Cumple 13. t • t

Solution. en r•
21
4

21
logi -

21

EXERCISE 23
l. the
27
(hi) (It')
(i) log 'D —log a- (n) log i,'

2. the
(i) Jog (10. vi0) 2. ! log(10-3)

2 log 10-- log _ log •I

2

(m) 2 log 2 • log 5—

2
81
16
(v) log 2 + 16 log — 12 log +7 log —
15 80

3. Expresseach of the following as a single logarithm•

(i) -'log 3-- log 16 + log 12 (u) log 36 + 2 log 8 —Jog13

16
7 log — + 5 log 3 log —
15 so

4. If x = and : = (10)'. express log 2 _; tn terms of n, b, c

5. If a = log —, b = log —and c = 2 log —, find the value of

(it) 50 •b •c

6. Given 3 (log 5 —log 3) —(log 5—2 log 6) = 2— log n. find n.

7. Given that loglOY+ 2 log,ox = 2, express y in terms of x.
8. e Jogtnyand : in tenn•sof and V

9. that leg r = m n and log y m — orre•ss the value of log in terms of

m and n
IL for
(t) 2 loc ' (11) log, x —log, 2'

the followtng
(i) log (2r • = log 7 (It) log (t l) - 1)-log 24
10%0.5• logto(it 1) logjnfr • 5) • I
(tv) 2) + —2) Nlogjn4

12. log e —(log x • log y). prove that r:

13. If • 23ry prove that log - (log log V)

2
14. Prove thc followtng identities.

0) leg. aty atv loghJ , b log,c t: log, a

15. that log, . find x

Hint: r loga n log r ctc„and

lc•g • log C
16. Solve for
r • logo logs, — (n) 1082r + x 10%:x = —
4
Answers

1. 0) log a (11)

3. log 27 log 256 log 2

4. 1-4a.2b-3c 5. 1

9.

9 1000
10. (t) -5
3 (it') 14
11- 2

16. (03 2

Indicey:andbigarithms.
LOGARITHMICTABLES
TTv•re two rrvmtcornmcmlyused l•vrithrnq
logarithms, where an
Natural Loprithm•: I ognrithm• with haut'r are called natural
irra%oa.st nurnF•rrapprrr•smntel'f equal tn 27182.81
Withbage JOarc called common logarithms.
Common Logarithms: Lngnrithrr•r•
convenient
Wc krwsw that numbcre, can b•• wrltten aq powcrq of base 10, So it ig
With JO if. common logarithm
rot example: 1m z 2
log:r,

STANDARD FORM OF A DECIMAL NUMBER

Any decimal number can as the product of any number between I to 10 (including
I but excluding ICJ)and integral power of 10, such a form of a decimal number in called Standard
form every BEItive deornal nurnlx•r n can bc expressed as n m where p is an integer
and 10
For erample:
1 496 , (Note that decimal moved 8 places to left)
102
(Note that decimal is moved 2 places to left)
o.crryrrj7 7.0 Y 10 -7 (Note that decimal is moved 7 places to right)
OMJ1389= 10-4 (Note that decimal is moved 4 places to right)
CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA
Let n a pchitxvedecimal number, then n in standard form is
n =m where p is an integer and 1 fm < 10.
Taking log of both the sides, we get
logn = log (m I(V)
= log m + log ICY
= log m + p log 10
= log m + p log 10
log n = p + log m
Since I S m < 10,log I S log m < log 10 log m < I
log m is zero or a positive number less than 1.
9), logarithm of a positive number n has two parts
(i) Integral part p is called characteristic. It may be negative, zero or positive.
(iO Cither part log m, which is zero or a positive number less than I is called mantissa.
Hence,log n = characteristic + mantissa.
To Determine the Logarithm of a Positive Real Number
To determine the logarithm of a positive real number, wc need
(1)characteristic mantissa.

at hern4ttc -
PP.—I
 Rule to determine characteristic:
Write the given positive number in the standard form

Characteristic power of 10 i.e.p.

Or
(1) If the given number is greater than or equal to I, then
characteristic = number of digits to the left of decimal —I
For example: Characteristic of 4325 = 0
Characteristic of 93.04 = I
Characteristic of 754 = 2
Charactcristic of 6781 = 3
(it) If the given number is less than 1, thcn
charactcnshc —
• ——(numbcr of o's just after the decimal + 1)
For example: Characteristic of 0.1395= -1 (It is written as i)
Characterishc of 0.0257 = —2(It is written as )
Characteristic of 0.00009764 = —5(It is written as S )
Rule to determine mantissa:
Thc mantissa IS thr same for thc samc sigmficnnt figures in
the samc ordcr and does not depend on the
,vsition of thc decimal point, therefore, tgnore the dccitnal point and consider
only the (first four) significant
figures (-,cntc zeros in thc cud of the nurnl't•r if necessary).
the mantissa of the loganthm of a number is determined with the help of the logarithmic
tables given at the end of the book.
A part of logarithmic tables (as a sample) is given below:
Mean

19 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989 2
9
1 2 3456789
4 7 911 13 16 1820
3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 3101 3201 2 4 6 a 11 13 IS 17 19
21 322 3a3 3263 3284 3304 3324 3365 3385 3404 2 4 8 10 12 14 16 18
22 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 810 12 14 15 17
23 3617 3636 3655 3674 3602 3711 3729 3747 3766 3784 2 4 € 7 911 13 15 17
24 3802 3820 3838 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962 2 4 5 7 911 12 14 16
25 3979 3W7 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 4133 2 3 s 7 910 12 14 15
Look at the log table, left most column consists of numbers 10 to 99 which is followed by 10
columns in which numbers O, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are written at the top. These 10 columns are
further followed by 9 more columns of mean difference in which numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are
written at the top.
Reading of logarithmic tables to determine mantissa of the logarithm of a number:
Read logarithmic table in a horizontal line lead by first two figures and in the vertical column
headed by the third figure. Note down the number written at this place, then read, in the same
horizontal line, the number written in the mean difference column headed by the fourth figure and
add it to the previous number. Sum of these two gives the required mantissa.

Remark
In case there are more than four significant figures, we shall consider only first four and approximate
the fourth with the help of the fifth. This means that
log 23.546 = log 23.55 and log 2015673= log 2016000.

Indices and Loga thms. 27

 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

2 "Tittx•n 2
Sarxv2 l.
the
tabk•

can

read row down the O'tutnn O in log table

I so charxtenstn• ot lee t—
For and the evlumn in table
ost

ot log 02.01 is —
For manttssr. the 02 and the O'lumn t'.
. the same 02 and the eotuntn I of mean difference.
addrm< and O. svv•
get0

Example 2. Ftn.i

Solution. (t) Since < l. so charactensttc of log O is —(2+ t e. —3.

For read across the row and down the column Oin log table. We
get 9qx
log =
Since O.(XXN25 < I. so characteristic of log is —(3+ l) i.e. —4.
For rnantissa. read across the row 42 and down the eolunvn 5 in log table. get
IOS a.62S4
(iiö Since < I. characteristic of log is —(4+ l) i.e. —5.
For mantissa. read across the row 35 and down the column 6 in log table, we get 5514.
Now read the same row 35 and down the column S of mean difference. we get to.
adding 5514and 10,we get 5524.
log = 33524.
ANTILOGARITHM
If log x = y, then x is called antilogarithm of y.
It is written as x = antilog y.
To evaluate antilog of any number we use antilog table given at the end of this book
Antilogarithm tables are only tofind antilogartthm of Iktsitire•fractional part (mantissa)
Look at the antilog table, left most column consists of numbers from 0.00 to 0.99, which is
followed by 10 columns in which numbers O, I. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are written at the top.
These 10 columns are further followed by 9 more columns of mean difference in which numbers
l, 2.3, 4, 5, 6, 7. S, 9 are written at the top.

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.い
、0 60 れ ド、, 3 4ト
、
:っー : nい1 4ト、

れ. ー
ー ハ い、0 、n 、
ト、いいd 、 、、
・い. dい、
、い01を
、い、
い いを、
い、get 汽 、

(、1、
、d 山n ド 5 and 4. 、
℃、 ⅵ、 )

戸ⅳ 、
「、・
、 一一・ - れ第、、いいlett 、、
d、、
可山、
、nt Ⅲ、
ト、い、
・ トいⅢ、
、 Ⅲ、い いドいトい
いい、
、ド0
。謹nい、3 4、、= 0い、
ー
、
議m可ぐ ー=
工It いヾ
、
.ハ、
So ti0 れ n いーー

、
、、、 、0 *. 、
kn い、 ℃ 第ⅱい い トい、「l' い、
、 いいd 01r 、 、
ⅱハ・
、、ⅳいいハぶド田1 、、 一
い、いい、
、工

= = : 771ー = .山い:. 773

inti いド
、ow ユ d ・ 、 etに
いト、「 0721. 、 ℃

・
ュ= nいい3.723 = 0.05引!
 APPLICATION OF LOGARITHMS
Logarithm have manv applications in ever-vsubject such as Slathetnattcs.
Economics etc. Logarithtns are tnninlv used to solsv exponential equations
interest, population growth, radioactive decav, depreciation, calculation ot bNti.
sound, brightness of stars, PI I value of sul'€tan€Ä',Richter scale in earthquake etc In the
chapters of this book you will find sonu• of the applications ot loganthtns.
Procedure to use logarithm tables to evaluate numerical ctpn•ssions (including
(1) Put the siren nut'tcrtcal captrssron to number, sav
Takelogarithm o/ 10th sides and tente the the of n
using thc standard lacesof losarithm)
(iil) IVntc the logarithms 'If the numbers the loganthnn,•
sintplify it.
(iv) Find the antilogarithm to obtain the number x.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example I. Evaluate the following using log tables:

(l) (0.009)V3 (42 84.9

(in)
0.234
Solution. (1) Let x = (0.009))
Taking log of both the sides,
log x = log (0.009)1/3
= —log
3
0.009= -x (3.9542)
-3 + 0.9542
= -1 +0.3187
3
log x = 1.3187
x = antilog 1.3187 = 0.2083
(0.009) 1/ 3 = 02083
1 84.9
(it) Let x = (42.87) /2 x
0.234
Taking log of both the sides, we get

(42.87) 1/ 2 x 84.9
log x = log
0.234

log log (42.87)1/ 2 + log 84.9- log 0.234

1
- log 42.87 + log 84.9 - log 0.234
2

- x (1.6321)+ 1.9289- (i.3692)

1

2
= 0.81605 + 1.9289- (-1 + 0.3692)
= 0.8161 + 1.9289 + 1 -0.3692
= 2.7450 + 1 - 0.3692 = 3.7450 0.3692 = 3.3758
x = antilog 3.3758 = 2375
(42.87)1/ 2 x 84 9
• = 2375
0.234

30 d M themati -XI
 い
いド心 、い、 1(、

、・,いド
い

、
、" 響、
、いt'い卩卍い、
いⅳ

、
、い、
4 ツヨ、当h, 、
It ・
、、
℃It.

A 。い&い取単、
いド :い
いい

4 + 0 ス4 トⅲドいト、、
い
いド、“ 4
A、いい4第
ド

いm ド3 、 し忙 ハリ・・山い ,い、
ロ、、ⅵは川一
い盟 ⅵ汁コリ0 悼ヾ、・
ハ・ " 村 にん「川“ なド= ↓ : い(リゞ
トⅢ” ト
0) 0 広は・い り、Ⅲな川可に、ⅲ 川ゞ
・ 「 : 0ご
0い川れ 、 川卍れ
一 明.
(いⅱ, 村れ い汁川: " ロョⅢ な川 にⅢ悼dい
・ “ト
に可にハリ ,・市い に0.
" け・
Solution 0 ) 、 心: 0: 0 ー = ー
0 Y、
、
1
、、 ド= 4.7い0 : )ド
k ⅲドいドロ山m いい、山、、 、
でget
いい 4.7 +ドい&いに
=0いー4 ド、
0 \新 (ustng いbles)

つい= 0覊
P = 田山IQ、
& 0 覊 55
 p=6.847x 109
1'=6847x106
P = 6847 million
(it) First we find population in year 2020
Here, t = 10 years.
P 4.70.02) 10
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log P = log 4.7 + 10 log 1.02
= 0.6721+ 10 0.0086= 0.7581
P = antilog 0.7581
P = 5.729billion.
i.e. 2 5.729billion i.e. 11.458billion
Let t years after 2010,the population will be double
So, P = 11.45Sbillion
11.458= 4.70.02)'
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log 11.458= log 4.7 + t log 1.02
1.0589 = 0.6721 + t 0.0086
1.0589 - 0.6721 = 44.97
0.0086 0.0086
i.e. t = 45 years.
Hence, the population will be double of 2020in year 2055.
Example 4. The value of a machine depreciatesat the rate of 7% per annunt. If its present value is
find its valueafter 10 years.
7
Solution. Here, P = 000000, i = — = 0.07 and n = 10 years.
100

So, value of the machine after 10 years

V= - i)10
v = 800000(1-0.07) 10

Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

log V = log 800000+ 10 log 0.93
= 5.9031 + 10 1.9685
= 5.9031 + 10 (-1 + 0.9685) = 5.9031 + 10 (-0.0315)
= 5.9031 -0.315
log V = 5.5881 V = antilog 5.5881
-s v = 387400
Hence, the value of the machine after 10 years is 087400.
Example 5. A scientist running an experiment finds that a part icular bacterial colony grows every hour. She

expects the number ofcells to be given by theformula b = 200 (V'äö) 20 , where t is the number ofhoursfor
which the experiment is running. Find the nuntber of hours after which there will be 500 bacteria cells.
Solution. Given b = 500

so, 500 = (200) (Jä)iö

lie
 Takinglogarithm on both sides, get

log e log log

2.6000 •t 2.3010 — lop, 2

40
-c:52

Hence, alter 52.80 hours i.e. hours the bacteria cells will be 500

6. The intcnsitv of an is mrasumt I'V Rtchtcr Richter formula I'S

t/'hcn• X the "trasun• of the earthqualv and h, Iv the

the standard utatv.

was an enrtltquakr tl'ith a amplitude the standard Calculate thc Rtchtcr
scale trith tav decilital dl\'ltq.

Solution. Given 2020 — 2020

So, R e: logto -A R = 2020

R 3.3054 R 3.3
Hence, the Richter scale of the earthquake is

EXERCISE24
Find thc charactcristic of logarithrns of the nut'llvrs (I to 2)
1. (n) 538.6 Oil) 7124000 (re)
2. (t) 0.01205 (it) o.oooel (iii) (it')

Find the tnantissa of logarithtns of the follou'inq ntonlvrs using log tal'les (3 to 4):
3. (I) 36.7 5984 (iit) 00135
4. 0) 0.00000008 0.7824 (iil) 8325 9 S76

Evaluatc thefolloteing using log tables (5 to 6):

5. (1) log 6 (it) log 30 (iit) log 76 log
6. (t) log 563.7 (h) log 0.0007 (iil) log 0.00002501 log
using antilog tables,find x (7 to S):
(l) log x = 1.3649 (it) log x = 2.5179 (iit) log x =
8. (l) log x = 2.4567 (il) log x = a.6501 (in) log x = —2.1304

Evaluate the folloteing using log tables (9 to 10):

(5.364)3 x (49.76)1/2
9. (ii) - x (0.0027)1/3
(0.45)1/3

438.2 x 98.56 (27.8) 1/ 2 x

10. (l)
(51.3)Ä (0.0007)1/4

11. How much would an investor accrue by investing C50000at an interest oi 700 per annum for
4 years, when interest is compounded monthly?

Indiges apd. Logarithms 33

 12. Calculate the compound interBt eamed on for 5 vears at the rate of
compounded quarterly.
13. How long would It take an investor to double an investment of at per
compounded monthlv'
14. Populationof a country grows at the rate of 67. yearly. How long does it take for
population to double'
annum-
15. .Anew machrne costs Its price depreciats at the rate of
the price of the machine after 7 years?
16. An earthquake is measured with an amplitude times as large as the smallest

measurableamplitude Using R = ( . calculate the Richter scale with two

decimal digits where A is tr•æamplitude Ofearthquake.
Answers
1. 2
2-
3. (1) 0347 (lit) 0.7924 0.1303
4. 0.8934 (in) 0.9204 0.946
5. (D 0.72 1.4771 (in) 0.9238
6. (t) 2.7510 as-451 5.4135 (r) 8.8647
-z. (0 23.17 329.6 (iiJ) 67470
007406
9. (t) 249.1 1 059 10. (i0 4883
11. ?65920 12 13. 5S3 vears 14. 10.71years
15. 005900

ml-JLTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIOns

Choose the correct answer from the given four options in questions (1 to 1n:

1. The value of 5—
4 9
9 4

2 is equal to
1
1

(b) 2-8 (C) 26 (d) 26

3. The product c. equals

(c)

1 1 1

9 3

(b) 16 (c) 64 (d) 256-25

6. Which of die following is equal to x?
12 5 1 2 12 7
(b) (x4)S (d) x 7 x x12

11 Mat ma
 = theIZJue cf
7. If

(OD4) = then fre

S- If Log

9. If =
4
= —3, is
10. If log??
1

IL If log (37 l) 2. the vah»eof : zs

1
(a) 33

12 Treevalue of 2 1080

log 8 — 2
13. The value of 32
2
(G) (b) 1
5 4

14. Characteristic of log 00003798 is

4 (31
15. Characteristic of log 48.73is
3
16. If log 3258 = 25127, then is
(a) -2-5127 (b) 2.5127 -1ST
17. If log01C07392 = -3.1313, log 73.92is
(a) 1.1313 (b) 1S687 (c) 21313 (3 2-ss•
Answers

10. (a) 11- (c) 12 (3) 13.

15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b)

FILL In THE BLAnKS

Fill in the blanks in questions (1 to 14):

1. Tue value of is equal to

2 1
2. The value of [(64)3-2-2 + 80 1¯ä =
1 1

4. The value of

5. If 80+ — = (O-6)2 ¯ 31, then x =

23)
6. If log then x =
 7. If log,nr a and log,oy-. b, then
8. If 2 log,ox• V = l, then _yrnterms of r =

9. The valuc of 2 log 5 + Jog 8- - Jog 4

10. Jf 3 , then the value of is

2
11. If logl (x 1)_ 1 = 3 + (r —l), then r =
12. Standard form of 0 is
13. Usual form of 7--39v LS
14. If log = 4.9+0 . then log 9265 =
Answers
1
2. 1
3.3 4.1 5
6. 34
2 6

4 10.| 11.
41
40
12 1.339 10-4
13. 739000 14. 3.9668

CASE-STUDY BASED QUESTIOn (Unsolved)

Logarithm of a BBitive real nurnkwr n has two parts•
(O Characteristic Manti€sa-
(J) Characteristic: It is an integral part of log n which may negative. zero or positive
If n is greater than or equal to 1.then
characteristic = number of digits to the left of decimal —I.
If n is less than 1, then
characteristic = —(numberof o's just after the dearnal + 1)
(it) Mantissa: It is positive fractional part of log n. It is same for same significant figures Lnthe
order and dcx•snot depend on the position of the de<tmal potnt-
Based on the above information. answer the following questions:
(0 If log 2378 = 0.3762.then log 237.8=
(a) 13762 (b) 23762 (c) 3-3762 (d) 2.3762
If log 0.0004598= 4.6626 , then log 45-98 =
(a) 1.6626 (b) 26626 (c) i.f-nS'6 (J) 26626
If 6832 = 3.8345,then log 0.06832 =
(a) 08345 (b) 1.8345 (d) 58345
If log 712—5
= 2.8528and log x = 3.8528.then x =
(a) 7125 (b) 0.@7125 (d) 007125
(v) If log 0.0009236= a-9653 and log x = 4.9653, then x =
(a) 92.3«) (b) 9236 (c) 9236 (d) 92.36
Answers