ELECTRICAL

MAINTENANCE
PAPER-I
th
STD. 12

Page 1
 INDEX
Sr. No Chapter Name Page No. Marks
Paper I weightage
(Approx.)
1. Electrical Symbols 3-9 2
2. Circuit diagram and panel wiring diagram 10-25 8-10
3. Fuses 26-30 4-5
4. Conductors, Gauge of a conductor, Insulators, 31-34 2-3
Semiconductors and High Resistance Heating Elements
5. Types of wires and wiring accessories 35-44 4-6
6. Wiring system 45-53 5-6
7. House wiring. Indian electricity rules and Overhead lines 54-61 8-10
8. Underground cables 62-65 5-6
9. Illumination 66-75 5-6
10. Electrical Appliances 76-85 6-8

Sr.No. Chapter Name Page No. Marks

Paper II weightage
(Approx.)
11. Transformers 87-118 15-20
12. Single Phase Motors 119-128 6-8
13. Theory of rotating magnetic field and 3 phase induction 129-147 12-14
motor
14. Synchronous Motor 148-152 6
15. Measuring Instruments 153-164 8-10
16. Electric Heating 165-169 4-5
17. Parallel operation of 3 phase alternator 170-172 6
18. HV substation 173-174 2
19. Maintenance 175-176 2
20. Topic wise Board Questions Paper – I 177-184
21. Topic wise Board Questions Paper – II 185-194
22. Electrical Maintenance Paper-I 196-211
Previous Year Board Question Papers
23. Paper-I Board Answer Sheet For Reference 212-231
24. Electrical Maintenance Paper-II 233-248
Previous Year Board Question Papers
25. Paper-II Board Answer Sheet For Reference 249-267

Page 2
 1. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

Sr. No. (A) General Symbol

1 Positive +
2 Negative -
3 DC cell

4 D.C supply source

5 A.C. supply source

Sr. No. (B) Switches, Fuses Symbol

6 One way switch

7 Two way switch

8 I.C.T.P. switch

9 Pendent switch

10 Pull switch

11 Intermediate switch

12 Isolator with fuse(H.R.C. fuse)

13 Fuse

14 Oil circuit breaker

15 Push button circuit

Closing – Opening switch

16 Aerial

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 17 Jointing of conductor
(showing dot)
Crossing of conductor

18 Fault

19 Earthing

20 Lamp

21 Fixed resistance

22 Variable resistance

23 Inductive coil/winding

24 Fixed capacitor

25 Variable capacitor

Sr.No. (C)Meters Symbols

26 D.C. voltmeter

27 A.C. voltmeter

28 DC/AC voltmeter

29 DC/AC ammeter

30 D.C. ammeter

32 A.C. ammeter

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 33 DC/AC wattmeter

34 D.C. generator

35 DC/AC generator

36 DC motor

37 AC motor

38 Choke

39 Transformer

40 Auto transformer

41 Regulator

42 Frequency meter

43 Power factor meter

Sr.No. (D) Socket outlets Symbols

44 Socket outlet, 2 pin 5A

45 Socket outlet, 2 pin 15A

46 Socket outlet, 3 pin 5A

47 Socket outlet, 3 pin 15A

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 48 Socket outlet, 3 pin 5AWith switch

49 Socket outlet, 3 pin 15AWith switch

Sr.No. (E) Main and Distribution fuse board as Symbols

per I.S.I. standards
50 Main fuse board without switches, lighting
51 Main fuse board with switches, lighting

52 Main fuse board without switches, power

53 Main fuse board with switches, power

54 Distribution fuse board without switches,

lighting
55 Distribution fuse board with switches,
lighting
56 Distribution fuse board without switches,
power
57 Distribution fuse board with switches,
power
58 Main switch lighting

59 Main switch power

60 Energy meter

61 Control board
Sr.No. (F) Ceiling outlets Symbols
62 Single light pendant

63 Counter weight pendant

64 Rod pendant

65 Chain pendant

66 Light bracket

67 Button lamp holder

68 Watertight fitting

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 69 Bulk head fitting

Sr.No. (G) Bells,Buzzers Symbols

70 Bell push

71 Bell

72 Buzzer

73 Indicator (at ‘N’ insert number of ways)

74 Relay

75 Horn or Hooter

76 Siren

77 Fire alarm push

78 Automatic contact

79 Bell connected to fire alarm

80 Fire alarm indicator (at ‘N’ insert number

of ways)

Sr.No. (H) Fixed apparatus symbols Symbols

81 Microphone outlet

82 Loud speaker outlet

83 Receiver outlet

84 Amplifier

85 Bracket fan

86 Ceiling fan

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 87 Exhaust fan

88 Regulator of fan

Sr.No. (I) Symbols for starters Symbols

89 Ordinary starter

90 Star delta starter

91 Rehostatic starter

92 D.O.L. starter

93 Auto transformer starter

94 Capacitor start; 1 ph motor starter

Sr.No. (J) Symbols for motors/generators Symbols

95 DC series motor

96 DC series generator

97 1 Ph Squirrel cage induction motor

98 3 Ph Squirrel cage induction motor

99 3 Ph slip ring motor

SR.NO. (K) SOME OTHER SYMBOLS SYMBOLS

100 Lightning arrestor

101 PMMC type instrument

102 Induction type instrument

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103 Dynamometer type instrument

104 Moving Iron type instrument

105 Ohmmeter

106 Tachometer

107 Galvanometer

108 Multimeter

109 Neutral link

110 Cartridge fuse

111 Immersion heater

112 Immersion heater with thermostat

113 Thermostat

114 Indicating lamp

Page 9
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND PANNEL WIRING DIAGRAM

 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF AMMETER, VOLTMETER, WATTMETER,

 BLOCK DIAGRAM SHOWING 3-POINT STARTER WITH FIELD REGULATOR,

I.C.D.P.AMMETR,VOLTMETER, STARTER:

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 3-POINT STARTER FOR D.C. SHUNT MOTOR:

Page 11
 4-POINT STARTER FOR D.C. COMPOUND MOTOR:

Page 12
 SERIES MOTOR STARTER WITH N.L.R.:

 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF MOVING-IRON ATTRACTION TYPE METER:

Page 13
 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF MOVING IRON REPULSION TYPE METER:

 PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL (PMMC) INSTRUMENT:

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 CONNECTING ONE LAMP ONE SWITCH, INDICATING LAMP AND FUSE IN A
CIRCUIT:

 CONTROLING TWO LAMPS INDEPENDENTLY IN A CIRCUIT:

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 STAIRCASE WIRING (CONTROLING ONE LAMP FROM TWO PLACES)

 GODOWN WIRING:

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 ONE LAMP CONTROLLED FROM THREE PLACES:

 ONE POINT SERIES PARALLEL TESTING BOARD:

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 TWO POINT SERIES PARALLEL TESTING BOARD:

 CALIBRATION OF ENERGY METER:

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 CALIBRATION OF D.C. AMMETER:

 CALIBRATION OF D.C. VOLTMETER:

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 CONTROLLING TWO LAMPS AND A THREE PIN SOCKET INDEPENDENTLY:

 CONNECT ONE LAMP, ONE HALF POINT FUSE AND INDICATOR IN A

CIRCUIT:

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 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF ENERGY METER, I.C.D.P. SWITCH, STAIRCASE
WIRING, TWO LIGHT POINTS, ONE 3-PIN SOCKET WITH SWITCH:

 STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER:

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 AUTO-TRANSFORMER STARTER:

Page 22
STAR-DELTA STARTER:

Page 23
 DOL STARTER:

 ROTOR RESISTANCE STATER FOR SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR:

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 CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAM OF 1 PHASE ENERGY METER (KWH) METER:

Page 25
 3. FUSES
Definition: Fuse is a safety device which is placed in series with the live wire and fusing element in
the fuse melts when current exceeds its normal rated value and breaks the circuit.

Function of fuse:
1) If a short circuit occurs anywhere in the wiring system excessive current flows through the wire and
fuse. Fusing element melts cutting off the current and protects the appliance and accessories connected
in the circuit. If the fuse fails to operate, the wire may become hot enough to ignite the insulation
possibly causing a fire.

2) Fuses also protect the circuit in case of overload. If too many appliances are connected to one
circuit more current will flow through the supply wires then the wires were meant to carry. It will
cause the wires to burn and appliances and accessories connected to the circuit will also be damaged.

Note:
1) Fuses are connected in phase wire.
2) It is used for protection of low voltage circuit.
3) Size of the Fuse wire should be according to rated current of the circuit.
4) Current carrying capacity of the fusing element should be1.5 times the value of the rated current of
the circuit.

Materials used as a fuse wire:

1) Lead (up to 3 A) - Melting Point-3270C.
2) Lead-tin alloy (3A-15A) - Melting Point- 239.50C.
3) Tinned copper (above 15A) - Melting point- 10930C.
4) Silver (used in H R C Fuse) - Melting point -961.80C.

Selection of fuse wire:

1) Max current rating of circuit.
2) Current rating of smallest size of wire.
3) Type of load whether steady or fluctuating.

Terms used in fuses:

1) Rated current or current rating of fusing element: It is the maximum value of current which the
fusing element can normally carry without melting for indefinite period of time.

2) Minimum fusing current: It is the minimum value of current at which the fusing element melts.
Even that current flows for a fraction of seconds.

3)Fusing factor: It is a ratio of Minimum fusing current to rated current of fusing element. Its value is
always more than one.

Properties of fusing element

1) It should not subject to oxidation.
2) It should not be brittle.
3) Material should be homogeneous which should not spread under pressure.
4) It should be free from deterioration due to oxidation.
5) It should have low cost.

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 Typesof fuses

NON-
Rewirable[semi
Rewirable[totally
enclosed]
enclosed]

Round type fuse

Kit-Kat fuse Cartridge fuse H . R. C. FUSE
or cut out

 Rewirable or Semi enclosed fuse:

1) Fusing element can be replaced.
2) Application: Domestic installation ICDP switch.
3) Types: i) Round type fuse unit ii) Kit-kat fuse

1) ROUND TYPE FUSE UNIT:

i) It is similar as a ceiling rose.

ii) It is made of Bakelite and porcelain.
iii) Base is fixed on wooden board with screw. There are 2 terminals on the base in which fuse
element are fitted.
iii) Small holes are provided on the cover for air entrance to help the burning of fuse and to
provide passage for gases formed due to melting of fuse element.

Disadvantages:
i) One of the terminals is always energized with live wire. So it is difficult to replace fuse link.
ii) When fuse blows off there is too much arcing and unit may be damaged.

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2) KIT-KAT FUSE:-

Construction:
1) Fuse link or fuse element: It is the part of fuse which melts if excessive current passes
through it.
2) Fuse carrier: It is a removable holder which carries fuse link or fuse element.
3) Fuse base: It is the part of fuse which is fitted on wooden board and which carries fixed contact
into which fuse carrier is fixed.
4) Fixed contact: These contacts engaged with carrier contacts and are connected to fixed
terminal.
5) Carrier contact: Carrier contacts are in fuse carrier.

Advantages:
1) Cost is less.
2) It requires minimum time to replace.
3) No maintenance.

Disadvantages:
1) Oxidation of fuse wire.
2) Lack of discrimination.
3) Low rupturing capacity.

3) H.R.C. FUSE [HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY]:

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Construction:
1) HRC fuse has a cylindrical body of ceramic or glass.
2) At both ends, there are 2 brass caps.
3) Between these two brass caps a fusing element is fixed.
4) Space around fusing element is filled with quartz or chalk powder. (Quartz or chalk powder is
a cooling material which carries normal current without overheating.)
5) Fusing element is made up of silver.

Operation:
1) When a circuit is carrying normal current temperature of fusing element is below melting
point.
2) When any fault occurs in the circuit temperature of fusing element rises and fusing element
melts.
3) In case due to high current if arc struck between the two ends, the quartz sand around fusing
element immediately quenches the arc.
4) It has the advantage that it can carry the short circuit current for a known time period, if in that
time period the fault is removed the fuse does not blow off.
5) These are available 2-800 A capacity.

Advantages:
1) Reliable.
2) Can be selected for proper discrimination.
3) Do not deteriorate with time.
4) Capable of clearing high as well as low current.
5) They are accurate.
6) Time lag can be provided.

Disadvantages:
1) After each operation, replacement of total fuse unit is required.
2) Cost is high.

4) CARTRIDGE FUSE:
1) It is totally enclosed form of fuse.
2) In this fuse, fusing element is placed in a peculiar shape just like a cartridge.
3) It is in the form of tube and its ends are enclosed with metallic caps.
4) Cartridge is filled with powder or granular material called quartz.

5) The container is heat resistant, a good insulating material and sealed completely.
6) If fuse goes off complete unit is to be replaced.
7) It has an index circle at the top, under normal condition it is clear and it becomes dark when
fuse blows off.

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  Comparison between Fuse and Circuit Breaker:

Basis Fuse Circuit breaker

1.Working principle Works on the thermal and Works on the switching principle and
electrical properties of the electromagnetism
conducting materials
2.reusability Fuses can be used only once C.B. can be used for number of times.

3.Switching action Can’t be used as an ON/OFF Can be used as an ON/OFF switch

switch
4.Function It provides both detection and It performs only interruption. Detection
interruption process is performed by relay system.

5.Breaking capacity Low High

6.Operating time Very less ( approx. 0.002 sec) More than fuse( approx. 0.02 – 0.05
sec)
7.Mode of operation Completely automatic Manually as well as automatically
operated.
8.Cost Less High
9.Types Kit – kat fuse ,HRC , Cartridge MCB – Miniature Circuit Breaker
MCCB –Molded Case Circuit Breaker.

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4. CONDUCTORS, GAUGE OF A CONDUCTOR,
INSULATORS, SEMICONDUCTORS AND HIGH
RESISTANCE HEATING ELEMENTS

CONDUCTORS:
(i) The substances through which the current can flow very easily are known as conductor.
(ii) A good conductor must have high good conductivity and least resistance.
e.g. Ag, Cu, Al, steel etc.
Properties of conductors:
(i) A good conductor must have high good conductivity and least resistance.
E.g. Ag, Cu, Al, Steel.
(ii) It should have high tensile strength.
(iii) It should be malleable and ductile.
(iv) It should have low temperature coefficient of resistance.

1. Silver:
(i) Ag is the best of all conductors.
(ii) It is used in special cases i.e. in H.R.C. fuse.
(iii) It is very costly hence its application is limited.
(iv) Resistivity = 1.59 x 10-8 ohm-m.
(v) Melting point = 961.8deg. C.
(vi) It is malleable and ductile.

2. Copper (Cu):
(i) Next to silver, Cu is widely used.
(ii) It is malleable and ductile are hence can be hammered and drawn into thin wires.
(iii) It has high resistance against corrosion.
(iv) It can be easily soldered and welded.
(v) Resistivity of pure cu is 1.72 x 10-8 ohm-m.
(vi) Melting point = 1083 deg. C.
(vii) Copper is used in wires, winding’s of Transformers.

3. Aluminium (Al):
(i) Next to Cu. Al is widely used.
(ii) Al is lighter in weight.
(iii) Al is malleable and ductile; hence it can be hammered and drawn into thin wires.
(iv) Since Cu is costly, Al is widely used.
(v) It can be used for cables over head wires (A.C.S.R.)
(vi) Resistivity = 2.65 x 10-8 ohm-m.
(vii) Melting point = 675 deg. C.

4. Steel:
(i) It is made up carbon and iron.
(ii) It is mechanically very strong.
(iii) It conductivity is poor; hence its use as a conductor is restricted.
(iv) Used in traction as return wire and for short distance transmission wire.
(v) Tensile strength = 70 to 75 kg / mm 2
(vi) Resistivity =1.18 x 10-8 ohm-m.

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Gauge of the conductor wire:
The wire size is not expressed in terms of area or diameter but for simplicity it is expressed in a
standard form called as B.S.W.G. (British standard wire gauge)Basically there are two types of
conductors 1) Solid Conductor 2) Stranded Conductor

1) Solid Conductor:-Single rigid conductor having uniform cross section throughout its length is
called solid conductor.

2) Stranded Conductor: - For greater flexibility number of conductors are twisted together are
called stranded conductors. No. of conductors stranded together depends upon current carrying
capacity.

Conductor with insulation is called wire. For measuring sizes of wire British standard wire
gauge is used.
S. W. G:-
i) The S.W.G. is an instrument which is used for determining the size of a wire.
ii) It consists of a thin circular plate of steel with a number of slots on its circumference.
ii) Each slot is marked with different numbers.
iv) Higher the no. of wire gauge smaller is diameter of the conductor.
v) Smallest wire gauge is of no. 40 having diameter .0048 inches while the largest gauge no. is
named as Seven zeros

How to check the wire gauge?

1. If the wire is enameled then, scratch out the enamel and if the wire is insulated then remove
insulation from conductor.
2. Insert the conductor in the approximate gap of various gauge numbers.
3. If bare conductor enters the gauge easily then that gauge no. is a gauge of conductor or wire.
E.g. If the conductor enters in gauge no.3 easily, in gauge no. 4 it is not easily entering and in
gauge no. 2 it is loosely entering, then the gauge of that conduction is 3.
4. Higher the gauge no. lesser is the diameter of that wire.
1/18 wire means
No. of conductor is = 1
Gauge of conductor is = 18
3/20 means
No. of conductors or no. of Strands = 3
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 Gauge of each conductor is 20
GAUGE OF A CONDUCTOR CURRENT RATING
1/18 5 amp
3/22 10 amp
3/20 15amp
7/22 20 amp

Insulators:
(i) The substances through which the current cannot flow are known as insulators.
(ii) A good insulator must have high resistivity and practically nil conductivity.
E.g. Rubber, plastic, wood, porcelain.

Properties of Insulators:
1. Resistivity should be very high.
2. It should be water resistant.
3. It should be fire proof.’
4. It should not be porous.
5. It should not contain any impurities.
6. It should be mechanically strong.

1. Porcelain:
(i) Porcelain is the best of all insulators.
(ii) It is made from chine-clay and quartz.
(iii) It is mechanically very strong.
(iv) It is not affected chemically.
(v) It is used for making fuses, socket, fan regulator, switches etc.
(vi) It is water and heat resistant.
(vii) Tensile strength is400 kg / cm 2 .
(viii) Compression strength = 5000 kg / cm 2

2. Mica:
(i) Why mica is used as insulator.
(ii) It has high mechanical strength, high resistance.
(iii) It is fire resistant, moisture resistant.
(iv) It retains elec. and mech. properties at high temp.
(v) It acts as a very good thermal conductor hence used in electric iron for covering the heating
element, also used for making commutator segments.
(vi) Resistivity is 1014 to 1016   cm

3. Transformer oil:
(i) This oil is obtained by refining petroleum oils.
(ii) It is a very good insulator.
(iii) It is used for cooling purpose.
(iv) It acts as an arc quenching medium.
(v) It is used in transformer, circuit breakers and cables.
(vi) Density is between 087 to 0.89 g / cm 3

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Properties of transformer oil:
i. It should not contain any impurities.
ii. Its viscosity should be low to facilitate cooling.
iii. Even after long services no deterioration, oxidation, acid, sludge or moisture formation.
iv. No rapid burning.

4. Asbestos:
(i) It has a fibrous structure and found beneath rock.
(ii) It is white and brown in color.
(iii) It can be given different shapes very easily.
(iv) It is fire proof.
(v) Used in electric iron, regulator etc.
(vi) Specific resistance = 1.6  105   cm .

5. P.V.C. :
(i) Insulating material is synthetic compound. It is obtained from the polymerization of
acetylene. It is compounded with certain materials known as plasticizers.
(ii) P.V.C. has high insulation resistance, good dielectric strength and mechanical
toughness over a wide range of temperature. It is inert to oxygen and almost inert to many
alkalies and acids.
(ii) It has low softening point.
(iii) It is unaffected by water but becomes brittle in air.
(iv) It is used for submarine cables.

*SEMI-CONDUCTORS:
The substance which has both the properties of conductor as well as insulators are known as
semi-conductors. At low temperature, it behaves as an insulator but at high temperature it behaves as a
conductor e.g. Germanium, silicon.

*HIGH-RESISTANCE HEATING ELEMENT:

(i) Nicrome (Ni+Ch+Fe) and tungsten has very high resistance.
(ii) They have high melting point.
(iii) Nicrome is used as heating element in heater, Geyser, Room heater etc.
(iv) Tungsten is used as filament in lamps since it emits light.

Why Nichrome is used as heating element:

(i) High Resistance.
(ii) High melting point.
(iii) No oxidation.
(iv) Low temperature coefficient of resistance.

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 5. TYPES OF WIRES AND WIRING ACCESSORIES

Types of wires:
1. V.I.R. (Vulcanized Indian Rubber) Wire
2. Lead sheathed Wire
3. CTS or TRS(Cab Tyre Sheathed or Tough Rubber sheathed) Wire
4. Weather proof Wire
5. Flexible wires.
6. P.V.C. wires

1. V.I.R. or S.B.R.C. (single Braid Rubber covered):

i) In this type of wire, single tinned copper or aluminum conductor is used. Tinning of conductor
prevents the sticking of rubber to the conductor. Conductor is covered with a layer of rubber
insulation.
ii) Over this rubber insulation is put up a cotton-protective braid which is usually saturated with
flame retarding and moisture resistant compound.
iii) Finally it is finished with wax for cleanliness and helps pulling action of it into the conduits.
iv) Thickness of rubber insulation depends upon the voltage for which wire is required; they are
available for 250 V or 600V.

2. Lead sheathed wire:

i) Ordinary V.I.R. wires are specified for dry locations.

ii) In order to use rubber insulated wire in damp conditions, the ordinary rubber wires are covered
with continuous sheath of lead.
iii) Lead covering is about 1.25mm thick.
iv) Mechanical protection is good but wires are heavy and costly.

3. C.T.S or T.R.S Wire:

i) Ordinary wire is provided with rubber insulation is not water resistant.
ii) But T.R.S. wires are provided with tough rubber compound which does not deteriorate even
after long exposure to moisture.
iii) It can be used in wet locations

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4. Weather Proof wire:

i) Such type of wires consists of three layers of fibrous yarn provided over Cu conductor.
ii) Before these braids are applied conductors are saturated with waterproof compound.
iii) It is used for outdoor purposes, since it can withstand rain, sunlight, chemical action.
iv) They are resistant to atmospheric variation.

5. Flexible wires:

i) Wires used for household appliances are very flexible.

ii) Flexible wires consist of thin hair like conductors grouped together.
iii) Flexibility is required firstly from the point of view of handling the equipment and secondly to
prevent wires from break.
iv) Generally sizes of wires are “14/0.0076 or 162/0.0076”
162/0.0076”
0.0076 inches or 0.1930 mm
It means 14 or 162 strands of Cu conductors having diameter 0.0076 inch.

6. PVC wires (Poly vinyl chloride):

i) A modern thermoplastic material which is often used as an alternative to rubber.
ii) It resists chemical action.
iii) It resists adverse climate conditions.
iv) It is lighter in weight.
v) It offers mechanical protection.
vi) It has a tendency to crack at low temperature and soften at high temperature.

 WIRING ACCESSORIES
1. SWITCHES
2. LAMP HOLDER
3. CEILING ROSE
4. SOCKET OUTLET
5. PLUG
6. DISTRIBUTION BOX
7. FUSE
8. WIRES

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1. SWITCHES:
A switch is a mechanical device used to make or break the electrical circuit contacts. A
switch should so operate that it should make the contact firmly and break the contact
instantaneously. For this action there is a spring provided to the movable blades. A switch can
perform mainly two functions- ON, by closing its contacts, or fully OFF, by opening its
contacts. When contacts are closed, it creates a path for the current to flow, and vice-versa, an
open contact will not allow the current to flow. In electrical wiring, switches are most
commonly used to operate electric lights, permanently connected appliances or electrical
outlets.
Types of switches:
Sr Types of switches Specification Specification
No. (Lighting Circuits) (Power Circuits)
i) Surface switch 5A, 230V 15A, 230V
ii) Piano switch/flush switch 5A, 230V 15A, 230V
iii) Pull switch or ceiling switch 5A, 230V -
iv) Grid switch 5A, 230V -
v) Rotary switch 5A, 230V -
vi) Push button switch 5A, 230V -
vii) Intermediate switch 5A, 230V -
viii) Industrial iron clad switch 16A, 32A, 63A, 100A, 200A and so on.
230V, 440V

i) Surface switch (or Tumbler Switch):

These switches are mounted on mounting blocks or directly fixed over the surface of
the wall. Such types of switches project out of the surface of the wall. They are classified as:

a) One way/single way switch–

This switch is provided with single pole. It has two contacts, which is a common
marked as COM or C. The common is for the live wire that supplies the input voltage to the
switch. The other terminal is marked as L1 and is the output to the light fixture.

b. Two way switches –

A two way light switch is a simple single pole "changeover" switch with three
terminals. These are typically labeled COM, L1, and L2 (Some may label the L1 and L2
positions as "1 Way" and "2 Way").The advantage of a two-way switch is the ability to control
a single device from two separate locations. A convenient and apt use for them is for locations
like stairways, a long corridor or a very large room.

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2. Piano switch (or Flush switch):
These switches are enclosed in wooden board or P.V.C. board recessed into the wall.
Switches does not project out. Current carrying parts are not easily accessible.

Piano switch
3. Pull switches:
Pull switches are fixed on ceiling and all live parts are out of reach of operator. Pull
cord is provided with a single pull on the cord for on/off positions. A pull switch is a switch
that is actuated by means of a chain or string. An electric pull switch is attached to a toggle
type switch. One pulls to switch on and next pull to switch off. The most common use of a pull
switch is to operate a ceiling electric light.

4. Grid switches:
These switches are similar to surface switches, only they are lighter. So, they are useful
for portable machines and appliances.

5. Rotary switches:
These switches consist of an insulated handle to which blades are fixed. These blades
move in steps by the movement of handle and make contact with the terminals.A rotary
switch is a kind of switch that has a rotating shaft attached to a terminal. That terminal is able
to make or break a connection to one (or more) other terminals. Rotary switches may feature
different switch positions that can be set by rotating the switch spindle in one or another
direction. Some common examples where a rotary switch might be used is in a multi-speed fan
or as a band selector on multi-band radios.

6. Push button switches:

These switches open or close with quick action when pressed. It is used for starting
motors or ringing bells. They are widely used in automatic control applications as Normally
Open (Start) switch or Normally Closed (Stop) switch.

Push button switches

7. Intermediate switch:
This switch has four contacts when dolly is up the top and bottom contacts are bridged
and when down, the contacts are cross connected. This kind of switch is used in a hall, go-
downs, big rooms, where different lamps are required to turn on and off from different places
and in a multistory building, the ground floor or car parking lights can be controlled from any
floor.

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8. Industrial iron clad switch:
a. This switch is used as a main switch by consumer to have self control of the electric
circuit.
b. This switches are heavy duty and strong in construction.
c. This switch is combined with fuses.
d. Fuses are fitted in iron cover.

Two types are: I) I.C.D.P. (Iron clad double pole): It is used in single phase circuit.
II) I.C.T.P. (Iron clad triple pole) : It is used in three phase circuit.

For domestic installations switches are designed for

Voltage rating: 230v, 440v
Current rating: 16A, 32A, 63A, 100A, 200A so on

2. LAMP HOLDER:
A lamp holder is used to hold the lamp required for lighting purpose. Lamp holders are
either molded or porcelain interior with a solid or spring plunger and wire terminals.
Types are:
a. Pendant holder
b. Batten holder
c. Bracket holder

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 d. Edison screw holder.
e. Fluorescent lamp holder
(i) Bi-pin type
(ii) Bayonet caped tube holder
f. Starter holder

3. CEILING ROSE:
A ceiling rose is used to provide a tapping to a pendant lamp holder through a flexible
wire or a connection to a fluorescent tube, ceiling fans. Ceiling rose consists of a circular
porcelain or Bakelite base provided with two or three terminal plates. To a threaded base
porcelain or Bakelite cover is fixed.

4. SOCKET OUTLET:
The socket outlets has insulated base having three terminal sleeves. The two thin
terminal sleeves are making connection to the two core cable with the third terminal sleeve
thicker in cross section is used for an earth connection.
5A socket outlets are used for lighting circuits.
15A heavy duty is used for power circuits.

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5. PLUG:
For tapping power from socket outlets three pin plugs are used. The thicker pin is used
for earth connection. Three pin 5A for lighting circuits and 15A three pin plugs are used for
power circuit.

6. DISTRIBUTION BOX:
a. Distribution boards are iron-clad and houses fuse bank.
b. Fuses in D.B. can be easily removed.
c. D.B. is used for splitting the circuit.
d. For connecting neutral, D.B. is provided with neutral link.

7. FUSE:
It is safety device connected in series with the phase wire. When current exceeds its
normal rated value fusing element in the fuse melts and breaks the circuit. Fuse element is
made up of lead-tin alloy, copper or silver. Following are the types of fuses:

Typesof fuses

NON-
Rewirable[semi
Rewirable[totally
enclosed]
enclosed]

Round type fuse

Kit-Kat fuse Cartridge fuse H . R. C. FUSE
or cut out

Page 41
8. CONNECTOR BLOCKS:
It of one or more brass connecting barrel with set screws to clamp the wires. It is
surrounded by molded blocks of insulated materials like Bakelite and porcelain. The brass
barrel is fitted in the connector block.

9. ADAPTORS:
When the connections are made from lamp holders, the adaptor is used.It consists of
portable fitting temporary in place of fixed brackets, batten or pendent holders.The ends of the
flexible chord are connected from back side to the two plates in adaptor which make contact
with plunger in lamp holder.

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One way/single way switch–

Two way switches –

Piano switch Pull switch

Rotary switch Push button switches

CONNECTOR BLOCKS

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I.C.D.P I.C.T.P.

Pendant holder Angle holder Batten holder

Round 3 pin 5A plug Round 3 pin 15A plug

DISTRIBUTION BOX ADOPTER

Page 44
 6. WIRING SYSTEM

Types of Wiring System:

1) Cleat wiring
2) Batten wiring
a. C.T.S system
b. Lead-sheath system
3) Casing & capping wiring
4) Conduit wiring

1. CLEAT WIRING:

i) Wires are supported in porcelain cleats.

ii) Cleats are made in two halves. One of which is grooved to receive wire & other is put over it.
Whole of it is fixed on wall by means of screws.
iii) This system is suitable for temporary purpose.
iv) Cleats used should not be more than 60cm apart horizontally or vertically.
v) Sharp bends should be avoided.
vi) Spacing of the cleats under the bend should be reduced.
vii) When wires are to pass through walls. They must be taken through conduits

Advantages:-
(i) Very cheap.
(ii) Skilled labors are not required.
(iii) Less time required for wiring.
(iv) Recovery of material can be made when wiring is no longer reqd.

Disadvantages:-
(i) Cannot be used for permanent job.
(ii) Appearance is shabby due to sagging and collection of dust & dirt.
(iii) Cannot be used in damp places, water-pipes, factories, smithy shop.

Application:-
(i) It is used for temporary purpose like Project work.
(ii) Temporary lighting at dry places.

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2. BATTEN WIRING:
i) Lead covered or Metal sheathed
ii) C.T.S. type of wiring system

i) Lead covered or Metal sheathed :

a) This type of wiring system consists of rubber insulated conductor covered with an outer sheath
of lead alloy containing 95% lead which provides protection from mechanical injury and
dampness. Wires are fixed by means of metal clips spaced at regular intervals which must not
be more than 30 cm.
b) Metal clips (joint clips) are fixed at an interval of 10 cm horizontally and 15 cm vertically on
wooden batten.
c) Lead sheath must be earthed. This is done to avoid electrolytic action due to leakage current,
which deteriorate the lead covering.
d) Also earthing provides safety against metal sheath becoming live

Advantages:
(i) Protection from dampness.
(ii) Fault finding is easy.
(iii) Semi-skilled workers required.
(iv) Mechanical protection is good.
(v) Easy installation
(vi) Cheap in material cost
(vii) Appearance is better.
(viii) Customization is easy
(ix) Less chance of leakage current

Disadvantages:
(i) Costly.
(ii) Continuous earth wire should run along with lead wire in case of lead sheathed wiring system.
(iii) Not suitable for outdoor wiring
(iv) Humidity, smoke, steam etc directly affect on wires.
(v) Heavy wires are not recommended for this wiring scheme.
(vi) Only suitable for below 250 V.
(vii) High risk of fire

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Application:-
1. It is used for domestic work.

ii) C.T.S. type of wiring system:

a) In C.T.S. types of wiring system, C.T.S. wires are fixed by means of metal clips on wooden
beams or perfectly straight and well varnished wooden batten.
b) Metal clips (joint clips) are fixed at an interval of 10 cm horizontally and 15 cm vertically on
wooden batten.
c) The wiring should not be given any right angle bend.
d) It is preferred to pass the wire through the conduit pipe when passing through the walls, ceiling
or floor.

Advantages:
(i) Life is long.
(ii) Fault finding is easy.
(iii) Semi-skilled workers required.
(iv) Time required for installation is less.

Disadvantages:
(i) Appearance is shabby.
(ii) Fair possibility of fire.
(iii) Maintenance cost more.

Application:-
(i) It is used for domestic work.

3. CASING AND CAPING:

1) This system of wiring is most commonly adopted for residential buildings.
2) It consists of rectangular wooden blocks made of teakwood called casing.
3) It has usually 2 grooves, into which wires are led.
4) Casing at the top is covered by means of rectangular strip of wood called capping.

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5) Casing and capping are given double coating of varnish.
6) Nowadays, PVC casing capping system is used. It is more durable, less time required, cost is
less & light in weight.
7) Points to be considered while installing such wiring system.
(i) Teak wood should be used to avoid trouble of white ants.
(ii) In 20mm casing max no. of wires should not be more than 8.
(iii) T-junction boxes, outer & inner corners should be used at proper places.
(iv) Length of casing is generally 6 feet. Joints of casing and capping should not overlap
each other.

Advantages:-
(i) Life is long.
(ii) Cost is medium.
(iii) PVC capping casing can be used at moist places.
(iv) Mechanical protection is more than cleat & batten wiring.

Disadvantages:-
(i) In wooden casing –capping possibility of fire is more.
(ii) Skilled labors required.

Application:-
(i) It is used for domestic work.

4. CONDUIT WIRING SYSTEMS:

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i) In this system, VIR or PVC wires are run in tubes called conduits.
ii) Conduits are of two types:
(a) Metal conduits are made of galvanized iron or High grade steel.
(b) PVC conduits.
iii) Conduits can be either buried under plaster or can be supported over the walls by means of
saddles or pipe hooks.
iv) Wiring with conduit on surface of walls is known as surface conduit wiring used for
workshops
v) Whereas wiring with conduits buried under plaster is called concealed conduit wiring.
vi) Conduits are generally erected first and wiring is done later.
vii) Wires are pulled through the conduits with the help of steel wires.
viii) This drawing of wires is called fishing.

Advantages:
(i) It provides protection against fire due to short circuit.
(ii) It provides protection against mechanical injury.
(iii) It provides protection against moisture, fumes in chemical industry & factories.
(iv) Concealed conduit wiring do not spoil the beauty of premises.

Disadvantages:-
(i) Fault finding is difficult inspection bends are necessary.
(ii) Continuous earth wire should run along metal conduit.
(iii) Skilled workers are required.

Application:-
(i) It is used in chemical industries, workshop and black smith’s shop.

Precautions:
i) Use High Grade steel pipe for surface conduit, G.I. for concealed conduit & PVC pipe for
general purpose.
ii) Work must be done by the skilled persons.
iii) Earth wire should be continuously run through the conduits.
iv) Appropriate threading must be done not less than 1.5 cm.
v) Pipes must be properly supported by saddles.
vi) Inspection bends &tees must be used at proper places.

COMPARISON TABLE OF VARIOUS WIRING SYSTEMS

Sr. Particulars Cleat Lead C.T.S Casing & Conduit

No. Wiring sheath system Caping System
1 Life Short long Long long Very long
2 Maintenance Cost Nil medium medium Medium Nil

3 Initial cost Low high medium medium Very High

4 Applications Temporary Damp House House, Work- shops,
purpose places offices factories

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 5 Mechanical Nil Good Fair Fair Very good
Protection
6 Possibility of Fire Nil Fair Fair In wooden Nil
casing caping:
fair
In p.v.c. casing
Caping :nil
7 Protection from No Very Good Wooden: slight Good
Dampness high Pvc: good
8 Type of labour Skilled labours Semi- Semi- Wooden: Highly
Required not required skilled skilled highly skilled skilled
p.v.c.: semi
skilled
9 Appearance Shabby Not good Not good good Very good
10 Accessibility Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Not suitable
11 Recovery of Possible Not Not Not possible Possible
Material when possible possible
Wiring is no
Longer required
12 Time require for Very Less Less Less Less More
installation

HOUSE WIRING PROCEDURE:

i. Plan or layout is made which decides location of meters, points and switch board.
ii. Energy meter should be installed outside the room.
iii. Main switch should be provided immediately after the energy meter.
iv. Depending upon number of points and their location number of circuits are decided
v. Proper distribution board is chosen considering the future demand.
vi. Proper fuses and switches at proper places are installed.

BEFORE SELECTING WIRING SYSTEM, FOLLOWING POINTS SHOULD BE

CONSIDERED:
i. Safety ii .Life of wiring iii. Appearance of wiring iv. Cost
v. Durability vi. Accessibility

i. SAFETY: In workshops, laboratories, factories etc. the wiring must be completely protected
from mechanical damage and also be isolated from the operator. Hence conduit wiring is
preferred. For moist places, lead sheath wiring is used.

ii. LIFE OF WIRING: If the wiring is required for temporary purpose, then cleat wiring is most
economical. For house wiring, open batten wire is sufficient. For offices, casing capping is
desirable.

iii. APPEARANCE OF WIRING: In places like palace or V.I.P bungalow then the beauty is to
be maintained. The beauty of the bungalow should not be spoiled by running the wires along
walls etc.The wiring should not appear outside and hence concealed conduit wiring is used.

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iv. COST: For low cost, CTS batten wiring is done. For medium cost, casing capping wiring can
be done, and if the consumer is capable of paying more, than PVC conduit or concealed conduit
wiring can be done.

v. DURABILITY:-Type of wiring selected should be durable according to the type of building.

Ex: Cleat wiring is suitable for temporary purpose.

vi. ACCESSIBILITY:-Extension and renewal of wiring should be possible.

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Cleat made up of porcelain Cleat made up of porcelain

Lead covered or Metal sheathed : CASING AND CAPING:

CTS OR TRS WIRING

Page 52
CONDUIT WIRING SYSTEMS

Page 53
 7. HOUSE WIRING, INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES
AND OVER HEAD LINES

 INDIAN ELECTRICITY [I.E.] RULES FOR GENERAL WIRING WORK:

1. Total load in the circuit should not exceed 800 watts and number of points should not exceed
10 in one circuit.
2. Lighting and power devices should have different circuits.
3. For sub-circuits use 1sq mm copper wires or 1.5sq mm aluminum wires.
4. All distribution boards should be marked as power and light as per the case.
5. All metallic coverings containing electric supply wires metallic apparatus for ex: Iron clad
switches, distribution boards, refrigerators, energy meters, ovens, electric heaters should be
earthed with an earth electrode.
6. Earthing resistance should not be more than 1 ohm. Insulation resistance should not be less
than
50 ℎ

7. In domestic wiring 3 pin plug should only be used and should be earthed.
8. Bottom of ceiling fan should have a minimum clearance of 2.5 m from the ground.
9. Switch boards should be fixed at the height of 1.5 m.
10. Wiring should be done very close to the ceiling.
11. Switches and fuses should be connected to live wire.
12. Neutral should be linked.
13. Provide lightening arresters for high rise buildings. Insulation resistance value must be 1 mega
ohm.

 HOUSE WIRING METHODS:

1. Looping out from switch and ceiling rose.
2. Looping out from switch.
3. Looping out from ceiling rose.
4. Looping out with junction box.

1. Looping out from switch and ceiling rose:

i) In this type, the phase wire from main switch is connected to first switch, from where it
goes to second switch by looping.
ii) Neutral wire is carried out by looping from one ceiling rose to next.

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2. Looping out from switch
i) In this type, special switches are used having two terminals and a connector.
ii) Both phase and neutral wires are taken to the first switch and from the switch, these wires
go to the next switch by looping.

3. Looping out from ceiling rose

i) Special type of ceiling roses are used having terminals and a connector.
ii) Both live and neutral wires enter in the ceiling rose and are looped for the second point.

4. Looping out with junction box:

i) Phase and neutral conductor from the switches and the ceiling rose terminate in a junction
box.
ii) The wires are looped from the junction box for the next point.

 HOUSE WIRING PROCEDURE:

1. Plan or layout is made which decides location of meters, points, switch board.
2. Energy meter should be installed outside the room.

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 3. Main switch should be provided immediately after the energy meter.
4. Depending upon number of points and their location number of circuits are decided
5. Proper distribution board is chosen considering the future demand.
6. Proper fuses and switches at proper places are installed.

 BEFORE ENERGISING THE ELECTRIC INSTALLATION THE FOLLOWING

TESTS MUST BE CARRIED OUT :
1. POLARITY TEST
2. INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST:
A. Insulation resistance test between conductor and earth.
B. Insulation resistance test between conductors.
3. CONTINUTY OR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
4. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
5. EARTHING SYSTEM TEST

1. POLARITY TEST: Neutral wire should be in the lamp and live wire should be in the switch.
With the help of tester or neon lamp we can test polarity. Neon lamp can glow on live
conductor.

 POLARITY TEST WITH TEST LAMP:

Polarity test with test lamp is as shown in the diagram, in which one end of the testing lamp is
earthed and the other end of the lamp is connected to switch. If the lamp light, the switch is
correctly installed in the live wire& if it does not light, it means that the switch has not been
correctly installed.

2. INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST:

A. Procedure For Carrying Out Insulation Resistance Test Between Conductors :
(i) This test is carried out with MEGGER. Megger is a portable instrument used to measure
insulation resistance of electrical equipments, machines and installations.
(ii) This test is conducted to find the value of the insulation resistance between live and neutral
conductors.
(iii) On megger test terminals L and E are provided so as to connect a resistance under test and
measure the insulation resistance.

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(iv) All the lamps should be removed and the main switch should be put OFF.
(v) All the fuses should be intact and all the switches should be ON. Put in all the fuses in the
distribution board.
(vi) Connect Megger terminals between phase and neutral of main switch.
(vii) Rotate Megger handle with constant speed of 160 r.p.m In this test the result should be less
than 3M-ohms. This is the insulation resistance between live and neutral conductors

Conductor to conductor Test

B. Procedure For Carrying Out Insulation Resistance Test Between Conductor And The
Earth:
In this test resistance between each conductor and earth is measured for determining the
value of leakage current .This calculated leakage current should not exceed 1/5000 part of full
load current and this can be calculated from resistance measured by megger.

Leakage current =

1. Put the main switch off

2. Remove all fuses from main switch
3. Insert all appliances, lamps, fans.
4. Connect E terminal of megger to the earth and the L terminal to the main switch.
5. Now rotate the handle of megger at 160 rpm and note the reading.

Page 57
 OVER HEAD LINES:

An overhead line mainly comprises of the following:

1) Conductor 2) poles or Supports
3) Insulators 4) Pole fittings
5) Stays or Guy wires
6) Miscellaneous items such as lightening arrestors, guard wire, danger plate, earthing

 TYPES OF OVERHEAD LINE CONDUCTORS:

1) Copper: Hard drawn copper is used for transmission and distribution.
a. Conductivity is best
b. Larger current density
c. Low specific resistance
d. It is durable and has high scrap value.

2) A.A.C.: All Aluminium Conductor.

a. Cheaper than copper
b. Lighter in weight
c. 60.6% conductivity in comparison to copper
d. For same Ohmic resistance its diameter is about 1.27 times of copper
e. jointing is difficult than copper.

3) A.C.S.R.: Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced.

A.C.S.R. conductors are most commonly used over head line conductor.
An aluminum conductor having a central core of galvanized steel wire is used for high voltage
transmission purpose. This is done to increase the tensile strength of aluminum conductor.
Galvanized Steel core is covered by one or more strands of aluminum wires.

4) Cadmium Copper: Copper alloyed with cadmium for 2 % addition of cadmium increases
tensile strength by 50%, conductivity reduced by 15%.These conductors are costly.

 LINES SUPPORTS OR POLES:

Poles are grouted in the earth with cement concrete and one sixth of the pole is embedded in
the earth.
Types of Poles:
1) Wooden poles
2) Steel Tubular poles
3) R.C.C [Reinforced cement concrete]
4) Steel towers

1. Wooden poles:
i. Used for low voltages distribution purposes
ii. Cheap and provide insulating property.
iii. Tend to rot, life is short.

2. Steel Tubular poles:

i. Stronger than wood, longer spans are possible.
ii. They must be galvanized or painted.
iii. For safety they must be earthed.

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3. R.C.C. pole – Reinforced cement concrete
i. Mechanically strong
ii. Longer life, low maintenance

4. Steel towers: Generally poles are used for distribution. Towers are useful for long
transmission lines. Broad base lattice steel towers are used. Useful for crossing fields, valleys,
railway lines, rivers.
 OVER HEAD LINE INSULATORS:
In order to prevent the flow of current to the earth from supports, transmission lines or
distribution lines are secured to the supporting poles with the help of insulators.
 Material of Insulators:
1. Porcelain Insulators
2. Glass Insulators
3. Steatite Insulators

 Types of Insulators:

Sr no Types of Insulators Application

1 Pin type insulator Transmission purpose up to 60KV

2 Suspension insulators High Voltage Transmission above 66KV

3 Strain insulators When there is a dead end on the line or there is corner or a sharp
curve or line crosses the river, the line is to withstand great strain,
strain insulators are used.
4 Stay insulators For low voltage line the stays are to be the insulated from ground at a
height not less than 3 meters from the ground. The insulator used in
the stay wire is called as stay insulator.
5 Shackle or Spool Distribution or low voltage lines
insulators

1. Pin type insulator:

i. For lower voltages generally one piece in type insulator is used.
ii. For higher voltages multipart pin type insulators are used.
iii. Pin type insulators are used only for straight run of the line.
iv. Up to 66 Kv can be used.
v. For very high voltages, pin type insulators are heavy and construction is complicated.
vi. In upper groove line conductor is placed.
vii. Rain sheds are provided to prevent flash over.

2. Suspension insulator: For higher voltages suspension insulators are used, number of them are
connected in series by metallic links to form a chain and line conductor is carried by bottom
most insulator.
i. Each suspension insulator is designed for 11 kV. String of insulators can be designed
for any required voltage.
ii. In case of failure of one of the insulator replacement is easy.
ii. Mechanical stresses on the string decreases.

Page 59
 Fig. Suspension insulator

3. Shackle insulators: Shackle or spool insulator is used in low voltage distribution network.
It can be used both in horizontal and vertical position.

Fig. Shackle Insulator

4. Stay insulator: These are used in stay wire to avoid the flow of any leakage of current to
earth. These are provided at a height of 3 meters from the level of ground.

Page 60
Fig. Wooden pole . RCC pole Steel tower

Fig. Suspension insulator Fig. Suspension insulator

Fig. Shackle Insulator Fig. Shackle Insulator

tay insulator Stay insulator

Page 61
 8. UNDERGROUND CABLES
 Cable is any current carrying conductor either of solid or stranded type provided with over all
insulation.
Underground cables are being mostly utilized for transmission and distribution of electrical
energy. For certain loads for example air-port, thickly populated areas it is necessary to use
underground cable for distribution, transmission and service connections.
 Underground cable can be specified by number of cores, voltage they can withstand or type of
insulation.
 Principle insulating material used in cables are rubber, vulcanized India rubber impregnated
paper, varnished cambric and polyvinyl chloride.
 The type of insulation to use must have following properties.
i) It should have high specific resistance.
ii) It should be tough and flexible.
iii) It should not be hygroscopic.
iv) It should be capable of standing high temperatures.
v) It should be non-inflammable.
vi) It should not be attacked by acids and alkalis

Comparison between Overhead system and Underground system

Overhead Underground
1) Repair-easy to repair Not easy to repair
2) Fault location is easy and quick Fault location is not easy
3) Initial cost is less Initial cost is more
4) Due to more spacing of the conductor Charging current is more
charging current is less in over head system.
5) Jointing is easy Jointing is difficult
6) Maintenance cost is more Maintenance cost is less
7) Safety is less Safety is more
8) Appearance is shabby Compact and invisible.
9) Affected by Lightning and thunderstorm. No effect of lighting and thunderstorm.
10) Interference to Telephone lines. No interference to Telephone lines.

According to voltage they can be classified:

1) L.T. - (Low tension cable) up to 1000 V
2) H.T. – (High tension cable) up to 11 kV.
3) S.T. – (Super tension cable) from 22 kV to 33 kV.
4) E.H.T. – Extra high tension cable from 33 kV to 66 kV.
5) Oil filled cable – 66 kV to 132kV.

Types of Three Phase Cable or H. T. Cable as per construction:

1) Belted type
2) Screened type [H type]
3) S.L. cable [Separate lead]
4) H.S.L. cable [Combination of H and S.L. type]
5) Super tension cables

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CONSTRUCTION OF CABLE:

1. Conductor: All cables have solid or stranded Aluminum or copper conductor.

2. Insulation (core): Conductor with one layer of insulation is called core. All cables have one
centre core and number of cores. Different insulations used to insulate the conductors are paper
varnished cambric impregnated paper or P.V.C. Thickness of layer depending upon voltage to
be withstand by the cable.
3. Metallic sheath: A metallic sheath is provided over the insulation so as to prevent the entry of
moisture into the insulating material. The metallic sheath is of leador lead alloy. Metallic
sheath protect the cable from moisture, gases, acids and alkalies in the soil.
4. Bedding: Over the metallic sheath comes a layer of bedding which consists of paper tape
compounded with a fibrous material. Sometimes jute strands or hessian tape is also used for
bedding to protect metallic sheath against corrosion and mechanical injury due to armouring.
5. Armouring: Armouring is provided to avoid mechanical injury to the cable and it consists of
providing one or two layers of galvanized steel wires or steep tapes.
6. Serving: In order to protect armoring from atmospheric condition layer of fibrous material or
P.V.C. is provided over the armouring.

Page 63
 LYING OF CABLES:
Before laying a cable under the ground its route should be surveyed and the position of
water mains or drains should be ascertained. The cable to be buried must have following
properties:
1) The moisture should not enter the core of the cable.
2) It must have high insulation resistance.
3) It should be able to withstand heat produced due to flow of currents.
4) Armoured cable should be used.
5) It should not be very costly and bulky.
6) It should be sufficiently flexible.

Different Methods of Laying Under Ground Cable:

1) Direct in ground method [Trench Laying]
2) Pipe [duct] lying
3) Trough lying

1. Direct Laying:
In this method a trench of about 1.5 meters deep 0.5 m wide is dug. The trench is
covered with a layer of fine sand of about 10 cm thickness and cable is laid over this sand bed.
The sand prevents entry of moisture from the ground and protects the cable from decay. After
the cable has been laid in the trench, it is covered with another layer of soil of about 15 cm
thickness. Bricks or tiles are laid on this layer of soil and finally trench is filled by soil. When
more than one cable is laid in the same trench horizontal, spacing of at least 30 cm is provided.

Advantages:
i. Simple, cheap, clean and safe.
ii. Favorable condition for dissipation of heat.

Disadvantages:
i. Alteration and extension cannot be made easily.
ii. Localization of fault is difficult.

2. Pipe or duct laying or Draw In system:

In this method conduit or duct of cast iron or concrete are laid in the ground with man-
holes at suitable position along the cable route. Cable is then pulled into position from man-
holes. The cables to be laid in this way need not to be armoured. This method is used in
workshops, road crossing.

Page 64
Advantages:
i Repairs alterations or additions can be made without opening the ground.
ii. Mechanical protection is strong.

Disadvantages:
i. Initial cast is high.
ii. Unfavorable conditions for dissipation of heat.

3. Troughs lying or Solid system:

In this method of laying, the cable is laid in open pipes and troughs dug out in earth
along the cable route. Troughing is of cast iron, asphalt or treated wood. After the cable is laid
in position, the troughing is filled with bituminous or asphaltic compound and covered over
with a lit. Trough is of U shape and having one or three compartments to receive the cables.

Disadvantages:
i. Expensive
ii. Requires skilled labor so rarely used.

Cable Jointing
Two types of cable joints:
1) Straight through joints.
2) T-joints
General steps are as follows:
i) Marking of cutting point with an allowance of 5 cm overlap approximately. Tie up the
ends with binding wire at 15 to 20 cm from the jointing end.
ii) Removing insulation making conductor open for 3 cm.
iii) Twisting conductor ends.
iv) Soldering with the help of cotton tape or by pouring molten solder.
v) Insulating the joint with paper tape.
vi) Allow the joint to cool down.
vii) Sealing all the openings with adhesive compound.
viii) Paint the joint with corrosive resistive black paint.
Open circuit, short circuit and earth fault in the cable can be detected with the help of
megger or test lamp.

WIRES CABLE
Conductor with insulation is called as wire When insulation is provided over group of wire is
cable.
Flexibility is more Flexibility is less
Cost is less Cost is more
Mechanical strength is less Mechanical strength is more
Not used for HV or EHT lines Used for HT and EHT lines

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 9. ILLUMINATION

 SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS:-

Light: It is a radiant form of energy from a hot or luminous body.

Luminous flux: It is defined as total quantity of light energy emitted per second from a luminous
body. Unit of luminous flux is lumen.

Lumen: It is a unit of luminous flux. If the source is of one candle power, the luminous flux per unit
solid angle from source is one lumen.

Luminous Intensity: It is defined as flux emitted by lighting sources per unit solid angle. Unit of
luminous intensity is candela.

Illumination: It is luminous flux received per unit area. Its unit is lumen/m2 or also called Lux.

Lux: It is defined as the illumination of the inside of the sphere of radius one meter at the center of
which there is a source of one candle power.

Various types of electric lamps:

1) Arc Lamps.
2) Incandescent Lamps
3) Gas filled Lamps.
4) Gaseous discharge Lamps.

Various methods of producing light by electricity are:

a) By an Arc
Ex: Carbon arc Lamp, Flame arc Lamp, Magnetic arc Lamp.
b) By incandescence of heated filament.
c) By glow discharge.

 Filament Lamp or Incandescent Lamp:

a) Lamp is made of glass globe.
b) The glass blub contains tungsten filament.
c) The bulb is evacuated to prevent oxidation of filament and also to prevent temperature being
lowered by radiation.
d) When electric current is passed through the filament, heat is produced in the filament due to its
high resistance and temperature increases.
e) At low temperature, it gives heat and at high temperature, it gives both heat and light.
f) Tungsten filament is most commonly used due to its
(i) High melting point - 3400 0 c .
(ii) High resistivity.
(iii) Low temp co-efficient
(iv) Being Ductile.
(v) Mechanically strong to withstand vibration.
g) Average efficiency is 10 lumens / watt.
h) Normal life is thousand working hours.
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Advantages:
(i) Operates at unity power factor.
(ii) No effect of surrounding air temperature.

Disadvantages:
(i) If filament lamp is worked beyond 2000 0 C , it vaporizes quickly and blackens lamp.
(ii) For higher efficiency, it is necessary to use working temperature more than 2000 0 C which is
possible by filling the bulb with inert gas. They are called gas filled lamp
 Gaseous discharge lamps:
a) Gaseous discharge lamps have been developed to overcome these short comings.
b) It consists of glass quartz tube containing 2 electrodes and small quantity of gas or vapour at
low pressure.
c) In this lamp, light is obtained by applying P.D. to a gas contained by the lamp under suitable
pressure.
d) Due to application of P.D., gas gets ionized and electric current flows.

Types of gaseous discharges lamps:

1) Fluorescent lamps
2) Sodium vapour lamps
3) Mercury vapour lamps.
4) Neon lamps.
5) Neon Sign Tubes

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GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS:
1. Fluorescent lamp/tube or low Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp:

(Also called low Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp) LPMV

a) Fluorescent tube uses phenomenon of fluorescence.
b) 07In this lamp, discharge through vapour produces ultraviolet waves causing fluorescence in
certain materials called phosphor.
c) Inner side of fluorescent lamp is coated with phosphor or fluorescent powder which absorbs
invisible ultraviolet rays and radiates visible light rays.
d) Tube contains small quantity of Argon gas and one or two drops of mercury globules.
e) Tube is provided with electrodes of tungsten and coated with electron emissive material.
f) Presence of Argon helps in quick vaporization.
g) Efficiency is 40 lumens/watt and life is 4000 working hours.

 Operation :-

a) When the fluorescent lamp energies the current passes through the choke and tungsten
filament, ionization of gas take place in the starter & the current complete it's path.

b) The tungsten filament gets heated up and the mercury droplets gets vaporized & forms a
Conduction medium in the tube. at the same time the starter contact are heated up and bend.
Due to this open circuit in starter and current flowing stop.

c) The full voltage now appears across the choke which increases the normal 230v to 1000 V
Causing the electron emit from tungsten filament.

d) The electrons while in motion Collide with each other and producing ultraviolet rays which
falls on phosphorus powder coating and we get a Cool & pleasant light.

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Function of Starter: Starter puts the electrodes directly across supply mains and completes the circuit
at the time of starting, so that choke gets charged and electrodes get heated to emit sufficient electrons.

Function of Choke:
1) Provided a voltage impulse for starting.
2) Acts as ballast or stabilizer for running period.

 Distinguish between Incandescent lamp and Fluorescent lamp.

Incandescent lamp Fluorescent lamp
1) Power factor is unity 1) Power factor is lagging.
2) Light intensity is less. 2) Light intensity is more.
3) Produces glare on eyes. 3) Cool and pleasant light.
4) Cheap 4) Costly
5) Can work on reduced supply voltage. 5) Cannot work on reduced supply voltage.
6) Efficiency is 4 to 10 lumens/ Watt. 6) Efficiency is 40 lumens / Watt.
7) Life is 1000 working hours. 7) Life is 4000 working hours
8) Stroboscopic effect is not found 8) Stroboscopic effect is found.

2. Sodium Vapour Lamp:

a) It consists of specially made discharge tube.

b) Over this discharge tube another glass tube is provided for conservation of heat.
c) Transformer is used to provide 470-480 V
d) Power factor is very low, i.e. 0.3 lag.
e) Capacitor is used to improve power factor.
f) Inner tube contains 2 electrodes, sodium gas and small quantity of Neon gas.
g) Operation:
(i) When lamp is not in operation, sodium is usually in the form of solid deposited on side walls
of tube.
(ii) When lamp is connected across supply mains, discharge takes place in Neon gas and gives red
orange glow.
(iii) Sodium gradually vaporizes and ionizes giving yellowish light.
h) Efficiency is 50 lumens/watt.
i) Life is 3000 working hours.
j) Time for full glow=15 mins.

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 Application: Street lighting, outdoor lighting where discrimination of color is not required.

3. Neon Lamp:
a) It consists of glass bulb filled with neon gas with small percentage of helium.
b) The electrodes used are fixed only a few mm apart so that lamps maybe made for voltage as
low as 110 V A.C. or 150 V D.C.
c) This lamp gives orange-pink colored light. Power consumption is low (about 5 watts).
d) Efficiency is 40 lumens/watt.

4. Neon Tubes Or Neon Signs:

a) Used for advertisement and decoration purpose.
b) Neon tubes are used in varying lengths up to 8m and are bent into almost any desired shape
during manufacturing.
c) Neon tube contains two electrodes one at each end of the tube.
d) Electrodes are made of steel or copper.
e) Nickel wires are used for connection of letters in neon tubes.
f) Neon tubes are manufactured in different colors by changing composition of glass and by
adding different gases.

Fig.Circuit connection

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 Gas Used Color
1. Helium a. Pink
2. Nitrogen b. Golden yellow
3. Sodium c. Yellow
4. Xenon ,krypton d. Pale blue
5. Mercury Vapour e. Bluish white

5. Mercury Vapour Lamp:

a. It consists of inner tube enclosed in outer
glass envelope.
b. In addition to two main electrodes, a
starting electrode is also provided.
c. Inner tube contains Argon + Mercury.
d. When supply is switched on, voltage is
applied between auxiliary electrode and
main electrode.
e. Discharge through Argon takes place.
f. This enables main discharge to
commence.
g. As lamp warms up, Mercury vaporizes.
h. Discharge takes place between two main
electrodes.
i. Time taken for full glow 4 to 5 min.
j. Efficiency -50 lumens/watt.
k. Application :
(i) Shops
(ii) Street light
(iii) Show Rooms
(iv) Gate lights.

 SCHEMES OF LIGHTING:

1. Direct lighting:

a. In this scheme more than 90%light is made to fall on the working plane.
b. This is most efficient scheme, but it causes shadows and glares.
c. Used for industrial and general outdoor lighting.

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 2. Semi –Direct Lighting:

a. 60% of total light is made to fall directly downwards

b. 40% sent up wards diffused with the help of sheds and hanging type arrangements.
c. Such type of scheme is best suited for rooms with high ceiling.

3. Semi –Indirect lighting :

a. In this lighting scheme,60% of total light flux is thrown to reflector or ceiling for diffused
reflection and rest 40% reaches working plane directly.
b. This lighting scheme is glare free.
c. Used for indoor light decoration purpose.

4. Indirect lighting:

a. 90% of total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for diffused reflection by using inverted
reflector.
b. Glare is minimum.
c. Shadows are less prominent.
d. Used for decoration purpose in theatres and hotels.

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The following table shows the Illumination required for different places:
Places Illumination in foot-candles
Cinema, Auditorium, Corridors, Stair cases Night 1 to 5
Clubs, Hospital wards etc.
Dining Halls, Hotels, Conference Hall, Reception 10
room
Street light, Railway bogie, banks 15

Reading, Writing, Office, Store room, Library, 20

Kitchen, Showrooms
Typing work, Design and drawing room, Office, Bank 30 to 50
Counters
For every delicate, precision, minute repairs, Clock, above 50
Watch-repairs, etc.

Laws of Illumination
In case of a point source the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance of the surface from the source of light.

1) Space - Height Ratio:It is defined as the ration of horizontal distance between adjacent lamps to
height of their mounting.
=
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ

2) Utilization Factor:
ℎ
Utilization factor=
It depends on:
a. Height of Lamps
b. Area of utilization
c. Scheme of lighting
d. Type of lamp
e. Wall paints
For direct lighting scheme, utilization factor is 0.25-0.5
For indirect lighting scheme, utilization factor is 0.1-0.25

1. Depreciation Factor:It is the ratio of illumination under normal working conditions to the
illumination when everything is clean.
Illumination under normal working conditions
Depreciation factor =
Illumination when every thing is clean
It is always less than1.
Generally 0.75-0.8

Formula for finding total lumens Required :

Lumens Required=

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Advantages of Good Illumination:
i) It increases production in the workshop.
ii) It reduces the chances of accidents.
iii) It does not strain the eyes.
iv) It increases the interior decoration of the building.
v) Glare free and shadow less illumination can be obtained.
vi) Optimum utilization of light.

 Flood Lighting:
a. It means flooding of large surface with light from powerful projectors.
b. Types of flood lighting are according to application:
(i) Aesthetic flood lighting.
(ii) Industrial & commercial flood lighting.
(iii) Advertisements.
c. It is necessary to concentrate the light from light source into a relatively narrow beam.
d. Projector used is known as flood light projector.
e. Reflectors are made of silver glass or chromium plate.

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Filament Lamp or Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent lamp/tube or low
Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp

Sodium Vapour Lamp: Fig. Neon tubes used for advertising Neon Lamp

Neon Lamp Mercury Vapour Lamp Mercury Vapour Lamp

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 10. ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

1. ELECTRIC IMMERSION HEATER:

(a)

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(b) Working Principle: NIt works on the principle of heating effect of electric current.
According to joules law, Heat = I 2 .R.t joules.

(c) Construction:
(i) Metallic tube: It is a hollow tube and made of Cu.
(ii) Heating element: It is made of nichrome and is placed centrally in the Cu tube.
(iii) Insulating powder: The gap between heating element and Cu tube is filled with MgO.
It is a good insulator and a good thermal conductor.
(iv) Supply chord: It is a V.I.R. wire connected with 3-pin plug for safety.

(d) Faults:
i. Short circuit faults: This can be checked by series test lamp by connecting the testing terminal
to the heating coil. If the series test lamp glow very bright it is a S.C. faults.
ii. Open circuit faults: This can be checked by test lamp by connection the testing terminal to the
heating coil. If the lamp does not glow, it is a open circuit faults.
iii. Earth faults: This can be checked by test lamp by connecting the first testing terminal to the
body and second terminal to the heating coil if the lamp glows this is an earth faults, this can
be removed by providing earthing to the body.

(e) Precautions:
i. Do not use the heater continuously for a longer period of time.
ii. Do not use the heater without liquid.
iii. Use proper capacity chord.

2. Electric Geyser:(a)

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(b) Working Principle: It works on the principle of heating effect of electric current.
(c) Construction:
(i) Storage tank: The inner tank is made of tinned Cu in which water is heated and the outer
cylinder is made up of steel.
(ii) Glass wool: The space between the two tanks is filled with glass wool which is a good
insulator and a good thermal reflector.
(iii) Heating element: It is made up of nichrome and can be one or two in numbers in the storage
tank.
(iv) Thermostat: To control the heating element temperature. It is connected with thermostat in the
storage tank.
(v) Earthing: To prevent electric shock, the body of the geyser is earthed.

(d) Faults: (Same as above)

(i) Short circuit faults (ii) Open circuit faults (iii) Earth faults

(e) Precautions:
1. Make sure the water level is above heating element.
2. Use proper earthing.
3. Use proper supply chords.

3. ELECTRIC IRON:
(a) Circuit Diagram :

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(b) Working principle: It works on the heating effect of electric current.An electric iron relies on
a basic combination of heat and pressure to remove creases from clothes. When an electric
current is passed through a coil (or any other heating element present in the iron), it gets very
hot. This heat is then transferred to the base plate (the smooth, flat surface that you place
against clothes while ironing) through conduction, which elegantly and precisely irons your
clothes.

(c) Construction :
(i) Sole plate / Base plate: The sole plate is the thick, triangular-shaped slab of iron that
forms the base over which the electric iron is built up. It is made up of nickel plated
steel. It is used to iron the cloths.
(ii) Heating element: The heating element is present between the sole plate and pressure
plate. It is pressed hard between the two plates. The heating element consists of
nichrome wire wound around a sheet of mica. The two ends of the nichrome wire are
connected to the contact strips. The contact strips are connected to the terminals of the
iron.
Properties of Heating Element:
i) High Resistance, ii) High melting point,
iii) Low temperature coefficient of resistance, iv) Low oxidation.
(iii) Mica: The mica is good insulator and good thermal conductors and has very high
melting points. Mica sheets are used to cover the heating element.
(iv) Asbestos sheet: This sheet is placed above the mica sheet; it is a good insulator and a
good thermal reflector to reflect the complete heat to the base plate. It separates and
thermally insulates the top plate from the heating element.
(v) Pressure / Weight plate: This plate is generally called the top plate as it follows the
shape of sole plate. The pressure plate has some holes through which the studs form the
base plate passes through. We should tighten the nuts on the studs in such a way that
the pressure plate and sole plate are pressed tight against each other. In some iron the
pressure plate is heavy and made of cast iron while in some other cases, it is a thin
sheet of steel, about ¼ cm thick.The weight plate is placed over the asbestos sheet for
uniform distribution of heat.
(vi) Handle: Made up of wood or ebonite. It is used to hold the iron.
(vii) Thermostat: This is connected in series with the heating element to control the heat.
The thermostat in an iron uses a bimetallic strip, and as the name implies, a bimetallic
strip is made up of two different types of metal – with dissimilar coefficients of
expansion – that are bonded together.
At moderate temperatures, the contact point remains in physical contact with the
bimetallic strip. However, when the temperature of the iron exceeds a certain limit, the
strip begins to bend towards the metal with a lower coefficient of expansion. As a
result, the strip ceases to be physically connected to the contact point, the circuit opens
and current ceases to flow.Given that the circuit remains open for some time, the
temperature of the iron drops, the strip acquires its original shape and the current flows
again. This cycle is repeated until you switch off its power supply from the main

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 electricity source. This is the reason why your iron seems to power on and off of its
own accord.
(viii) Switch: To on or off the supply.
(ix) Chord: To Supply electricity to coil. It is covered with cotton layer.

(d) Faults:
(i) Short circuit faults: - Short circuited coil or burnt coil
(ii) Open circuit faults: - Due to breakage in heating elements, loose connection, and
disconnection of heating elements from the supply terminals.
(iii) Earth faults: - Due to damaged insulation coil may touch the body.

4. CEILING FAN:

(a) Working principle: It works on the principle of rotating magnetic field.

(b) Circuit Diagram and Layout:

(c) Construction of ceiling fan motor:

It consists of,
(i) Starting winding
(ii) Running winding
(iii) Capacitor (c).
(iv) Squirrel cage rotor
(v) Regulator

 Single phase capacitor run and start induction motor, rated at 230 V ± 10 % at a frequency of 50
Hz, is generally employed in ceiling fan.

 This motor comprises two parts that are stator and rotor. The stator, build up of laminated silicon
steel, uses two windings termed as starting and running windings located 90 degree electrical
apart.

 The starting torque relies on sine of angle among starting winding and running winding current.
Thus Capacitor is used generate needed phase shift among these current and therefore to generate
high starting torque and will be connected in series with starting winding.

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 Generally in ceiling fan, an electrolytic capacitor of 2.5 mF±5% will be employed. The capacitor
and starting winding will be in circuit throughout running as well and therefore enhance the power
factor. Thus this motor will also be termed as permanent capacitor induction motor. Rotor uses 1-
phase squirrel cage winding.

(a) Main parts of ceiling fan: refer figure given.

i) Bolts and shackle: They are used to hold the hanging rod onto the ceiling.

ii) Canopy: There are two canopies top/upper and bottom/lower canopy. Upper canopy is
used to cover the bolts and shackle, while the lower canopy is used to cover the capacitor
housing. Bottom canopy is mounted under and in the centre of the motor of the fan. This is
employed to conceal and protect several components that can involve wires, capacitors and
switches. On fans which need oiling, the bottom canopy frequently conceals the oil reservoir
that lubricates the bearings.

iii) Hanging Rod or Suspension Rod: Suspension rod is made up of rigid galvanized steel pipe of
suitable length and diameter. This metal pipe is employed to defer the fan from the ceiling.
One end of the pipe is bolted or screwed at the position particularly made on the motor body to
receive the suspension rod. Another end of the suspension rod is attached to 2 plates, to from a
"U" shaped joint, along with the help of a nut and bolt (with extra lock nut).
1. It suspends the body of fan (motor) from the ceiling.
2. It allows the wire to pass through it.
3. It also acts as a shock absorber.

iv) Motor: The motor used in ceiling fan is the single phase, permanent capacitor type motor.
Following are the main parts of the motor.
a) Stator: The stator has two winding, one is main winding and other is starting winding.
Both the winding are displaced from each other by 90 0in the space. A capacitor connected
permanently in series with the starting winding. Since the capacitor is connected
permanently in the circuit, it is continuous duty rated time having its value in between 2 to
20  F .
b) Rotor: Rotor surrounds the stator. The rotor is of squirrel cage type. The rotor winding are
skewed to avoid humming sound and magnetic locking between stator and rotor fields.

v) Blades: The blades are built up of sheet steel or aluminum sheets. Aluminum blades are much
lighter than steel sheet plates and also enhance the efficiency of the fan. The ceiling fans
generally comprise 3 or 4 angular blades. The four blade fan provides more air circulation
compared to three blade fans. The blades are 120o mechanically apart and might be curved at
an angle of 10o.There are generally three blades connected to the rotor shaft. If the blades
would have been flat, the air would have circulated only in the area right below the fan.

vi) Terminal Connector: They are used to connect the supply wires with the windings.

vii) Regulator: The speed of fan is controlled by speed regulator. The regulator consists of a
number of resistance steps in series. It is connected to the fan motor in series. The applied
voltage to the motor is varied by changing the resistance in steps till the fan works on the
desired speed.

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viii) Ball bearing: Friction free and noise free movements of rotating parts are make sure through
providing ball bearing among the rotating and stationary parts. The ceiling fan might comprise
single or double ball bearings. The bearings made up of high quality steel are frequently
greased with superior quality for the long life and noise free operation of it.
Common faults and Remedies: Open circuit fault, short circuit fault and earth fault are
checked as usual by a series test lamp as explained earlier.
The fan becomes very hot, or the blades rotate slowly: This may be due to the damaged
capacitor; blade angle might be disturbed, short circuit or an earth fault, worn out brushes and
bearings.
The fan produces noise: This may be due to defective blade angle, no proper lubrication,
bending of shaft, damaged bearings.
The fan body is not revolving: There may be a defect in the gear or the oscillating rod.

 Study of table fan:

Study of different parts:
a) Gear Box: To rotate the fan about the vertical axis.
b) Capacitor: To start the motor instantaneously.
c) Stand: To give support to the motor.
d) Front and back guards: To protect the blades.
e) Blades: To circulate air.
f) Regulator: To control speed.
g) Oscillating knob: To control oscillation of the fan.
h) Motor: Permanent capacitor type single phase induction motor.

 Electric Toaster:
An auto toaster is a domestic electrical device which is used to bake the slices of bread.
Parts: - 1. Metal body 2.Bakelite base 3. Heating element
4.Lifting knob 5. Automatic adjustment knob

 Constructional details
1. Heating element is made up of nichrome. It is a ribbon shaped and wound on a mica sheet.
2. Elements are mounted on the sides of slices kept vertically. Elements are connected in
parallel.
3. Thermostat is used for temperature control in automatic toaster. Thermostat houses
bimetallic strip it functions on the principle that different metals have different rate of
expansion when heated.
For ex. Brass has a greater coefficient of expansion than iron. If a strip is made of bimetal (i.e.
Brass and iron) and heated beyond the certain temperature it will bend downwards.

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 Working :
As soon as the toaster is switched on, current passes through the element and the bimetallic
strip is heated .If it is overheated it bends to a certain extent and breaks the circuit through
timer switch. After sometime it cools and comes to an original position pushing the lever and
releasing a spring device, which carries the slices upwards. This action completes the toasting
of bread pieces by breaking the circuit, main supply and the timer switch.

 Electric Hot plate:

Hot plates are used for cooking food stuffs.
 Construction and working
1. Spirally wound heating element made up of nichrome is embedded in between an insulating
cemented material like plaster of paris or fire clay.
2. This assembly is fitted inside the cast iron plate.
3. Heating element is independently controlled by a separate switch. When either switch is in ON
position it gives half of the full heat and when both switches are on the full heat is available.
4. It works on the heating effect of electric current. When current flows to heating elements heat
is produced.

Fig. Double burner electric hot plate Fig. single burner electric hot plate

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 (a) Under normal temperature (b) When the iron becomes too hot

Main parts of ceiling fan: refer figure given.

Page 84
Fig. Bolts & shackle Fig. Top & Bottom canopy

Fig. Squirrel cage rotor

Terminal Connector: Electric Toaster

Fig. Double burner electric hot plate Fig. single burner electric hot plate

Page 85
 ELECTRICAL
MAINTENANCE
PAPER-II
th
STD. 12

Page 86
 11. TRANSFORMERS

 Magnetic effect of Electric current:

When an electric current flows through a conductor a magnetic field is immediately brought
into existence in the space surrounding it. The strength of magnetic field depends on the:
1. Number of turns of coil.
2. Current in the coil.
Field strength No .turns x Current.
If such a coil is wound on a piece of iron rod, it behaves like a magnet. This simple
arrangement of iron rod wound with a coil is called as electromagnet.

According to Faraday’s First Law of electromagnetic induction, statically induced EMF is

defined as, whenever stationary conductors are placed in changing magnetic field, EMF is
induced in the conductor.
Dynamically induced EMF can be defined as whenever a conductor is made to rotate in
magnetic field, EMF is induced in it.
According to Faraday’s second Law, Magnitude of induced EMF depends on rate of change
of magnetic flux.

 SELF INDUCED EMF:

Whenever flux linking with coil changes due to change of current in coil itself, then EMF
induced in coil is called self induced.EMF

 SELF INDUCTION: Coil A

d
e  N
dt
1. When an AC potential is applied to thecoil A, current starts flowing in the coil.
2. The magnetic flux linking with coil changes according to Faraday’s first law of
electromagnetic induction E.M.F. is induced in the coil.
3. Since the E.M.F. induced in the coil is due to the change in current in the coil itself the E.M.F.
is called as self induced E.M.F.

Page 87
 MUTUALLY INDUCED EMF: EMF induced in second coil (Coil B) due to change of current
in first coil (Coil A) is called mutually induced EMF.

1. Whenever another coil B is kept near or over the coil A. If A.C. supply is given to coil A.
Alternating magnetic flux will be produced in coil A. The flux in coil A links with the coil B
also.
2. According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. E.M.F. is induced in the coil B.
3. The E.M.F. induced in the coil B is due to the change in current in coil A. The E.M.F. induced
in coil B is known as mutually induced E.M.F.
∅
∝
Where,
es =self induced e.m.f,
N1=Number of turns in first coil,
∅
= rate of change of flux
∅
∝
Where,
N2= Number of turns in second coil
em = mutually induced e.m.f.

 Transformer works on the principle of mutually induced e.m.f.

 Definition of Transformer:
“Transformer is a static device which transforms electric power from one electric circuit to
another electric circuit with desirable change in voltage and current but without changing
frequency”.
It steps up or steps down the voltage depending on the number of turns of the primary and
secondary winding. So by properly selecting and designing the no. of turns we can get the
required voltage from available voltage.
Basic Construction:

Page 88
 V1=Primary supply voltage
I1=Current in Primary winding
E1=EMF induced in Primary winding
N1=No of turns in Primary winding
V2=Secondary output voltage
I2=Current in secondary winding
E2=Secondary mutually induced EMF
N2=No of turns in secondary winding
F=Frequency of A.C. supply
m = Max. Flux in the core.
1. A transformer has 2 windings made up of good quality enameled copper. These 2 windings
supported on the silicon steel core.
2. The windings are insulated from each other & from steel core.
3. One winding is connected to A.C. supply and is called primary winding it has N1 no of turns.
4. Other winding connected to the load is called as secondary winding and has N2 no of turns.

 EMF equation of Transformer:

N1 =No of turns on Primary.
N2 =No of turns on Secondary.
m =Max flux in the core.
F = Frequency

Flux increases from 0 to its max value  m in one quarter of cycle i.e. in 1 sec.
4f

Avg. rate of change of flux = m = 4 f m Wb / s or volt
14f
Rate of change of flux=induced e.m.f./turn (By Faraday’s Law)
Average e.m.f. per turn=4f m volts.

If flux varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s value of induced e.m.f. is obtained by multiplying
average value with form factor.

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 . .
Form Factor= = 1.11

R.M.S. value of induced e.m.f. / turn =1.11  4 f m  4.44 f m volt

R.M.S. value of the induced e.m.f. in the primary winding = Induced e.m.f./turn x N1 in
primary

E1 =4.44f m N1 volts
Similarly, R.M.S. value of e.m.f. Induced in secondary is,
E2 =4.44f m N2 volt

 Transformation Ratio (K):

1) From e.m.f. equation,

E1=4.44f m N1
E2=4.44f m N2
. ∅
= =
. ∅

2 2
= ------ (1)
1 1

2) According to definition of transformer,

V1I1=V2I2

2
= 1 ----- (2)
1 2
3) We know that,
V1  E1  voltage drop
E2  V2  voltage drop

But for Ideal case

V1  E1 & V2  E2 ------ (3)
From equation (1), (2) & (3) we have,

E2 V2 N 2 I1
    K
E1 V1 N1 I 2

Where ‘K’ is called the constant known as transformation ratio.

When K=1; N2=N1

K>1; N2>N1 Step of transformer
K<1; N2<N1 Step down transformer

Page 90
 Why rating of transformer is in VA or KVA?
Ans.: We know that output power:
1. P2  V2  I 2 cos  Where, cos  is the power factor which is dependent on load.
2. Load can have any power factor (i.e. lagging, leading or unity)
3. Hence, it is a general practice to neglect the power factor and express the rating only in VA
or KVA.
OR
1. There are two main losses in a transformer (Iron loss and Copper loss).
2. Fe loss depends on the voltage and Cu loss depends on current.
3. Hence the rating of transformer is in VA or KVA.

 Explain working of Transformer.

Ans.:
1. When the primary of transformer is energized from A.C. source, E.M.F. is induced in the
primary according to Faraday’s law of E.M.F. (Self Induced e m.f)
2. The flux of the primary also links with the secondary through the iron core and cuts the
secondary winding.
3. Again an E.M.F. is induced in the secondary according to Faraday’s law of E.M.F.
(Mutually induced e.m.f)
4. Hence, the transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.

 NUMERICAL:

Example 1:
One winding of transformer has 400 turns and other has 1000 turns. State which is L.T.
winding and which is H.T winding. The L.T winding is connected to 500V supply. Find
primary and secondary voltage.

Solution:
The voltage depends on number of turns. Low voltage winding has less number of turns and
high voltage winding has more number of turns
Hence, 400 turns winding is L.T
1000 turns winding is H.T
Given: N1  400 , V1  500 V, N 2  1000
Ans.: The number of turn of first winding is 400
N1  400 ,
N 2  1000
Since the supply voltage is of 500 V.
V N 
Than V1  500  2  2 
 V1 N1 
Now, finding the V2 by using the formula.
E2 V2 N 2 I1
   K
E1 V1 N1 I 2
V2 N 2

V1 N1

Page 91
 V2 1000

500 400
V2  1250 volt

Example 2:
A transformer has Primary Voltage 600v and secondary voltage 250v. It has 56 sec. turns. Find
primary number of turns.

Solution:
Given : V1  600
V2  250
N 2  56
N1  ?
According the transformation ratio K,
E2 N N I
 2  2  1 K
E1 V1 N1 I 2
250 N
 2
6600 56
250  56
N2 
6600
250 56

6600 N1
56  6600
 N1 
250
 N1  1373.approx

Example 3:
A 30KVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary side. The
primary is connected to 3000 volt 50 Hz ac supply.
Calculate: 1) I1and I2 at full load and half load
2) E2
3) Maximum Flux (Neglect Drop)

Solution:
Given: P = 30 KVA
N 2  50
N1  500
V1  3000 V
N = 50 Hz.

Page 92
 V1 I1
1) KVA 
1000
1000 * KVA 1000 * 30
 I1    10 A
V1 3000
I F .L.  10 A
10
 I I . H .L .   5 Amp
2
50 10
 
500 I 2
1 10
 
10 I 2
100
I 2 F .L.  100 Amp I 2 H .L.  , 50 Amp
2
E2 V2

2) Since we know that E1 V1
E2  V2
V N
 2 2
V1 N1
V 50
 2 
3000 500
V2  300 volt
V2  E2
E2  300

3) Now,
E2 V2

E1 V1
300 300

E1 3000
3000  300
  E1
300
E1  3000 volts
E1  4.44  m  f  N1
3000  4.44 m  50  500
3000
  
4.44  50  500
3
=
4.44  25
   0.027 wb

Page 93
 Numerical:
1) A 2000/200V, 10 KVA,60HZ transformer has 66 turns in sec. Calculate N1 and current
I1 and I2
2) A 1phase transformer 250/125V, 1KVA 50HZ connected to 250 V supply Calculate
full load primary and secondary currents.
3) A 1phase transformer has N1=8000, N2=2000 if primary winding is connected to
500V- Find out secondary e.m.f. (Neglect Drop)
4) For 30KVA 250/6000V, 1 transformer find rated current of L.T.winding. The H.T.
winding turns are 4800, find L.T. turns.
5) The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000V, 50HV, 1 Transformer is
0.00012 wb/cm2. If the e.m.f. induced per turn is 8.0V. Find number of turns and net
cross-sectional area of the core.
(Hint: -Φ max = Bmax xA)

 Classification of transformer:
1. According to type of supply:
i) 1 phase transformer ii) 3phase transformer

2. According to working voltage:

i) Step up transformer ii) Step Down transformer

3. According to construction of core:

i)Core type ii) Shell type iii) Berry type

4. According to cooling system:

i) Natural cooled ii) Oil cooled
iii) Air Blast cooled iv) Water cooled

5. According to type of application:

i) Distribution transformer ii) Power transformer
iii) Instrument transformer such as C.T and P.T iv)Auto transformer

6. According to type of Mounting:

i) Pole Mounted. ii)Outdoor iii)Indoor

 According to working voltage:

Step up transformer Step Down transformer
a) V2>V1 a) V2< V1
Secondary voltage greater than Secondary voltage less than primary voltage.
primary voltage.
b) N2>N1 b) N2 <N1
No of turns on sec greater than prim Number of turns on secondary less than primary
c) I2<I1 c) I2>I1
Sec current less than primary current Sec current greater than prim current
d) K>1 d) K<1
Where k =transformation Ratio
e) Symbol e)Symbol

Page 94
 According to construction:-

Core Type transformer Shell transformer

a) In core type transformer winding surrounds a

considerable part of core. a) Core surrounds considerable part of
b)Only one magnetic path winding.
c)Leakage flux is less b)Two magnetic paths
d)Useful for high voltage c)Leakage flux is more
e) Cooling is effective as more surface is d)Useful for low voltage
exposed to the atmosphere. e) Cooling is less effective
f)Easy for repairs f) Difficult for repairs
g)Weight is less g) Weight is more
h)Less mechanical protection to the coil. h)More mechanical protection to the coil.
i)It has two limbs. i)It has three limbs.

 TRANSFORMER:
Core Type transformer:

For explanation of core type

transformer refer comparison
table

Page 95
 Shell Type Transformer:

For explanation of shell type transformer refer comparison table

 Berry- Type transformer:

Explanation:
1) This type of transformer has magnetic cores in the shape of rectangular frames
2) The transformer core consists of laminations arranged is group which radiate out from the
center
3) It has more number of magnetic paths compare to other transformers.

Advantages:
1) Relatively more rigid
2) Lesser weight and size per KVA rating.
3) Lower iron losses at higher operating flux densities.
4) Lower cost

 According to way of cooling:-

1) Natural cooled:
Small distribution transformer is natural cooled. It is provided with a small exhaust
vent.
2) Oil cooled:
Medium size distribution transformer is generally oil cooled. In oil cooled transformer,
windings and cores are positioned in welded air tight steel tank.
Tank is filled with purified high quality insulating oil to convey heat from core and
windings out to the surroundings.

Page 96
3) Oil immersed water cooled:
Large power transformer is generally oil filled water cooled. Winding and core are
immersed in oil but cooling tubes are provided through which cold water is kept
circulating. Heat is carried away by water.
4) Air Blast Cooled:-
For voltages below 25kv transformer can be built for cooling by means of air blast in
which air is blown from bottom to top by means of fan or blower.

 According to Application:-
1. Distribution transformer:
Distribution transformer is used for low voltage distribution networks as means to end
consumer user connectivity.
They are generally step down transformer voltage ranges 11kv, 6.6kv, 3.3kv, 1.1kv, 440v,
230v

2. Power transformer:
Power transformer is used in transmission network of high voltage.
Voltage range: 400kv, 200kv, 110kv, 66kv, 33kv
Power transformer Distribution transformer
1.Generally step up 1.Generally step down
2.Used in transmission substation 2.Used in distribution substation
3.High capacity 3.Low capacity
4.Secondary is delta connected 4.Secondary is star connected
5.Load is not directly connected 5.Load is directly connected
6.Requires more protection and maintenance 6. Requires less protection and maintenance.

7.Weight more 7.Weight less

8.Costly 8.Cheap

 Auto transformer:

It is also called as variac or Dimmerstat:

Page 97
a) It is transformer with one winding only a part of this being common to both primary & sec.
b) In this transformer primary &sec. are not electrically isolated.
c) Because of one winding it uses less copper and is cheaper.
d) It is generally used where transformation ratio varies little from unity.
e) Tapping or sliding brush contact decides no of turns on secondary side.
f) Saving of copper=k x weight of copper in ordinary transformer
(Where k= transformation ratio)
g) Application:
i) Used as a booster.
ii) Used as a starter for starting of induction motor.
iii) For interconnection of transformer
iv) Control equipments of electric locomotives.
v) Laboratory

Ordinary transformer Auto transformer

a) Two winding One winding
b) Two windings are electrically Primary and secondary windings are electrically as
isolated and magnetically linked well as magnetically connected
c) Copper required is more Copper required is less
d) Voltage transformation is fixed Voltage transformation is variable
e) Cannot be used as a starter Cannot be used as a starter for starting induction Motor
f) Can be used as Distribution and Used for small variation of voltages.
Power transformer

 Instrument transformer:
a) It is not practical to measure very high voltages & current of E.H.V. (Extra high voltage) or
E.H.T. (Extra high tension) lines.
b) To measure these quantities specially constructed accurate ratio instrument transformers are
used.
c) Instrument transformer are of 2 types-
(i) Current transformer (C.T.)
(ii) Potential transformer (P.T.)

 Current transformer (C.T):-

(i) Current transformer is step up transformer used in conjunction with low range ammeter to
measure current in high voltage A.C circuits.
(ii) This transformer steps down the current in a known ratio.
(iii) C.T has primary coil of one or more turns of thick wire, connected in series with the line whose
current is to be measured.
(iv) Sec consists of large number of turns of thin wire and is connected to ammeter terminals.
(v) According to voltage this transformer is step up transformer.
(vi) But it’s obvious that current will be step down.
(vii) Tong tester or clip-on type C.T. is most commonly used.
(viii) Precaution
(1) Secondary should not be kept open; otherwise high voltage is induced in circuit and
damage the core.
(2) If ammeter is taken out, the sec terminals must be shorted.

Page 98
 Fig. Current transformer
 Potential transformer (PT):

(i) These transformers are highly accurate ratio step down transformers and used in conjunction
with standard low range voltmeter.
(ii) When secondary voltage is divided by transformation ratio it gives actual voltage on H.V. side.
(iii) Generally they are shell type oil immersed transformers.
(iv) Appropriate earthing & insulation should be provided for safety.

 Comparison of 1 phase and 3 phase transformer for same capacity:

1 phase transformer 3 Phase transformer
a) Single phase transformer contains two coils, Three phase transformer Contains six coils,
one on the primary side, and another one on the three for primary side, and another three coils
secondary side for the secondary side
b) It has four terminals, two on the input (phase & It has twelve terminals with different
neutral), and two on the output (phase & neutral) connection for them star or delta connections.
c) It cannot be used for supplying three phase It can be used for supplying single phase and
load. three phase load.
d) Power handling capacity of single phase Power handling capacity of is more than
transformer is less due to one winding. single phase transformer.
e) Initial Cost is Less Initial Cost is More
f) It is simple in design. The design is complex due to six windings.
g) used in the household devices applications, such Used as a power or distribution transformers,
as TV, Microwave Oven, Phone Charger, etc, with high rated KVA.
h)In most cases, no cooling system is required for Have many cooling systems depending on the
single phase transformer transformer rated power, may be by oil,
forced oil, air, forced air or by forced water.

Page 99
 Constructional Details of a Transformer:-
a) In all types of transformers, core is of silicon steel laminations assembled to provide a
continuous magnetic path.
b) Steel has high silicon content of high permeability and low hysteresis loss.
c) Laminations are provided to reduce eddy current loss.
d) Laminations are insulated from each other by varnish or oxide layer.
e) Thickness of lamination is 0.33-0.5mm.
f) Around the core there is an insulation drum around which winding of transformer are
positioned.
g) Windings are made up of copper or Aluminium.
h) Generally paper insulation is provided to insulate the windings.
i) In large transformers, to extract heat produced, proper cooling system is adopted.
j) Supply and load terminal of transformer are brought out through porcelain bushing, for
mechanical and electric protection.
a) Large scale generation electric power is usually 3-Phase.
b) Instead of using interconnected 3 single phase transformers, Application of single three phase
transformer is economical.
c) As compared bank of 3 single phase transformers the main advantages of 3 transformers are:
(i) It occupies less floor space for equal rating.
(ii) Weight is less.
(iii) Cost is also 15%less.
d) To reduce the number of wires 6 terminals of 3 wires can be connected in star or wye
connection [ ] or in delta or mesh connection .

Fig. Laminated core

Page
100
 STAR CONNECTION 3 PHASE FOUR WIRE SYSTEM[ ] :
1. In star connection, terminals either starting or finishing of all the three windings are joined
together.
2. From junction of this point a wire is taken out. This point is called as star point or neutral point
and wire is called neutral wire.
3. From remaining 3 terminals 3 wires are taken .Such a system is called 3 Phase 4 wire system.
4. 3 coils or 3 phases mounted on same axis and displaced from each other by 1200.
5. Voltage measured across 2 terminals of a coil is called phase voltage Vph.
6. Voltage between any 2 lines is called line voltage demoted by VL.

a) VL= √3Vph
IL = Line current
Iph=Phase current

b) IL=Iph
Power = √3VLILcos

 Delta connection:

a) If the finishing terminal of first winding is connected to starting of second winding to form a
closed mesh is called delta or mesh connection.
b) It is also called 3 -3 wire system.
c) Vph=VL
IL = √3Iph
Power = √3VLILcos

Page
101
 3 transformers connections:
Types Application

Star –Star λ − λ High voltage and high power transformers.

Star –Delta Employed at the substation end of the transmission line. The main use with
λ−∆ this connection is to step down the voltage.
Delta –Delta Low voltage transformer, generally used in systems where it need to be carry
∆−∆ large currents on low voltages and especially when continuity of service is to be
maintained even though one of the phases develops fault.

Delta-Star Step down power transformer, commercial, industrial, and high-density

∆−λ residential locations, to supply three-phase distribution systems.

Open Delta V-V 3-phase to 2-phase transformation

NUMERICALS:
1. Find out the o/p and current of the primary and secondary winding of a 22000/400 V   Y 3-
phase transformer when star connected load of 0.8 P.F. is connected to secondary. Take line
current on primary side = 5A.
I L  5A

400V 0.8pf
22, 000V
Pr i
Load
Sec

 IL  Given primary line current = 5 Amp.

IL 5
 Phase primary current   Amp.
3 3
Primary Phase voltage = Pri. Line Voltage.
= 22,000 Volts.
 Secondary Phase Voltage = 400 / 3
Sec.Phase Vol. 400 / 3
Transformation Ratio =
Pr i.Phase Vol. 22000
1
=
55 3
1
Secondary Phase current = Primary phase current 
K
5 55 3
=   275 Amp.
3 1
This is also line current of secondary (Star connection).

Page
102
 Output = 3.VL .I L .cos 
= 3  400  275  0.8
= 15240 Watts.
= 15.24 KW
2. 3phase -connected 200KVA transformer voltage rating=6600/500V.Load is Y connected.
Calculate voltages and current on both sides.

3 PHASE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER OR POWER TRANSFORMER [MAIN PARTS]

PARTS:
1. Primary winding 10.Explosion vent
2. Secondary winding 11.Temperature gauge
3. Transformer oil 12.Buchholz Relay
4. Cooling Tubes 13.Conservator
5. Tank 14. Breather
6. Primary terminals 15. Oil level indicator
7. Secondary terminals
8. Drain cock
9. Earth point

 NOTE:
 In power transformer winding connections are : primary winding – star connected
Secondary winding delta connected
 In distribution transformer winding connections are: primary winding- delta connected
Secondary winding – star connected
Page
103
1) Primary Winding:
a) It is made of copper& connected either in star or delta connection.
b) Supply is given to this winding.
c) Sets up magnetic field.
2) Secondary windings:
a) It is made of good quality enameled copper & connected either in star or delta connection.
b) According to number of turns, e.m.f is induced in it.
3) Transformer oil:
a) Transformers are generally housed in tightly fitted sheet metal tank filled with special
insulating oil(Even after long services no deterioration, oxidation, acid ,sludge or moisture
formation and no rapid burning)
b) Transformer oil is a mineral oil, clean hydrocarbon oil is obtained by refining crude
petroleum.
c) Transformer oil is used for insulation purpose having high dielectric strength (3kV/mm)
d) It is also used for cooling purpose as well as for arc quenching.
4) Cooling Tubes:
Tubes are connected to tank to carry away heat produced and to keep transformer cool.
5) Tank :
Sheet metal tanks are used for housing transformer.
6&7) Primary and Secondary Terminals:
a) Primary and secondary terminals of primary and secondary windings are to be taken out
from tank surface for connection purpose through a porcelain bushing.
8) Drain Cock:
a) It is used at bottom of tank.
b) It is used to replace transformer oil for filtration.
9) Earth Point:
Transformer body is earthed for safety and providing path for leakage current.
10) Explosion vent:
It is a safety valve which protects transformer from gases induced by any type of short circuit
in transformer.
11) Temperature Gauge:
Used for indicating the temperature of transformer oil.
Page
104
12) Buchholz Relay:
a) It is a gas activated Relay.
b) It is a part of oil immersed transformer for providing protection against all kinds of faults.
c) It is used to give an alarm in case of slow developing or minor faults and disconnects
transformer from supply in event of severe internal faults.
d) In case of incipient faults, heat due to fault, causes decomposition of some transformer oil
and production of gas containing 70%hydrogen.
e) Due to pressure of gas float A tilts and mercury switch operates closing contacts of Alarm
circuit to sound an alarm.
f) If severe faults occur enormous amount of gas is generated in main tank.
g) Oil in the tank rushes towards conservator via Buchholz Relay completing trip circuit to
open the circuit breaker disconnecting transformer.

Fig. Buchholz Relay

Page
105
13) Conservator tank:
a) It is a sort of drum mounted on top of transformer
b) Conservator is connected through a pipe on transformer tank containing oil
c) This oil expands and contracts depending upon the heat produced and so oil level in
conservator rises and falls. Thus conservator provides space for oil expansion.
d) Pipe connected to conservator is left open to atmosphere through a breather so that
extra air may go out or come in.

14) Breather:
a) Presence of small amount of moisture in transformer oil is highly detrimental from
insulation point of view because it lowers the dielectric strength of oil considerably.
b) In very small transformer air tight construction is possible but not in large transformer
c) When transformer oil contracts, oil level falls and air enters in side. So Breather is
provided
d) Breather is a box containing silica gel or calcium chloride which absorbs moisture from
air entering conservator.
e) The atmospheric moisture is entrapped in this breather and is not allowed to pass on to
the oil.
f) Silica gel crystals are blue in color when dry and whitish pink when damp.

15) Oil level indicator.

It is a glass tube which shows the oil level in conservator tank-

 Losses in transformer:

Losses

Core loss or Copper loss

iron loss or or winding
No load loss loss.

Hysteresis Eddy current

loss loss

Page
106
 Two main types:
1) Core loss or iron loss or No load loss.
2) Copper loss or winding loss.

 Short notes on losses in transformer.

Ans. : Cu loss or winding loss:
(a) Cu loss is a variable loss. It depends on the load.
(b) It takes places because of Ohmic resistance of the copper winding.
(c) It varies in square proportion of load and current ( I 2 R)
(d) Cu loss can be minimized by using good quality enameled copper.
(e) Iron loss or core loss or no load loss.

Fe loss { Iron loss or core loss or no load loss}

(a) Fe is a constant loss it is independent of the load.
(b) Fe loss comprises of (a) Hysteresis loss due to reversal of magnetization(b) Eddy
current loss
(c) Hysteresis loss can be minimized by using silicon steel material and eddy current can
be minimized by using thin laminations / stampings.
(d) Collectively Fe loss can be minimized using silicon steel stampings.

 Tests on transformer (Indirect Methods of testing):

For finding out performance of transformer following tests are carried out:
(i) Open circuit test for finding out core losses.
(ii) Short circuit test for finding out copper losses.

 Advantages of Open Circuit Test and Short Circuit Test over Direct loading of
Transformer:-
1] These tests are economical and convenient because they furnish the required
information without actually loading the transformer.
2] Time required is less.
3] Power loss is less.
4] Equivalent circuit can be drawn.

Page
107
 No load Test or Open circuit Test:

Fig. Circuit diagram of open circuit test

a) The purpose of this test is to determine no load loss or core loss and no load primary
current.
b) One winding of transformer generally HV winding is kept open and other is connected
to supply of normal voltage and frequency.
c) Wattmeter W, Ammeter A, voltmeter V is connected to L.V. winding.
d) With normal voltage applied to primary normal flux will be set up.
e) Normal iron losses will occur in the core which is recorded by wattmeter.
f) As primary no load current Io is small copper losses are negligibly small in primary&
nil in secondary.
g) Hence wattmeter reading represents core loss.
h) High resistance voltmeter is connected across secondary.
i) The reading of voltmeter gives induced emf in secondary.
j) This helps find out Transformation ratio k.

 Observation Table:

Page
108
 Short Circuit Test:

Fig. Circuit diagram of short circuit test

a) In this test, one winding; generally low voltage; is solidly short circuited by a thick conductor
or through an ammeter.
b) A low voltage usually 5 to 20% of normal voltage is applied to the primary winding.
c) Since in this test applied voltage is small % of normal voltage, flux is also small % of normal
value.
d) Core losses are small and wattmeter represents full load copper loss.

 Observation table :

WSC  Copper Loss

 Efficiency of transformer:
a) Efficiency of transformer at a particular load and power factor is defined as ratio of output
power to input power.
Output Power
b) Efficiency =
Input Power
c) Iron loss is independent of load.
d) These losses are produced due to flux
e) But flux is constant at all loads.
f) Hence iron loss is constant at all loads.
g) Copper loss is variable loss.
h) It varies in square proportion of current of load.
2
 x KVA 
Culoss at x load=Cu loss at full load   
 Rated KVA 

Page
109
 To find out efficiency of transformer by direct loading:

 In this test primary is connected to the rated voltage and secondary is loaded by lamp banks.
Output Power W
 100  2  100
 % Efficiency = Input Power W1
 The above direct loading test is suitable for small capacity transformers. But for bigger
capacity transformer indirect methods are adopted for testing.

Fig. Circuit diagram to find efficiency of 1 phase transformer

 Voltage Regulation of transformer:

a) When transformer is loaded with const primary voltage, sec voltage decreases because
of its leakage reactance and internal resistance.
b) Definition :
Change in sec terminal voltage from no load to full load expressed as a % of no load
sec voltage is called regulation of transformer.
V  VL
% Regulation = NL  100
VNL

Page
110
 Where V NL =No load sec voltage
V L =sec terminal voltage at full load.
c) Lesser the regulation better is the transformer.
d) Regulation is negative when the power factor is leading.
e) For resistive and Inductive circuits the secondary terminal voltage falls but for
capacitive load the secondary terminal voltage increases.

 Condition for maximum efficiency:

1. Efficiency of transformers varies as load.
2. Efficiency of transformer is maximum when copper loss=iron loss
√Fe loss
3. Load at which ŋ is maximum=full load KVA x
√full load Cu loss

 All day Efficiency:

1) Transformers used for supplying lighting and general network are Distribution
transformer having their primary energized all 24 hours.
2) Although their secondary is supplying little or no load, much of the time during the day
except during the house lighting period.
3) It means that core losses occur throughout the day but cu losses occur when transformer
is loaded.
4) Hence it is considered a good practice to design such transformer so that core loss is
less.
5) Performance of such transformer is judged by all day efficiency or operational
efficiency.
6) All day Efficiency = (for all day 24 hrs.)

 Why the efficiency of transformer is always higher than any other rotating machine?
Ans.: 1. Transformer essentially consists of iron core and copper winding. Therefore, it has only
Cu. Loss and Fe loss.
2. Where as in other rotating machines in addition to copper loss and iron loss there is a
third loss known as mechanical loss (friction and windage loss). Hence efficiency of
transformer is always higher than any other rotating machine.

Important formulae:
output
* Efficiency ( ) = 100
Input
output
=  100
output  loss
o/ p
% =  100
o / p  (Cu  Fe) loss

*Output in Kw = KVA  cos 

2
 x KVA 
*Cu loss at x load=Cu loss at full load   
 Rated KVA 
VNL VFL
*% Regulation = X 100
VNL

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111
 NUMERICAL:

1. 100 KVA transformer has full load copper loss 800 watt and Iron loss 600w calculate
efficiency of transformer at 25% full load, Power factor is 0.8 lag.
Ans. Given : Rating = 100 KVA, o/p = 100  cos  = 100  0.8  80 k w
Cu loss = 800 w
Iron loss = 600 w
Power factor = cos   0.8
Solution :
Output in kw = KVA  P .F . = 100  0.8  80 k w
= 80 100  80, 000 w
25
i) o/p at 25% =  80000  20, 000 w
100
2
 25 
ii) Cu loss at 25 % =    800  50W
 100 
iii) Fe loss at 25 % = 600 ( it is a constant loss)
o/ p
 % 
o / p  (Cu  Fe) loss
20000
%   100
20650
= 96.85 %

2. A 100 KVA transformer has F.L. Cu. Loss of 3 KW and F.L. Iron of 2 KW. Find the
efficiency of the transformer at half load.
Ans.: Given : o/p = 100 KVA
Cu = 3 kw
Fe = 2 kw
To find  = half of full load.

Solution : o/p in kw = op  cos 

= 100  0.5
= 50 kw
1
i) O.P. at half load = 50   25 kw
2
1 3
ii) Cu loss at half load = 3   kw
4 4
iii) Fe at half load = 2 kw
( Fe loss is a constant loss)
Now, ' ' at half load
25
% efficiency at half load =  100
25  0.75  2
25
=  100
27.75
= 90 .09 %

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112
3. 10kva transformer is on no load for 16 hrs/day and for remaining hours is fully loaded.
Calculate the all day efficiency at unity p.f. Full load cu loss=iron loss=1KW
Full day efficiency or all day efficiency
O.P. in KWH for 24 hr.
%' '   100
o / p(24 hr )  Cu loss(24 hr )  Feloss(24 hr )
Ans. : o/p = 10 KVA
@ no load = 16 hr
At full load = 24 hr – 16 hr = 8 hr

To find : % all day efficiency : ?

Solution : Assuming the Cu loss and Fe loss = 1 kw.

 Cu loss = Fe loss = 1 kw (  this is the condition for maximum efficiency)
Output = KVA  p.f. = 10  1  10 KW
i) For 16 hrs – No load
a. o/p in KWH = 0
b. Cu loss in KWH = 0
ii) For 8 hrs – full load
a. o/p in KWH = 10  8  80 KWH
b. Cu loss in KWH = 1  8 = 8 KWH

 We know that Fe loss is a constant loss.

 Fe loss for 24 hrs = 1  24 = 24 KWH

80
% All day efficiency =  100
80  8  24
% All day efficiency = 71.4 %

4. A 60 KVA S.P.T. has an iron loss of 1.25 KW and F.L. Cu. Loss of 2 KW. Calculate the
all-day efficiency if the transformer is on ‘no’ load for 16 hours and on half-load unity
p.f. for 8 hrs.
Ans. :
Given , Rating = 60 KVA, F.L. Cu loss = 2 KW, cos   1 , Iron loss = 1.25 KW

Solution :
Output in KWH = KVA × cos   hours
No load for 16 hours
Output for first 16 hours = 0
60
Output for next 8 hours =  1  8  240 KWH
2
Total output for 24 hours = 240 KWH
Iron loss for 24 hours = 1.25  24  30 KWH
2
Cu loss for 8 hours =  8  4 KWH
4
output in KWH
All day efficiency =
Input in KWH
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113
 output in KWH
=  100
output + losses
240
=  100
240  4  30
240
=  100
273
% = 87.91 %

NUMERICALS FOR PRACTICE

1. A 200 KVA step Down transformer has full load iron loss=800 watt and copper loss=2000
watt find out efficiency at full load (cos =1). And efficiency at half load (cos =0.8)

2. A 5 kvA, 2300/230 v 50 H2 transformer has iron loss=40 watt, cu loss=112 watt at full load
calculate efficiency of transformer at 0.8 p.f for following KVA output.
(i) 1.25 KVA
(ii) 2.5 KVA
(iii) 3.5 KVA
(iv) 5 KVA
(v) 6.25 KVA
(vi) 7.5 KVA

3. A 5 KVA transformer has 35 watt core loss and 40 watt cu loss at full load. It operates at rated
KVA and 0.8 p.f lag for 6 hours. Half rated KVA and 0.5 p.f. lag for 12hrs and no load for 6
hrs. Find all day efficiency.

4. A 100 KVA transformer has full load loss as of 3kw. Loss is equally divided as transformer
iron and cu loss. During a day it operates on full load for 3 hours. On half load for 4 hours and
no load for remaining hrs. Calculate all day efficiency.

 Maintenance of transformer Includes:

1] Daily Maintenance
a) Check position of tap-changer.
b) Check relay panel, temperature indicators and confirm normal condition.
c) Check relieves vents.

2] Weekly checking.
a)Check tank and radiators.
b) Check that all control/alarm/power/supply circuit is well placed.

3] Monthly checking.
a) Check oil level in main tank.
b) Check and record oil temperature.
c) Tight terminal connections.

4] Half yearly maintenance.

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114
 a) Check earthing resistance.
b) Clean bushing surface.

5] Yearly Maintenance
a) Check circuit breakers and all power, control and alarm circuits.
b) Check dielectric strength of insulating oil.
c) Clean dirt and oil from radiating surfaces.

6] Five yearly maintenance.

a)Check foundation for crack and settlings.
b) See that screen and baffles in the vents and breathers are not obstructed or broken.
c) If breathers are dehydrating type check chemicals and replace if depleted.
d) Check motors and control.
e) Check external supply and drain piping for leaks.
f) Check for gas leaks.

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115
Core Type transformer:

Shell Type Transformer: Fig. 3 phase distribution transformer

Fig. 1phase distribution transformer Fig. Substation 100 KVA power transformer

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116
Fig. High voltage power Fig. Autotransformer Fig. Internal winding of
autotransformer

Fig. Current transformer

Fig. Window and Bar Type CTs are the most common current transformers found in the field.

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117
Fig. pink color indicates it contains moisture and need to be replaced, where as blue color
indicates that it is not affected by moisture and ready to absorb moisture.

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118
 12. SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

 Why Single Phase induction Motors are not self starting?

1 When a 1 a.c. supply is given to a stator of 1 motors only alternating flux is
produced in stator. It is not of rotating type.
2. Hence rotational torque is not produced.
3. Alternating magnetic flux cannot move the rotor.
4. Therefore the motors are not self starting.

 Broad Classification of 1 motors

1 Motors

1 IM Repulsion A.C.Series unexcited

motor Motor synchronous
motor

split phase capacitor Shaded pole

motor motor motor

capacitor start Permanent Capacitor start

Induction Run capacitor capacitor Run
motor motor motor

1. Split Phase motors (Resistance Start Induction Run Motors):

(a) Sketch Diagram:

(b) Construction:
(i) Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having internal slots for receiving single
phase stator winding.

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119
 (ii) Stator winding: - It is made up of good quality enameled copper and is split into
starting winding/auxiliary winding and running/main winding. The main winding has
very low resistance and a high inductive reactance whereas the starting winding has
high resistance and low inductive reactance.
(iii) Rotor: It is a round cylindrical part having slots on the periphery for round Cu bars and
is made of silicon steel stamping.
(iv) Rotor conductors: These are round Cu bars embedded in the rotor slots& permanently
short circuited (squirrel cage rotor)
(v) Centrifugal Switch: It is connected in series with the starting winding.

(c) Working:
(i) When an A.C supply is given to the stator of the motor, the current ( I ) splits into Im&
Is flowing in the main winding& starting winding.
(ii) The current (Im) lags the applied voltage by greater angle since more inductive & (Is)
lags the applied voltage by a smaller angle since more resistive less inductive.
(iii) The currents Im and Is produces it own flux m & S having a phase angle difference
which interact and r.m.f is set and the rotor start rotating.
(iv) When the rotor reaches 70 – 80% of the normal speed, the centrifugal switch is
operated and the starting winding is disconnected electrically from the circuit. Hence
the name resistance start induction run motor.
(v) As starting torque is proportional to phase angle between Im&Is, starting torque is less.

D.O.R: can be changed by interchanging the connection of either starting winding or

running winding but not both at a same time.
Application: Small machine tools, duplicating machines, oil burner

2. Capacitor motors:
(a) Capacitor start induction run motors
(b) Permanent capacitor motors.
(c) Capacitor start capacitor run motors.

(a) Capacitor start Induction run motor :

(i) Sketch diagram :

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120
Starting Current = I st  Sin
(ii) Construction :
(a) Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having internal slots for stator winding.
(b) Stator winding: it is made up of good Quality enameled Cu & split as starting winding
and running winding.
(c) Rotor: It is round cylindrical part having slots for round copper bars and is made of
silicon steel.
(d) Rotor conductors: These are round copper bars embedded in the rotor slots and
permanently short circuited (squirrel cage rotor).
(e) Centrifugal switch: It is connected in series with the starting winding

(iii) Working :
(a) When an AC supply is given to the motor, the current (I) splits into Im and Is flowing in
the main winding and starting winding.
(b) The current (Im) lags by a greater angle since more inductive and Current (Is) leads by a
smaller angle since more capacitive and less inductive.
(c) The current (I m ) and (I s ) produces its own flux m and  s having a phase angle
difference which interacts and rotor starts rotating.
(d) When the rotor reaches 70- 80% of the normal speed, the centrifugal switch is operated
and starting winding is disconnected electrically from the circuit.

D.O.R Can we change by making starting winding as running and vice versa.

Application:
(i) Refrigerator (ii) drilling machine (iii) lathe machine
(iv) pumps (v) cooler (vi) printing press

(b) Permanent Capacitor motors :

(i) Circuit diagram

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121
(ii) Construction
(a) Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having internal slots for stator winding.
(b) Stator winding: It is made up of good quality enameled copper and is split into starting
winding and running winding
(c) Rotor: It is round cylindrical part having slots for round copper bars and is made up of
silicon steel stamping.
(d) Rotor conductors: These are round copper bars embedded in the rotor slots and
permanently short circuited (Squirrel cage rotor).

(iii) Working
(a) When an AC supply is given to the motor, the current (I) splits into Im and Is flowing in
the main winding and starting winding.
(b) The Current (Im) lags the applied voltage by a greater angle since more inductive and
Current (Is) Leads the voltage by a smaller angle since more capacitive and less
inductive.
(c) This creates a phase angle difference between main winding flux and starting winding
flux and rotating magnetic flux is set up .Thus rotor starts rotating.
(d) The capacitor remains permanently in the circuit even in the running condition

D.O.R Can be change by making starting winding as running and vice versa.

Application : (i) Ceiling fan (ii) table fan

(C) Capacitor start Capacitor Run Motor

(i) Circuit diagram

(ii) Construction
(a) Stator. It is made up of silicon steel stamping of having internal slots for stator winding.
(b) Stator winding: it is made up of good Quality enameled Cu and is split as starting
winding and running winding
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122
 (c) Rotor: It is round cylindrical part having slots for round copper bars and is made of
silicon steel.
(d) Rotor conductors: These are round copper bars embedded it the rotor slots and
permanently short circuited (squirrel cage rotor).
(e) Centrifugal switch: It is connected in series with the capacitor C1.’

(iii) Working
(a) The two capacitors are used Cap1 and Cap2. Cap1 is of higher value but short duty and
Cap2 is of lower value but continuous duty.
(b) When the supply is switched on the current (I) splits into splits into Im and Is flowing in
the main winding and starting winding.
(c) The Current (Im) lags by a greater angle since more inductive and Current (Is) leads by a
smaller angle since more capacitive and less inductive.
(d) This creates a phase angle difference between main winding flux and starting winding
flux and rotating magnetic flux is set up .Thus rotor starts rotating.
(e) When the rotor reaches 70- 80% of the normal speed, the centrifugal switch is operated
and the cap1 is disconnected from the circuit whereas Cap2 remains permanently in the
circuit.

Application: (I) Room Cooler (II) Refrigerator (III) Compressor

Specialty (i) p. f. is improved (ii) higher efficiency (iii) higher torque(iv) starts quickly

D.O.R: Can be change by making starting winding as running and vice versa.

3. Shaded Pole Motor:

(i) circuit diagram

(ii) Construction
(a) Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having salient poles. A slot is cut in the
pole and a Cu coil is placed at one corner. Copper coil is known as shading coil. This
part of the pole is known as shaded part and the remaining as unshaded part.
(b) Stator winding [field winding]: It is made up of good quality enameled copper and
wound on salient poles.
(c) Rotor: It is cylindrical part made up of silicon steel stamping having slots for rotor
bars.
(d) Rotor conductors: Made up of round copper bars which are placed in rotor slots and are
permanently short circuited (sq. cage)
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123
(iii) Working:

Fig. A
(a) When the supply is switch “ON” the field current is rapidly increasing along OA in the
field winding produces flux in the poles. According to transformer action e.m.f. is
induced in the shading coil causing heavy current to circulate it according to Lenz’s law
in such a direction as to oppose the rise of field current .Hence flux shifts mostly to the
un shaded part and the magnetic axis lies along the middle of un shaded part.

(b) Consider the moment when field current is near its peak value i.e. AB change in
exciting field current is less. So the induced current in the shading coil is very less.
Hence the flux is uniformly distributed over the pole face. So the magnetic axis lies to
the center of the whole pole.

Fig. B
(c) At one instance the current in the shading coil decreases very rapidly i.e. BC and hence
the M.A shifts towards the shaded pole. It seems as if the M.A is moving from the un
shaded pole to shaded pole and the rotating magnetic field is setup and the rotor starts
rotating.

Fig. C
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124
 D.O.R: It is not possible to change the D.O.R. of these motor as the position of the copper
rings are fixed.

Application:
The low initial cost suits the shaded-pole motors to low horsepower or light duty applications.
Perhaps their largest use is in multi-speed fans for household use. But the low torque, low
efficiency and less sturdy mechanical features make shaded-pole motors impractical for most
industrial or commercial use, where higher cycle rates or continuous duty are the norm.
(i) Small fans (ii) Toys (iii) hair dryers

4. Repulsion Motor (Repulsion Start Induction Run Motor):

(i) Circuit Diagram

(ii) Construction:
(a) Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having non salient poles for stator
winding.
(b) Stator winding: It is made up of good quality enameled copper and is wound on the
stator pole.
(c) Rotor: It is round cylindrical part having slots for copper winding and is made up of
silicon steel stampings. It is same as the armature of D.C Motor.
(d) Rotor winding: These are made up of good quality enameled cu and placed in the rotor
slots the ends of which are connected to the carbon brushes.
(e) Commutator: It consist of alternate layers of copper and mica segments
(f) Brushes: Made up of carbon or graphite placed in the holder and ride against
commutator .The brushes are shorted by connecting them directly with a cu wire
(jumper).

(iii) Working:
(i) When current is given to the stator winding field is set up .Let an instant the field is
such that N pole is at the top and S pole is at the bottom and the MA lies vertical.
(ii) The Brush Axis is neither horizontal nor vertical, but at an intermediate angle  .
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125
 (iii) The like poles of the stator and rotor repel each other and the rotor starts rotating.
(iv) Since the rotor rotates because of repulsive force it is called Repulsion Motor.
(v) The speed of this motor can be changed by shifting the position of brushes.

D.O.R: It can be change by shifting the brushes in reversed direction.

Application: (i) Refrigerator (ii) mixing machine

(iii) Floor polishing machine (iv) lifts
(v) compressor

5. AC series Motor:
Introduction:-
Universal Motor is a small version of a.c. series motor. It works on A.C. supply as well as D.C.
supply.
(i) Circuit diagram:

(ii) Construction:
A.C. series motor is similar in construction as D.C. series motor and has the main
parts.
(a) Field pole: It is made up of silicon steel stamping and salient type for field winding.
(b) Field winding: It is made up of good quality enameled copper and is wound on the field
pole.
(c) Armature: It is round cylindrical part having slots on the periphery for the armature
winding.
(d) Armature winding: It is made up of good quality enameled copper placed in the
armature slots the ends of which are connected to the commutator.
(e) Commutator: Itconsists of alternate layers of copper and mica segments.
(f) Brushes: There are made up of carbon or graphite.

(iii) Working:
(a) If D.C. series motor is connected to AC. supply. It will rotate with unidirectional torque
which can be explained as follows.
(b) For the instantaneous polarity the direction of the current in the series field coil and

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126
 armature coil is as shown in figure (a). As per the theory, When a current carrying
conductor is placed in the magnetic field it experiences a force in certain direction and
its direction is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
(c) In the first case, armature starts rotating in anticlockwise direction.
(d) In the next half cycle of a.c. instantaneous polarities are changed as shown n the figure
(e) The direction of field as well as direction of current in the armature is also changed.
(f) By Fleming’s left hand rule, we find that direction of rotation of armature is same that
is anticlockwise. Thus we can conclude that to the D.C. series motor even if a.c. supply
is given the motor develops at unidirectional torque.
(g) But for the good performance of a.c. series motor or universal motor some
modifications are to be made in the motor.

Sr. Problems Modification

No.
1 As magnetic field is alternating large eddy Structure is made of silicon steel
current and hysteresis loss Stamping
2 Sparking due to poor commutation Commutating poles are provided.
3 Power factor is low Compensating winding is provided.

D.O.R - Can be changed by reversing the terminals of armature with respect to field coil.
Application:-
(i) Vacuum cleaner (ii) Mixers (iii) Sewing Machine
(iv) Drill Machine (v) Cinema projector.

 SPEED CONTROL OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR: (3 Marks)

1. Resistance Method
2. Tapping –field method.
3. Centrifugal mechanism

1. Resistance Method: Motor speed is controlled by connecting a variable resistance R in series

with the motor.

2. Tapping –field method: Field pole is tapped at various points and speed is controlled by
varying the field strength.

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127
 APPLICATION OF SINGLE PHASE MOTOR

Sr. No. Purpose Suitable Motor

1 Printing Press Capacitor Start Motor
2 Lathe Machine Capacitor Start Motor
3 Centrifugal Pump Capacitor Start Motor
4 Electric Drill Machine Universal Motor
5 Mixer Universal Motor
6 Sewing Machine Universal Motor
7 Radiogram Tape Recorder Shaded pole or synchronous motor
8 Shaving Machine Shaded pole or synchronous motor
9 Refrigerator Shaded pole or Capacitor Start / Run
Motor
10 Cooler Capacitor Start Motor
11 Cinema Projector Universal Motor
12 Ceiling or Table fan Permanent Capacitor type Motor
13 Wall Clocks Shaded Pole or 1phase Synchronous
Motor
14 Floor Polishing Machine Repulsion Type Motor
15 Vacuum Cleaner Universal Motor
16 Toy Motor Shaded Pole Motor
17 Tape Recorder 1phase Synchronous Motor

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128
 13. THEORY OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD AND
3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

Production of Rotating Field:

When two or three phase supply is given to stationary coils wound for two or three phase a
uniformly rotating magnetic flux of constant value is produced.
Two Phase Supply:
1. A 2 phase – 2pole stator having two identical windings, having phase difference
between them is of 900.
2. Magnetic flux produced due to current flowing in each phase is assumed sinusoidal.
The assumed positive direction of fluxes are as shown in fig.(a)

Fig. (a)
i) When   0
Flux produced by phase 1 [ 1 ]= 0
Flux produced by phase 2 [ 2 ] = Maximum negative
Resultant flux  r  m is in a downward direction.

ii) When   450


1  m Positive,
2

2  m Negative
2
Resultant flux r  m although shifted 450 clockwise.

iii) When   90 0
1  Maximum positive
2  0
Resultant flux  r  m shifted by 900 from its original position.

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129
 0
iv) When   135

1  m - positive
2

2  m - Positive
2
Resultant flux r  m shifted clockwise by another 450.

v) When
  180
1  0
2  Maximum positive
Resultant flux r  m shifted through 1800 from its
position at the beginning.
Hence we conclude :
1. Magnitude of the resultant flux is constant.
2. Resultant flux rotates at synchronous speed given by N s  120 f / P rpm
N s  120 f / P rpm

 Three phase supply :

1. When three phase supply is connected to 3 phase winding which are 1200 apart from
each other different fluxes 1 , 2, 3 are produced which are 1200 apart from each other.
The resultant of these three fluxes is a that the rotating magnetic field of constant
magnitude is produced.
2. The assumed positive direction of the fluxes. Let the maximum flux due to any one of
three phases be m . The resultant flux  r at any instant is given by the vector sum of
the individual fluxes 1 , 2, 3 due to three phase. We will consider values of  at four
instants corresponding to points marked 0, 1, 2 and 3.

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130
When   0

Magnetic flux produced by phase 1 = 1 = 0.

3
Magnetic flux produced by phase 2 = 2  m - negative
2
3
Magnetic flux produced by phase 3 = 3  m - positive
2

When   60 0 corresponding to point 1

3
1  m - positive
2
3
2  m - negative
2
3  0

When   1200
3
1  m = Positive
2
2  0
3
3  m = Negative
2

When   1800
1  0
3
2  m  Positive
2
3
3  m  Negative
2

We conclude them:
1. Resultant flux is of constant value i.e. 1.5 times the maximum value of the flux due to
any phase.
2. Resultant flux rotates at synchronous speed given by N s  120 f / P .

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131
 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:
Advantage of 3  IM :
(i) Compact & Simple in construction
(ii) Shape & weight is small
(iii) Maintenance is less
(iv) Self – starting

Drawbacks :
(i) Speed variation is difficult
(ii) Speed variation arrangement is not reliable
(iii) Starting torque is not more.
(iv) Efficiency decreases with speed variation

 Construction of 3 I.M :
1. Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having internal slots for stator winding.

Fig. Silicon Steel stampings for induction motor stator

2. Stator winding: It is made up of good quality enameled copper and is either star or delta
connected.

3. Rotor: It is a round cylindrical part having slots on the periphery to receive round copper bars
or rotor winding. There are two types of rotor:

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132
 (i) Squirrel Cage Rotor used in squirrel cage induction motor.

Fig. Skew angle in squirrel cage rotor Fig. Squirrel cage rotor

(ii) Phase wound rotor used in slip ring induction motor.

4. Rotor winding:
(i) Squirrel Cage: These are round copper bars which are embedded in rotor slots and are
permanently short circuited.
(b) Slip ring: This is made up of good quality enameled copper and is star connected. The
ends of which are connected to the slip rings through which external resistance can be
added. 5. Slip rings: These are mounted on the shaft and are made of phosphor –bronze.

Fig. Slip rings

6. Brushes: These are made of carbon and kept touching to the Commutator under the tension of
the springs.

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133
(a) Squirrel cage motor:

(b) Squirrel cage motor :

2. Slip –Ring (Wound – rotor) motor:

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134
WORKING OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:
Explanation:
1. The poles are not present physically it is shown for simplicity. When 3 supply is given
to the stator, magnetic flux of constant magnitude but rotating at synchronous speed
120f
(Ns= p ) is set up. Let an instant (a) stator field is acting downwards and rotating in
clockwise direction
2. The flux passes through air gap and cut the stationary rotor conductor. Due to Relative
speed between rotating flux and stationary conductors EMF is induced in rotor
conductors.
3. The direction of this e.m.f. can be found by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule.
4. This causes current to circulate in the rotor conductor, whose direction is shown by dot.
5. This current carrying conductor produces magnetic field according to right hand thumb
rule is shown in the fig (b).
6. These two fields interact and the resultant field is produced.
7. It is seen that the effective field on the L.H.S is stronger as they are in same direction
whereas the effective field on the R.H.S is weaker as they are in opposite direction.
8. This produces force on the R.H.S which can be proved by Flemings Left Hand Rule.
9. Hence the rotor starts rotating in the clock wise direction. In the same direction as stator
rotating field.

Synchronous speed:
When 3-phase supply is given to 3-phase stator rotating magnetic field is
produced in stator. The speed of rotating magnetic field in stator is called
synchronous speed.
NS is synchronous speed of the stator magnetic field.
120  f
Ns 
P
F = Frequency
P = No. of poles.

Slip speed and slip:

Rotor runs in the direction of stator magnetic field. Speed of the rotor is N is always
less than NS. Slip speed: Difference between rotating magnetic field of stator and actual speed
of rotor or motor is called slip speed.

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 Slip speed = N s  N
Slip: Slip speed expressed in terms of synchronous speed ( Ns ) is called slip
N N
Slip  s
Ns
Percentage Slip
N N
% slip  s 100
Ns
Slip is about 3 to 5 percentage for induction motor.

Frequency of rotor current:

i) When rotor is stationary frequency of rotor current rotor is same as supply frequency.
But when rotor start rotating frequency of rotor current depends upon slip speed.
ii) Let at any slip speed, frequency of rotor current is f '
120 f
Ns        (i )
P
f = Supply frequency
Frequency of rotor current is f '
120 f
Ns  N          (ii )
P
Dividing (ii) by (i)
Ns  N f '

Ns f
f'
s
f
f '  sf

Changing D.O.R of 3  I.M

R-Y-B of 3 supply is connected to R –Y –B terminal of 3 motor. This is called as
phase sequence.
By changing any of the two terminals, the phase sequence is changed & the motor starts
to rotate in opposite direction.
(i.e R –Y – B changed to R – B – Y or Y – R – B or B – Y - R)

Suppose :
D.O.R. is clockwise D.O.R. is anticlockwise
supply Terminal Motor terminal Supply terminals Motor terminals

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 What is meant by Skew shape or advantages of squirrel cage type rotor?
Definition: The rotor slots are not exactly parallel to the shaft but they are slightly inclined
such a shape is called as skew shape.
Advantages:
1. The motor starts quickly.
2. Humming sound is not produce
3. The magnetic locking effect of stator & rotor is reduced due to which rotor may refuse
to start.
4. Rotor resistance slightly increases due to increased length of rotor conductor.

 Necessity of starters for 3 I.M (2m)

1. When the 3 supply is given to the 3 stator winding, e.m.f is induced in the rotor
circuit also, due to magnetic induction.
2. Rotor circuit of 3 squirrel cage I.M is just like short circuited secondary of
transformer.
3. The rotor conductors being shorted draws heavy current (i.e 10 times F.L current)
4. Moreover , the rotor winding is of low resistance to withstand such a heavy current.
5. Thus, to limit the starting current motor of 5 H.P and above should always be started
through a suitable starter.
6. When motor picks up speed back e.m.f. is developed and running current gets
automatically limited. Back e.m.f. is proportional to speed. At stand still speed is zero
and back e.m.f. is zero so large current flows through the circuit.
(a) Due to high current windings may get damage.
(b) Line voltage drop increases.

Types of 3 I.M (2M)

(i) Slip-ring or wound Rotor motor.
(ii) Squirrel cage motor.
(iii) Double – Cage motor.
(iv) Deep – Bar cage motor
Types of Starters suitable for Sq. cage motors.
(i) Stator – Resistance starter.
(ii) Star Delta starter
(iii) Auto – X’mer starter.
(iv) D.O.L starters.
Types of starters suitable for slip ring motor.
(i) Rotor Resistance Starter
(ii) D.O.L starter.

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1. Stator – Resistance Starter :

1. Three equal resistances are connected in each phase of the stator. As these resistances
are connected in series with stator windings of the motor, some voltage drops across
series resistances and reduced voltage is applied to the motor.
2. Thus, motor starts with a reduced voltage & draws less current.
3. When the rotor gains 70 to 80% of rated speed, back e.m.f is developed and current
gets automatically limited. The handle is moved to ‘RUN’ position.
4. At this position the resistances are cut out & stator receives full voltage & the motor
runs with the desired speed
5. This starter is used up to 7.5 H.P. motors.

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2. Star –delta Starter:

i. It is a simple manually operated starter which connects the stator to the supply. At the
time of starting the stator windings are connected in star.
1
ii. These reduces the voltage, per phase by times VL
3
iii. This, motor starts with a safer value of current.
iv. Once the motor gains speed back e.m.f is developed and current gets automatically
limited.
v. The handle is moved to ‘RUN’ position and the windings are connected in delta. In
delta phase voltage is equal to line voltage. Thus rated line voltage is applied to the
motor in running condition.

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3. Auto transformer starter: -
Explanation
i. Three 1 auto transformers are used for each phase of a 3 motor.
ii. The tapings are identical for each autotransformer.
iii. This steps –down the voltage in every phase.
iv. Thus, the motor starts with the safe current at ‘START’ & when motor catches speed
back e.m.f is developed and current gets automatically controlled , the handle is moved
to the ‘RUN’ position & the motor runs with it, rated capacity.

Starter for slip ring (Wound rotor) Motor. Rotor resistance starter:

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 i. At start the three equal resistances in the form of a circular arrangement are connected
in the rotor circuit.
ii. As external resistance is added in the rotor circuit, the motor starts with safe current.
iii. When motor catches speed the handle is moved from ‘START’ to ‘RUN’ position
gradually, cutting off the resistances from the rotor circuit.
iv. There is a switch which prevents starting the motor directly in ‘RUN’ position of the
handle.

DIRECT ONLINE STARTER

Starter for both types of motors : D.O.L (Direct ON- LINE Starters)
Explanation:
1 This is called direct on line starter because when the starters is switched ‘ON’ the
motor is connected directly to the supply lines.
2. The working voltage of N.V.C is 440 V
3. It is suitable for motors upto 5 H.P

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 4. The starter has a magnetic coil ‘A’ wound on the attracted armature type of relay.
When switch is on it gets energized and the armature ‘B’ is attracted. The set of
contacts ‘C’ in the contactor are made ‘on’ and supply is given to the motor.
5. If supply fails the coil releases the armature and motor is disconnected from supply.
6. If motor is over loaded the strips ‘D’ bend downwards disconnecting the motor from t
he supply.

Starting torque and Running torque :

Torque :
It is running or twisting moment of a force about an axis.
It is measured by product of force and radius at which the force acts.

Starting torque :
The torque develop by motor at the instant of starting is called starting torque.
KE 2R
Tst  2 r r2
Rr  X r
3
K = constant =
2 N s
N s  Synchronous speed in r.p.s.
Er = Rotor E.M.F.
= Rotor resistance / phase
X r  Rotor reactance / phase
1. Tst  Rr
To obtained more starting torque rotor resistance has to be more.
2. Tst  Er 2 or Tst  V 2
Running torque :
It is the torque which is required to run the motor at the normal speed and normal load.
KSE 2 R
TR  2 r 2 r 2
Rr  S X
When slip is S the rotor E.M.F. changes to SE r and rotor reactance will be X r  SX r
In Normal Running Condition the slip is small.
X r = S (2 fL ) is very small. Hence can be neglected w.r.t. Rr .
1
1. Tr 
Rr
To obtained maximum running torque for a given motor, rotor resistance must be less.
2. Tr  V 2
Torque of a machine is proportional to the square of applied voltage.

Double cage Motor :

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 Why such motors are developed?
We know that,  starting Torque  Ts  Rr  Rotor resitance  whereas
 In squirrel cage I.M the rotor resistance is low and we cannot add external resistance in
Squirrel cage rotor.
Therefore it has low starting torque.
The double cage motor is so developed that it overcomes the above difficulty (i.e it has high
starting torque with reasonable starting current and which maintains high efficiency and good
speed regulation under normal operating condition)

Double cage motor:

1. The outer cage is of high resistance iron or brass cage whereas the inner cage is of low
resistance copper
2. At the time of starting, the frequency of rotor current is = supply frequency (i.e. 50 Hz)
( F ' = SF)
X L  2 fL
3. Therefore the copper cage becomes more inductive, therefore it accepts only a small
amount of current and the motor is started by the high resistance brass or iron cage.
4. As the motor gains speed, the frequency of the rotor current decreases, therefore the
copper cage accepts greater proportion of current; hence the motor runs with low
resistance of copper cage.
5. Thus, this motor has high starting and running torque as well.

Important formula
120
1. NS  f Where, N s  synchronous speed f= frequency P  number of stator poles

2. Slip speed = N S  N .
It is the difference between synchronous speed (Ns) and the rotor speed (N).
N N
3. Slip (S) = S
NS
N N
3. % Slip = S X 100
NS
4. Frequency of rotor current  f '
f '  sf
Examples

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 (1) A 12 pole, 3 50 Hz I.M runs at a speed of 475 r.p.m. find the following
(i) Ns (ii) Slip speed
(iii) % slip (iv) frequency of rotor current at this speed

Solution: Data   12 , N = 475 R.P.M.

120
Solution: (i) NS  f

120
=  50 = 500 R.P.M.
12
(ii) Ns – N = Slip speed
Slip speed = 500 – 475 = 25 r.p.m
N N
(iii) % Slip = S X 100
NS
500  475 25
100 =  5%
500 5
(iv) f ' = Sf
= 0.5  50  2.5 c / S

2. A 3 I.M is wound for 4 poles supplied from a 50 c/s system, calculate.

(i) Ns
(ii) Nr when slip it 4%
(iii) f'
Solution:
120f 120  50
(i) Ns    1500 r.p.m
p 4
Ns  Nr
(ii) % S  100
Ns
Ns  N
4   100
Ns
4 1500  Nr
 
100 1500
 6000  1,50, 000  100N r
150000  6000
 Nr 
100
144000

100
Nr = 1440 r.p.m

(iii) % S = 4%
 S  0.04
 f '  Sf
 0.04  50
= 2 c/s

Comparison between Square Cage I.M and Slip Ring I.M

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 Square Cage I.M Slip Ring I.M

1. Starting torque is poor 1. Starting torque is good

2. Running torque is good 2. Running torque is not so good
3. Less maintenance is required 3. More maintenance is required.
4. Capacity is low 4. Capacity is high
5. Speed can be changed by changing poles 5. speed can be changed by adding
resistance in rotor circuit
6. Used for lathe machine, printing machine 6. Used in lifts, cranes

7. External resistance cannot be added in the 7. Additional resistance can be added in the
rotor circuit. rotor circuit.
8. Power factor is low 0.6 to 0.8. 8. Power factor is high 0.8 to 0.9.
9. Mechanically strong. 9. Mechanically not so strong.
10. Slip is less. 10. Slip is more.

 Speed control methods of 3-phase induction motor:

From Stator Side :-
i Speed control by changing frequency
ii. Speed control by changing poles
iii. Speed control by changing applied voltage
From rotor side:-
i. Speed control by Rheostatic method
ii. Speed change by cascade control
iii. by injecting e.m.f. in the rotor circuit.

From stator side:

1. Speed control by changing frequency
(i) The frequency is directly proportional to the speed.
(ii) If the frequency is changed the speed also changes (i.e. if frequency is increased the
speed will also increase and vice versa)
(iii) This method is not practical and therefore it is costly. It is used for electrically driven
ships.

2. Speed control by changing poles

(i) The pole changing methods effects the speed inversely (i.e. by increasing the poles, the
speed is decreased and vice versa)
(ii) E.g. for 2 pole : Ns = 3000 r.p.m.
for 4 pole : Ns = 1500 r.p.m.
Used for elevator motors traction motors.
3. Speed control by changing applied voltage

(i) This methods is not used because to get a little change in speed a larger change in

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 voltage is required.
(ii) This charge in voltage seriously disturbs the magnetic condition of the motor which is
objectionable.

From rotor side :

1. Speed control by Rheostatic method
(i) This methods is suitable only for slip ring type motor.
(ii) Three external resistance of same value can be added in the rotor circuit through the
brushes.
(iii) This involves more loss in the rotor circuit, therefore decreases the efficiency .

2. Speed change by cascade control

(i) The two induction motor are mechanically coupled.
(ii) The rotor of first induction motor phase wound whereas the rotor of second induction
motor is either phase wound or square cage rotor.
(iii) The supply is given to the stator of induction motor one whereas the stator of induction
motor two receives supply from rotor of induction motor one./
(iv) This methods is costly as too induction motor are used.

 Why Induction motor is called so?

Ans. : This motor is called as induction motor because there is no electrical connection of the rotor to
the three phase supply in the stator, but still the current is induced in the rotor circuit according
to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

 What is meant by single phasing? Explain its effect?

Ans. : If any one phase (out of 3-phase) is disconnected electrically then the remaining 2-phases are
connected electrically in series with each other, this effect is called single phasing.
(i) If this effect occurs when the motor is at stand still, the motor will not start as it will
produce only alternating field.
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 (ii) If the motor is already running, then it will continue to run but it will heat unduly and
draw more current as it behaves as if 1  motor is supplying 3  load.

MAINTENANCE OF INDUCTION MOTOR

1. DAILY MAINTENANCE
a) Temperature of bearings be checked
b) Winding temperature be checked
c) Inspect load conditions, starters, protective devices.
2. WEEKLY MAINTENANCE
a) Put grease of proper grade and quantity in bearings if required.
b) Check air gap by feeler gauge.
c) Inspect ventilation ducts for any dust and dirt.
3. MONTHLY MAINTENCE
a) Trip circuits / oil circuit breakers be checked.
b) Controlling / starter devices be over hauled.
c) Brushes are checked as regards shape and tensions.
4. QUARTERLY MAINTENCE
a) Oil in bearings /grease be replaced.
b) Check alignment with sprit level or thread in case of belt coupling.
c) Clean all the contact points of starter with sand paper.
5. HALF YEARLY MAINTENANCE
a) Replace the brushes.
b) Smoothen the surface of slip rings.
c) Windings be cleaned and re-varnished and supported.
6. ANNUAL MAINTENANCE
a) Resistance of earth connection be checked with earth tester.
b) Re-solder the joints of rotor bars and end rings.
c) Replace worn out bearings.
d) Check all the insulation resistance.
e) Complete over hauling.

 Common troubles and possible causes in 3 phase induction motors

Trouble Possible causes

A. Running Hot 1. High Voltage
2. Blocked ventilating ducts.
B. Fails to start 1. Single phasing
2. Gone fuses.
C Runs slow 1. Low Voltage
2. Overload
D Stops after starting 1. Hot bearings
2. Single phasing in running condition.

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 14. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Characteristic Features:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all.
2. It is not self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous speed by some means.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors.
The constructional details:
1. Stator – It is stationary part made of silicon steel stampings having slots on inner
periphery.
2. Stator windings – It is a star or delta connected super enamelled copper winding
inserted in the stator slots.
3. Rotor – Cylindrical part having poles on the surface. It is also made of silicon steel
stampings. There are two types of rotors :
a. Salient pole type
b. Smooth cylindrical shape
4. Rotor windings – Enamelled copper windings is put on the poles and excited by D.C.
supply received from exciter.
5. Exciter – It is a small capacity D.C. shunt generator generally mounted on same shaft
of that of rotor and when moving generates D.C. supply to be fed to rotor windings.
6. Slip rings and brushes – There are two slip rings made of phosphor bronze fitted on
the shaft. Two carbon brushes are kept touching with slip ring.

 Working of synchronous motor OR

 Why synchronous motor is not self starting?
1. When a 3- phase stator winding is fed by 3- phase supply then a magnetic flux of
constant magnitude but rotating at synchronous speed is produced.
2. D.C. voltage from exciter is supplied through brushes and slip rings to the rotor. Thus
rotor poles are formed as N and S.
3. Suppose the stator poles are at that instant situated at points A and B, the two similar
poles N of rotor and Ns of stator as well as S and Ss will repel each other and rotor
tends to rotate in the anticlockwise direction as shown in the figure.
4. But half a period later, stator poles having rotated around interchange their position. Ns
attracts S and Ss attracts N. Hence, rotor tends to rotate clockwise as shown in (a)
5. Rotor is not subjected to unidirectional torque owing to large inertia. Rotor cannot
respond to such quickly reversing torque with the result it remains stationary.

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 How the motor can be started?
If the rotor poles also shift their positions along with the stator poles, then there will be
unidirectional torque. Hence by some mechanical force, rotor is rotated then there is magnetic
locking between stator and rotor poles. Even if now mechanical source is taken out, the motor
keeps on rotating with the speed=Ns.

 DIFFERENT METHODS OF STARTING SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.

1. PROVIDING DAMPER WINDINGS –

i. Damper winding consist of copper bars placed in slots provided on pole faces of salient rotor
poles.
ii. These copper bars are short circuited with the help of short circuiting ring on both the ends.
iii. This winding is similar to squirrel cage winding.
iv. At starting, field winding is kept unexcited and motor is not loaded. Three phase voltage is
applied to stator winding.
v. The rotating flux is produced which links with short circuited damper winding and induces emf
in it as per Faradays first law of electromagnetic induction.
vi. Motor starts as a three phase induction motor.
vii. When it acquires speed near to synchronous speed the D.C. excitation is switched ON and the
motor is pulled into synchronism and runs as synchronous motor. This motor is called as
Induction start synchronous run motor.

2. USE OF PONY M OTOR –

It is a small induction motor which can be geared to the synchronous motor. This
induction motor drives the synchronous motor and when the speed is nearly synchronous speed
the D.C. excitation is made on to the rotor, the motor pulls up into synchronism at the same
time the induction motor is switched off and may be disconnected detaching its gearing.

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3. EXCITER USED AS A D.C. MOTOR – Exciter can be run as a D.C. motor. Supply may be
separately available. This will drive the synchronous motor up to the required synchronous
speed then the exciter is switched ON and the rotor is pulled into synchronism.

4. D.C. GENERATOR AS A LOAD OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CAN BE RUN AS D.C. MOTOR –

The (load) D.C. generator is run as a D.C. motor to drive the rotor of synchronous motor, when
the rotor of synchronous motor reaches synchronous speed the exciter is switched ON and the
rotor is pulled into synchronism. Now the same synchronous motor drives this D.C. generator.

 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR APPLICATIONS

1. Poly phase synchronous motor finds extensive applications.
a. Power factor correction: Over-excited synchronous motor (synchronous condenser)
having leading power factor are widely used for improving power factor.
b. Constant speed – constant load drives: Driving D.C. generators, rubber mills, textile
mills, pumps, ship-propulsion, and compressors.
c. Voltage regulation: Because of inductive loads the voltage at the end of long
transmission lines varies greatly. As a voltage regulator, synchronous motor is used.
2. Single phase fractional H.P synchronous motors are widely used in clocks and stroboscope.

 V-CURVE AND INVERTED V-CURVE

1. V-CURVE

i. V-curves of synchronous motor show how armature current varies with its field current
(exciting current) when motor input is constant.
ii. Armature current is more for low values and high values of excitation (though it is
lagging for low excitation and leading for high excitation).
iii. It has minimum value corresponding to certain excitation.
iv. Variation of armature current with excitation is known as V-curves because of its
shape.

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2. INVERTED V-CURVE

i. For the same input armature current varies over a wide range and so causes the power
factor to vary accordingly.
ii. Over excited motor runs with leading power factor.
iii. Under excited motor runs with lagging power factor.
iv. In between, power factor is unity.
v. Variation of power factor with excitation is like inverted V-curve.
vi. Minimum armature current corresponds to unity power factor.

 Hunting of synchronous motor:

i. When suddenly mechanical load on rotor shaft increases or decreases then it causes
rotor oscillations and rotor oscillates about its equilibrium (it falls back or advances)
position corresponding to mechanical load. Rotor oscillations are called Hunting or
surging or phase swinging.
ii. Hunting is highly undesirable because if rotor oscillation frequency becomes equal to
natural frequency of rotor, mechanical resonance will occur.
iii. Amplitude of oscillation will increase to a very high value andThere is possibility that
rotor may fall out of synchronism.
iv. For reducing hunting damper windings are provided.
v. Damper windings are copper bars provided on rotor pole shoes and short circuited on
both sides.

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Page
152
 15. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

INTRODUCTION:
Electrical instruments are classified as
(1) Absolute instruments: Absolute instruments are those which give the value of the
quantity to be measured in terms of the constant of the instrument and their deflection
only. The example is tangent galvanometer.
(2) Secondary instruments: Secondary instruments are those, in which the value of
electrical quantity to be measured can be determined from the deflection the
instruments, only when they have been pre calibrated by comparison with a standard
instrument. Without calibration, the deflection of the instrument is meaningless.

 Calibration:“Calibration means comparison with the standard instrument to find out the error
in the instrument throughout its range.”
 Methods of calibration of meters:
(i) Calibration by using a potentiometer.
(ii) Calibration by comparison method: The given meter can be calibrated by comparing
its readings with the readings of an accurate meter throughout its range. The meters are
connected in parallel in case of volt meters and are connected in series in case of
ammeters. The numbers of readings are taken by varying voltage or current
accordingly.

 Calibration of voltmeter by comparison methods:

In this both the voltmeters are connected in parallel with a variable rheostat which
varies the voltage to the desired value. At different positions the standard and faulty values are
noted. Error and percentage error can be found out.

(a) Circuit diagram

Vs - standard voltmeter
V f - Faulty voltmeter
Formula used :
Error = Vs  V f
Vs  V f
% Error =  100
Vs

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(b)
Sr. No. Vs Vf Error = Vs  V f Vs V f
% Error = 100
Vs

Vs V f
% Error = 100
Vs
If the error is negative the meter is fast.
If the error is positive the meter is slow.
Accordingly the values can be added or added or subtracted from the readings obtained
after using faulty meter.
The following Graph can be plotted :

One mare graph can be plotted by taking standard value along x-axis and % error along y-axis

 Calibration of Ammeter by comparison method:

In this both the ammeters are connected in series with rheostat which varies the current
to the desired value. At different positions the standard and faulty values are noted. Error and
percentage error can be found out..

(a) Circuit diagram:

As  Standard Ammeter A f  Faulty Ammeter

(b) Definition of calibration:
“Calibration means determination of error in the readings of the meter throughout its range”.
(c) Formula used:
As  A f
% Error = 100
As

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(d)
Sr. No. As Af Error  As  A f As  Af
% Error   100
As

As  Af
% Error   100
As
(e) If the error is negative the faulty meter is fast.

(f) If the error is positive faulty meter is slow.

Accordingly, the values can be added or subtracted from the reading of the faulty meter

(g) Graph:

 Calibration Energy meter:

An energy meter is calibrated by comparing it with a wattmeter. The load is switched
on gradually and readings are taken at various intervals. The time in seconds is noted for a
given number of revolutions. If E S  E f then meter is slow. Error can be removed by adjusting
the distance of the brake magnet from the disc.

W – watt meter
E – Energy meter
E  Ef
% Error  S  100
ES
W = Watt-meter, E = Energy-meter.

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 If the energy meter has the constant of 1000 revolutions/KWH, then for its 10
revolution it will record the energy :
1 1
 10  KWH
1000 100
1 3600
  1000
100 1
 36, 000 Watt .sec.
Then adjusting the load, say 1 ampere and counting the time for 10 revolutions and
taking the watt-meter reading the true energy ES is calculated.

 RANGE EXTENSION OF AMMETER/VOLTMETER:

1. Ammeter: By connecting lower value shunt resistance to parallel.

Ig
A
IL

Is Shunt

i. When such an instrument is used as an ammeter then range can be extended with the
help of a low-resistance shunt.
ii. This shunt is connected in parallel with the winding and therefore part of the current
passes through this shunt and thus higher currents can be measured.
iii. Shunted ammeter or galvanometers can be made to record currents many times greater
than their normal full scale deflection current.
iv. The ration of a maximum current (with shunt) to the full scale deflection current
(without shunt) is known as a “multiplying factor” of a shunt.

2. Voltmeter: By connecting higher resistance in series.

v 
VL

VL  

i. The range of the instrument when used as a voltmeter can be increased by using a high
resistance in series with it.
ii. Total voltage of the line to be measured is divided in two:
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156
 a. P.D across volt meter coil.
b. P.D. across the series resistance
iii. Therefore the voltmeters can be made to record voltage many times greater than
the full scale deflection voltage.
iv The ratio of the maximum voltage (with series resistance) to the full scale deflection
voltage without (series resistance) is known as a “Multiplying factor”.

Example:
1. D.C. galvanometer has 0.1  resistances and reads 10 Amperes giving full scale
deflection. Find out the value of the shunt resistance if it is to be used for measuring
100 Amperes.
Solution:
Ig  10A
G
I L  100A 100A

IS  90A
As the shunt limit of the coil is 10 Amp, the voltage drop across the coil-
= Current  Resistance of coil.
 10  0.1  1 volt.
The shunt resistance is connected in parallel to the galvanometer coil and hence
voltage drop across shunt is also = 1 volt.
Voltage
 Resistance of hunt 
Current
1
  0.01111 .
90

2. A moving coil instrument has a resistance of 3  and gives full scale deflection when
carrying 30 mill amperes. Show how it can be adopted to measure voltage upto 300
volts?
Solution:

I  30 ma

v
VL  300

R VL  
I  30 ma

Voltmeter as well as series resistance R carries the same current as 30 milli Amp i.e.
30  10 3 A .
 Voltage drop across voltmeter coil = V
 V = resistance  current.
=3 x (30/1000)
 0.09 Volts.
 Remaining voltage is to be dropped across R.
Voltage drop across R = VL  V

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  300  0.09
= 299.91 V.
Voltage drop
Resistance R 
Current
= (299.91/0.03)
= 9997 ohm.

 SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER (KWH) METER:

1. Connection Diagram:

2. Explanation:
(i) Energy meter has two laminated electro magnets.
(ii) The one magnet is called as the series magnet which is connected in series with the load
and produces flux according to load current.
(iii) The other magnet is called as shunt magnet connected across the supply and produces
flux which lags the flux produced by series magnet because of copper shading band.
Shading band is provided on shunt magnet. Position on shading band can be adjusted
such that angle between two fluxes is 900.
(iv) A thin aluminum disc is placed between shunt and series magnet.
(v) These two fluxes interact with each other and a rotating field is set up and the
aluminum disc rotates.
(vi) Rotating Aluminum disc cuts magnetic flux produced by braking magnet and e.m.f. is
induced in it and eddy current flows.
(vii) Thus eddy current damping is provided by breaking magnet.
(viii) The register mechanism records the energy which is directly proportional to the
revolutions.

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 (ix) It consists of worm wheel mounted on the spindle. The worm wheel is connected to
trail gears which are connected to counting mechanism.

Error:
i. Error due to temperature variations.
ii. Frictional error.
iii. Creeping error: i.e. slow but continuous rotation even if the load is not connected.
iv. As the coils are not purely inductive the flux of shunt magnet does not lag exactly
by 900 .

 AMPERE – HOUR METER

Explanation:
i. It consists of amalgamated Cu disc mounted on the spindle and kept in the vessel filled
with mercury.
ii. The mercury reduces the pressure of bearings and acts as a conductor.
iii. The current passes through the mercury, then to the Cu disc radially and then to the
external circuit.
iv. Thus a force is produced on the disc and it rotates. The magnitude of this force
depends upon the strength of the field and current {F = BIL} and direction of force is
according to Flemings left hand rule.
v. The disc is moved between a pair of breaking magnets. E.M.F. is induced, hence eddy
current is produced and breaking effect is observed.
vi. No. of revolutions of AL disc are proportional to the amount of current flowing through
the circuit and the time duration for which observations are being taken.
vii. Recording mechanism records the energy in ampere-hours.
viii. This is mercury motor type D.C. meter.

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 FREQUENCY METERS: These meters are used to measure the frequency of A.C. There are
two main types of frequency meters.

(a) Mechanical Resonance (Vibration reed type frequency meter)

Construction :
i. There is an electromagnet on which the coil is wound and connected to the A.C. supply
whose frequency is to be measured.
ii. The metallic reeds 4mm wide and 0.5mm thick are arranged in row and are mounted
side by side on a common and slightly flexible base. as shown in the figure.
iii. Upper free ends are bent at right angles and painted white.
iv The natural frequency of vibration of each reed differs by half cycle.

Working:
i. When the coil is energized. The electromagnet exerts attracting force on each reed once
every half cycle.
ii. All the reeds vibrate but only that reed whose natural frequency is exactly double the
supply frequency will vibrate the most due to mechanical resonance.
iii. The supply frequency is read directly by noting the scale mark opposite the white
painted flag which is vibrating the most.

(b) Electrical Resonance:

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 Construction:
i. A fixed coil is mounted on the laminated core and connected to supply whose
frequency is to be measured.
ii. A moving coil is fitted on the spindle with pointer. Capacitor ‘C’ is connected to the
moving coil. The value of capacitance is such that when the frequency is at its normal
value the coil occupies the mean position on the iron core.
iii. Pointer is attached to the spindle.
iv. Dial shows normal/high/low frequency.

Working:
i. When the frequency is more than normal the fixed coil has more inductive reactance
( XL  2  fL ) therefore less current through fixed coil and more current
through moving coil as capacitive reactance (XC = 1/ 2πfc) is less. The moving coil
moves away from the fixed coil suchthat Xc becomes equal to XLand pointer show high
frequency.
ii. When the frequency is low the X C > X L therefore the moving coil moves towards the
fixed coil such that Xc becomes equal to XLand the pointer shows low frequency.

 MULTIMETER:

i. This meter is P.M.M.C. (Permanent magnet moving coil) instrument.

ii. It can be used to measure current, voltage, resistance etc. hence it is also called as
AVO meter.
iii. This meter is portable and the working energy is supplied by a dry cell.
iv. It is a multipurpose meter it is used in workshop, laboratories etc.

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 P.F. METERS:
These meters are used to measure the p. f. of the lagging, leading or unity. There are
two main types of p. f. meter:
(a) Electro dynamometer type.
(b) Moving iron type.

(a) ELECTRO DYNAMOMETER TYPE P.F. METERS:

Construction:
i. Fixed coil (f. f.) called as current coil and is divided into two sections into sections
F1and F2. Being connected in series with the supply, it carries load current.
ii. Moving Coils C1 and C2 attached to the spindle to which the pointer is also
attached.C1 has series resistance R and C2 has a series inductance L such that R=ωL.
iii. I1 is in phase with supply voltage V. Whereas I2 lags behind V by 900 .
iv. Moving coils C1 and C2 are wound in such a way that torques produced by them at any
instant opposes each other.

Working:
i. Consider the case when load power factor is unity. I1is in phase with load current where
as I2 lags behind.
ii. Consequently a torque will act on C1 which will set its plane perpendicular to common
magnetic axis of F1 and F2. Pointer shows unity power factor.
iii. When load power factor is lagging, load current lags V. Current I2 is in phase with load
current and I1 will be 90 degrees out of phase. As a result torque acting on C2 will
bring its plane perpendicular to common magnetic axis of F1 and F2 (anticlockwise
direction). Pointer will thus show lagging power factor on the scale.
iv. When load power factor is leading, load current leads V. Current I2 is 180 degrees out
of phase with load . As a result torque acting on C2 will bring its plane perpendicular to
common magnetic axis of F1 and F2 (clockwise direction). Pointer will thus show
leading power factor on the scale.

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(b) MOVING IRON TYPE P. F. METER:
Circuit diagram

Explanation:
i. Current coil (C. C.) are placed 1200 apart from each other and are fixed.
ii. Pressure coils (P. C.) are placed at 120 0 connected between live and neutral and fitted
on the spindle to which the pointer is attached. Resistance R is connected to the p.c.
iii. On energizing two magnetic fields are produced .They rotate in one direction .Due to
the action and phase difference of the fields, the assembly of moving coil moves and
gets deflected on one side. The pointer moves on the dial marked as unity, lagging and
leading.

 PHASE SEQUENCE INDICATOR:

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i. It is used to observe phase sequence of three phase A.C. supply.
ii. It works on the principle of rotating magnetic field.
iii. There are three coils placed 120 0 apart to each other.
iv These three coils are to be connected to the 3-phase A.C. supply whose phase
sequences are to be verified.
v. There is an aluminium disc. The rotating magnetic field produces Eddy currents in this
aluminium disc. And the aluminium disc starts rotating.
vi. Clock wise rotation of the aluminum disc indicates that the phase sequence of the
supply is R-Y-B.

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 16. ELECTRIC HEATING

If the source used for producing heat is electricity it is called electric heating.
Electric Heating has the following advantages over conventional heating methods.
i. Cleanliness –No dust, dirt, ash.
ii. Absence of flue gases-No atmospheric pollution.
iii. Ease of control-Simple, accurate and reliable temperature control.
iv. Automatic protection- Using suitable switchgears, automatic protection against over
currents or over heating can be provided.
v. Uniform heating- Heating with no oxidation is possible.
vi. Efficiency is more.
vii. Better working condition-Noiseless operation and radiating losses are low.
viii. Safety- Safe and respond quickly.
ix. Less maintenance.
x. Low attention is required.
xi. Operational charges are less.

Drawbacks:
i. Initial cost is high.
ii. Due to load shading reliability of operation is less.
iii. Controlling equipments are costly.

Types of electric Heating

i. Power frequency heating at 50 Hz.
ii. Very high frequency heating.

Power Frequency Heating

Resistance Electron
Arc Furnace
Heating Bombardment

Indirect
Direct Resistance Direct Arc Indirect Arc
Resistance
Heating Furnace furnace
Heating

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 High Frequency Heating

Induction Dielectric
Heating Heating

Core Type core less type

 MODES OF TRANSFER OF HEAT

1) Conduction 2) Convection 3) Radiation
1. Conduction:-In this mode of transfer of heat, one molecule of the substance gets
heated and transfer the heat to the adjacent one and so on.
2. Convection: - Air in contact with heating element in a room receives heat from
element. Heated air expands and rises. Cold air flowing into, take its place. This
process is called convection.
3. Radiation: - In this mode of heat transfer, the heat reaches the substance to be heated
from the source without heating the medium in between.

 RESISTANCE HEATING
In resistance heating, the body is heated by passing current directly through it. It is based on
I2R effect.
1. Direct Resistance Heating:
In this method, the material or charge to be heated is taken as resistance and current is passed
through it. Two electrodes are immersed in a charge and connected to the supply. Charge is
covered with salt. Advantage of using salt is to avoid oxidation and obtain uniform heat.
Temp Range-10000 to 14000C. Efficiency is high.

Applications:
i. Salt bath furnace
ii. Electrode boiler
iii. Hardening steel rules
iv. Carbonizing
v. Tempering
vi. Quenching of tools.

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2. Indirect Resistance Heating:
In this type of heating, heating element is
separate than the charge .The charge does not
carry the current. Heat received by the charge
is by convection or radiation. In indirect
heating obtainable temperatures are very low.
Applications:-
i. Electric ovens
ii. Room Heaters
iii. Electric kettles
iv. Electric iron 5.Water heaters
v. Soldering iron.

 ARC FURNACES
When high voltage is applied across an air gap, the air gets ionized under the influence
of electrostatic forces and becomes conducting medium. Current flows in the form of
continuous spark known as arc. Temp -3000 To 35000C

1. Direct arc furnace

In Direct arc furnace, charge acts as one of the
electrodes and charge is heated by producing arc
between the electrodes and the charge.
Electrodes are graphite or carbon
i. Temp is 20000C
ii. Cost –cheaper.
iii. Operation –simple
iv. Uniform temperature
v. Running charges are less.

Application–Production of high grade steel and melting of metals.

2. Indirect arc furnace

In this case, arc is formed between two electrodes
above the charge and heat is transmitted to the charge
by radiation. Electrodes are initially shorted. High
voltage is applied and then they are separated.
Temperature of charge is lower than direct arc furnace.
Since in this furnace, current does not flow through the
charge, there is no stirring action. So furnace is to be
rocked mechanically and it is cylindrical shaped.

Application: -
Furnace is used for non-ferrous casting i.e.
Cu, Ni, gun metal etc.

 Induction Heating
Metal heated and melted by induced currents.
i. Safe for operators.
ii. Cheaper
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 iii. Attain higher temperature.
iv. No oxidation of metal.

1. Core type Induction Furnace

Primary winding is supplied with A.C.
The charge is put in crucible and it acts
as secondary. The induced currents in
the secondary heat up the charge
and it is melted.

2. Core less Induction Furnace

In this type, a coil is wound on the furnace
and is connected to A.C supply. The charge
inside the furnace acts as secondary. Induced
currents heat up the charge.

Applications:-
i. Surface hardening for parts like hack-saw, blades,
gears, axels etc.
ii. Deep hardening.
iii. Tempering
iv. Soldering
v. Melting of metals and extracting metals from the ores.

Sr. No Core type Induction Furnace Core less Induction Furnace

1 The charge is put in a crucible. The charge is put inside the furnace.
2 Less suitable for high power density heating Preferred choice for high power density
or frequent alloy changing. heating or frequent alloy changing.
3 More efficient. Less efficient.
4 Used for melting low melting point alloys Used to melt all grades of steels and irons as
or as a holding and superheating unit for well as many non-ferrous alloys.
higher melting point alloys such as cast
iron.

 DIELECTRIC HEATING:

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 i. When non-metallic substances such as wood, plastics are subjected to an alternating
current, dielectric loss occurs. The dielectric loss is utilized to heat the non-metallic
substances.
ii. When charge in the form of sheet is kept between the two plates connected across
supply, electric capacitance is formed. The heat dissipated due to capacitance is best
utilized.
iii. Wooden sheets are glued together by this method. It is also used for food processing
The contents of tinned food can be easily processed by dielectric heating, without
producing much heat, avoiding any possible damage to the contents.
iv. Dielectric loss is proportional to frequency and voltage.
v. Frequency is to 10 to 30 MHZ and voltage is 20 kV to 30 kV.

Applications:-
i. Processing of wood.
ii. Textile Industry.
iii. Dyeing process.
iv. Sterilizing medical material
v. Processing of food:
(a) Roasting of seeds
(b) Chocolate industries

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17. PARALLEL OPERATION OF 3-PHASE ALTERNATORS

Definition of Synchronization of Alternators: The operation of connecting an alternator in

parallel with another alternator or with common bus-bars is known as synchronizing.

Necessity of parallel operation of Alternators:

i. If the load demand of electric power is increased then 2nd, 3rd set of alternator can be
switched on for sharing the increased demand of power.
ii. This is economical to run two smaller units with full capacity at higher efficiency
rather than one larger unit on low load with lesser efficiency.
iii. For repair and routine maintenance work stand - by alternator may be switched on.
iv. In case of fault stand by machine can be introduced and faulty machine can be
disconnected.
 Load supply can be increased.
 High efficiency.
 The operating cost is reduced.
 Ensures the protection of supply and enables cost-effective generation.
 The generation cost is reduced.
 Breaking down of a generator does not cause any interruption in the supply.
 Reliability of the whole power system increases.

 Conditions for parallel operation:
i. Phase sequence of the incoming machine must be the same as phase sequence of the
running machine or bus-bars.
ii. Frequency of the incoming machine must be the same as bus-bar.
iii. Voltage of the incoming machine must be the same as bus-bar voltage.
iv. Phase sequence can be checked by synchroscope or phase sequence indicator or 3-lamp
methods. Frequency can be checked by frequency meter. Voltage can be checked by
suitable voltmeter.

 Methods of Synchronization:
1. Lamp Dark Method
2. Lamp Bright Method
3. By Synchroscope

1. Lamp Dark Method:

(i) A1 Alternator is already on the bus-bars supplying the load, 2nd alternator A2 is
incoming alternator to be synchronized.
(ii) Lamp L1 , L2 and L3 respectively are connected across the poles of the switch.
(iii) If phase sequence of incoming alternator is opposite to bus-bar lamp L1 , L2 and L3
become bright or dim one after the other. In this case phase sequence is to be corrected.
(iv) If 3-lamps are becoming bright at one time or 3 lamps are becoming dark at a time this
shows the satisfactory situation.
(v) The switch of the incoming alternator is made ‘ON’ at the correct moment at the
middle of the dark period of the lamp.

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Drawback of this method:
i. It does not show whether the incoming machine is slow/fast and hence frequency is
same or not.
ii. It is difficult to judge the moment exactly the middle of the dark period for making the
switch ‘ON’.

2. Lamp Bright Method:

(i) In this method, two Lamps L1 and L2 are cross connected and L3 is connected to pole
no. 3.
(ii) If the incoming machine is slow, light wave from lamps seem to travel in anticlockwise
direction and if incoming machine is fast that will travel in clockwise direction.
(iii) As per the above indication the speed of the prime-mover is adjusted.
(iv) Observe the moment that lamp Light Wave moves very slow and switch on when Lamp
L3 is completely dark and L1 and L2 are equally bright.

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3. By Synchroscope:
(i) Synchroscope measures the difference in frequency of the two alternators.
(ii) Pointer of synchroscope is free to rotate in a 3600 arc.
(iii) It consists of small motor.
(iv) Stator of the synchroscope is connected to bus bar supply.
(v) Rotor circuit of synchroscope is connected to supply of incoming alternator.
(vi) Rotating flux will produce by stator and rotor.
(vii) If frequency of incoming alternator is same as bus bar frequency two fields will rotate
with same speed. Indicator of synchroscope will not rotate and it will be on zero
position (vertical).
(viii) If there is a difference between frequencies of incoming alternator and bus bar, rotor of
synchroscope will rotate with the speed equal to difference between speeds of the two
rotating fields. Thus indicator will show slow or fast accordingly. According to that the
speed of prime-mover of the incoming machine will be adjusted.

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 18. H.V. SUBSTATION

An electric substation is set of apparatus which transfers the characteristics of electric energy
from one form to another like stepping up or stepping down the voltage or changing the frequency. It
may be defined as place where the supply from the power station is received and distributed to the
consumers.

 LINE DIAGRAM OF SUB-STATION

Essential equipments of sub-stations

i. Feeders
ii. Distributors
iii. Transformer
iv. Isolators
v. Circuit breakers
vi. Bus bars
vii. Lightening arresters
viii. Current transformers
ix. Potential transformers
x. Shunt reactors
xi. Capacitors
xii. Station service equipments

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Functions of sub-station equipments
i. Feeders – These are overhead lines which convey the electrical energy from
distribution substation to distributors.
ii. Distributors – These are overhead lines from which numbers of consumers are fed by
electrical energy at low voltage.
iii. Transformer –To step up or step down the voltage.
iv. Circuit breakers – Automatic protection devices which isolate a faulty circuit from the
main line.
v. Bus-bars – Bus-bars are long strips of conducting material such as power taps. Power is
distributed through these bus-bars eliminating all chances of sparking.
vi. Isolators – These are high voltage switches used for disconnecting the lines in case of
fault or maintenance.
vii. Lightening arrestors – At the highest possible point at the substation, lightening
arrestors is provided. It is safety device which diverts lightening in the area around the
substation to the earth.
viii. Current transformers – It is a type of instrument transformer used to measure H.T. line
current. It is a step up transformer used in conjunction with low range ammeter.
ix. Potential transformers – It is a type of instrument transformer used to measure H.T. line
voltage. It is step down transformer used in conjunction with low range voltmeter.
x. Reactors – To limit short circuit current.
xi. Capacitors – For improvement of power factor.
xii. Station service equipments – Station service equipments like megger, high capacity
fuses, mobile stair cases and other essentials like transformer oil, varnish, paints etc.
Station earthing system: One of the main feature of any substation is the earthing
system. A number of earth plates or earthing pipes at different points can be installed
and coupled to the main earth bar.If a power station building has a steel frame, the
columns should be connected at a number of points to the earth system and thus a low
value of resistance is obtained via foundations and reinforcements. Electrical machine
frames thus be connected to the steel structure of the station building.
Earth resistance and therefore the effectiveness of the earthing will depend on
dampness of the soil.
The station earth value is expected to be or less than 0.1  .
All main earth bars should be inter-connected and also to be connected to station earth.

Tests to be carried out before commissioning of transformer.

i. Insulation resistance test: -
a) Insulation resistance between H.V. and L.V. windings.
b) Insulation resistance between windings and earth measured by megger should
not be below 2000M
ii. High voltage Di-electric test:-Windings should be capable to withstand abnormal
voltages due to transient surges. Impulse voltage test is carried out.
iii. Dielectric strength of transformer oil should not be less than 3kv/mm.
iv. Drying out test:-Generally transformer received from the manufacture is completely
coming with oil filled but if not then drying out test be carried out.
v. Merz price protection system should be provided to safeguard the bigger transformers
for faults.
vi. Connecting and phasing out test.

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 19. MAINTENANCE

Maintenance :-In order to obtain reliable service from the machine over a long period of time giving
proper attention, Inspection, repairs and over hauling of a machine is called maintenance of the
machine.
Proper attention means lubrication, cleaning and timely inspection.

FAILUERS

i. Mechanical failure due to misalignment, vibration, unbalanced fatigue, worn out bearings.
ii. Thermal failure due to overheating resulting from lack of lubrication or insufficient cooling.
iii. Chemical failure due to high corrosion, abrasive particles in fluids.

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

Maintenance

Planned Unplanned
Maintenance maintenance

corrective Preventive Break down Emergency

maintenance Maintenance Maintenance maintenance

Break down maintenance:-Repairing and overhauling the machine after the occurrence of fault.
[After the shut down]

Preventive Maintenance:-Testing, observing, Inspecting and rectifying abnormality at primary stage

and improving the performance of machine is called preventive maintenance.

Advantages of Preventive Maintenance.

i. Life of machine prolongs.
ii. Trouble free operation.
iii. Accidents are avoided.
iv. Continuity and Reliability is maintained.
v. Shut downs can be avoided.
vi. Economy is achieved.

TESTING:
PURPOSE OF TESTING:
i. The machine suits the purpose.
ii. It is as per specification.
iii. Operation is smooth and noiseless.
iv. Temperature rise is within limits.
v. Protective devices are operating.
vi. Loss of power is less and efficiency is maximum.

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TYPES OF TEST:
1] Routine test: Prior to dispatch the electric machine, each item is tested and checked.
2] Type test: Quality of the product is to be tested.

Specification should match the design

Assembly should be perfect.
Abnormality should be rectified at the primary stage.
Special test: These tests are not applicable to each product or machine but are carried
out on the request of the purchaser.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE BREAKDOWN MAINTENANCE

This is done before the fault has occurred This is done after the fault has occurred
Time required is less Time required is more
It requires less man power It requires more man power
Maintenance is less costly Maintenance is more costly

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 Topic wise Board Questions Paper – I

Chapter- 2 Circuit diagram and Panel wiring Diagram

Fill in the blanks:

1. PMMC type of instrument is used for ______ supply (MAR 2022)
(i) AC (ii) DC (iii) AC & DC

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Draw a neat and labelded diagram of 3 point starter with DC shunt motor?
2. Draw neat labeled constructional diagram of moving iron attraction type Instrument?
3. Draw a neat and labelled panel wiring Diagram of DC compound Motor with a 4 point starter?
4. Draw a neat and lebelled diagram of PMMC Instrument? (MAR 2019, 2020)
5. Draw neat and labeled constructional circuit diagram of single phase energy meter
(MAR 2019, 2022)
6. Draw a neat and labelled diagram of four point starter?
7. Draw a neat and labeled panel wiring diagram of 3 point face plate starter for operating DC
shunt Motor?
8. Draw a neat and labelled diagram of DOL starter? (MAR 2019, 2020)
9. Draw a neat and labeled circuit diagram of two poin series parallel testing board. (MAR 2022)
10. State types of MI instrument (MAR 2022)
11. Draw a neat and labeled circuit diagram of staircase wiring. (MAR 2018, 2020, 2022)

Chapter- 3 FUSES

Fill in the blanks:

1. Fuse Provides …….. Safety. (M-2011)
(i) Open circuit (ii) Only overloads (iii) Both overload and short circuit
2. The value of fusing factor is always …….. one.(OCT-2014,MAR-2015)
(i) More than (ii) less than (iii) Equal to
3. A fuse is a ….. device.(MARCH 2017)
(i) Controlling (ii) Protecting (iii) Holding
4. ….. is used as fuse element (MARCH 2017)
(i) Lead tin alloy (ii) carbon (iii) Gold
5. …… Fuse unit allows a predetermined time to remove in short circuit. (MAR 2016)
(i) Kit-kat (ii) HRC (iii) Cartridge
6. The fuse is placed in …….wire. (MARCH 2018)
(i) Phase (ii) Neutral (iii) Earth
7. HRC fuse unit is rewirable (MAR 2019)
Say (True/ false)
8. Generally silver is used in _______ fuse unit (MAR 2020)
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177
 (i) HRC (ii)KitKat (iii) Round type
9. _______ fuse is non rewirable (MAR 2022)
(i) HRC (ii)KitKat (iii) Round type

(2 Marks Questions)

1. Define fuse, what is the ue of fuse? What are the different types of fuse.
(MAR 2011, 2012, 2020)
2. Describe construction of kit-kat type fuse. (OCT 2014)
3. Name different Materials used as fuse Element. (MAR 2015)

(3 marks questions)
1. Explain the kit-kat type fuse with neat sketch & advantages. (MAR 2016, 2017)
2. Define:
(1) Current rating of fuse
(2) Minimum fusing current
(3) Fusing factor (MAR 2012, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, OCT 2014)
3. Explain construction and working of HRC fuse.(MAR 2011,2012,2018, 2020, 2022)

Chapter- 4 Conductor, Gauge of conductor, Insulators, Semi-Conductors

& high resistance heating element

Fill in the blanks:

1. In a SWG, the smallest size has the number …… (MAR 2012)
(i) 18 (ii) 22 (iii) 36
2 The flow of electrons in a conductor is termed as _______ (MAR 2019)
(i) Current electricity (ii) Static electricity
3. The specific resistance of copper is ______ the specific resistance of aluminum (MAR 2020)
(i) Equal to (ii) More than (iii) Less than

(2 marks questions)

1. Compare conductor with insulator. (MAR 2017)

2. Write short notes on standard wire gauge? What is meant by 3/20 wires.
(MAR 2011, 2020, OCT 2014)
3. Which insulating material would you select for the following? (MAR 2019)
(i) Flexible wire
(ii) Covering of heating element of electric iron
(iii) Fuse holder
(iv) Socket 3pin 5A
(3 marks questions)

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178
1. State desirable properties of good insulating materials. (OCT 2014)

Chapter- 5 Types of wires & wiring accessories

Fill in the blanks:

1. The current carrying capacity of 3/20 wire is ….... the current carrying capacity of 3/22 wire.
(MAR 2012)
(i) More than (ii) Equal to (iii) less than
2. The current carrying capacity of 1/18 copper wire is …. Amp (MARCH 2011)
(i) 10 (ii) 5 (iii) 28
3. The conductors of VIR wire are tinned because ….. . (MAR 2016)
(i) By tinning the corrosion is restricted.
(ii) By tinning the rubber is prevented to stick up with the conductor and also avoids c
chemical reactions.
(iii) The tinning makes the conductor stronger and increases its thickness to carry more
current.
4. Weather proof wires are used for ….. wiring. (MAR 2017, 2018)
(i) Outdoor (ii) Indoor (iii) Underground

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Name different types of wires with their uses. (OCT 2014, MAR 2020)
2. Explain the meaning of 7/22 copper wire. Write the current capacity for the same. (MAR 2016)
3. Name the different types of switches. (MAR 2017)
4. Write short note or lead sheathed wiring system. (MAR 2017)
5. With a neat and labelled diagram explain the construction of CTS wire (MAR 2018)

(3 Marks Questions)
1. Write short vote on VIR wire. (MAR 2012)

Chapter- 6 (Wiring system)

Fill in the blanks:

1. _____ Wiring is suitable for Blacksmith’s workshop.(MAR 2011)
(i) Cleat (ii) Wooden casing & capping (iii) Metal conduit
2. ______ Wiring is used in workshop. (OCT 2014, MAR 2017, 2020)
(i) Casing capping (ii) Batten (iii) Metal conduit
3. It is difficult to locate fault in _______ wiring system. (MAR 2015)
(i) Cleat (ii) Batten (iii) Concealed conduit
4. The labour cost is maximum in ______ (MAR 2015)
(i) Metal conduit wiring (ii) CTS wiring (iii) Cleat wiring
5. For temporary purposes ______ wiring is used (MAR 2019)
(i) PVC Conduit (ii) Cleat (iii) Casing &Caping
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6. In staircase wiring _______ switches are used
(i) One way (ii) Two way (iii) ICTP (MAR 2022)

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Write precautions to be observed while carrying out metal conduit wiring. (MAR 2012)
2. Explain how cleat wiring is installed? State its limitations. (MAR 2015)
3. State advantages and disadvantages of casing capping wiring system. (MAR 2015)
4. State the precautions to be taken while installing surface conduit wiring. (MAR 2016)
5. Write short note or lead sheathed wiring system. (MAR 2017)
6. Name the test to be performed before energizing a new installation.

(3 Marks Questions)
1. With a neat diagram explain cleat wiring system.(MAR 2012)
2. What are the points to be considered before selecting a wiring system?
(MAR 2011,2015,2016, 2018, 2019, 2022)
3. Explain with neat diagram conduit wiring system. (MAR 2011, 2022)
4. Describe CTS wiring system. State its uses (MAR 2020, OCT 2014)
5. Compare CTS wiring with conduit wiring. (MAR 2015)
6. List any six accessories used in surface conduit wiring. (MARCH 2014)
7. Explain installation process of CTS wiring system state advantages & disadvantages of this
wiring. (MAR 2016)
8. State advantages of cleat wiring and metal conduit wiring. (MAR 2016)
9. What are the different types of domestic wiring systems? Write the applications of any
two.(MAR 2017)
10. With a neat labelled diagram write a note on conduit wiring system. Mention its advantages
and disadvantages (MAR 2018)
11. Compare Casing & capping wiring with batten wiring system. (MAR 2019)
12. Compare Casing & capping wiring with cleat wiring system (MAR 2022)

(6 Marks Questions)
1. What are the different system of wiring? Compare them in tabular form (MAR 2018, 2020)
2. State the advantages & disadvantages of GI conduit wiring. Also states the necessary
precaution
(MAR 2019)

Chapter – 7 (IE rules & OVERHEAD LINES)

Fill in the blanks:

1. ……….. Conductor is used for high voltage overhead transmission line. (MAR 2014)
(i) ACSR (ii) Aluminium (iii) Copper
2. To checks insulation resistance between conductor and earth, in wiring installation …… is
used. (MAR 2015,2017)

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 (i) Meggar (ii) Clip on meter (iii) Synchronoscope
3. As per IE rule, the leakage current in a wiring installation should not exceed _______ part of
full load Current. (MAR 2018)
(i) 1/1000 (ii) 1/8000 (iii) 1/5000
4. _________ Conductor is used for long distance overhead transmission line. (MAR 2018, 2022)
(i) ACSR (ii) Aluminium (iii) Copper
5. Unit of electrical energy is ______ (MAR 2019, 2020)
(i) KVA (ii) KW (iii) KWH
6. The insulator used to support the conductors of 400KV transmission line are _____ insulator
(MAR 2019)
(i) Pin (ii) Shackle (iii) Suspension

(2 marks questions)
1. Compare conductor with insulator.(MAR 2017)
2. What are the common faults in Domestic Electrical installation?(MAR 2017)
3. Name the tests to be performed before energising a new wiring installation (MAR 2018)
4. What do you meant by ACSR, explain in brief (MAR 2019)
5. State the types of overhead line insulators (MAR 2020, 2022)
6. Explain with proper figure pin type insulator (MAR 2020)

(3 Marks Questions)
1. Name different types of O.H line insulators and give their specific uses. What are they made
of? (MAR 2012, 2018)
2. With a neat diagram explain insulation resistance test between the phase and neutral
conductors in a wiring installation.(MAR 2012)
3. With a neat diagram explain insulation resistance test between conductors and earthing of
wiring installation. (MAR 2011, 2015)
4. Name any four overhead line insulation and explain any one with neat diagram (MAR 2016)
5. Write down the types and properties of overhead insulation. (MAR 2017)

(6 Marks Questions)
1. Write at least twelve important IE rules of wiring (MAR 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022)

Chapter- 8 Underground cables

Fill in the blanks:
1. LT cables are used up to ……. KV. (MAR 2012)
(i) 11 (ii) 1 (iii) 13.2
2. In three core cable green wire is used ______ (MAR 2022)
(i) Phase (ii) Neutral (iii) Earth

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Write classifications of underground cables. (MAR 2011, 2012, OCT 2014)

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2. Compare between overhead line system & underground cable system. (MAR 2011)
3. Write short note on direct underground (Trench laying) cable laying system. (MAR 2017)
4. Classify the underground cable according to working voltage (MAR 2020, 2022)

(3 Marks Questions)
1. What are the methods of laying U. G cable? Explain anyone.
(MAR 2012, 2015, 2018 OCT 2014,)
2. What are the points to be considered for selecting U.G cable? (MAR 2011, 2019)
3. Explain constructional details of U.G cable. (MAR 2015, 2017)
4. Compare overhead line with U.G cable. (MAR 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020)
5. Explain different types of general U.G cable. (MAR 2017)
6. State the properties of underground cable. State the methods of laying underground cable
(MAR 2020)

Chapter – 9 (Illumination)

Fill in the blanks:

1. ………. Lamp shows stroboscopic effect. (MAR 2012)
(i) Fluorescent (ii) Incandescent (iii) Arc
2. The losses due to dust and dirt are taken into consideration by ……… .(OCT 2014)
(i) Utilization factor (ii) Depreciation factor
3. ……… is used improve power factor in HPMV lamp. (OCT 2014)
(i) Choke (ii) Capacitor (iii) Transformer
4. Luminous intensity of carbon filament lamp is ………. tungsten filament lamp of same rating.
(MAR 2015)
(i) Equal to (ii) Less than (iii) Greater than
5. Stroboscopic effect is caused by ……. (MAR 2016)
(i) Fluorescent lamp (ii) Carbon filament lamp (iii) Metal filament lamp
6. ……… is most common material used for filament of lamps. (MAR 2016)
(i) Nichrome (ii) Tungsten (iii) Tantalus
7. Mercury vapour lamp are used for ……. (MAR 2017) (i) Domestic ii)
Street lighting (iii) Advertising
8. The capacitor provided inside the starter of a fluorescent lamp helps to ………… (MAR 2018)
(i) improve pf (ii) reduce radio interference (iii) increase the capacity
9. Neon lamps are used for _____ purpose (MAR 2020)
(i) Indicating (ii) Street lighting (iii) Advertising
10. For illuminating large area _____ is used (MAR 2022)
(i) Indirect lighting (ii) Semi direct lighting (iii) Flood lighting

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Compare between Incandescent lamp and fluorescent. (MAR 2012, 2018)
2. Draw a neat & labeled diagram of Neon sign tube. (MAR 2011, 2020)

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3. Mention suitable properties of Tungsten as lamp filament. (MAR 2011)
4. State advantages of fluorescent tube light. (OCT 2014)
5. Define utilization factor & depreciation factor. (MAR 2015)
6. State any four properties of good illumination scheme (MAR 2016)
7. What are the different lightning schemes? briefly describe any one with advantages and
disadvantages. (MAR 2022)
8. Draw a neat & labeled diagram of sodium vapour lamp & explain its construction and working.
9. State advantages of Correct illumination. (MAR 2019)
10. State advantages of gas discharge lamp. (MAR 2019)
11. Draw a neat and labeled circuit diagram of fluorescent tube. (MAR 2022)

(3 Marks Questions)
1. Define: Space height ratio (MAR 2012, 2017, 2020, 2022)
Utilisation factor
Depreciation factor
2. Draw a neat and labeled circuit diagram of fluorescent lamp and explain its working.
(MAR 2012)
3. What are the different lighting schemes? Briefly describe any one with advantages and
disadvantages. (MAR 2011, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 OCT 2014)
4. Short note: High pressure mercury vapour lamp. (MAR 2011)
5. Compare Incandescent lamp with fluorescent tube .(OCT 2014,MAR 2015, 2022)
6. Write short note on Incandescent lamp with sketch. (OCT 2014,MAR 2016,MAR 2017)
7. Draw a neat labelled diagram of sodium vapour lamp and explain its construction and working
(MAR 2018)

Chapter – 10 (ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES)

Fill in the blanks:

1. Heating element of toaster is made up of _______ (MAR 2011, 2018, 2019)
(i) Copper (ii) Nichrome (iii) Aluminum
2. _______ is used to control temperature of automatic electric iron.
(MAR 2011, OCT 2014, 2015)
(i) Regulator (ii) Thermostat (iii) Pilot lamp
3. A fan produces noise if _________(MAR 2016)
(i) Its windings are short circuited
(ii) It is over lubricated
(iii) Its bearing are damaged
4. In Ceiling fan _____ is used (MAR 2020)
(i) Repulsion motor (ii) Universal motor (iii) Permanent capacitor motor

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Explain use of mica and asbestos in electrical iron. (MAR 2012, 2020)

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2. List out different parts of geyser. (MAR 2014)
3. A table fan runs slow and become hot also state any four reasons.(MAR 2015)
4. Explain with circuit diagram the working of thermostat in electric iron.(MAR 2016)
5. Draw the circuit diagram of electric iron and write down the working principle.
(MAR 2017, 2020)
6. Give the properties of asbestos and mention why asbestos sheet is used in electric iron
(MAR 2018)
7. State the use of thermostat and glass wool in electric geyser (MAR 2020)

(3 Marks Questions)
1. Explain with a diagram construction and working of electric hot plate.
(MAR 2011, 2017, 2022)
2. Write short notes immersion water heater. (MAR 2011, 2019)
3. With a neat diagram explain construction and working of geyser.(MAR 2012)
4. Describe construction of automatic electric iron? (OCT 2014)
5. A ceiling fan does not start. State any six reason.(MAR 2015)
6. Explain with neat sketch the construction, working of immersion heater state any two common
faults in it. (MAR 2016, 2018)
7. Explain ceiling fan with neat circuit diagram (MAR 2022)
8. List any six parts of electric iron (MAR 2022)
9. Give reason: (MAR 2017)
(i) The fan rotates slowly.
(ii) Automatic electrical iron becomes very hot
(iii) Immersion heater giving shock.

(6 marks questions for all paper- 1 topics)

1. Write twelve important IE rules for wiring installation.

(MAR 2011, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022)
. What are the different systems of wiring? Compare than in a tabular form.
(MAR 2012, OCT 2014)
3. Explain continuity test and short circulation test between conductor and Earth by megger for a
new wiring installation. (OCT 2014)
4. Compare various wiring systems in tabular form. (MAR 2018, 2020)
5. What test are to be carried out before energizing new electrical wiring installation? Explain any
two test in details. (MAR 2017)
6. State the advantages & disadvantages of GI conduit wiring. Also states the necessary
precaution. (MAR 2019)

7. Write a Short notes on any two with neat sketch

(i) Electric Geyser (ii) Neon lamp (iii) Godown wiring

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 Topic wise Board Questions Paper – II

Chapter 11-TRANSFORMER

Fill in the blanks:

1. _________ loss in a transformer is constant (M-2011)
i. Core ii. Copper iii. Friction
2. Shell type transformer has _______ Magnetic paths (MAR 2011, 2012)
i. One ii. Two iii.three
3. Transformer works on principal of _______
i. self-Induction ii. Mutual induction iii. None of these
4. If K> 1 the transformer is said to be _______ (MAR 2013)
i. step down ii. Isolation iii. Step up
5 ________ transformer has been maxm magnetic paths (M 2015)
I. core ii. Shell iii. Berry
6. Transformer transforms ________ From primary to secondary. (M2016)
i. only current ii. Only voltage iii. voltage& current
7. C.T is always ________ type of transformer
i. step up ii. Step down iii. Either step up or step down
8. _______ Maintains oil level in transformer tank (M 2016)
i. conservator ii. Breather iii. oil Gauge
9. _________ loss in a transformer is Variable loss (MAR 2019)
(i) Core (ii) Friction (iii) Copper
10. in A transformer emf /turn in primary winding is _______ emf / turn is secondary winding.
i. less than ii. Equal to iii. More than
11. for increasing the voltage _______ is used (MAR 2020)
(i) Step up transformer
(ii) Current transformer
(iii) Step down transformer
12. Core type transformer has_______magnetic path. (MAR 2022)
(i) One (ii) Two (iii) Many
13. Core of Transformer is laminated to reduce ______ Losses (MAR 2017)
(i) eddy current (ii) Hysteresis (iii) copper
14. The rating of transformer is taken in _______ (MAR 2018)
(i) KVA (ii) KW (iii) KWH

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Explain with neat sketch the construction and working of an autotransformer (M 2011, 2015)
2. Find out the full load primary current & transformation Ratio of a single phase 10 KVA, 22200
v/ 110 V transformer (M 2011)
3. Explain short circuit test of a transformer (MAR 2011)

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4. Compare power transformer with Distribution transformer (MAR 2011)
5. Compare core type transformer with shell type transformer (MAR 2012, 2017)
6. Write a short note on Berry type transformer. (MAR 2012)
7. Explain the functions of C.T & P.T (MAR 2012)
8. What is transformer? Why is it a called a static device (M 2012)
9. Classify transformers according to (MAR 2012)
i. Number of phases
ii. Voltage (Pri& Sec)
10. A single phase transformer of 2000/200V, 200KVA has 66 turns in the secondary calculate
Primary turns & primary & secondary full load current (MAR 2013)
11. Write a short note on current transformer (MAR 2013)
12. Explain functions of Breather & Buchholz Repay (MAR 2015)
13. Compare step up transformer with step down transformer (MAR 2015, 2022)
14. Why Rating of transformer is always given KVA (MAR 2015)
15. State functions of conservator & Breather (MAR 2015)
16. Classify transformers according to (MAR 2015)
i. Construction
ii. Transformation Ratio
18. Explain the working of C. T with neat circuit diagram (MAR 2016)
19. Define (MAR 2016)
i. All day efficiency of transformer.
ii. Percentage regulation of transformer.
20. State any two properties of transformer oil. (MAR 2016)
21. Why cooling is necessary for transformer. (MAR 2017)
22. Compare autotransformer with ordinary transformer. (MAR 2017, 2020)
23. Explain the function of conservator & Buchholz’s relay. (MAR 2018)
24. What are the different types of transformer? (MAR 2018)
25. Why transformer is not operated on DC supply? (MAR 2019)
26. A 20 KVA, single phase, 50Hz transformer gives the following test result: (MAR 2018)
Iron loss=0.2KW, Cu loss=0.24KW, Determine the % efficiency at full load, 0.8 pf.
27. How do you minimize the iron losses in a transformer? (MAR 2019)
28. Write the working of potential transformer with neat circuit diagram (MAR 2020)
29. Explain the working principle of Single Phase Transformer (MAR 2020)
30. Write a short note on Auto-transformer (MAR 2020)
31. Classify the transformer according to: (i) Uses (ii) Cooling System (MAR 2022)
32. State the protective and safety devices used in power transformer. (MAR 2022)
(3 Marks Questions)
1. Name various methods of finding losses in transformer, Explain any one with neat circuit
diagram. (MAR 2017)
2. Compare core type transformer with transformer with shell type transformer.
(MAR 2011, 2017, 2018)
3. Describe 3 phase core type transformer with neat sketch. (MAR 2013)

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4. The maximum flux density in the core of 250V / 3000 V, 50 Hz , transformer is 0.00012 Wb/
cm2 ,If the emf induced per turn is 8.0V . Find number of turns & net cross – sectional area of
core. (MAR 2013)
5. Write short note on annual checking of 3phase transformer (M 2013)
6. Write down function of Buchholz Relay, Conservator & Breather (M – 2012)
7. A 200 KVA step down single phase transformer has full load iron loss is 800 watt & copper
loss is 2000 Watt.
i. find efficiency at F.L. unity P.F
ii. Efficiency at half load 0.8 pf (MAR 2012)
8. A 30 KVA 6.6 KV/0.4 KV distribution transformer has F.L CU loss 1kw & Iron loss 800 W.
Calculate efficiency on F.L at 0.9 P.F. (MAR 2011)
9. A 1 phase , 500 V/ 250 V , 100 KVA transformer has full load copper loss 1200 W & iron loss
of 800 W .Calculate efficiency of transformer at half & full load at 0.9 pf. (M- 2015)
10. Write the emf equation of transformer .What do you mean by transformation ratio.
(MAR 2018, 2019)
11. A single phase 230/460V transformer has 180 turns in the secondary winding. Find the primary
number of turns when the transformer is connected to full load, the terminal voltage falls to
437V, Calculate % Voltage regulation. (MAR 2018)
12. Classify the single phase transformer according to (i) Voltage (ii) Core (iii) Phase (MAR 2019)
13. Compare Power Transformer with Distribution Transformer. (MAR 2022)
14. Define (i) all day efficiency of transformer. (ii) Percentage regulation of transformer. (iii)
Ordinary efficiency (MAR 2019)
15. Explain open circuit test of a transformer (MAR 2022)
16. Write a short note of Buchholz Relay. (MAR 2022)
17. A 200 KVA step down single phase transformer has full load iron loss is 4 KW & copper loss
is 6 KW
i. find efficiency at F.L. unity P.F
ii. Efficiency at half load 0.5 pf (MAR 2019)

(6 Marks Questions)
1. Write down the maintenance schedule of a transformer (MAR 2011, 2015)
2. Draw a neat sketch of three phase power transformer & label the following parts
i. Secondary Bushing (MAR 2012, 2020)

ii.Exhaust vent
iii .Explosion vent
iv. Temperature Gauge
v. Breather
vi. Conservator
3. A 48 KVA, 1 phase , 50 Hz , 1600V / 160 V transformer has primary resistance of 0.5 Ω
secondary resistance of 0.01 Ω calculate the F. L Efficiency unity P.F if the Iron losses are
650W. (MAR 2016)
4. A 3 phase 11 KV/ 0.4 KV, 50 KVA Distribution transformer is loaded during a day as under
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 i.At F.L for 12 hours at 0.9 P.F
ii.On half F.L for 8 hours at 0.9 P.F unity P.F.
iii. On no load for remaining period the iron losses are 3 KW & F.L Cu losses 3 KW find out
all day efficiency .(MAR 2017)

Chapter 12-SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

Fill in the blanks:

1. The centrifugal switch is connected in series with running winding
say true / false (MAR 2017)
2. The capacitor in start induction run motor is used to _________
i. improve P.F ii. Improve speed iii .Improve starting Torque (MAR 2017)
3. A fuse wire of ________ is used for a motor which draws 12 A. (MAR 2013)
i.25 A ii.16 A iii.18 A
4. The rotor in universal motor is ________
i. squirrel cage ii. Armature iii. Wound rotor (MAR 2015)
5. The inductance of running winding is ………… than stating winding (MAR 2013)
i. less ii. More iii .neither less nor more
6. ________motor has more starting torque (MAR 2011)
i. split phase ii .capacitor start iii .shaded pole
7. The resistance of ……..winding is more in split phase motor. (MAR 2018)
(i) Running (ii) starting (iii) none of them
8. In a shaded pole motor the shaded ring is used for _______ (MAR 2019)
(i) Producing RMF (ii) Change in DOR (iii) increasing the speed
9. Capacitor in single phase A.C. Motor split the phase electrically apart by ________ angle.
(i) 120 (ii) 360 (iii) 90
10. The inductive reactance of running winding is ______ than starting winding (MAR 2020)
(i) less (ii) More (iii) neither less nor more
11. Universal motor is used in ________ (MAR 2018)
(i) Ceiling fan (ii) table fan (iii) electric mixer

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Which motors are used in
i. Mixer ii. Ceiling fan
2. Explain why single phase induction motor is not self-starting? How it is made neat self start.
(MAR 2011, 2012, 2016, 2020)
3. Explain with neat circuit diagram the construction & working of shaded pole induction motor
(MAR 2011)
4. Name any two methods of speed control of Universal motor. Explain anyone. (MAR 2011)
5. Explain working of shaded pole motor. (MAR 2012,2016)
6. How will you change direction of rotation of Split phase Induction motor.(MAR 2015,2012)
7. Explain the function of centrifugal switch in a capacitor start induction run motor.

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 (MAR 2018, 2019, 2022)
8. What are the different methods of starting of single phase induction motors?
(MAR 2019, 2022)
9. Explain working of capacitor start induction run motor (MAR 2020)

(3 Marks Questions)
1. Describe working of permanent capacitor motor. Give applications.(MAR 2012, 2018)
2. A single phase induction motor fails to start .State the possible reasons (MAR 2019)
3. How to change DOR of (i) Split phase induction motor (ii) Universal motor
(6 Marks Questions)
1. Name any 6 types of single phase motors. Write down construction & working of single phase
motor used in table fan.(MAR 2013)

Chapter 13 Three PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

Fill in the blanks:
1. The winding in 3-phase Induction motor are placed _______ electrically apart from each
other.(MAR 2016)
i) 180° (ii)120° (iii)360°
2. The rotor current frequency of induction motor _________ with increases in speed.
(MAR 2015)
i) Increases (ii)Decreases (iii)Remains same
3. For 7.5 HP motor ________ starter is used. (MAR 2013)
i) DOL (ii)Star-delta (iii) Rheostatic
4. The frequency of rotor current f' is given by_______ (MAR 2011)
i) f'=sf
ii) f'=s/f
iii) f'=f/s
5. In 3 phase squirrel cage type induction motor the starting torque is _______running torque
(MAR 2012)
i) equal to (ii)less than (iii)greater than
6. Autotransformer starter is used for _______motors (MAR 2012)
i) 5HP (ii)10HP (iii) 20HP
7. three phase slip ring induction motor has _______ rotor (MAR 2020)
(i) Short circuited (ii) Double cage (iii) Wound type
8. (a) Star delta starter is used for______HP Motor. (MAR 2022)
(i) 5 (ii) 7.5 (iii) 25

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Name various methods of speed control of three phase induction motor.
( MAR 2017,2015, 2020)
2. Why starters are used for 3 phase induction motors .( \MAR 2017)
3. Explain the construction of squirrel cage rotor with net sketch.( MAR 2016)

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4. How will you change direction of rotation of 1) 3 phase induction motor (MAR 2012,2015)
5. Define 1) synchronous speed 2) slip (MAR 2015)
6. Draw neat labeled circuit diagram of autotransformer starter (MAR 2011)
5. Mention type of starters (MAR 2013)
7. What do you understand by synchronous speed? Calculate synchronous speed of 3phase,
50Hz 400v, 50Hz induction motor (MAR 2013)
8. Explain necessity of starter for 3phase squirrel cage induction motor. Name starter to
be connected to a 3 phase 440V,25HP squirrel cage induction motor(MAR 2011)
9. Write working principle of 3 phase induction motor.( MAR 2012)
10. Draw a neat and labeled block diagram of star delta starter used for operating 3 phase squirrel
cage induction motor. (MAR 2018)
11. A three phase induction motor fails to start. What are the possible reasons?
12. Draw neat labeled circuit diagram of DOL starter (MAR 2020)
13. State the types of three phase motor (MAR 2022)
14. An I.M. having 6 poles, operates on 50 Hz supply. If it works on full load at 960 rpm. Find the
percentage slip. (MAR 2022)
(3 Marks Questions)
1. A 3 phase, 4 pole, 440V, 50Hz induction motor is running with 2% slip. Calculate rotor speed
and rotor Current frequency at full speed. (MAR 2017)
2. Compare slip ring induction motor with squirrel cage induction motor.
(MAR 2012,2013, 2016,2017, 2020)
3. Explain the working of star –delta starter with neat circuit diagram.( MAR 2017, 2018)
4. Compare 3phase induction motor with synchronous motor. (MAR 2016)
5. Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of DOL starter. (MAR 2015, 2018,2019)
6. Explain working of 3 phase slip ring type induction motor (MAR 2013)
7. What are the main parts of 3 phase induction motor? Explain in short each with construction
sketch (MAR 2012)
8. Why starter is necessary for starting of 3 phase induction motor. Name different types
(MAR 2022)
9. Define Slip, find out the rotor speed of a 4 pole, 50hz, 3 phase, 400v, Squirrel cage induction
motor if its slip is 3%. (MAR 2018)
10. How the direction of rotation of three phase induction motor changes? (MAR 2018,2019)
11. An induction motor having 4 poles operate on 440V,50Hz supply. If it works on full load
at1400 rpm, find the percentage slip.(MAR 2019)
12. Explain how does a three phase induction motor start to rotate (MAR 2019)
13. Define (i) Synchronous speed (ii) Slip speed (iii) Rotor speed (MAR 2019)
14. Explain the working of double cage motor with the help of diagram (MAR 2019)
15. Define Percentage Slip. A motor is having 1440 RPM Rotor Speed with 0.04 slip. Calculate its
Synchronous Speed (NS). (MAR 2020)
16. How will you change the direction of rotation (i)3phase IM (ii) Universal Motor (iii) Split
Phase Motor (MAR 2022)
17. An 8 – pole, 3 phase , 50 Hz induction motor runs at the speed of 725rpm find the following
1.synchronous speed
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 2.Slip speed
3.% slip
4.Frequency of rotor current at this speed (MAR - 2012)
(6 Marks Questions)
1. Write down the maintenance schedule for 3 phase induction motor
(MAR 2017, 2018, 2020, 2022)
2. State the necessity of the starter for induction motor. Explain the construction & working of
auto transformer starter with neat circuit diagram.( MAR 2016)

Chapter 14. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Fill in the blanks:

1. ________ synchronous motor runs on leading P.F. (MAR 2017)
i. Under excited
ii. Over excited
iii. 100% excited
2. The slip speed of a 4 – pole 50 Hz Synchronous motor at its full speed is _______
(MAR 2016)
i. 0 R.P.M ii. 50 R.P.M iii. 1500 R.M.P
3. Slip of synchronous motor is _________. (MAR 2018)
(i) 3% (ii) 0 (iii)100%
4. ________ synchronous motor is called as synchronous condenser (MAR 2020)
(i) Under excited (ii) Over excited (iii)100% excited
5. The synchronous speed of three phase, 4 pole, 50Hz, I.M. is ______ RPM (MAR 2022)
(i) 750 (ii) 1000 (iii) 1500

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Write advantages of disadvantages of synchronous motor (MAR 2016 )
2. Explain working principle of 3 phase synchronous motor (MAR 2013)
3. Compare synchronous motor with induction motor. (MAR 2018, 2022)
4. What are the applications of Synchronous Motor ? (MAR 2020, 2022)

(3marks Questions)
1. State various methods of starting synchronous motor. Explain any one of them.
(MAR 2011, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2022)
2. Compare 3 phase induction motor with synchronous motor (MAR 2016, 2020)
3. Describe 3phase synchronous motor (MAR 2011)
4. Explain why synchronous motor is not self starting? (MAR 2011)

(6 Marks Questions)
1. Explain why synchronous motor is not self starting? What are various methods of starting
synchronous motor ? Explain each in brief. (M 2015)

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 Chapter 15 MEASURING INSTRUMENT
Fill in the blanks:
1. Say true /false (M 2016)
The range of ammeter is extended by connecting resistance across it.
2. M.I. type ammeter always reads _________value of A.C.
i. peak ii. Average iii. R.M.S
3. _______is used for testing the insulation of substation equipment. (MAR 2018)
(i) Multimeter (ii) p.f meter (iii) megger
4. A moving Iron instrument can be used to measure both A.C & D.C. quantities. Say true or
false (M.2011)
5. Ampere hour meter measures _______ (MAR 2019)
(i) AC energy (ii) DC energy (iii) DC power

6. Energy meter is ______ type of an instrument. (MAR 2022)

(i) Indicating (ii) Integrating (iii) Recording

(2 Marks Questions)
1 Write a short note on vibrating reed type frequency meter (MAR 2017)
2. How will you calibrate D.C. voltmeter (MAR 2017, 2016)
3. Explain the working of P.M.M.C. type instrument with neat sketch (MAR 2017)
4. Draw neat circuit diagram of single phase energy meter (MAR 2015)
5. Describe electrical resonance type frequency meter (MAR 2013,2019)
6. Write a short note on multimeter. (MAR 2013, 2020)
7. Write a note on reed type frequency meter. (MAR 2018)

(3 Marks Questions)
1. Write a note on megger with neat circuit diagram (MAR 2016)
2. What is meant by calibration? How will you calibrate D.C. ammeter (MAR 2015)
3. How will you calibrate 1phase KWH meter? (MAR - 2013, 2012)
4. Explain with neat circuit diagram the construction & working of single phase KWH meter
(MAR 2011)
5. A moving coil instrument has a resistance of 5 & gives full scale deflection when, 100mA
current show carrying how it can be used to measure current upto 10A (MAR 2011)
6. What is meant by calibration? How will you calibrate D.C. Voltmeter (MAR 2020)

Chapter 16-ELECTRIC HEATING

Fill in the blanks:

1. _______ Heating is not dependent on supply frequency (MAR 2017)
i. Resistance ii.Dielectriciii.Induction.
2. ________is used as a heating element in resistance oven. (MAR 2016, 2020)
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 i. Tungsten ii.Nichrome iii. Eureka
3. Immersion water heater works on the basis of________ (MAR 2013)
i. induction heating ii Arc heating iii Indirect resistance heating
4. The core type induction furnace can be used for heating __________(MAR 2013)
i. Non-metals ii. Metals iii. Metals &non metals.
5. In welding work ______ Heating is used (MAR 2011,2019, 2020)
i. resistance ii. Arc iii. Dielectric
6. Indirect arc furnace is used for melting________ metals (MAR 2012)
i. steel ii. Ferrous iii. Non-ferrous
7. Electric current is made to pass through the body to be heated is ________ (MAR 2022)
(i) Direct resistance heating (ii) Indirect resistance heating (iii) Arc heating
8. An electric iron works on the basis of _________ (MAR 2018)
(i) Indirect resistance heating (ii) dielectric heating (iii) direct heating

(2 Marks Questions)
1. Write any four types of electric heating (MAR 2017, 2016)
2. Write any four application of dielectric heating (MAR 2011,2017, 2019)
3. Write a short note on core type Induction furnace (MAR 2016)
4. Write a short note on direct arc furnace (MAR 2015, 2018)
5. Compare core type induction furnace with core less type induction furnace (MAR 2012)
6. Classify electric heating (MAR 2013)
7. Write a short note on Induction heating (MAR 2019)
8. Give advantages of electric heating (MAR 2020)
9. Explain Dielectric Heating with the help of neat sketch. (MAR 2022)

(3 Marks Questions)
1. Explain dielectric heating with neat sketch (MAR 2015)
2. Write short note on Arc Furnace (MAR 2015)
3. State advantage of electric heating (MAR 2011, 2018, 2022)
4. What are the various types of electric heating? Write in short about ‘Direct Arc Furnace’ with
figure.(MAR 2012)

Chapter 17-PARALLEL OPERATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR

Fill in the blanks:
1. _______ is used for parallel operation of 3 phase alternators (MAR 2015)
i. Synchroscope ii. Tong tester iii. Megger
2. Synchroscope is used for parallel operation of______________ (MAR 2012)
i. Transformer ii.alternator iii.Induction motor
3. For parallel operation two 3 phase alternator _____is used.(MAR 2019)
(i) Multimeter (ii) synchroscope (iii)Megger

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 (3 Marks Questions)
1. Explain synchroscope method of synchronizing (MAR 2017), 2013.
2. State the necessity of synchronizing 3 phase alternators (MAR 2017)
3. Explain dark lamp method of synchronizing (MAR 2011)
4. State the conditions to be fulfilled while synchronizing two 3 phase alternators (MAR 2011)
(6 Marks Questions)
1. What is the necessity of synchronizing 3 phase alternators? Explain Lamp methods (both ) of
synchronization with circuit diagram (MAR 2012)
2. Explain the necessity of parallel operation of 3 phase alternators. State the conditions to be
fulfilled for parallel operation of 3 -phase alternators. Explain Bright lamp method with neat
circuit diagram (MAR 2015, 2016, 2018, 2022)
3. State the different methods of parallel operation of 3 phase alternators. Explain any one
method in detail with diagram (MAR 2019)
4. Define the Term Synchronising. What is the necessity of parallel operation of alternators?
Explain the conditions for parallel operation of alternator. Give the names of methods of
Synchronising. (MAR 2020)

Chapter 18 - HV substation
(2 Marks Questions)
1. List out the equipments used in H.T. Substation (MAR 2020, 2022)

Chapter 19-MAINTENANCE
(3 Marks Questions)
1. What are the advantages of preventive maintenance (MAR 2016, 2018)
2. Compare preventive maintenance with break down maintenance (MAR 2016)

________________________

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 ELECTRICAL
MAINTENANCE
PAPER-I

PREVIOUS YEAR
BOARD QUESTION
PAPERS

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 Electrical Maintenance Paper-I (HSC Feb. 2016)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Attempt any four

a The conductors of VIR Wire are tinned because ____________. (1)
(i) By tinning corrosion is restricted.
(ii) By tinned the rubber is prevented to stick up with the conductor and also
avoids chemical reaction.
(iii) The tinned makes the conductor stronger and increases its thickness to
carry more current

b A fan produces noise if __________. (1)

(i) Its winding are short circuited
(ii) It is over lubricated
(iii) Its bearing is damaged.

c Stroboscopic effect is caused by __________. (1)

(i) Florescent lamp
(ii) Carbon filament lamp
(iii) Metal filament lamp

d In industrial work __________wiring system is used. (1)

(i) Cleat
(ii) Casing-Capping
(iii) Metal conduit.

e ________ is most common material used for filament of lamp (1)

(i) Ni-chrome
(ii) Tungsten
(iii) Tantalum

f _______ Fuse unit allows a predetermined time to remove the short circuits. (1)
(i) Kit-Kat
(ii) HRC
(iii) Cartridge

2. Attempt Any three

a Draw a neat labelled diagram of three point go down wiring (2)
b Draw a neat labelled diagram of star delta starter (2)
c Draw a neat and labeled diagram of single phase energy meter. (2)
d Draw a neat labeled diagram of three point DC Shunt motor starter. (2)
e Draw the symbols (2)
i. Siren ii. Energy Meter
iii. Fan Regulator iv. Start Delta Starter

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3. Attempt any three
a State any four properties of good illumination scheme. (2)
b State the precaution to be taken while installing surface conduit wiring (2)
c Explain the meaning of 7/22 copper wire. Write the current capacity for the (2)
same
d Explain with circuit diagram the working of thermostat in electric iron. (2)
e Describe CTS wire with neat sketch. (2)

4. Attempt any two

a Write any six general IE Rule for wiring. (3)
b Name any four overhead line insulator and explain any one with neat sketch. (3)
c Define current rating of fuse minimum fusing current and fusing factor (3)

5. Attempt any two

a Explain the installation process of CTS Wiring system. State advantage and dis (3)
advantage of this wiring
b Explain with neat sketch the construction of Kit Kat fuse unit. State its (3)
advantages
c Compare overhead line with U.G. Cable (3)

6. Attempt any two

a (i) What are the points to be considered before selecting any wiring system? (6)
(ii) State the advantages of cleat wiring and metal conduit wiring
b Compare various wiring system in tabular form (6)
c (i) Compare florescent lamp with incandescent lamp (6)
(ii)Explain with neat sketch the construction of immersion heater. State any two
common faults in it

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 Electrical Maintenance Paper-I (HSC Feb. 2017)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Attempt any four

a ___________ wiring is used for workshops (1)
(i) CTS
(ii) Conduits.
(ii) Casing Capping

b A fuse is a ______ device . (1)

(i) Controlling
(ii) Protecting
(iii) Holding.

c Mercury vapor lamps are used for __________. (1)

(i) Domestic
(ii) Street lighting
(iii) Advertising

d Weather proof wire are used for _____ wiring. (1)

(i) Outdoor
(ii) Indoor
(iii) Underground

e ________ is used as fuse element (1)

(i) Lead tin alloy
(ii) Carbon
(iii) Gold

f To check the insulation resistance between conductor and earth in wiring (1)
installation _______ is used.
(i) Ohmmeter
(ii) Multimeter
(iii) Megger

2. Attempt Any three

a Draw a neat labelled diagram of DC Compound motor with 4 point starter (2)
b Draw a constructional diagram of moving iron attraction type instruments (2)
c Name the different types of switches (2)
d Draw a neat labeled diagram of Autotransformer starter. (2)
e Write short note on lead sheathed wiring system (2)

3. Attempt any three

a Give the symbol of the following (2)
(i) AC Generator (ii) Fuse
(iii) Earthing (iv) One way Switch
b Write a short note on direct underground cable laying system (2)
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 c Compare conductor with insulator (2)
d Draw a circuit diagram of Electric iron and write down the working principle. (2)
e What are the common faults in domestic electric installation (2)

4. Attempt any two

a What are the different lighting schemes? Explain any one (3)
b Explain the construction and working principle of electric hot plate (3)
c Explain Kit Kat type fuse with neat sketch (3)

5. Attempt any two

a Write down the types and properties of overhead insulators (3)
b What are the different types of domestic wiring systems? Write the (3)
application of any two.
c Compare overhead transmission system with underground cable laying (3)
system

6. Attempt any two

a Define (6)
i. Space to height ratio
ii. Utilization Factor
iii. Depreciation factor
b What are the tests to be carried out before energizing new electrical wiring (6)
installation? Explain any two test in details
c i. Draw the constructional diagram of general underground cable and (6)
explain different parts
ii. Give Reasons
(a) The fan rotates slowly
(b) Automatic Electric Iron become very hot
(c) Immersion heater giving shocks.

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 Electrical Maintenance Paper-I (HSC Feb. 2018)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Fill in the blanks : (Any Four)

(a) Weatherproof Wire is used for _______ wiring. (1)
(i) Outdoor
(ii) Indoor
(iii) Underground

(b) As per I.E. rule, the leakage current in a wiring installation should not
exceed_______ part of the full load current (1)

(i) 1/10,000
(ii) 1/8,000
(iii) 1/5,000

(c) The capacitor provided inside the starter of a fluorescent lamp helps to _______ (1)
(i) improve power factor
(ii) reduce radio interference
(iii) increase the capacity

(d) The fuse is placed in _______ (1)

(i) Phase
(ii) Neutral
(iii) Earth

(e) Heating element of toaster is made of _______ (1)

(i) Copper
(ii) Nichrome
(iii) Aluminium

f) ________ conductor is widely used for long distance overhead transmission

line. (1)
(i) ACSR
(ii) Copper
(iii) Aluminium

2. Attempt any three:

(a) Draw a neat and labeled constructional diagram of attraction type moving iron
instrument. (2)
(b) Draw a neat and labeled circuit diagram of ‘staircase wiring’. (2)
(c) Draw a neat and labeled block diagram of Star-Delta Starter used for operating
3 Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor. (2)
(d) Draw a neat and labeled panel wiring diagram of 3 point face plate starter for
operating D.C. Shunt Motor (2)

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 (e) State the meaning of the following symbols : (2)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

3. Attempt any three:

(a) With a neat and labeled diagram, explain the construction of C.T.S. Wire (2)
(b) Name the tests to be performed before entering a new wiring installation. (2)
(c) Compare between Incandescent Lamp and Fluorescent Lam. (2)
(d) Define the terms ‘Fusing Current’ and Rated Current’ of a Fuse. (2)
(e) Give the propertied of asbestos and mention why asbestos sheet is used in
electric iron (2)

4. Attempt any two :

(a) What are the method of Lying Underground Cables? Explain any one of them with neat
and labeled diagram. (3)
(b) What are the points to be considered before selecting a wiring system? (3)
(c) What are the different schemes of Lightning? Explain any one of them with
advantages and disadvantages. (3)

5. Attempt any two :

(a) With a neat and labeled diagram write a note on ‘Conduit Wiring system’. Mention its
advantages and disadvantages. (3)
(b) Draw a neat and labeled diagram of sodium Vapur Lamp and explain its construction
and working. (3)
(c) With a neat and labeled diagram explain the construction and working of HRC fuse.
(3)

6. Attempt any two :

(a) What are the different system of Wiring? Compare them in a tabular form (6)
(b) Write at least twelve important Indian Electricity Rules in wiring. (6)
(c) (i) With a neat and labeled diagram explain the construction and working of
immersion water heater (3)
(ii) Name the different types of insulators used on overhead lines and give
their specific uses. (3)

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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 Electrical Maintenance Paper-I (HSC Feb. 2019)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Fill in the blanks : (Any Four)

(a) H.R.C. fuse unit is rewritable. (1)
Say True/ False

(b) For temporary purpose _______ wiring is used. (1)

(i) P.V.C. Conduit
(ii) Cleat
(iii) Casing and Capping

(c) The heating element of toaster is made up (1)

(i) Steel
(ii) Nichrome
(iii) Iron

(d) Unit of electrical energy is _________ (1)

(i) KVA
(ii) KW
(iii) KWH

(e) The insulator used to support the conductors of 400KV transmission line are
______ insulator. (1)
(i) Pin
(ii) Shackle
(iii) Suspension

(f) The flow of electrons in a conductor is termed as _____________ (1)

(i) Current Electricity
(ii) Static Electricity

2. Attempt any three :

(a) Draw the constructional diagram of Energy Meter. (2)
(b) Draw the constructional a diagram of PMMC Type instrument. (2)
(c) Draw a neat and labeled diagram of H.P.M.V. Lamp. (2)
(d) Draw a neat and labeled diagram of D.O.L. Starter. (2)
(e) Draw conventional symbol of : (2)
(i) Chock
(ii) Pan Regulator
(iii) Three Phase Squirrel Cage I.M.
(iv) Earthing

3. Attempt any three:

(a) Which insulation material would you select for the following: (2)
(i) Flexible Wire
(ii) Covering of Heating Element of Electric Iron
(iii) Fuse Holder
(iv) Socket 3pin 5A

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 (b) State advantages of Correct Illumination. (2)
(c) Define current rating of Fuse Element and Fusing Factor. (2)
(d) What do you mean by A.C.S.R. ? Explain in brief. (2)
(e) State advantage of Gas Discharge Lamp. (2)

4. Attempt any two:

(a) List the various types of Lighting Schemes. Explain any one in brief. (3)
(b) Write short notes on Immersion Water Heater. (3)
(c) Compare Overhead Transmission with Underground Cable Transmission. (3)

5. Attempt any two :

(a) Which points will you consider while lying the Underground Cable? (3)
(b) Which points should be considered before selecting any wiring system? (3)
(c) compare Casing and Capping Wiring System with Batten Wiring System (3)

6. Attempt any two:

(a) Write down any twelve I.E. Rules for Wiring. (6)
(b) State advantages and disadvantages of G.I. Conduit Wiring.
Also state the necessary precautions. (6)
(c) Write short note on any two with a neat sketch :
(i) Electric Geyser
(ii) Neon Lamp
(iii) Godown Wiring

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 Electrical Maintenance Paper-I (HSC Feb. 2020)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Fill In The Blanks ( Any Four )

(a) Generally Silver is used in _______fuse unit. 1
(i) H.R.C (ii) Kit-Kat (iii) Round Type

(b) In Ceiling Fan _____ is used. 1

(i) Repulsion Motor (ii) Universal Motor (iii) Permanent
Capacitor Motor

(c) Neon Lamps are used for ______purpose. 1

(i) Indicating (ii) Street Lighting (iii) Advertising

(d) In workshops ______ wiring is used. 1

(i) Cleat (ii) Batten (iii)Metal Conduit

(e) The specific resistance of copper is _______ the specific resistance of Aluminium. 1

(i) Equal to (ii) More than (iii) Less than

(f) Unit of electrical energy is ______ 1

(i) KVA (ii) KWH (iii) KVAR

2. Attempt any three of the following

(a) Draw conventional symbols for the following 2
(i) Two Way Switch (ii) Buzzer
(iii) Exhaust Fan (iv) Fault
(b) Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Stair Case Wiring. 2
(c) Draw the constructional diagram of P.M .M. C. type instrument. 2
(d) State any four types of Wires. 2
(e) What is Fuse? Write any three types of Fuses. 2

3. Attempt any three of the following

(a) Give the reason why Mica and Asbestos is used in Electric Iron? 2
(b) What is S.W.G.? What is the meaning of 3/20 wire? 2
(c) State the use of Thermostat and glass wool in Electric Geyser. 2
(d) Draw a neat and diagram of Direct-on-line Starter. 2
(e) Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Neon Sign Tubes.

4. Attempt any two of the following

(a) Explain C.T.S./T.R.S. batten wiring system with neat diagram. State its use. 3
(b) Explain the construction and working of Electric Iron. 3
(c) Define the following terms : 3
(i) Depreciation Factor (ii) Utilization Factor (iii) Space – Height Ratio

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5. Attempt any two of the following
(a) Explain construction and working of H.R.C. fuse unit. 3
(b) Compare the Underground Cable System and Overhead Wiring System. 3
(c) State the properties of Underground Cable. State the methods of Laying 3
Underground Cable

6. Attempt any two of the following

(a) Compare the different wiring systems in tabular form. (Any six points) 6
(b) (i) State the types of overhead line insulators. 2
(ii) Explain with proper figure the pin type insulator. 2
(iii) Classify the underground cable according to its working voltage 2
(c) State any twelve Indian Electricity Rules for general wiring work. 6

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 Electrical Maintenance Paper-I (HSC Feb. 2022)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Attempt any four

a _______ Fuse is non rewirable (1)
(i) HRC.
(ii) Kit-Kat.
(iii) Round type

b PMMC type instrument is used for _______ supply. (1)

(iv) AC
(v) DC
(vi) AC & DC.

c In three core wire green wire is used for __________. (1)

(iv) Phase
(v) Neutral
(vi) Earth

d In Staircase wiring _______ switches is used. (1)

(iv) One way
(v) Two way
(vi) ICTP.

e For illumination large area _______ is used (1)

(iv) Indirect lighting
(v) Semi-indirect lighting
(vi) Flood lighting

f _______ Conductor is used for overhead transmission line. (1)

(iv) ACSR
(v) Copper
(vi) Iron

2. Attempt Any three

a Draw a neat labelled diagram of One lamp controlled from two places (2)
b Draw a neat labelled diagram of 2 point series parallel testing board (2)
c Draw a neat and labeled diagram of Fluorescent lamp. (2)
d Draw a neat labeled constructional diagram of Single phase energy meter. (2)
e Draw the symbols (2)
i. Electric Bell ii. Siren
iii. Earthing iv. Single phase AC Motor

3. Attempt any three

a State types of M.I. Instrument (2)
b Define (2)
(i) Fusing Current (ii) Fusing Factor
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 c Classify the UG Cable according to voltage (2)
d What are the types of overhead line insulator? (2)
e What are the different lighting scheme for good illumination? (1(

4. Attempt any two

a Explain the construction and working of HRC Fuse unit with neat sketch (3)
b Define (3)
i. Space to height ratio
ii. Utilization factor
iii. Depreciation factor
c Explain construction and working of electric hot plate with neat sketch (3)

5. Attempt any two

a Compare incandescent lamp with fluorescent lamp (3)
b State the point to be consider before selecting any wiring system (3)
c Write a short note on conduits wiring (3)

6. Attempt any two

a Compare cleat wiring with casing capping (6)
b Write ant twelve IE rules for general wiring (6)
c i. Explain celling fan with neat circuit diagram (6)
ii. List any six parts of electric iron

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 Electrical Maintenance Paper-I (HSC Feb. 2020)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Answer Key Marks :40

1. Attempt any four :

(a) – (i) H.R.C. (1)
(b) – (iii) Permanent Capacitor Motor (1)
(c) – (i) Indicating (1)
(d) – (iii) Metal Conduit (1)
(e) – (iii) Less than (1)
(f) – (ii) KWH (1)

2. Attempt any three:

(a) Refer Electrical Symbols Topic (½ mark for each)

(b) (i) Neat and correct diagram (1)

(ii) Labelling (1)
(c) (i) Neat and correct diagram (1)
(ii) Labelling (1)
(d) Any four types ½ each

(e) (i) Correct definition ½ each

(ii) Any three types ½

3. Attempt any three

(a) (i) Reason why Mica is used (1)
(ii) Reason why Abestos is used (1)
(b) (i) Meaning of S.W.G. (1)
(ii) Meaning of 3/20 wire (1)
(c) (i) Correct use of Thermostat (1)
(ii) Correct use of Class Wool (1)
(d) (i) Neat and correct diagram (½)
(ii) Labelling (½)
(e) (i) Neat and correct Diagram (½)
(ii) Labelling (½)

4. Attempt any two:

(a) (i) Neat and correct diagram (1½)

(ii) Explanation (1)
(iii) Use (½)
(b) (i) Neat circuit diagram (½)
(ii) Working principle (½)
(iii) Constructional parts (2)

(c) (i) Correct definition (1)

(ii) Correct definition (1)
(iii) Correct definition (1)

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5. Attempt any two:
(a) (i) correct diagram with labeling (1)
(ii) Construction (1)
(iii) Working (1)
(b) Any six points of comparison ½ each
(c) (i) Any three properties ½ each

6. Attempt any two

(a) Comparison of five systems with six points (1 each)
(b) (i) Any four types of insulators ½ each
(ii) – Correct figure ½
– Explanation ½
(iii) Any four types of cables ½ each
(c) Any twelve I. E. Rules ½ each

_____________

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 Electrical Maintenance Paper-I (HSC Feb. 2022)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Answer Key Marks :40

1. Attempt any four :

(a) – (i) H.R.C. (1)
(b) – (iii) D. C. (1)
(c) – (i) Earth (1)
(d) – (iii) Two Way (1)
(e) – (iii) Flood Lighting (1)
(f) – (ii) ACSR (1)

2. Attempt any three:

(a) – Diagram (1)
– Labelling (1)
(b) – Neat circuit diagram (1)
– Labelling (1)
(c) – Neat circuit diagram (1)
– Labelling (1)
(d) – Neat circuit diagram (1)
– Labelling (1)
(e) Symbols
Refer Electrical Symbols Topic (½ mark for each)

3. Attempt any three:

(a) Two types 1 each
(b) Definitions 1 each
(c) Any four classifications ½ each
(d) Any four types ½ each
(e) Any four lighting schemes ½ each

4. Attempt any two :

(a) – Near diagram 1
– Construction 1
– Working 1
(b) Definitions 1 each
(c) – Near diagram 1
– Construction 1
– Working 1

5. Attempt any two:

(a) Any six comparison points ½ each
(b) Any six points ½ each
(c) Correct explanation 3

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6. Attempt any two:
(a) Any six comparison points ½ each
(b) Any twelve I.E. Rules ½ each
(c) (i) – Neat circuit diagram 1½
– Explanation 1½
(ii) Any six parts names ½ each

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PAPER-I BOARD ANSWER SHEET FOR REFERENCE

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 ELECTRICAL
MAINTENANCE
PAPER-II

PREVIOUS YEAR
BOARD QUESTION
PAPERS

Page
232
 Maintenance Paper-II (HSC Feb. 2016)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Attempt any four:

(a) Transformer transforms __________ from Primary to Secondary. (1)
(i) Only Current
(ii) Only Voltage
(iii) Both Voltage and Current

(b) The windings in 3- phase induction motor are placed __________ electrically
apart from each other. (1)
(i) 180°
(ii) 120°
(iii) 360°

(c) The slip speed of 4 –pole, 50 Hz Synchronous Motor at its full speed is ____ (1)
(i) 0 R.P.M.
(ii) 50 R.P.M.
(iii) 1500 R.P.M.

(d) ___________ is used as a Heating Element in Resistance Oven. (1)

(i) Tungsten
(ii) Nichrome
(iii) Eureka

(e) Say True / False:

The range of ammeter is extended by connecting resistance across it. (1)

(f) _________ maintains Oil Level in Transformer Tank. (1)

(i) Conservator
(ii) Breather
(iii) Oil Guage

2. Attempt any three:

(a) Explain the working of C.T. with neat circuit diagram. (2)
(b) Explain the construction of squirrel cage rotor with neat sketch. (2)
(c) How will you calibrate D.C. voltmeter? (2)
(d) Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of shaded pole motor. (2)
(e) Define:
(i) All day efficiency of transformer (1)
(ii) Percentage regulation of transformer (1)

3. Attempt any three:

(a) State any two properties of Transformer oil. (2)
(b) Why Single phase motor is not self-starting? (2)
(c) Write advantages and disadvantages of Synchronous Motors (2)
(d) Write any four types of Electric Heating. (2)
(e) Write short note on Core Type Induction Furnace. (2)
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4. Attempt any two :
(a) Compare Slip Ring Induction Motor with Squirrel Cage Induction Motor (3)
(b) Name various methods of finding losses in Transformer. Explain any one of
them with neat circuit diagram. (3)
(c) Write a note on Megger with neat circuit diagram. (3)

5. Attempt any two :

(a) Compare Preventive Maintenance with Break Down Maintenance. (3)
(b) Compare 3-phase Induction motor with Synchronous Motor. (3)
(c) What are the advantages of Preventive Maintenance?

6. Attempt any two :

(a) A 48 kVA, 1-phase, 50 Hz, 1600 V/160 V transformer has Primary Resistance
of 0.5 Ω and Secondary Resistance of 0.01 Ω. Calculate the Full Load Efficiency
of transformer at unity power factor if the iron losses are 650 W. (6)
(b) State the necessity of the starter for Induction Motor. Explain the construction
and working of Autotransformer Starter with neat circuit diagram. (6)
(c) Explain the necessity of parallel operation of 3-phase Alternator. State the
Conditions to be fulfilled for parallel operation of 3-phase alternators.
Explain Bright Lamp Method with circuit diagram. (6)

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 Maintenance Paper-II (HSC Feb. 2017)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Attempt any four

(a) In a transformer e.m.f./turn in Primary Winding is _________ e.m.f./turn
is Secondary Winding. (1)
(i) less then
(ii) equal to
(iii) more than

(b) The Centrifugal Switch is connected in series with running winding. (1)
Say True/ Fale

(c) _________ synchronous motor runs on leading power factor. (1)

(i) Under excited

(ii) Over excited
(iii) 100% excited

(d) Core of transformer is laminated to reduce _________ losses. (1)

(i) eddy current
(ii) hysteresis
(iii) copper

(e) _________ heating is not dependent on supply frequency. (1)

(i) Resistance
(ii) Dielectric
(iii) Induction

2. Attempt any three:

(a) Why cooling is necessary for Transformers? (2)
(b) Name various methods of speed control of 3-phse induction Motor. (2)
(c) Write a short note on Vibrating Reed Type Frequency Meter. (2)
(d) Why starters are used for 3-Phase Induction Motors? (2)
(e) How will you calibrate D.C. Voltmeter? (2)

3. Attempt any four:

(a) Compare Autotransformer with Ordinary Transformer. (2)
(b) Write any four types of Electric Heating. (2)
(c) Which motors are used in :
(i) Mixer (1)
(ii) Ceiling Fan (1)
(d) Explain the working of P.M.M.C. type instrument with neat sketch. (2)
(e) Write any four applications of Dielectric Heating. (2)

4. Attempt any two:

(a) Compare Core Type Transformer with Shell Type Transformer. (3)
(b) Explain Synchroscope Method of Synchronizing. (3)
(c) State the necessity of Synchronizing 3-phase alternators. (3)
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5. Attempt any two:
(a) Name various methods of finding losses in transformer. Explain any one
with neat circuit diagram. (3)
(b) State various method of starting Synchronous Motor. Explain any one of them. (3)
(c) A 3-phase, 4 pole, 440V, 50 Hz Induction Motor is running with 2% slip.
Calculate of Rotor Speed and Rotor Current Frequency at full speed. (3)

6. Attempt any two:

(a) A 3-phase, 11KV/0.4, KV, 50 KVA distribution transformer is loaded during a
day as under: (6)
(i) On full load for 12 hours at 0.9 p.f.
(ii) On half full load for 8 hours at unity p.f.
(iii) On no load for reaming period of. The iron losses are 3 KW and F.L. copper
looses 3 KW. Find out all day efficiency.

(b) (i) Explain the working of stat-delta starter with neat circuit diagram. (3)
(ii) Compare Slipring Induction Motor with Squirrel Cage Induction Motor. (3)

(c) Write the maintenance schedule for 3-Phase Induction Motor. (6)

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 Maintenance Paper-II (HSC Feb. 2018)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Attempt any four:

(a) The rating of transformer is taken in _________ (1)
(i) KVA
(ii) KW
(iii) KWH

(b) The resistance of _________ winding is more in split phase motor. (1)
(i) running
(ii) starting
(iii) non of them

(c) Universal Motor is used in ________ (1)

(i) Ceiling Fan
(ii) Table Fan
(iii) Electric Mixer

(d) An electric iron works on the basis of _______

(1) (i) indirect resistance heating
(ii) di-electric heating
(iii) direct resistance heating

(e) Slip of synchronous motor is ______ (1)

(i) 3%
(ii) Zero
(iii) 100%

(f) ________ is used for teasing the insulation of substation equipment. (1)
(i) Multimeter
(ii) Power factor meter
(iii) Megger

2. Attempt any three:

(a) Explain in brief ‘Direct Arc Furnace’. (2)
(b) Compare synchronous motor with induction motor. (2)
(c) Write a note on ‘Red Type Frequency Meter’. (2)
(d) Explain the functions of ‘Conservator’ and Buchhol’s Relay. (2)
(e) What are the different types of Transformers? (2)

3. Attempt any three:

(a) Explain the function of ‘Centrifugal Switch’ in a capacitor start induction run motor. (2)
(b) Write a short note on DOL Starter. (2)
(c) Compare ‘Core’ Type Transformer with ‘Shell’ type Transformer. (2)
(d) Give the advantage of electric heating. (2)
(e) A 20 KVA, Single Phase, 50Hz transformer gives the following test results:
Iron Loss = 0.2 KW
Copper Loss = 0.24 KW
Determine the % efficiency at full load, 0.8 pt. (2)

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4. Attempt any two:
(a) Give advantages of preventive maintenance. (3)
(b) Explain the working of single phase permanent capacitor motor with neat diagram. (3)
(c) Define slip. Find out the rotor speed of a 4 pole 50Hz, 3 phase, 400V squirrel case
induction motor, if its slip is 3%. (3)

5. Attempt any two:

(a) How the direction of rotation of 3 phase induction motor changes? (3)
(b) Give the different methods of starting synchronous motor. Explain any one. (3)
(c) Write the e.m.f. equation of transformer. What do you mean by Transformation Ratio? (3)

6. Attempt any two:

(a) (i) A single phase 230/460V transformer has 180 turns in the secondary winding.
Find the primary number of turns. When the transformer is connected to fill
load, the terminal voltage falls to 437 V. Calculate the % voltage regulation. (3)
(ii) Explain working of star-delta starter with neat sketch. (3)
(b) How the routine maintenance of 3 phase motor is carried out. Explain in detail. (6)
(c) State the advantages of parallel operation of alternators. Name the methods of
connecting alternators in parallel. Explain any one method. (6)

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 Maintenance Paper-II (HSC Feb. 2019)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

1. Fill in the blanks : (Any Four)

(a) ________ loss in a transformer is a variable loss (1)
(i) Core
(ii) Friction
(iii) Copper

(b) in a shaded pole motor, the shaded ring is used for ______ (1)
(i) Producing rotating magnetic field
(ii) Changing direction of rotation
(iii) Increasing the speed

(c) Ampere Hour meter measures ______ (1)

(i) A. C. Energy
(ii) D. C. Energy
(iii) D. C. Power

(d) Three phase slip ring inducting motor has ________ rotor. (1)
(i) Double Cage
(ii) Wound
(iii) Shot Circuited

(e) For parallel operation of two 3-phase alternator __ is used. (1)

(i) Multimeter
(ii) Synchroscope
(iii) Megger

(f) _______ heating is used in wielding work (1)

(i) Dielectric
(ii) Resistance
(iii) Arc

2. Attempt any three:

(a) Derive the equation of the Transformation Ratio. (2)
(b) What are the different methods of starting of single Phase Induction Motros? (2)
(c) Write a short note on Induction Heating. (2)
(d) Explain the working of an electric resonance type frequency meter with the help of a
neat diagram. (2)
(e) An induction motor having 4poles operate on 440V., 40 Hz supply.
If it works on full load at 1400rpm, find the percentage slip. (2)

3. Attempt any three :

(a) why transformer is not operated on D.C. supply? (2)
(b) State the applications of Dielectric Heating. (2)
(c) A three phase induction motor fails to start. What are the possible reasons. (2)
(d) Why Centrifugal Switch is used in a Split phase Induction Motor? (2)
(e) How will you minimize the iron losses in a Transformer? (2)

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4. Attempt any two:
(a) Explain how does a three phase induction motor state to rotate. (3)
(b) Define the following : (3)
(i) Synchronous Speed
(ii) Slip Speed
(iii) Rotor Speed
(c) Classify the types of single phase transformer according to – (3)
(i) Voltage
(ii) Core
(iii) Phase

5. Attempt any two:

(a) Define the following: (3)
(i) All Day Efficiency
(ii) Voltage Regulation
(iii) Ordinary Efficiency
(b) Explain the working of Double Cage Motor with the help of a neat diagram. (3)
(c) A single phase induction motor fails to start. State the possible reasons. (3)

6. Attempt any two:

(a) State the different method of parallel operation of 3-phase alternators.
Explain any one method of detail with diagram. (6)
(b) (1) How th change the D.O.R. of the following: (3)
(i) 3-phase Induction Motor
(ii) Split Phase Induction Motor
(iii) Universal Motor
(2) Explain the working of DOL starter with a neat labeled diagram3 (3)
(c) A 200 KVA Transformer has full load Copper loss of 6 KW. Iron loss of 4 K.W. Find the
efficiency of the transformer at - (6)
(i) Full load unity power factor
(ii) Half load 0.5 P.F.

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 Maintenance Paper-II (HSC Feb. 2020)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

Q.1 Fill In The Blanks ( Any Four )

(a) For increasing the voltage ____is used. (1)
(i) Step up (ii) Current Transformer (iii) Step down
Transformer Transformer

(b) Three phase Slip Ring Induction Motor has ____Rotor. (1)
(i) Short Circuited (ii) ) Double Cage (iii) Wound Type

(c) In welding work _____heating is used (1)

(i) Resistance (ii) Arc (iii) Di-electric

(d) The Inductive reactance of running winding is ____ than starting winding. (1)

(i) Less (ii) More (iii) Neither less nor

more

(e) _______Synchronous motor is called as synchronous condenser. (1)

(i) Under Excited (ii) Over Excited (iii) 100% Excited

(f) (f) _________is used as a heating element in Electric Oven. (1)

(i) Tungsten (ii) Ni-chrome (iii) Eureka

Q.2 Attempt any three of the following

(a) Give the advantages of Electric Heating. (2)
(b) Write a short note on Multimeter. (2)
(c) Explain the working of a potential transformer with neat circuit diagram. (2)
(d) State different methods of controlling the speed of 3 phase induction motor. (2)
(e) Why single phase induction motor is not self-starting? (2)

Q.3 Attempt any three of the following

(a) Draw a neat and labelled diagram of D.O.L. Starter. (2)
(b) Explain working of single phase capacitor start Induction Run Motor. (2)
(c) Explain the working principle of Single Phase Transformer. (2)
(d) What are the applications of Synchronous Motor? (2)
(e) List out the equipment used in H.T. Substation. (2)

Q.4 Attempt any two of the following

(a) Compare slip ring induction motor with Squirrel Cage induction motor. (3)
(b) Write a short note on Auto-transformer. (3)
(c) Define Percentage Slip. A motor is having 1440 RPM Rotor Speed with 0.04 slip. (3)
Calculate its Synchronous Speed (NS).

Q.5 Attempt any two of the following

(a) Compare Ordinary Transformer and Auto Transformer. (3)
(b) What do you mean by Calibration? How will you calibrate D.C. Voltmeter? (3)
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 (c) Compare Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor. (3)

Q.6 Attempt any two of the following

(a) Define the Term Synchronising. What is the necessity of parallel operation of (6)
alternators? Explain the conditions for parallel operation of alternator. Give the
names of methods of Synchronising.
(b) Write down the maintenance schedule of Three Phase Induction Motor. (6)
(c) (c) Draw a neat sketch of Three Phase Power Transformer and label the following (6)
parts:
(i) Secondary Bushing
(ii) Exhaust Vent
(iii) Explosion Vent
(iv) Temperature Gauge
(v) Breather
(vi) Conservator

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 Maintenance Paper-II (HSC Feb. 2022)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Marks :40

Q.1 Attempt any four

a Star delta starter is used for ____ HP Motor (1)
(iv) 5
(v) 7.5.
(vi) 25

b Core type transformer has _______ magnetic path (1)

(vii) one
(viii) two
(ix) many

c Energy meter is _______ type of an instrument (1)

(vii) indicating
(viii) integrating
(ix) recording

d Capacitor in single phase ac motor split the phase electrically apart by ______ (1)
angle.
(vii) 120 0
(viii) 360 0
0
(ix) 90 .

e The synchronous speed of three phase 4 pole 50 Hz IM is ______ RPM (1)

(vii) 750
(viii) 1000
(ix) 1500

f Electric Current is made to pass through the body to be heated is _______ . (1)
(vii) Direct Resistance heating
(viii) Indirect resistance heating
(ix) Arc heating

Q.2 Attempt Any three

a List the equipment’s used in HV Substation (2)
b Which method are used to start single phase AC motor (2)
c State the types of three phase IM (2)
d Classify transformer according to (2)
i. Uses
ii. Cooling system
e An IM having 6 pole operates on 50 Hz supply if it works on full load at 960 (2)
rpm find the percentage slip.

Q.3 Attempt any three

a State the protective and safety device used in power transformer (2)
b Why centrifugal switch is used in single phase AC motor (2)
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 c Compare three phase induction motor with three phase synchronous motor (2)
d Explain dielectric heating with neat sketch? (2)
e Write the application of synchronous motor? (2)

Q.4 Attempt any two

a Compare power transformer with distribution transformer (2)
b Why Starter s are used to start the 3 phase IM? Write various types of starters (2)
c What are the methods of starting synchronous motor? Explain any one of them (2)

Q.5 Attempt any two

a Compare Step up transformer with Step down transformer (3)
b Write the advantage of electric heating (3)
c How will you change the direction of rotation (3)
i. 3-Phase IM
ii. Universal Motor
iii. Split Phase Motor

Q.6 Attempt any two

a What are the necessity of synchronization of alternator? Write the method used (6)
for synchronization of alternator. Explain any one method with the help of neat
circuit diagram
b Write down the maintenance schedule of three phase transformer (6)
c (i) Explain open circuit test of single phase transformer with neat circuit (6)
diagram
(ii) Write a short note on buchholz relay

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 Electrical Maintenance Paper-II (HSC Feb. 2020)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Answer Key Marks :40

1. Attempt any four :

(a) – (i) Step up Transformer (1)
(b) – (ii) Wound Type (1)
(c) – (ii) Arc (1)
(d) – (ii) more (1)
(e) – (ii) Over Excited (1)
(f) – (ii) Nichrome (1)

2. Attempt any three:

(a) Any four advantages. ½ each
(b) – Diagram ½
– Explanation (1)
– Use ½
(c) – Circuit Diagram (1)
– Explanation (1)
(d) Any four methods ½ each
(e) Explanation (2)

3. Attempt any three:

(a) – Diagram 1½
– Labelling ½
(b) – Neat diagram of motor 1
– Explanation 1
(c) – Diagram ½
– Working principle 1½
(d) Any four applications ½ each
(e) Any four ½ each

4. Attempt any two

(a) Any six points ½ each
(b) – Diagram 1
– Explanation 1
– Any two applications ½ each
(c) – Definition 1
N = 1440 RPM
Slip (S)=0.04
Formula : Ns = ( )
Ns = ( . )
Ns = 1500RPM

5. Attempt any two:

(a) Any six points ½ each
(b) – Definition 1
– Diagram 1

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 – Explanation 1
(c) Any six points ½ each

6. (a) – Definition 1
– Necessity –04 points ½ each
– Condition – 03 points ½ each
– Three methods of synchronizing ½ each
(b) Maintenance Schedule :
– Daily maintenance – 2points ½ each
– Weekly maintenance – 2 points ½ each
– Monthly maintenance – 2points ½ each
– Quarterly maintenance – 2points ½ each
– Half yearly maintenance – 2points ½ each
– Yearly maintenance – 2points ½ each
(c) – Diagram 3
– Labelling of any six parts ½ each

______________

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 Maintenance Paper-II (HSC Feb. 2022)
Duration: 2 ½ Hours Answer Key Marks :40

1. Attempt any four :

(a) – (i) 5 or 7.5 (1)
(b) – (iii) ONE (1)
(c) – (i) Integrating (1)
(d) – (iii) 90 (1)
(e) – (iii) 1500 r.p.n. (1)
(f) – (ii) Direct resistance heating (1)

2. Attempt any three:

(a) Any four equipments ½ each
(b) Any four methods ½ each
(c) Any two types 1 each
(d) Classifications :
(i) As per use (Any Two) ½ each
(ii) As per cooling system (Amy Two) ½ each

(e) Given data

P = 6 , F = 50, Hz, NR = 960 rpm
%S=?
Solution :
Ns = ½
×
=
= 1000 RPM ½
( )
%slip s = × 100 ½
= × 100
= S = 4% ½

3. Attempt any three :

(a) Any four protective or safety devices names or any four names. ½ each
(b) Correct explanation 2
(c) Any four points ½ each
(d) – Labelled circuit diagram 1
– Explanations 1
(e) Any four applications ½ each

4. Attempt any two:

(a) Any six points ½ each
(b) – Necessity of starter 1
– Any two 3 starter 1 ½ each
(c) – Any three methods ½ each
– Explanation 1½

5. Attempt any two:

(a) Any six points ½ each
(b) Any six advantages ½ each
(c) Method to change the direction of rotation of:
(i) 3 Induction motor 1
(ii) Universal motor 1
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 (iii) Split – phase motor 1

6. Attempt any two :

(a) – Necessity (Any 3 points) ½ each
– Any three methods ½ each
– Circuit diagram 1½
– Explanations 1½
(b) Any six category with two points each 1 each
(c) (i) – Circuit diagram 1½
– Explanation 1½
(ii) – Neat and labeled diagram 1½
– Explanation 1½

__________

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PAPER-II BOARD ANSWER SHEET FOR REFERENCE

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