Simulation of Buck and Boost Converter in DCM

and with Losses

Sebastian Aucapiña1
Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo
Facultad de Informática y Electrónica
Riobamba, Ecuador
[email protected]

Abstract—The objective of this work is to give a solution on For the second literal we need to know the output voltage
an exercise related to the Buck and Boost converter, considering of the circuit, but for that we need to know D1 which is found
and without considering its losses, as well as to simulate in PSIM. with equation 2:
Index Terms—Buck, Boost, losses, simulate, PSIM. q q
8L 8∗470u
−D + D2 + RT
−032 + 0.322 + 47∗41.67u
D1 = = = 0.55
I. I NTRODUCTION 2 2
(2)
The purpose of buck-boost converters is to receive an input With this value we can find the voltage using equation 3:
DC voltage and output a different DC voltage level, either by
buck or boost, as required for the application. D 0.32
VO = VS ( ) = 24 ∗ ( ) = 8.83V (3)
D + D1 0.32 + 0.55
The discontinuous conduction mode has three topologies. Now to know the output voltage considering losses based
The first two are the same as the topologies presented for on the IRF540 MOSFET with R=77m and I=23 we use the
the continuous conduction mode, and the third is defined equation 4:
when the two switch elements, the free-running diode and
the switch, are OFF at the same time. VO = VS ∗ D − VQ ∗ D − VD (1 − D) (4)

II. D EVELOPMENT
VO = 24∗0.32−(23∗77m)∗0.32−0.7(1−0.32) = 5.43V (5)
The first statement says: Diseñe un Convertidor Buck para
que trabaje en DCM, considerando que alimenta una carga For literal 3 we have found all the unknowns above so we
de 47R a partir de un rectificador de onda completa cuyo use equation 6:
voltaje de salida es 24 Vdc. El valor de la frecuencia de salida
es 24kHz y el Duty Cycle es 0,32 y el valor del inductor VO ∗ D1 ∗ T 8.83 ∗ 0.55 ∗ 41.67u
Imax = = = 0.43A (6)
disponible para esta aplicación es 470 uH. Una vez diseñado L 470u
el circuito, determine: For the fourth literal, the formula 7 will simply be used:
• El tiempo que la corriente del inductor de choque tarda VO 8.83
en ser nula. IL = = = 0.19A (7)
R 47
• Voltaje de salida. And for literal 5 we will use the last formula presented with
• Corriente pico que debe soportar los elementos de con- the times given by the statement:
mutación.
• Corriente media del rectificador de voltaje 1
PQ = (Vs ∗ Imax )(tr + tf )f (8)
• Potencia promedio que disipa el transistor suponiendo 2
que durante el apagado, los tiempos de subida de voltaje
1
es 15ns y el tiempo de caída de corriente es 12 ns. PQ = (24 ∗ 0.43)(15n + 12n)24k = 3.34mW (9)
2
To check the frequency to know if it is CCM or DCM, it
1) Resolution 1: For the first literal we need to know the can be known through equation 10:
period of the circuit, in this case we find it with equation 1:
Vs − VO
Fswm = ∗ DR (10)
1 1 2LVO
T = = = 41.67uS (1)
f 24k
24 − 8.83
Fswm = ∗ 0.32 ∗ 47 = 27.49kHz (11)
2 ∗ 470u ∗ 8.83
 2) Simulation 1: Since we do not have a capacitor value 4 we have the circuit with its values giving us a voltage
we need to follow the equation 12: of 5.31 V while we got 5.43 V, and the current of 0.113
VO ∗ (1 − D) while we got 0.116, which indicates a very small margin
C= (12) of error.
8 ∗ L ∗ Fs 2w ∗ △VO
But we also don’t have the value of △VO , so we’ll have to
assume any value and find a capacitor on our own, resulting
in:
8.83 ∗ (1 − 0.32)
C= = 2.77uF (13)
8 ∗ 470u ∗ 24k 2 ∗ 1

• LOSSLESS SIMULATION Fig. 3. Buck converter with full wave regulator and losses in the software
PSIM
For the simulation, a value that fits the correct graph is
with the 500mF capacitor. And if we look at Figure 1 the And the graph of the simulation that gives us results in
current gives us a value of 0.187=0.19 A and the voltage the foigure 4.
8.805=8.81 V, which are the values we have calculated
mathematically. Therefore, the simulation with the driver
and full wave rectifier we have the following schematic:

Fig. 4. Wave Form of the Buck Converter with losses

Fig. 1. Buck converter with full wave regulator in the software PSIM As we can see in the simulation scheme, the current
and voltage values are the same that we have calculated
And the graph of the simulation that gives us results in considering losses.
the form:
The second statement says: Diseñe un Convertidor Boost
para que trabaje en DCM, considerando que alimenta una
carga de 470R a partir de un rectificador de onda completa
cuyo voltaje de salida es 24 Vdc. Con una frecuencia de la
señal de control de 24 kHz y el valor de Duty Cycle es 0,22
y el valor del inductor disponible para esta aplicación es 470
uH. Una vez diseñado el circuito, determine:
• El tiempo que la corriente del inductor de choque tarda
en ser nula.
• Voltaje de salida.
Fig. 2. Wave Form of the Buck Converter • Corriente pico que debe soportar los elementos de con-
mutación.
As we can see in the simulation scheme, the current • Corriente media del rectificador de voltaje
and voltage values are the same that we have calculated • Potencia promedio que disipa el transistor suponiendo
without considering losses, the graph can be seen with que durante el apagado, los tiempos de subida de voltaje
oscillations or not, in this case they are not seen because es 15ns y el tiempo de caída de corriente es 120 ns.
the "gating block" element was configured with switching
points of 103.6, the higher the value, the greater the
3) Resolution 2: For the first literal we need to know the
oscillations.
period of the circuit, in this case we find it with equation 14:
• SIMULATION WITH LOSSES 1 1
T = = = 41.67uS (14)
Now if we consider the losses with the voltage of 0.7 f 24k
and the resistance of 77m that we calculated in equation
 For the second literal we need to know the output voltage • LOSSLESS SIMULATION
of the circuit with equation 15: For the simulation, a value that fits the correct graph is
r with the 753uF capacitor. And if we look at Figure 5 the
VS 2D2 RT current gives us a value of 0.0828=0.08 A and the voltage
VO = (1 + 1 + ) (15)
2 L 38.924=38.92 V, which are the values we have calculated
mathematically. Therefore, the simulation with the driver
24
r
2 ∗ 0.222 ∗ 470 ∗ 41.67u and full wave rectifier we have the following schematic:
VO = (1 + 1+ ) = 38.92V
2 470u
(16)
Now to know the output voltage considering coil losses of
470uH with rL =1.3 we follow the equation 17:
Vs 1
VO = ( )( rL ) (17)
1 − D 1 + R(1−D)2

24 1
VO = ( )( 1.3 ) = 30.63V (18) Fig. 5. Boost converter with full wave regulator in the software PSIM
1 − 0.22 1 + 470(1−0.22)2

For literal 3 we have found all the unknowns above so we And the graph of the simulation that gives us results in
use equation 19: the figure 6.

VS ∗ D ∗ T 24 ∗ 0.22 ∗ 41.67u
Imax = = = 0.47A (19)
L 470u
For the fourth literal, the equation 20 will simply be used:
VO 38.92
ID = = = 0.08A (20)
R 470
And for literal 5 we will use the last formula presented with
the times given by the statement:
1
PQ = (Vs ∗ Imax )(tr + tf )f (21)
2 Fig. 6. Wave Form of the Boost Converter

1 As we can see in the simulation scheme, the current

PQ = (24 ∗ 0.47)(15n + 120n)24k = 0.018W (22)
2 and voltage values are the same that we have calculated
To check the frequency to know if it is CCM or DCM, it without considering losses, the graph can be seen with
can be known through equation 23: oscillations or not, in this case they are not seen because
the "gating block" element was configured with switch-
Vs − VO ing points of 80, the higher the value, the greater the
Fswm = ∗ DR (23)
2LVO oscillations.

24 − 8.83 • SIMULATION WITH LOSSES

Fswm = ∗ 0.32 ∗ 47 = 27.49kHz (24)
2 ∗ 470u ∗ 8.83 Now if we consider the losses with the resistance of 1.3
4) Simulation 2: Since we do not have a capacitor value that we calculated in equation 17 we have the circuit
we need to follow the equation 25: with its values giving us a voltage of 30.40 V while
VO ∗ (1 − D) we got 30.63 V, and the current of 0.065 while we got
C= (25) 0.065, which indicates a very small margin of error of
8 ∗ L ∗ Fs 2w ∗ △VO
voltage and 0 of current.
But we also don’t have the value of △VO , so we’ll have to
assume any value and find a capacitor on our own, resulting
in:
38.92 ∗ (1 − 0.22)
C= = 14.02uF (26)
8 ∗ 470u ∗ 24k 2 ∗ 1
m
 because if we connect it wrong, the value that we will throw
voltage will be wrong, we will show possibly correct graphs
but with voltage ranges of micros (u), so it is not acceptable.
R EFERENCES
[1] Bobina Inductor Fija 470UH negra. (s.f.). Zamux Electrónica.
https://www.zamux.co/bobina-inductor-470uh
[2] alldatasheet.com. (s.f.). IRF540 Datasheet(PDF) - STMi-
croelectronics. https://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-
Fig. 7. Boost converter with full wave regulator and losses in the software pdf/pdf/22392/STMICROELECTRONICS/IRF540.html
PSIM [3] Galera, V. (2002, junio). Simulador Convertidores DC-DC. DEEEA.
http://deeea.urv.cat/public/PROPOSTES/pub/pdf/197pub.pdf
[4] Hernández, J. (2022, noviembre). SWITCHING CONVERTERS. E-
And the graph of the simulation that gives us results in learning. https://elearning.espoch.edu.ec/pluginfile.php/163454/mod_res
ource/content/0/05%20Switching%20Converters%20-
the form: %20DCM%20Analisys.pdf
[5] Hernández, J. (2022, noviembre). PER-
DIDAS EN CONVERTIDORES DC-DC
https://elearning.espoch.edu.ec/pluginfile.php/163453/mod_resource/con
tent/0/04%20Análisis%20de%20Perdidas%20en%20Convertidores%20DC-
DC.pdf
[6] Hart, D. W. (2005, 1 abril). Electronica de Potencia (Spanish Edition).
Pearson Educacion.

Fig. 8. Wave Form of the Boost Converter with losses

As we can see in the simulation scheme, the current

and voltage values are the same that we have calculated
considering losses.

III. R ESULTS
Reviewing the results and the simulations carried out, we
can notice that both in the simulation and in the mathematical
calculations the values are the same for both the voltage and
the current, in some cases with negligible margins of error,
both for simulation with losses and without losses.

In both converters, the graph can be seen as it rises from 0

towards the value that will finally remain, that is, for the one
we have calculated.
IV. C ONCLUSIONS
After performing the simulations and calculations, we can
conclude that we can compare without any problem the results
of an implementation for which we have calculated all the
values, in this way we will know if we have done it correctly
and proceed to purchase the various components that make up
the circuit.
We must take into account the value to put in the "Gating
block" because if we put a very high value, as the default of
"180", we will see many oscillations in the final graph, in turn,
changing this value, affects the capacitor, so we will have to
find a value that fits our configuration to obtain the desired
result.
Finally performing several tests must take into account the
correct way to connect the full wave rectifier to the circuit,