Diocesan Schools of Abra

READING AND WRITING

SECOND SEMESTER

WEEK 4
Patterns of Written Texts Across
Disciplines

Cause & Effect

Problem-Solution Texts

Content Standard:
The learner realizes that information in a
written text may be selected and organized to
achieve a particular purpose.

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Name of Student

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Name of Teacher
 DAY 1
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines
(Cause and Effect)

Learning Competency:
o Compare and contrast patterns of written texts
across disciplines.

I. MOTIVATION
 What is the greatest impact of COVID19 to
your family?
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II. INSTRUCTION

Many actions occur as a result of certain

factors or causes, either obvious or obscure. These
actions may lead to several effects.

CAUSE – is the reason for an event or a

situation.
EFFECT – is the result of an event or situation.

Purposes of Cause-effect Essay:

1. To understand the relationship of events that
brought about an outcome (cause)

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2. To understand the results that come out of an
event (effect)
3. To explain:
o The causes of an event or situation
o The effects of an event or situation
o Both causes and effects

 By examining the causes or effects of something,

we seek to explain things that happen in our lives.
 There are nearly always multiple causes and
effects associated with any phenomenon (action,
event, idea, etc.).
 Emphasizing one or another cause and/or effect is
the point of writing a cause-and-effect essay.
 Be aware, however, that in doing so, you are
making an argument. Be sure to adequately
support your point.
Cohesive Devices – these are words or phrases
that link the idea stated in the cause
to the ones stated in the effect
- It provides a smooth flow and
becomes organized in structure

These are:
Because, so, as a result of, because of
this, as a consequential effect, therefore,
since, furthermore, on this account, after,
aftermath, due to, caused by, in effect

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 Transitional Signals – words or phrases that
connect clauses and sentences so
that there is a smooth flow between
ideas.
To show result:
As a result, therefore,
consequently, hence, thus

Tips in writing:
1. Make sure to narrow down your
intended topic to be written.
(A broad topic will give a lot of points
that are not the main focus of your
writing)
2. A simple yet detailed and accurate
explanation of how it happened
3. Use of transitional or cohesive devices
are needed for the smooth flow
4. There should be numerical figures,
statistics or other evidences that could
back-up your writing.
5. Avoid using false cause reasoning.

False Cause Reasoning – a way of assumption thinking

that something happened that way because there is an
immediate cause precedes it

III. PRACTICE

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  Read the following paragraphs and then
answer the given questions.
About 75 million people died from the bubonic
plague during the 14th century. Half of the population of
Italy fell victim to the disease. The plague caused high fever,
swollen glands, dark bruises or sores on the face, and
spitting of blood. Most people who got the disease died
within five days. The disease was spread by fleas from rats.
Lack of sanitation and poor medical knowledge account for
the continuous plague epidemics throughout the 14th
century.

What caused so many people to die from the bubonic

plague?
• Lack of sanitation and poor medical knowledge account
for the continuous plague epidemics.
• The dead were buried without the usual prayers.
• Italy was constantly at war.
 The victims got large bruises or sores on the face.

Marcia was a skilled and capable driver. She had driven

all the way from New Mexico in her brand-new car without
any problems. Suddenly, because she hit a long patch of
frozen ice, she lost control and the car ended up in a ditch.
As she climbed out, she realized that the car was
demolished.
What was the cause of Marcia’s accident?
A. She was very tired from the long drive.
B. The road was icy.
C. The car was new.
D. She landed in a ditch.
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 The simple sneeze is actually a complex reaction.
The impulse to sneeze comes from irritation of a group of
nerves in back of the eyes. When the signals reach the brain,
the body takes a quick breath, then muscles contract
violently. Finally, the sound “kerchoo” comes out.
What is the initial cause of sneeze?
A. Nerves are irritated.
B. The brain is signaled.
C. Eyes are irritated.
D. Muscles contract violently.

IV. ENRICHMENT:
 Choose a topic from the following topics and
write a one-paragraph cause-effect essay.
The Impact of Technology on Family Time
The Effects of Smoking
Internet Influence on Children

DAY 2
V. EVALUATION
 Choose a topic from the following and then
write an essay using the cause and effect
pattern of development.

1. The effect of a parent, teacher, or friend on your

life
2. The effects of cramming for an examination

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 3. The effects of peer pressure
4. Why some students cheat
5. The effects on children of a broken marriage

DAY 2
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines
(Problem-Solution Texts)

Learning Competency:
o Compare and contrast patterns of written texts
across disciplines.

I. MOTIVATION
 Read the selection and be able to identify the
problem and the solution.

Obesity is a major problem in the United States,

made worse by most Americans’ lack of physical activity.
One solution would be to start work-place programs to
make it easier for obese people to exercise on a daily
basis. This could be done at work or before or after a shift
to ensure broad participation. Such programs would
benefit all employees, not just obese employees, and
create a healthier America.

1. What is the problem?

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2. Why is it the problem?

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3. How can the problem be solved?

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II. INSTRUCTION

Problem-Solution Pattern
-is the pattern of development that focuses
on either a problem or solution in a
particular area or situation.
-In this pattern, the writer’s topic could be
a problem; while the writer’s points
would be the solutions to the problem.

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 -is probably the most useful pattern of text
development in terms of expressing the
writer’s concern for other people.
-Is used by people who write editorials,
letters to the editor, newsletter, office
memos, and many other types of writing
that are designed to call the attention of
people concerned with a particular that
affects many other people.
Problem-solution structure:
 First paragraph must have an overview of
the problem, and summary of the solutions
 Subsequent paragraphs deal with each of
the solutions
 Subsequent paragraphs deal with each of
the solutions in greater detail
 Use paragraphs to introduce new
ideas/separate one idea/solution from one
another
 Strong introduction and strong conclusion

III. PRACTICE
 Provided below are jumbled texts, identify
the causes, effects, and the solutions by
using the table.

These problems lead to obesity…

It is the parents’/schools’/government’s
responsibility to give children healthy food
A higher risk of diseases e.g. diabetes, heart disease,
cancer
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 Eat junk food e.g. hamburgers, chips, soft drinks
Lack of exercise /physical activity contributes to the
obesity problem
Children are overweight, unhealthy and unfit
Put a strain on hospitals
Give children healthy food
Control what they eat
Ensure that they have a healthy diet

Causes Effects Solutions

IV. ENRICHMENT
 Write a one-paragraph essay on how to
address the problem on students coming to
school late most of the time.

DAY 4
V. EVALUATION
 Write an essay that about this topic by
considering the given solutions.

Problem: Climate change

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 Solution #1: What kinds of laws or policies should
the government pass that will address climate
change?

 Solution #2: Should the government push for

more trade policies that will address climate
change?

 Solution #3: Should foreign policy play a role in

addressing climate change? For instance, should
the Philippines work with other heavy-polluting
countries like China, and if so, how?

 Solution #4: How should the marketplace address

the problem? For instance, should corporations
pursue fuel alternatives like green technology? If
so, how should they be encouraged to do so?

 Solution #5: How should grassroots organizers

push for a change in policies? Who would be
targeted for such a movement? The US
government? The UN? Corporations?