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Superconductivity - 1

1. Superconductivity occurs when the resistivity of a material drops to zero at a critical temperature, allowing infinite conductivity. Examples include niobium, molybdenum, zinc, and semiconductors like silicon and germanium at low temperatures. 2. Key properties of superconductors include a critical temperature below which superconductivity occurs, zero electrical resistance, persistent electric currents, critical magnetic fields, isotope effects on critical temperature, and critical currents and densities. 3. The Meissner effect describes how a superconductor will expel its interior magnetic field and become a perfect diamagnet when cooled below its critical temperature in the presence of a magnetic

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21 views

Superconductivity - 1

1. Superconductivity occurs when the resistivity of a material drops to zero at a critical temperature, allowing infinite conductivity. Examples include niobium, molybdenum, zinc, and semiconductors like silicon and germanium at low temperatures. 2. Key properties of superconductors include a critical temperature below which superconductivity occurs, zero electrical resistance, persistent electric currents, critical magnetic fields, isotope effects on critical temperature, and critical currents and densities. 3. The Meissner effect describes how a superconductor will expel its interior magnetic field and become a perfect diamagnet when cooled below its critical temperature in the presence of a magnetic

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Kong
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Superconductivity - 1

*Definition*

❏ The phenomenon in which resistivity of the material drops to


zero at certain lower temperature and conductivity becomes
infinite is cause superconductivity.
Or
❏ superconductivity, complete disappearance of electrical
resistance in various solids when they are cooled below a
characteristic temperature.
❏ Examples :- Nb, Mo, Zn & Semiconductor like Si,Ge,Se,Te at
low temperature become superconducting.
Properties of superconductors

1. Critical temperature or transition temperature.


2. zero electrical resistance.
3. Persistent current.
4. Critical magnetic field.
5. Isotope effect.
6. Critical Current .
7. Critical Current density .
8. Meissner effect.
*Critical temperature(transition temperature)*

❏ The maximum temperature below which


material behaves as superconductor is known
as critical temperature (Tc).

❏ This temperature, called the transition


temperature, varies for different materials but
generally is below 20 K (−253 °C).
*zero electrical resistance*

❏ Infinite Conductivity/ Zero Electric Resistance.

❏ In the Superconducting condition, the superconducting


material illustrates the zero electric resistance. When the
material is cooled under its transition temperature, then its
resistance will be reduced to zero suddenly. For instance,
Mercury shows zero resistance under 4k.
*Persistent current.*

❏ An important consequence of the


persistent currents that flow in
materials with zero resistance is
that the magnetic flux that passes
through a continuous loop of
such a material remains constant.

❏ Dependent on superconducting
material and its critical
temperature.
*Critical magnetic field*

❏ The minimum value of applied magnetic


field required to destroy
superconductivity of a material is called as
critical magnetic field (Hc).
❏ Critical magnetic field is function of
critical temperature and it is different for
different materials.
❏ Hc= Ho [1 - (T/ Tc)²]
For T≤Tc ; HC = 0
*Isotope effect*

❏ The phenomenon of decrease of critical temperature with


increasing atomic mass is called isotope effect.
❏ The isotope effect in superconductors is due to interaction
between electrons and lattice vibration.
❏ Tc M½ = Constant
*Critical Current*

❏ The maximum current carried by a superconductor at


which its superconductivity property is destroyed below
critical temperature is known as critical current.
❏ Ic= 2πrHc
*Critical Current density*

❏ The maximum current flowing per unit area of a cross section of


superconductor at which superconductivity is destroyed is called critical
current density.
❏ Critical current density is given by,
Jc = 2πr ( Hc - 2H)
Jc = 0 if H = Hc/2.
*Meissner effect*

❏ When superconductors are cooled below the


critical temperature in the presence of a
magnetic field the magnetic flux is expelled
from the interior of the specimen and the
superconductor becomes a perfect
Diamagnetic. This phenomenon is known as
meissner effect.
❏ This effect is reversible. If temperature of
superconductor rises above critical
temperature then specimen returns to its
normal state.
❏ The magnetic induction inside the specimen in
normal state is given by
B = μ0 ( M + H)
T <Tc , B= 0
∴ M / H = - 1 , χ = -1
Type I superconductors & type II superconductors

❏ Type I superconductors :- Type I superconductors are


those superconductors that lose their
superconductivity very easily or abruptly when placed
in the external magnetic field.
❏ Type I superconductors are also known as soft
superconductors because of this reason that they lose
their superconductivity easily.
❏ Type I superconductors perfectly obey the Meissner
effect.
❏ d) Example of Type I superconductors: Aluminum (Hc
= 0.0105 Tesla), Zinc (Hc = 0.0054)
Type II superconductors : -

❏ Type II superconductors are those


superconductors that lose their
superconductivity gradually but not easily or
abruptly when placed in the external magnetic
field.
❏ The state between the lower critical magnetic
field (Hc1) and upper critical magnetic field
(Hc2) is known as vortex state or intermediate
state.
❏ Type II superconductors are also known as hard
superconductors because of this reason that is
they lose their superconductivity gradually but
not easily.
❏ Type II superconductors obey the Meissner
effect but not completely.
❏ Example of Type II superconductors: NbN (Hc =
8 x 106 Tesla), Babi3 (Hc = 59 x 103 Tesla)

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