MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

MODULE 4

An information technology (IT) project is a type of project that deals with IT infrastructure, information systems
or computers.

IT project management (ITPM) is the planning, scheduling, execution, monitoring and reporting of IT projects.
IT project managers must deal with risk, interdependent integrations, software updates, scope creep and so on.
Therefore, IT projects require more than the typical project management tools and skills to complete.

Six Phases of an IT Project:

1. Initiation - the objective of the project must be identified. Then, a project proposal, including a business
plan, that meets the needs of the project must be written. In addition, a feasibility study might be conducted
to ensure the proposal is airtight.
2. Definition - This is where the objectives of the project are finalized and the requirements for a successful
project are identified. The project scope can also be outlined, and a project plan may be created during
this phase. Budgets are also set, and resources are determined.
3. Design - is when the project team sets out to find the best solution for achieving their goal. This includes
creating multiple designs and prototypes. Once a suitable design has been chosen, specifications for the
development team are created and shared.
4. Development - is when the development team is assigned tasks and project management tools are selected.
Additionally, technicalities are outlined, raw materials are requested and so on. The main goal of this
phase is to make the entire plan as crystal clear as possible to avoid issues in the implementation phase.
5. Implementation - is where the final deliverable of the IT project is developed; unsurprisingly, this is often
the longest phase of the project. The project team sets out to complete their tasks, while the manager
monitors and controls the work, resources, cost, quality and risk.
6. Follow Up - the final project is delivered to the customer/client/stakeholder. The follow up phase is all
the work that comes after the project is delivered, and includes setting up support teams, training the end-
users, creating a postmortem and ultimately ending the project.

Most IT projects and their phases are managed with a traditional, structured waterfall methodology. An agile
framework, though, can minimize risk when adding functionality. DevOps deployment can be a good fit within
an organizational culture. Rapid application development (RAD) is a low-investment, high-quality process.

An IT project manager is responsible for overseeing an organization’s IT department and managing teams to
execute IT projects on time and within budget. Some of the duties of an IT project manager include:
• Setting project goals and creating plans to meet them
• Maintaining the project schedule and budget, creating status reports
• Managing resources, including the team, equipment, etc.
• Assigning tasks to team members
• Developing strategy to deliver projects on time and within budget
• Using IT project management tools to track progress and performance
• Assessing project risks
• Developing IT risk management strategies
• Leading regular meetings with team and stakeholders

IT project managers are expected to have advanced knowledge of computers, operating systems, network and
service desk administration. They must also be good communicators and be able to clearly explain complex
technical issues. Other required skills include experience with scheduling, budgeting and resource planning.
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While the skill sets of project managers across different industries are generally the same, an IT project manager
is unique in that they’re focused solely on the IT needs of an organization. But like all project managers, the way
an IT project manager handles their varied duties and responsibilities is with the help of robust IT project
management software.

IT project management software is used by managers to organize and control the processes of their IT projects.
Like any software tool, it’s main purpose is to increase efficiency.

IT project management software boosts efficiency by giving users the features they need to monitor and track
progress and performance. This keeps their IT projects on track to meet tight schedules and budgets.

Some key features common among IT project management tools include task and time tracking, real-time data,
unlimited file storage, multiple project views to support hybrid methodologies, planning, scheduling and
reporting.

Microsoft Project is one of the most commonly used project management software, but it has major drawbacks
that make Project Manager a better choice for IT projects.

Benefits of IT Project Management Software:

o Plan Waterfall Projects with Gantt charts
o Live Status with Real-Time Dashboards
o Manage Program or Portfolio of IT Projects
o Get Data Rich Reports With One Click
o Track Time Spent on Tasks and Monitor Progress
o Customize Workflow on Kanban Boards

How to Manage an IT Project:

▪ Collect Requirements - Before a project can begin, paperwork is required. You need to define scope,
create a budget and determine the stakeholder requirements. All these documents can be attached to the
project on our software, which has unlimited file storage.
▪ Select Team - Now that you’ve collected the project’s requirements, you can assemble a team with the
skills and experience that fit the task at hand. Be sure to onboard them into your project management
software, so communication happens in one place.
▪ Use a Gantt Chart - A Gantt chart—named after Henry Gantt—is a horizontal chart used to illustrate a
project timeline. Each bar on the chart represents tasks in the project, and the length of each bar represents
time. Gantt charts help teams visualize what work needs to get done and how tasks affect one another, like
a waterfall.
▪ Use a Kanban Board - Kanban boards show the work breakdown structure of what stage each task is in.
Using Kanban boards in IT project management can help your team balance their work responsibilities
and see other team members’ available capacity. Kanban boards work well when your project requires
tasks with small, incremental changes. These task boards allow teams to break down tasks into checklists
and progress stages.
▪ Monitor Progress - As the project moves forward, it’s important that the actual progress matches what
was planned. Our software has a real-time dashboard that collects data as it’s updated. We automatically
crunch the numbers and display them in charts that show costs, tasks, health and more.
▪ Manage Workload - IT projects require smart workload management. To avoid slowing progress, our
workload page shows you who’s on holiday and who has too much work: you can even reassign tasks
right from the page.

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▪ Make Changes - Projects aren’t static. You have to pivot fast when there are change requests from
stakeholders. Our software gives your plans and your team flexibility.
▪ Get Reports - To track progress and keep stakeholders updated, our software has an in-depth reporting
feature. There are many reports, that can be generated to help with IT project management. Make an in-
depth status report with just a few clicks to get the information you need.

Unique Challenges of IT Project Management

Changing Technology There’s the challenge that IT is a volatile industry, with a rate of change that can
be dizzying. Technology is notorious for becoming obsolete once it rolls off the assembly line, so IT
project management must be prepared for this inevitable change.
Communication Another hurdle that IT project management has to clear is communication between
teams. This is a problem with all projects, frankly, but with IT there are often distributed teams who work
remotely, often in different time zones, which only aggravates the situation. Having clear and effective
communication channels is key for success on any IT project.
Transparency is important, too, as the focus in IT is sharp. Having transparency across the project, with
clear deadlines, helps teams better incorporate new technology or respond to change quickly and
effectively.
Lack of Agreement on Methodology But one of the biggest issues is that many organizations aren’t
applying IT project management to their projects, which is like sailing a ship without a rudder. Without a
process or methodology, whatever that might be, projects go off-track and over budget. Having an IT
project manager who defines process, roles and tools is the first step to the success of an IT project.

IT Project Management Methodologies: They break down into two larger camps, though: traditional and
nontraditional methods. Let’s start with the traditional waterfall method, which breaks down the tasks in a
project into a line of sequential project phases, and each of these phases depends on the delivery of the one before
it.
❖ Waterfall Methodology - Waterfall is the go-to methodology for most IT projects. While it is a project
management method found in large projects outside of IT, it also lends itself to IT projects and has been
proven a successful approach for formal and linear projects. Waterfall has been around since it was
codified in a paper published in 1970 by Dr. Winston W. Royce. The waterfall model has six stages:
1. Requirements: First, the requirements are identified, analyzed and written up in a
requirements document, defining what is being done and how it is to be done. This will be
reviewed by stakeholders.
2. Design: The next step is to document what was decided in the first stage in a design document,
which notes everything needed to complete the project.
3. Implementation: The IT project manager and team execute the design document, sticking to
specifications, procedures and timelines.
4. Testing: This is when deliverables from the project are measured against the standards set in
the design document and stakeholders, like a quality check. If not met, then the process starts
again.
5. Installation: If the tests are passed, then the project is ready for release to the end-user. The
product should be fully operational at this point.
6. Maintenance: Most IT projects don’t end with delivery: they often require support after
installation, whether updates or upgrades, though often this is tasked to a separate team.

❖ Agile Methodology - Software development has introduced an agile framework to projects, a more
iterative approach that works in short sprints and open to pivoting throughout the project, rather than being
rigidly aligned with the plan. Some IT teams have incorporated agile or some of its implementations into
their own projects.
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❖ Hybrid Methodology - combines waterfall and agile, creating a more flexible and yet structured approach
that can lend itself to IT projects. This “best of both worlds” approach it can be the right path forward
depending on the parameters of the project.
❖ Other Methodologies - Less used in IT projects, but worth mentioning, is the critical path method and
critical chain project management. The critical path method categorizes the tasks that must be completed
to fulfill the project objective. This is done with a work breakdown structure (WBS), which is then mapped
across a project duration or Gantt chart, with task dependencies linked to avoid blocking teams. This helps
to know which tasks need to be done when. The critical chain project management works backwards,
recognizing deliverables and using past experience to map the tasks needed to complete the project. This
is a very efficient way to use resources, while staying focused on the end-goal. However, delays can be
common, and it’s not suited to work on a portfolio of projects.

Roles in IT Project Management:

➢ stakeholders, who are those who have an interest in the project;
➢ teams, who are those with skills to execute the project plan; and the
➢ IT project manager, who is the person that is responsible for the planning, procurement and execution
of the project.

Types of IT Teams:
✓ First, there is the traditional project management team that is tasked with an IT project. These teams
are not exclusive to IT and are led and staffed with a formal project management methodology.
✓ Second, there are professional services teams, who deliver technology to external customers. This is
usually done with the implementation of software or installation of hardware. They are often led by a
project manager, but can be headed by a services vice-president or director. However, they also use formal
types of project management.
✓ Thirdly, there are internal IT teams. These are the teams that manage the delivery and maintenance of
the technology in an organization. They roll out new systems, set up computers, monitors, phones and
other devices for employees and manage the systems. They can be led by a project manager, though that
person is usually defined within the company as a director or vice-president of IT.

The IT Project Manager

- must know about technology beyond the tools that they use to manage projects.
- responsible for understanding firmware and being able to implement software integrations. They often
build websites and databases, and manage these technologies as well. This includes building networks and
maintaining security for data risks.
- the basic structure of the IT project manager’s job remains being a clear communicator, setting realistic
goals and applying the right methodology to achieve them. They must motivate and inform both teams
and stakeholders, manage change and set the project schedule.
- The triple constraint of any project is still present. Therefore, the IT project manager, like any project
manager, is concerned with setting deadlines and keeping to a budget. This is all managed through
methodology.

IT Project Manager Job Description

- IT project manager can make a salary that ranges from $55,000 to $125,000, depending on industry and
region.
- Responsibilities of an IT project manager lead the planning, execution and monitoring and reporting of
the project. They are responsible for making sure resources are managed and the project comes in
successfully, meaning on time, within budget and of the expected quality.
- They also report to upper management, stakeholders, clients, etc., while managing the IT staff.
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- The IT project manager is also responsible for staying updated on the latest technology and changes to the
organization’s technology, through research and studying similar organizations and their IT structure.
- They also work to preserve the IT assets by implementing disaster recovery and back-up procedures,
including any IT security and control structures. The IT project manager is responsible for the quality of
all IT projects.

Skills and Qualifications

• Technical management
• An understanding of technology
• An ability to stay on top of the ever-changing field
• Ability to analyze data
• Communications
• Staffing
• Problem-solving
• Data center management
• Budgets
• Strategic planning
• Quality management

One way to stay up-to-date on all the skills and qualifications required of an IT project manager is certification.
Certification is done by an outside agency that notes a standard of excellence, understanding of the discipline
and experience.

Types of Certifications
o The Project Management Institute (PMI) offers a couple of industry-recognized project manager
certifications, such as the Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM) and the Project
Management Professional (PMP). PMI also offers a PMI Professional in Business Analysis (PMI-
PBA), Program Management Professional (PgMP) and Portfolio Management Professional (PfMP).
o More technical certifications are The Open Group’s TOGAF 9 and OPEN CA certifications, as well
as the IASA’s Certified IT Architech – Professional (CITA-P). These enterprise architect certifications
merge a knowledge of technology with business goals.
o IT governance certifications is offered by ITIL and ISACA, which have Certified in the Governance of
Enterprise IT (CGEIT) and Certified in Risk and Information Systems Control (CRISC).

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MODULE 5

Electronic Business (E-Business) is the administration of conducting any business using the internet, extranet,
web, and intranet. This would include buying and selling of goods or services using commercial transactions
conducted electronically along with providing customer or technical support with the help of the internet.

E-business is similar to E-commerce but it is more than just a simple act of buying and selling services or goods
online. In fact, it is the method of utilizing digital information and advanced communication technologies to
streamline different business processes – from the initial to the implementation phase.

E-business includes a lot of business processes including online order processing, CRM (Customer Relationship
Management), supply chain management, and many more.

Components of E-Business - E-business has several components including BI (Business Intelligence), CRM
(Customer Relationship Management), ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), SCM (Supply Chain Management),
Collaboration, online activities, and electronic transactions within the firm. But following three areas have great
importance for e-business:
1. E-Procurement - It is also known as supplier exchange in which business to business, business to
government, business to consumer, and sales of services are made with the help of the internet. Basically,
e-procurement is a way adopted by companies to reduce costs and efforts by sourcing products or services
electronically.
2. Online Stores - It is electronic sourcing (website or application) for products or services, such as online
shopping stores. Online stores are also known as e-shops, internet shops, web-store, virtual stores, web-
shop, m-commerce, and online storefront. The main purpose of these online stores is to save precious time
and money. Anyone can buy products or services by making online payments using credit cards, cash on
delivery, and other payment methods. The owners of online stores should host their eCommerce website
on the PCI compliant hosting because Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC)
makes it compulsory for those who are accepting the online payments.
3. Online Marketplace - It is electronic commerce that connects the buyers and suppliers to the services or
products over the internet. Keep in mind, that the operator of an online marketplace only presents the
inventory of other people and provides the transaction facility.

Moreover, the following are also known as e-business areas:

4. Online Communities (also known as web communities or internet communities) are groups of people
having the same interests or purposes who use the internet to communicate with each other. It is used
between individuals and organizations to prepare transaction decisions.
5. Online Companies - It is electronic business cooperation that connects the individual companies and
forms a virtual business with a common transaction offer.

Order Fulfillment Process is based on all the activities needed for a customer to get his ordered product or
service including the related customer services.
1. Product inquiry - You are surfing the website of any well-reputed business brand manufacturing laptops,
desktops, or monitors, and able to view their all products.
2. Sales Quote - Laptop prices, screen size, or usage are clearly mentioned on the website for the sales
quotation for customers.
3. Order Configuration - Once the customers select what they proposed to purchase, the number of products
is easily adjusted or canceled during this phase.
4. Order Booking - This phase includes the booking of products available on the website, such as desktops,
laptops, or necessary accessories.
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5. Order Confirmation - This process ensures the details of the order such as prices and quantities are
accurate.
6. Billing is the process that enables customers to pay for the products by Visa, cheque, ATM, or other
available payment methods.
7. Order Planning - Every customer has different options for delivery, so the order will be delivered
accordingly.
8. Order Processing - Once the order is confirmed, the company ensures the right item in the right quantity,
time, place, price, and condition to the right customer.
9. Shipment - According to the customers’ requirements, the products will be delivered by means of an
express, Air-to-Sea initiative, and so on.
10. Delivery - The products will be delivered within a given time slot at the right address.
11. Settlement - It is the method to settle all the remaining charges, like delivery costs or extra products care
expenditure.
12. Returns - Most of the companies offer the returns option with their particular terms and conditions. So,
any customer who has received the products with any technical or physical problems of products, can
easily return their products within a specified period.

E-Business Model - it is a way that describes how a company functions to provide the services or products and
how it generates profits. Moreover, it also defines how a company will create and adapt to new technologies or
markets. All components of a business model work together for successful business operations.
1. E-business Concept - It describes the basic information of the business including goals, vision, products,
and offers from which it will earn revenue. The effective concept is based on market analysis that will
identify the customers’ interests to purchase the product and how much they can pay for it. Corporate
strategies are also embedded in the e-business concept and describe how the business concept will be
implemented and can be modified in order to enhance business performance. Business concept and market
research are important to understand the market, who comprises it, and what they want. Once the market
research is done, now the pricing should be established according to the competition.

2. Value Proposition is a value that an organization or business will provide to its customers. It may include
one or more of the following points:
• Reduced price
• Improved service or better functionalities with user-friendliness
• Speedy delivery and improved assistance
• Products or services that result in greater efficiency and productivity
• Access to available inventory has different options for the buyer
• Value Delivery With The Help Of Integrations

Every functional website is based on two parts: frontend for dealing directly with the customers and the
backend in order to automate the online operations of the company without having direct dealing with
customers. Order placements using POS (Point of Sales) systems, product customization, tracking, and
order fulfillment are the activities that require integrated systems.

3. Sources of Revenue Ecommerce includes the online payment options for a great online shopping
experience. So, e-business will have three, four, or a mix of the following sources referred to as a revenue
model: • Advertisement • Affiliation • Agent/Representative commissions • Licensing • Sales
commissions • Sponsorship • Syndication • Use Fees • Subscription

4. Required Activities, Resources, and Capabilities

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▪ Activities - Particular business processes or groups of processes that are required to implement the
business concept are known as activities. The operational business model is used to identify the
costs/expenses and outputs of each activity. Keep in mind, that some of the e-business activities
may infringe on patents. Different business processes or “Methods of doing business” might be
patented, so that the business model may unintentionally include the intellectual property and
patents will be freely awarded for business processes. For example: Amazon’s “one-click”
purchasing patent has the most widely renowned patent infringement case because buyers can
easily buy the products and services without using a shopping cart. Several companies have
patented Internet Business Models, which are being used by many companies. So, they charge
for licensing otherwise they will face problems in the future development of e-business.
▪ Resources Organizations require human, tangible, intangible, and supporting resources in order
to perform their activities in an efficient manner. Tangible resources are also known as physical
and financial including company equipment, case reserves, and facilities. Whereas the intangible
resources include the customized software, customer data, intellectual property, and business
processes that can be patented. Supporting resources include the IT and communication processes
and organizational structure.
▪ Capabilities Workers with the required skills are vital for every successful business. E-business
is similar to the traditional business except for internet presence, broader audience, and buying
facility without visiting the company’s outlet. First/initial wages are the highest cost for a business
and capable workers may not be available all the time.

Critical Factors of E-Business Development

❖ where the assets reside (databases),
❖ how they are processed (applications),
❖ who manages the processes or applications (IT/Operating Staff) and
❖ who is the beneficiary (end-user)

Important E-Business Drivers - there are several processes used to enhance e-business operations and
functionality with the help of different drivers. These drivers include streamlining physical operating processes,
reducing their costs, delivering rapid response (information), and increasing services to customers.

Product Inquiry Fulfillment Process - Once you have finalized the product availability inquiry in order to make
your e-business application more effective and trustworthy. It is necessary to identify the information assets and
mapping them with the processes that support them.

The E-Business Supply Chain - In order to understand the e-business conceptually you need to be defined from
both B2C and B2B perspectives. In B2C, online retailers have introduced a consumer-based supply chain to
assistances of Internet consumers and enhance the processes of the physical world. There are mainly three classes
of B2C that make it possible the e-business realities:
➢ Delivery of unlimited products under the single business brand
➢ Creation of new market channels
➢ Eliminating the middlemen
Amazon is the first, eBay is the second, and Dell is an example of a third B2C e-business class.

Types of E-commerce:
1. Business to Business (B2B) - it is the name of electronic transactions of different services or products
between two companies or businesses. Payment processing companies and customer relationship
management (CRM) platforms are included in the B2B model.

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2. Business to Consumer (B2C) - B2C is the most common form of e-commerce business because it is the
relationship between a seller and final customers. Business to Consumer has developed greatly with the
development of the internet and the latest technologies.
3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) - In C2C, electronic transactions are made between the customer and
another customer. It became possible with the help of third-parties such as eBay as a marketplace for
online action.
4. Consumer to Business (C2B) - it is a kind of business model in which the customers or users create a
service/product that is used by the company. For example, any freelance designer is creating a logo and
any business can use his services as they need.
5. Business to Administration (B2A) - B2A is a form of electronic transaction of the products or services
in which the business and government are involved. For example, social security, legal documents, etc.
6. Consumer to Administration (C2A) - includes all transactions between the consumer/customer and the
government. For example, taxes, education, etc.

What are The Key Differences Between E-Commerce and E-Business?

✓ E-Business is not limited to just buying and selling products or services. Whereas E-Commerce is the
name of buying and selling products/services with the help of the internet.
✓ E-Commerce is a main part of E-Business
✓ There is no need for an E-Business to have a physical presence. If the company has physical offices along
with its online business activities then it can be referred to as E-Commerce.
✓ E-Commerce supports any kind of business transaction related to money, but E-Business includes
monetary and allied activities.
✓ E-Commerce needs the internet to be able to communicate with online customers from all over the world.
E-Business can use the internet, intranet, and extranet to be able to connect with the parties.

MODULE 6
Information system planning is the process of creating a plan to develop, implement, and maintain an
information system. The goal of information system planning is to ensure that the system meets the needs of the
users and the organization. There are four steps in information system planning:
1. Define the problem or opportunity - The problem or opportunity should be clearly defined in order to
develop an effective plan.
2. Identify the goals and objectives - The goals and objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable,
relevant, and time-bound.
3. Develop the plan - The plan should be designed to meet the goals and objectives. The plan should be
flexible and adaptable to changes.
4. Implement the plan - The plan should be implemented in a phased approach to ensure that it is effective
and efficient.

Planning for MIS is one of the most important tasks in a development project. The analysis and design phase is
completed by the testing phase and the implementation phase. Before beginning planning for an information
system upgrade, it is critical to first identify what information system needs to be upgraded. An existing IS may
need to be redesigned or modified to meet the needs of the organization’s changing objectives and business
requirements.

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System planning is a critical stage in system development. It is the process of identifying, analyzing, prioritizing,
and organizing an organization’s total information needs. An organization creates and evaluates its own original
goals and expectations as part of the process of developing and assessing a new system.

Strategic information systems planning is the process of creating strategies for ensuring that the information
technology function and infrastructure are in alignment with and supporting the company’s mission, objectives,
and goals.

Three types of planning are typically used: strategic, tactical, and pragmatic.

An information system is a system that

provides information to users. A user can be an
individual, a group, or an organization. The
system can be used to store, retrieve, and
process data. The system can be used to
generate reports, to make decisions, or to
provide information to users.

The meta data repository is a critical

component of an ISP’s system. The
information systems plan project’s sequence
for the implementation of specific information
systems is determined by it. When
implemented, the plan is safe for the
information systems department to implement
because they have complete confidence that
they are implementing the correct information
systems project at the right time.

The three basic functions of an ISP are as

follows: *Storage *Monitoring *Email. The
left process represents specifications and impact analysis, while the right process represents implementation
design and accomplishment. It is critical to keep an eye on the activities rather than the water-fall approach.
Depending on the team and the product, they may take place on a different schedule, under different conditions,
and involve different quantities of products.

There are three types of software: applications, middleware, and databases. Applications are programs that
operate on the operating system. The glue that holds applications and databases together is the Middleware. The
data is stored in a database. A network connects all of the components to one another.

A good information system will be created by having a good group of people. The system analysts who design
and implement the system are in charge of the system. The designers develop the ideas for the system and work
with programmers to complete it.

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The goal of information system planning is to create a framework for the organization’s information resources.
The four stages of information system planning are
1. Strategic Planning - It is a process that identifies the organization’s goals and objectives, as well as
developing a strategy to achieve those goals. In this stage, organizations establish long-term goals and
direction for their information resources.
2. Requirement Analysis - The purpose of requirement analysis is to determine the needs of users in order
to provide them with information. The selection of information systems to support the organization’s
objectives during this stage will be made.
3. Resource Allocation - It is the process of allocating resources to support an organization’s goals,
according to resource allocation. The resources allocation stage determines how resources are allocated
to support an information system and its users.
4. Project Planning - Planning and the implementation of information systems are the two components of
project planning. Plans, budgets, and schedules are developed in this phase for the implementation of an
information system.

The steps in information system planning are as follows:

1. Define the problem or opportunity.
2. Develop objectives.
3. Identify the decision makers.
4. Identify the stakeholders.
5. Identify the information requirements.
6. Develop alternative solutions.
7. Select the preferred solution.
8. Implement the solution.
9. Evaluate the results.

The impact of IT on business operations is one of the most important considerations when planning for IT
infrastructure. To ensure that IT infrastructure planning focuses on the business, instead of the automation of
operations. Five steps must be taken in order to integrate information system planning with business
strategy. Each information system project must be designed with its own objectives in mind. Each information
systems project should be identified and prioritized by determining its critical success factors. A later priority
ranking may be required in light of new options that may have been opened in the past. There are also options for
computer hardware, software, and networking.

The information system plan is a document that outlines the goals, objectives, and strategies for developing and
implementing an information system. It includes a description of the current system, the proposed system, and
the resources required to implement the system. The plan also outlines the timeline for implementation and the
criteria for success.

Planning for IS allows you to understand the reasons for its existence, and the development team will be better
prepared to complete the task in a structured manner. Plans are typically divided into several sections, each of
which has its own management. To achieve long-term success, it is critical to understand the needs and objectives
of users. Long-term information systems plans must be prepared in stages. The organization’s long-term
information system needs are determined in this study. As a result, an analysis of the demand for resources for
such systems is carried out.
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Information systems are made up of some of the most important technologies in addition to data sharing and
communication. Communication technologies include communication networks like the Internet and software
applications that allow people to share information.

When it comes to communication networks, reliable and quick technologies are required. This is especially
important when it comes to using the internet. Technology must be reliable in order to ensure that data is always
available when it is required.

It is critical to have applications that are simple to use if you want to use software. This is especially important
when it comes to applications that allow users to share information. Because sharing information is so important,
having simple-to-use applications is essential.

Information system planning is the process of creating a plan for the development and implementation of an
information system. The process includes identifying the goals of the system, determining the requirements of
the system, and designing the system.

Strategic information systems planning (SISP) is the process of creating a portfolio of information systems
that is based on their application to achieve organizational goals and objectives. When it comes to implementing
the IS plan, it is critical to have senior management’s involvement and commitment. The System Integration
Support Panel (SISP) is a tool that ensures that the system used by an organization interacts with other systems.
This has resulted in the alignment of information technology and business goals, as well as the control and
assurance of business goals. It is critical that businesses plan ahead of time so that they can run smoothly.

It is critical to codify information system project priorities, objectives, and authorization in order to begin. Data
is a valuable resource that can be used to generate new information. When the information is timely and accurate,
it is likely to cause action that will improve the company’s competitive position and result in wealth generation.
The critical success factor refers to the number of areas in which a good result is expected if it is satisfactory,
ensuring that the organization performs well in the marketplace. To achieve the greatest success in Information
and Communication Technology, organizations should rely heavily on the management of their organizations. At
the top, middle, and operational levels, a company’s management structure can be divided.

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