POLYGONS

A polygon is an n-sided closed figure. Special Right Triangles

a. Isosceles Right Triangle: 45 0- 45 0- 90 0
Triangle
b. 300 - 600 Right Triangle
Two kinds of triangle
c. Equilateral Triangle- all sides are equal
1. Right triangle- a triangle with right angle.
2. Oblique triangle- a triangle without a right angle.
Isosceles Right Triangle

Oblique triangle may either be:

1. Acute- a triangle which all of its angle is acute.
0
45
c
s
h
0
45
2. Obtuse- a triangle with one obtuse angle s

c = s√ 2
s √2
h=
2
2
A=
s
Right Triangles 2
s √2
R=
2
s (2− √ 2)
r=
2

c 0 0
a 30 - 60 Right Triangle
h

b
0
30
√
c= a2 +b 2 (Pythagorean Theorem)
b
P= a + b + c = a + b + √ a2 +b 2 s
ab ch
A= =
2 2
0
60
2A ab
r= = a
P a+b+ √ a + b
2 2

= √
c a2 +b2 s = 2a
R=
2 2 s √3
b=
2
Where r is the radius of an inscribed circle in a polygon also (3+ √ 3) s
called an apothem and R is the radius of circumscribed circle. r=
2
s
R=
2
 A=
s
2
√3 A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides.
8 A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides
is parallel.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite
sides is parallel.

Page 1 Kinds of Parallelogram

1. Rectangle- is a parallelogram with four right angles.
2. Square – is a rectangle all of whose sides are equal.
Prepared by: Engr. Mike Gabat 3. Rhombus- is a parallelogram all of whose sides are equal
Equilateral Triangle and whose diagonals are equal.

300 300
Basic Formulas in the Different Forms of Parallelogram
h a. Trapezoid (one pair of opposite sides are parallel)
0 0
60 60
a

s √3
h=
2 c h d
s √3
r=
6
P= 3s b

s2 √ 3 h(a+ b)
A= A=
4 2
P= a + b + c + d
s √3
R=
3
b. Isosceles Trapezoid (non-parallel sides are equal)
a
Oblique Triangles

s h d

c
a b
h

√
2
b s = h2 +
(b−a)
P= a + b + c 4

A=
c h c b hb a ha
2
=
2
=
2
A= √ s (s−a)(s−b)( s−c )
√
d = h2 +

P= a + b + 2s
(b+ a)2
4

2 A A √ s (s−a)(s−b)(s−c) h(a+ b)
r= = = A=
P s s 2
abc abc
R= = c. Parallelogram (two pairs of opposite sides are parallel)
4A 4 √ s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c )

Mensuration Formulas for Quadrilaterals

 d1 d2 A d1d2
h= =
h a s 2s
P = 4s

b d1d2
A=
d 1 = √ a2 +b 2−2 b √ a2−h2 2

d 2 = √ a2 +b 2+2 b √ a2 −h2
Notice that since the diagonals bisect each other, then the
P= 2(a+b) diagonals divide the area into four equal triangles.
A= bh
Since the diagonals of the rhombus are perpendicular then
d1 d2
the area of the triangle has the base and the height .
2 2
Page 2

Prepared by: Engr. Mike Gabat

d. Rectangle (parallelogram with four right angles)
a

b d b Regular Polygons
A convex polygon is a polygon where no two points of it lies
a on opposite sides of a line containing a side of a polygon.
A= ab Examples of convex polygon are shown below:
P= 2(a+b)
√
d= a2 +b 2

e. Square (rectangle all of sides are equal)

Examples of non-convex polygon are shown below:
s

s d s

Regular Hexagon
s
A= s2
P = 4s r
R
d= s√ 2

f. Rhombus
s
Area of Regular Polygon: (both equilateral and equiangular polygon)
d1
s h s rP
A= ; r=apothem
d2 2
Convex Polygon of n-sides
s Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides:
 2 0
=(1− )180
n
Sum of the interior angles:
=(n-2)1800
Sum of the exterior angles: = 3600
Arcs and Sectors on Circles
On a circle of radius r, a central angle (an angle whose vertex
is on the center of the circle) of θ radians intercepts and arc,
Mensuration Formulas on Ellipses and Circles
s whose length is equal to the product of θ and r.

Ellipse:
S = r θ ; θ in radians
b
a
The area of the sector of a circle is another geometric
application of radian. A sector is a part of a circle between the
radii within the given central angle.

A= πab
1 2
; a= semi-major axis A= r θ
; b= semi-minor axis 2

Page 3

Prepared by: Engr. Mike Gabat

Circle:
A circle is a set of points equidistant from a fixed point within
the center. Similar Figures
If the corresponding angles in two figures are equal, it merely
; r follows that the two have one same shape though not
r necessary of the same size, then such relationship is called
similar figures.

The following figures are similar:

A= πr 2=
πd 2 = Cr ; d=2r
2 i. ΔABC ~ Δ A' B' C
4
2A C
C= 2 π r = π d =
r
A' B'
Circumscribed and Inscribed Circles
A circle is circumscribed about a regular polygon if the circle A B
contains all the vertices of the polygon. ii. ΔOMN ~ ΔO M ' N '
O

' '
M N

M N

A circle is inscribed in a regular polygon if the circle is tangent

to all the sides of the polygon. Similar Polygon
Two polygons are similar (~) if their corresponding angles are
equal and their corresponding sides are proportional.
 Page 4

Prepared by: Engr. Mike Gabat