DFCC Western Corridor Pkg.

CTP-11
Civil, Building and Track Works for JNPT - Vaitarana
TECHNICAL DESIGN Ground Improvement- Stone Columns –Ch 67+250 to Ch 69+100

ANNEXURE – 3

STONE COLUMN CAPACITY CALCULATIONS

EXPRESS FREIGHT RAILWAY CONSORTIUM P a g e | 26 of 30

 Retaining Wall Between Ch 67+250km to Ch 67+900km

A. STUDY OF SOIL PARAMETERS

Max. Clear Height of Retaining Wall = 8.0 m

Width of Retaining Wall = 8.0 m, RWT 11, 12, 13 & 14

Bore holes in this stretch = BH-67500

Refer Table 3: Field SPT N values with Depth

BH No. BH-67500
Chainage 67500
GL 5.155
GWT 0.80
Depth N-Values
1 20
2.5 7
3.5 -
4 10
5.5 11
7 9
8.5 100
17.5 100

Cohesion values from UDS:

BH No. BH-67500
Chainage 67500
GL 5.155
GWT 0.80
Depth Cohesion (kPa)
0.5 10
2.5 58
3.5 11
Cohesion values from Field Vane Shear Test:
Chainage 67750
GL 1.631
GWT 1.20
Depth Cohesion (kPa)
1.5 - 2.0 34

From the above it is clear that SPT N < 5 as well as the Cohesion C < 25kPa

SUMMARY LOADING

Total Base Pressure from Retaining Wall = 238 kPa

Considering Depth of Sand/Gravel fill below the Wall = 1.0 m
Loading intensity below Sand/Gravel over Stone Column = 212 kPa
SUMMARY SOIL PARAMETERS:

From the section 8.1,

Cohesion of soil at bearing = 60 kPa
Cohesion of soil for bulging = 34 kPa
2
Coefficient of Vertical Consolidation, Cv = 2.52 m /year (Ref 9 & 10)
Compression Index, Cc = 0.40 (Ref 9 & 10)
Initial Void ratio, e = 1.25 (Ref 9 & 10)

BEARING CAPACITY CHECK- Untreated soil:

Cohesion of base soil ( C) = 34 kPa

Bearing capacity factor (Nc) = 5.14
Factor of safety (Fs) = 2.50

Safe bearing capacity = CNc /F s

= 70 kPa

Actual loading from the embankment = 238 kPa

Not safe in Bearing

SETTLEMENT analysis -Untreated soil:

Consolidation Settlement of Unreinforced soil, (S):

S = (Cc*H/(1+e))*log10((Po+ΔP)/Po)
Layer thickness, (H) = 8 m
Compression Index (Cc) = 0.40
Void Ratio ( e ) = 1.25
Pressure increase at middle of the layer ( Dp) = 158.67 kN/m2
Load intensity at Mid layer of clay(Po) = 40.00 kN/m2
Therefore, S = 0.990 m
= 990 mm

Since the base soil is not safe in Bearing and settlements are
excessive, ground treatment is required for base soil

Hence adopt ground treatment as Stone columns

 STRETCH: Retaining Wall Between Ch 67+250km to Ch 67+900km
B, LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STONE COLUMN ( IS 15284 (Part 1): 2003)
1.0 Stone column Geometry & Soil Data:
1.1 Stone Column Dimensions :
Diameter of Stone Columns, (D) = 0.9 m
Initial Spacing of Column, (S) = 1.6 m c/c
Length of Stone Column below NGL, (L) = 8m
Pattern of Stone Columns = Triangular
Factor for Equivalent diameter = 1.05
Equivalent Diameter of unit cell, (De) = 1.68 m
2
Area of each stone column, (As) = 0.636 m
2
Area covered by each stone column (or Unit Cell), (A) = 2.217 m

1.2 Soil parameters :

Cohesion of Soil for Bearing, (Cue) = 60 kN/m2
Cohesion of Soil for Bulging, (Cub) = 34 kN/m2
Bulk density of soil (above WT), (Ƴ) = 16 kN/m3
Bulk density of soil (below WT), (Ƴ') = 10 kN/m3
Gound Level (GL) = 0 m
Angle of internal friction of fill, (ø) = 40 deg.
(Stone material)
Loading intensity over the column (DL+LL) = 238 kN/m2
Width of Retaining Wall = 8 m
Depth of Sand/Gravel fill below the box = 1.0 m
Loading intensity below Sand/Gravel over Stone Column = 212 kPa
2.0 Stone columns Capacity Calculations

2.1 Bearing support provided by intervening soil

Ultimate Bearing capacity qult = Cue * Nc

2
Where, Cue = Cohesion of surrounding soil = 60 kN/m
Nc = Bearing capacity factor = 5.14

2
Hence, Ultimate Bearing capacity qult = 308.4 kN/m

Safe Bearing capacity, qsafe = qult / FoS

Where, FoS = Factor of Safety = 2.5

2
Hence, Safe Bearing capacity, qsafe = 123.36 kN/m

Area covered by each stone column, (A) = 0.866 * S2

Where, S = Spacing of Stone columns = 1.60 m c/c

2
Area covered by each stone column, (A) = 2.217 m
2
Area of each stone column , (As) = 0.636 m

Area of surrounding soil for each column = A - As

2
Ag = A - As = 1.581 m
Safe load taken by surrounding soil, (Q1) = Ag * q safe
= 195.0 kN ……(1 )
 STRETCH: Retaining Wall Between Ch 67+250km to Ch 67+900km
B, LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STONE COLUMN ( IS 15284 (Part 1): 2003)

2.2 Capacity based on Bulging of Column

Limiting(Yield) Axial stress on stone column, σv = Nf x (srL)

Limiting Radial stress on stone column, σrL = (sro + 4Cub)
Where, Nf = tan2 (45 + f/2) = 4.6
sro = Initial radial stress = Ko x svo
IS 15284 - Annex
Ko = Coefficient of lateral earth pressure for Clay = 0.6 A
2
svo = Average initial Effective vertical stress = 2*D*Ƴ' = 18.00 kN/m Bulge depth 2D
As per IS 15284
2
Cub = Cohesion of surrounding soil = 34 kN/m

Limiting Axial stress on stone column, σv = Nf x (sro + 4c)

2
= 673.1 kN/m

Yield load on stone column alone = Yield Stress x Area = Area of column alone*σv
= 428.21 kN

Safe load on stone column, (Q2) = Yield Load / FoS

Where, FoS = Factor of Safety = 2

Hence, Safe load on stone column, (Q2) = 214.1 kN ……(2)

2.3 Capacity based on Surcharge Effect

Increase in Mean radial Stress due to Surcharge D sro = qsafe / 3 * (1 + 2 Ko)

Where, qsafe = 123.36 kN/m2
ko = 0.6

Hence, Increase in radial Stress D sro = 90.46 kN/m2

Increase in yield Stress of the Column = Nf * d sr * Fq'

For f = 0, Fq ' = 1
2
Hence, Increase in yield Stress of the Column = 414.79 kN/m

Increase in yield load of the Column = Increase in Stress x As

= 263.88 kN
Safe Increase in yield Load, (Q3) = Increase in Yield load / FS
Where, FS = Factor of Safety = 2
Hence, Safe Increase in yield Load, (Q3) = 131.9 kN ……(3)
 STRETCH: Retaining Wall Between Ch 67+250km to Ch 67+900km
B, LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STONE COLUMN ( IS 15284 (Part 1): 2003)
2.4 Total Safe Load

Total safe load of each column = Equations (1) + (2) + (3)

= 541.0 kN
Stone column safe carrying load intensity = 244 kPa
2.5 Loading on Column

2
Loading over the surface, q = 212 kN/m
2
Area covered by each column, A = 2.22 m
Load on each column = q * As
= 469.0 kN
< Safe Load on each column
Hence O.K.

3.0 Summary

Diameter of Stone Columns = 0.9 m

Spacing of Column = 1.6 m c/c
Pattern of Grid = Triangular
 C. SETTLEMENT CALCULATIONS FOR EMBANKMENT LOADING (DL+LL)
Retaining Wall Between Ch 67+250km to Ch 67+900km

1.1 Column Dimensions :

Diameter of Stone Columns, (D) = 0.9 m
Initial Spacing of Column, (S) = 1.6 m c/c
Pattern of Grid = Triangular

1.2 Stone Column Capacity :

Safe load taken by bearing soil, (Q1) = 195.01 kN
Safe load due to bulging column, (Q2) = 214.11 kN
Safe load due to surcharge, (Q3) = 131.94 kN

Total Load carried by stone column, (Q) = 541.05 kN

Actual loading carried by stone clolumn (Qa) = 469.01 kN

1.3 Cross Section Details :

2
Area covered by each stone column, (A) = 2.22 m
2
Area of each stone column , (As) = 0.636 m

Area of surrounding soil for each column,(Ag) = A - As

2
Ag = A - As = 1.58 m

Replacement ratio, as = As / (As + Ag) = As / A = 29%

1.4 Vertical Stresses :

2
Vertical stress in column, ss = 543.94 kN/m
2
Vertical stress in soil, sg = 123.36 kN/m

Stress concentration ratio, n = ss / sg = 4.41

1.5 Consolidation Settlement of Unreinforced soil, (S):

S = (Cc*H/(1+e))*log10((Po+ΔP)/Po)
Layer thickness, (H) = 8 m
Compression Index (Cc) = 0.4
Void Ratio ( e ) = 1.25
Pressure increase at middle of the layer (Dp) = 205.88 kN/m2 From Embankment
Load intensity at Mid layer of clay(Po) = 40.00 kN/m2 Loading
Therefore, S = 1121.66 mm

1.6 Consolidation Settlement of the composite soil, (St):

β = ((Settlement of treated soil, St)/(Settlement of untreated soil, S))

β = St/S = 1/(1+(n-1)*as)

Settlement reduction ratio, (β) = 0.51

Therefore settlement of treated ground for embankment weight of DL+LL,

St = b*S = 567 mm

Retaining wall height shall be increased 500mm to cater the above settlement.
 U-Trough Between Ch 67+900km to Ch 68+500km

A. STUDY OF SOIL PARAMETERS

Max. Clear Height of U-Trough = 14.4 m

Maximum Width of U-Trough = 35.0 m (UT-2)

Bore holes in this stretch = BH-68000

Refer Table 3: Field SPT N values with Depth

BH No. BH-68000
Chainage 68000
GL 1.886
GWT --
Depth N-Values
1 3
2.5 2
3.5 -
4 2
5.5 3
7 4
8.5 7
10 9
11.5 100

Cohesion values from UDS:

BH No. BH-68000
Chainage 68000
GL 1.886
GWT --
Depth Cohesion (kPa)
0.5 21
3.5 20
Cohesion values from Field vane shear test:
Chainage 67750
GL 1.631
GWT 1.20
Depth Cohesion (kPa)
1.5 - 2.0 34

From the above it is clear that SPT N < 5 as well as the Cohesion C < 25kPa

SUMMARY LOADING

Total Base Pressure from Retaining Wall = 295 kPa

Considering Depth of Sand/Gravel fill below the box = 1.0 m
Loading intensity below Sand/Gravel over Stone Column = 287 kPa
SUMMARY SOIL PARAMETERS:

From the section 8.1,

Cohesion of soil at bearing = 70 kPa
Cohesion of soil for bulging = 34 kPa
2
Coefficient of Vertical Consolidation, Cv = 2.52 m /year (Ref 9 & 10)
Compression Index, Cc = 0.40 (Ref 9 & 10)
Initial Void ratio, e = 1.37 (Ref 9 & 10)

BEARING CAPACITY CHECK- Untreated soil:

Cohesion of base soil ( C) = 34 kPa

Bearing capacity factor (Nc) = 5.14
Factor of safety (Fs) = 2.50

Safe bearing capacity = CNc /F s

= 70 kPa

Actual loading from the embankment = 295 kPa

Not safe in Bearing

SETTLEMENT analysis -Untreated soil:

Consolidation Settlement of Unreinforced soil, (S):

S = (Cc*H/(1+e))*log10((Po+ΔP)/Po)
Layer thickness, (H) = 11 m
Compression Index (Cc) = 0.40
Void Ratio ( e ) = 1.37
Pressure increase at middle of the layer ( Dp) = 254.94 kN/m2
Load intensity at Mid layer of clay(Po) = 55.00 kN/m2
Therefore, S = 1.394 m
= 1394 mm

Since the base soil is not safe in Bearing and settlements are
excessive, ground treatment is required for base soil

Hence adopt ground treatment as Stone columns

 STRETCH: U-Trough Between Ch 67+900km to Ch 68+500km
B, LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STONE COLUMN ( IS 15284 (Part 1): 2003)
1.0 Stone column Geometry & Soil Data:
1.1 Stone Column Dimensions :
Diameter of Stone Columns, (D) = 0.9 m
Initial Spacing of Column, (S) = 1.4 m c/c
Length of Stone Column below NGL, (L) = 11 m
Pattern of Stone Columns = Triangular
Factor for Equivalent diameter = 1.05
Equivalent Diameter of unit cell, (De) = 1.47 m
2
Area of each stone column, (As) = 0.636 m
2
Area covered by each stone column (or Unit Cell), (A) = 1.697 m

1.2 Soil parameters :

Cohesion of Soil for Bearing, (Cue) = 70 kN/m2
Cohesion of Soil for Bulging, (Cub) = 34 kN/m2
Bulk density of soil (above WT), (Ƴ) = 16 kN/m3
Bulk density of soil (below WT), (Ƴ') = 10 kN/m3
Gound Level (GL) = 0 m
Angle of internal friction of fill, (ø) = 40 deg.
(Stone material)
Loading intensity over the column (DL+LL) = 295 kN/m2
Width of Retaining Wall = 35 m
Depth of Sand/Gravel fill below the box = 1.0 m
Loading intensity below Sand/Gravel over Stone Column = 287 kPa
2.0 Stone columns Capacity Calculations

2.1 Bearing support provided by intervening soil

Ultimate Bearing capacity qult = Cue * Nc

2
Where, Cue = Cohesion of surrounding soil = 70 kN/m
Nc = Bearing capacity factor = 5.14

2
Hence, Ultimate Bearing capacity qult = 359.8 kN/m

Safe Bearing capacity, qsafe = qult / FoS

Where, FoS = Factor of Safety = 2.5

2
Hence, Safe Bearing capacity, qsafe = 143.92 kN/m

Area covered by each stone column, (A) = 0.866 * S2

Where, S = Spacing of Stone columns = 1.40 m c/c

2
Area covered by each stone column, (A) = 1.697 m
2
Area of each stone column , (As) = 0.636 m

Area of surrounding soil for each column = A - As

2
Ag = A - As = 1.061 m
Safe load taken by surrounding soil, (Q1) = Ag * q safe
= 152.7 kN ……(1 )
 STRETCH: U-Trough Between Ch 67+900km to Ch 68+500km
B, LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STONE COLUMN ( IS 15284 (Part 1): 2003)

2.2 Capacity based on Bulging of Column

Limiting(Yield) Axial stress on stone column, σv = Nf x (srL)

Limiting Radial stress on stone column, σrL = (sro + 4Cub)
Where, Nf = tan2 (45 + f/2) = 4.6
sro = Initial radial stress = Ko x svo
IS 15284 - Annex
Ko = Coefficient of lateral earth pressure for Clay = 0.6 A
2
svo = Average initial Effective vertical stress = 2*D*Ƴ' = 18.00 kN/m Bulge depth 2D
As per IS 15284
2
Cub = Cohesion of surrounding soil = 34 kN/m

Limiting Axial stress on stone column, σv = Nf x (sro + 4c)

2
= 673.1 kN/m

Yield load on stone column alone = Yield Stress x Area = Area of column alone*σv
= 428.21 kN

Safe load on stone column, (Q2) = Yield Load / FoS

Where, FoS = Factor of Safety = 2

Hence, Safe load on stone column, (Q2) = 214.1 kN ……(2)

2.3 Capacity based on Surcharge Effect

Increase in Mean radial Stress due to Surcharge D sro = qsafe / 3 * (1 + 2 Ko)

Where, qsafe = 143.92 kN/m2
ko = 0.6

Hence, Increase in radial Stress D sro = 105.54 kN/m2

Increase in yield Stress of the Column = Nf * d sr * Fq'

For f = 0, Fq ' = 1
2
Hence, Increase in yield Stress of the Column = 483.92 kN/m

Increase in yield load of the Column = Increase in Stress x As

= 307.86 kN
Safe Increase in yield Load, (Q3) = Increase in Yield load / FS
Where, FS = Factor of Safety = 2
Hence, Safe Increase in yield Load, (Q3) = 153.9 kN ……(3)
 STRETCH: U-Trough Between Ch 67+900km to Ch 68+500km
B, LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STONE COLUMN ( IS 15284 (Part 1): 2003)
2.4 Total Safe Load

Total safe load of each column = Equations (1) + (2) + (3)

= 521 kN
Stone column safe carrying load intensity = 307 kPa
2.5 Loading on Column

2
Loading over the surface, q = 287 kN/m
2
Area covered by each column, A = 1.70 m
Load on each column = q * As
= 487 kN
< Safe Load on each column
Hence O.K.

3.0 Summary

Diameter of Stone Columns = 0.9 m

Spacing of Column = 1.4 m c/c
Pattern of Grid = Triangular
 C. SETTLEMENT CALCULATIONS FOR EMBANKMENT LOADING
U-Trough Between Ch 67+900km to Ch 68+500km

1.1 Column Dimensions :

Diameter of Stone Columns, (D) = 0.9 m
Initial Spacing of Column, (S) = 1.4 m c/c
Pattern of Grid = Triangular

1.2 Stone Column Capacity :

Safe load taken by bearing soil, (Q1) = 152.73 kN
Safe load due to bulging column, (Q2) = 214.11 kN
Safe load due to surcharge, (Q3) = 153.93 kN

Total Load carried by stone column, (Q) = 520.76 kN

Actual loading carried by stone clolumn (Qa) = 486.81 kN

1.3 Cross Section Details :

2
Area covered by each stone column, (A) = 1.70 m
2
Area of each stone column , (As) = 0.636 m

Area of surrounding soil for each column,(Ag) = A - As

2
Ag = A - As = 1.06 m

Replacement ratio, as = As / (As + Ag) = As / A = 37%

1.4 Vertical Stresses :

2
Vertical stress in column, ss = 578.51 kN/m
2
Vertical stress in soil, sg = 143.92 kN/m

Stress concentration ratio, n = ss / sg = 4.02

1.5 Consolidation Settlement of Unreinforced soil, (S):

S = (Cc*H/(1+e))*log10((Po+ΔP)/Po)
Layer thickness, (H) = 11 m
Compression Index (Cc) = 0.4
Void Ratio ( e ) = 1.37
Pressure increase at middle of the layer (Dp) = 205.88 kN/m2 From Embankment
Load intensity at Mid layer of clay(Po) = 55.00 kN/m2 Loading
Therefore, S = 1255.17 mm

1.6 Consolidation Settlement of the composite soil, (St):

β = ((Settlement of treated soil, St)/(Settlement of untreated soil, S))

β = St/S = 1/(1+(n-1)*as)

Settlement reduction ratio, (β) = 0.47

Therefore settlement of treated ground for embankment weight of DL+LL,

St = b*S = 589 mm

U trough Height shall be increased 500mm to cater the above settlement.

 Retaining Wall Between Ch 68+500km to Ch 69+100km

A. STUDY OF SOIL PARAMETERS

Max. Height of Retaining wall = 14.4 m (UT-2)

Base Width of Retaining wall = 14.0 m

Bore holes in this stretch = BH-68500

Refer Table 3: Field SPT N values with Depth

BH No. BH-68500 BH-1500 (UP)
Chainage 68500 1+500 (UP)
GL 1.535 3.925
GWT 0.60 1.60
Depth N-Values N-Values
1.5 7 2
2.5 2 3
4 2 2
5.5 3 6
7 3 3
8.5 3 4
10 3 4
11.5 3 4
13 22 3
14.5 100 100
Cohesion values from UDS:
BH No. BH-68500
Chainage 68500
GL 1.291
GWT --
Depth Cohesion (kPa)
0.5 48
9.5 27
Cohesion values from Field Vane Shear Test:
Chainage 68500 68750
GL 2.268 5.155
GWT 1.40 0.80
Depth Cohesion (kPa)
1.5 - 2.0 17 29
3.5 - 4.0 37
From the above it is clear that SPT N < 5 as well as the Cohesion C < 25kPa

SUMMARY LOADING

Total Base Pressure from U-Trough = 320 kPa

Considering Depth of Sand/Gravel fill belowthe wall = 1.30 m
Loading intensity below Sand/Gravel over Stone Column = 293 kPa
SUMMARY SOIL PARAMETERS:

From the section 8.1,

Cohesion of soil at bearing = 70 kPa
Cohesion of soil for bulging = 33 kPa
2
Coefficient of Vertical Consolidation, Cv = 2.52 m /year (Ref 9 & 10)
Compression Index, Cc = 0.42 (Ref 9 & 10)
Initial Void ratio, e = 1.34 (Ref 9 & 10)

BEARING CAPACITY CHECK- Untreated soil:

Cohesion of base soil ( C) = 33 kPa

Bearing capacity factor (Nc) = 5.14
Factor of safety (Fs) = 2.50

Safe bearing capacity = CNc /F s

= 68 kPa

Actual loading from the embankment = 320 kPa

Not safe in Bearing

SETTLEMENT analysis -Untreated soil:

Consolidation Settlement of Unreinforced soil, (S):

S = (Cc*H/(1+e))*log10((Po+ΔP)/Po)
Layer thickness, (H) = 14 m
Compression Index (Cc) = 0.42
Void Ratio ( e ) = 1.34
Pressure increase at middle of the layer ( Dp) = 213.33 kN/m2
Load intensity at Mid layer of clay(Po) = 70.00 kN/m2
Therefore, S = 1.526 m
= 1526 mm

Since the base soil is not safe in Bearing and settlements are
excessive, ground treatment is required for base soil

Hence adopt ground treatment as Stone columns

 STRETCH: Retaining Wall Between Ch 68+500km to Ch 69+100km
B, LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STONE COLUMN ( IS 15284 (Part 1): 2003)
1.0 Stone column Geometry & Soil Data:
1.1 Stone Column Dimensions :
Diameter of Stone Columns, (D) = 0.9 m
Initial Spacing of Column, (S) = 1.35 m c/c
Length of Stone Column below NGL, (L) = 14 m
Pattern of Stone Columns = Triangular
Factor for Equivalent diameter = 1.05
Equivalent Diameter of unit cell, (De) = 1.4175 m
2
Area of each stone column, (As) = 0.636 m
2
Area covered by each stone column (or Unit Cell), (A) = 1.578 m

1.2 Soil parameters :

Cohesion of Soil for Bearing, (Cue) = 70 kN/m2
Cohesion of Soil for Bulging, (Cub) = 33 kN/m2
Bulk density of soil (above WT), (Ƴ) = 16 kN/m3
Bulk density of soil (below WT), (Ƴ') = 10 kN/m3
Gound Level (GL) = 0 m
Angle of internal friction of fill, (ø) = 40 deg.
(Stone material)
Loading intensity over the column (DL+LL) = 320 kN/m2
Width of Retaining Wall = 14 m
Depth of Sand/Gravel fill below the box = 1.0 m
Loading intensity below Sand/Gravel over Stone Column = 299 kPa
2.0 Stone columns Capacity Calculations

2.1 Bearing support provided by intervening soil

Ultimate Bearing capacity qult = Cue * Nc

2
Where, Cue = Cohesion of surrounding soil = 70 kN/m
Nc = Bearing capacity factor = 5.14

2
Hence, Ultimate Bearing capacity qult = 359.8 kN/m

Safe Bearing capacity, qsafe = qult / FoS

Where, FoS = Factor of Safety = 2.5

2
Hence, Safe Bearing capacity, qsafe = 143.92 kN/m

Area covered by each stone column, (A) = 0.866 * S2

Where, S = Spacing of Stone columns = 1.35 m c/c

2
Area covered by each stone column, (A) = 1.578 m
2
Area of each stone column , (As) = 0.636 m

Area of surrounding soil for each column = A - As

2
Ag = A - As = 0.942 m
Safe load taken by surrounding soil, (Q1) = Ag * q safe
= 135.6 kN ……(1 )
 STRETCH: Retaining Wall Between Ch 68+500km to Ch 69+100km
B, LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STONE COLUMN ( IS 15284 (Part 1): 2003)

2.2 Capacity based on Bulging of Column

Limiting(Yield) Axial stress on stone column, σv = Nf x (srL)

Limiting Radial stress on stone column, σrL = (sro + 4Cub)
Where, Nf = tan2 (45 + f/2) = 4.6
sro = Initial radial stress = Ko x svo
IS 15284 - Annex
Ko = Coefficient of lateral earth pressure for Clay = 0.6 A
2
svo = Average initial Effective vertical stress = 2*D*Ƴ' = 18.00 kN/m Bulge depth 2D
As per IS 15284
2
Cub = Cohesion of surrounding soil = 33 kN/m

Limiting Axial stress on stone column, σv = Nf x (sro + 4c)

2
= 654.76 kN/m

Yield load on stone column alone = Yield Stress x Area = Area of column alone*σv
= 416.55 kN

Safe load on stone column, (Q2) = Yield Load / FoS

Where, FoS = Factor of Safety = 2

Hence, Safe load on stone column, (Q2) = 208.3 kN ……(2)

2.3 Capacity based on Surcharge Effect

Increase in Mean radial Stress due to Surcharge D sro = qsafe / 3 * (1 + 2 Ko)

Where, qsafe = 143.92 kN/m2
ko = 0.6

Hence, Increase in radial Stress D sro = 105.54 kN/m2

Increase in yield Stress of the Column = Nf * d sr * Fq'

For f = 0, Fq ' = 1
2
Hence, Increase in yield Stress of the Column = 483.92 kN/m

Increase in yield load of the Column = Increase in Stress x As

= 307.86 kN
Safe Increase in yield Load, (Q3) = Increase in Yield load / FS
Where, FS = Factor of Safety = 2
Hence, Safe Increase in yield Load, (Q3) = 153.9 kN ……(3)
 STRETCH: Retaining Wall Between Ch 68+500km to Ch 69+100km
B, LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STONE COLUMN ( IS 15284 (Part 1): 2003)
2.4 Total Safe Load

Total safe load of each column = Equations (1) + (2) + (3)

= 497.8 kN
Stone column safe carrying load intensity = 315 kPa
2.5 Loading on Column

2
Loading over the surface, q = 299 kN/m
2
Area covered by each column, A = 1.58 m
Load on each column = q * As
= 471.4 kN
< Safe Load on each column
Hence O.K.

3.0 Summary

Diameter of Stone Columns = 0.9 m

Spacing of Column = 1.35 m c/c
Pattern of Grid = Triangular
 C. SETTLEMENT CALCULATIONS FOR EMBANKMENT LOADING (DL+LL)
Retaining Wall Between Ch 68+500km to Ch 69+100km

1.1 Column Dimensions :

Diameter of Stone Columns, (D) = 0.9 m
Initial Spacing of Column, (S) = 1.35 m c/c
Pattern of Grid = Triangular

1.2 Stone Column Capacity :

Safe load taken by bearing soil, (Q1) = 135.59 kN
Safe load due to bulging column, (Q2) = 208.28 kN
Safe load due to surcharge, (Q3) = 153.93 kN

Total Load carried by stone column, (Q) = 497.79 kN

Actual loading carried by stone clolumn (Qa) = 471.38 kN

1.3 Cross Section Details :

2
Area covered by each stone column, (A) = 1.58 m
2
Area of each stone column , (As) = 0.636 m

Area of surrounding soil for each column,(Ag) = A - As

2
Ag = A - As = 0.94 m

Replacement ratio, as = As / (As + Ag) = As / A = 40%

1.4 Vertical Stresses :

2
Vertical stress in column, ss = 569.34 kN/m
2
Vertical stress in soil, sg = 143.92 kN/m

Stress concentration ratio, n = ss / sg = 5.00

1.5 Consolidation Settlement of Unreinforced soil, (S):

S = (Cc*H/(1+e))*log10((Po+ΔP)/Po)
Layer thickness, (H) = 14 m
Compression Index (Cc) = 0.42
Void Ratio ( e ) = 1.34
Pressure increase at middle of the layer (Dp) = 213.33 kN/m2 From Embankment
Load intensity at Mid layer of clay(Po) = 70.00 kN/m2 Loading
Therefore, S = 1525.78 mm

1.6 Consolidation Settlement of the composite soil, (St):

β = ((Settlement of treated soil, St)/(Settlement of untreated soil, S))

β = St/S = 1/(1+(n-1)*as)

Settlement reduction ratio, (β) = 0.38

Therefore settlement of treated ground for embankment weight of DL+LL,

St = b*S = 584 mm

Retaining wall height shall be increased 500mm to cater the above settlement.