Listening  Sub-­Test:  Part  B    

 
Global  affordability  of  fluoride  toothpaste  
Questions  
1. Complete  and  answer  the  following  statements  and  questions.  
o Societies  have  access  to  a  greater  variety  of  food  products  as  a  result  of  
more  
 ___________________________________________________________  
 ___________________________________________________________  
 ___________________________________________________________  
o What  are  western  diets  considered  to  be  high  in?  
 ____________________________________________________________  
 ____________________________________________________________  
o What  two  diseases  have  resulted  from  these  changes  in  diet?  
 ____________________________________________________________  
 ____________________________________________________________  
2. Complete  the  gaps  in  the  summary.  
 
The  cariogenic    capability  of  diet  occurs  in  places  where  _________________________  

supplementation  is  not  _________________________.  Dental  caries  is  

a_________________________  health  problem  and  impacts  negatively  on  

_________________________  of  life,  economic  _________________________  ,  adult  and  

children’s  general  health  and  development.    In  pre-­‐school  children,  untreated  

dental  caries  is  associated  with    reduced  life  quality,  due  to  the  

_________________________    and  _________________________    in  ingesting  food  that  can  lead  

to  a  failure  to  gain  _________________________  and  impaired  _________________________  

development.  Low-­‐income  countries  are  not  able  to  _________________________  dental  

restorative  treatment  and  are  more  vulnerable  to  the  impact  of  

_________________________.    Therefore,  they  should  receive  more  

_________________________.  

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3.Circle  the  best  answer.  

1.  What  percentage  of  world’s  population  have  limited  access  to  required  
medicine?  
a) 33%  
b) 25%  
c) 30%  
2.  Which  of  the  following  is  given  as  a  reason  for  the  limited  access  to  
required  medicine?  
a) location  
b) cost  
c) education  
  3.  Which  of  the  following  statements  is  false?  
a) Access  to  fluoride  is  a  serious  concern  worldwide  
b) Dental  caries  is  the  most  common  disease  globally  
c) The  use  of  fluoride  is  an  important  public  health  strategy  in  
preventing  dental  caries  
                 4.  Apart  from  fluoride  toothpaste  ,  which  of  the  following  is  not  mentioned      
as  a  way  of  administering  fluoride  to  the  public?  
a) milk  
b) salt  
c) bottled  water  
4. Complete  the  following  information  cards  
WHO  Basic  Package  of  Oral  Care  
 Promotion  of  affordable  and  effective  fluoride  toothpaste  is  important  for  
improving_____________________________________________________________    
 Using  fluoride  toothpaste  to  brush  twice  a  day  is  based  on  
_________________________________________________________________________    
 Why  did  the  number  of  dental  caries  decline  in  western  countries?  
_________________________________________________________________________  
 When  did  the  number  of  dental  caries  decline  in  western  countries?  
_________________________________________________________________________  
 

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United  Kingdom  
 The  only  organised  preventive  program  is  ____________________  
 What  percentage  of  the  population  use  fluoridated  water?  
               _________________________________________________________________________  
 What  reason  is  given  for  the  reduction  in  dental  caries  in  the  UK?  
               _________________________________________________________________________  
 
 
Nepal  
 Dental  caries  in  school  children  has  declined  because  of    better  access  to  
_________________________________________________________________________  
 Less  expensive  alternatives  of  fluoridation,  such  as  through  a  water  system  are  
_________________________________________________________________________  
 The  delivery  of  fluoride  through  a  piped  water  system  requires  major  
_________________________________________________________________________  
 
 
5. Complete  the  following  table.  
Fact   Number  
   
 Use  fluoride  toothpaste  regularly    ___________________________    
   
 Access  to  fluoridated  water    ___________________________  
   
 Access  to  ___________________________    40  million  
   
 Benefit  from  fluoride    60  million  
___________________________________  
   
 ____________________________________    6.6  Billion  
   
 Benefit  from  fluoride  toothpaste    ___________________________  
 

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6. Complete  the  lists  and  answer  the  following  questions.  
i. Complete   the   list   with   reasons   why   topical   fluoride   is   not   considered  

practical  in  the  prevention  of  dental  caries    

 requires_______________________________  

 needs  trained  personnel  

 can  only  be  ____________________________  

 ______________________________________  

ii. What  is  fluoride  toothpaste  use  dependent  on?  

 its  socio-­‐cultural  integration    in  personal  ______________________  

 ______________________________________  

 ______________________________________  

iii. What  factor  influenced  the  choice  of  toothpaste  brands  in  Nigeria?  

 ______________________________________  

iv. According  to  WHO  what  is  the  definition  of  affordable  toothpaste?  

 One  that  is  available  at  a  price  that______________________________  

7. Correct  the  following  statements  

Cross  out  the  incorrect  word/words  and  put  the  correct  word/words  in  the  space      
provided.  
 
 One  positive  step  towards  making  fluoride  toothpaste  affordable  is  intense  
competition.  ______________________________________________  
 During  the  first  half  of  the  1990s,  world  market  prices  for  drugs  on  the  WHO  
Model  List  fell  by  14%.    ______________________  &  _____________________  
 The  reason  was  attributed  to  local  demand  and  competition  
__________________________________  
 In  Brazil,  the  price  of  AIDS  drugs  fell  by  a  startling  28  %  over  4  years.  
______________________  &  _____________________  
 The  government  in  Madagascar  has  a  different  way  of  making  fluoride  
toothpaste  affordable.  ____________________________________________  
 It  is  3.5  times  less  expensive  than  the  more  expensive  exported  brands.    
_____________________________________________  

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8.Circle  the  best  answer.  
Complete  the  following  sentences  
 Equity  pricing  is  based  on  the  principle  that  _________________________________  for  
effective  medication  
 The  price  of  fluoride  toothpaste  in  poor  communities  should  be  
o ____________________________  
o ____________________________  
o ____________________________  
 The  same  brand  of  toothpaste  should  be  sold  at  different  prices  in  different  
locations  based  on  people’s  __________________________  and  ________________________  
  Complete  the  following  table.  
Fact   Number  
   
 Packaging  toothpaste  for  distribution    ___________________________    
   
 _____________________________________________    35%  
   
 ________________________________  necessary  to    ___________________________  
manufacture  the  product  
 
9.  Answer  the  following  questions.  
 Why  are  toothpastes  often  highly  taxed  by  governments?  
o ____________________________________________________________  
 Why    are  vaccines  and  contraceptives  usually  tax  free?  
o ____________________________________________________________  
  Why  is  toothpaste  often  sold  in  small  size  sachets?  
o __________________________________________________________  
End  of  Part  B  
You  now  have  2  minutes  to  check  your  answers.  
Now  check  your  results  and  add  up  your  score  with  on  the  answer  sheet.  
Your  Score________  
Total  Marks  72  
To  pass  the  listening  test  you  need  to  get  at  least  65%,  so  for  this  exam  you  need  to  get  at  
least  47/72.  
 

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