Department of Humanities and Social Sciences

National Institute of Technology Patna (NIT Patna)

Patna, Bihar-800005 (India)
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 Outline
01 Concept of Communication

02 Verbal Communication

03 Non Verbal Communication

04 Listening, Speaking, Reading and

Writing (LSRW) Skills
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 Communication originates from the Latin word
‘communico’ or ‘communicare’, which means to share.

It essentially means the transfer of ideas, feelings,

plans, messages, or information from one person to
another.

Communication is achieved when the message and

its subtext are completely acknowledged and
responded too.
 Features of Communication
• a two-way process by which information is
transmitted between individuals and/or
organizations.

• a continuous process of meaningful interactions

among persons in an organization or individuals.

• a process in which the role of the receiver and the

sender keeps changing through the communication
process.

• Inclusive of both verbal and non-verbal forms.

 Process of Communication
Common Frame of Reference

Sender Message Receiver Response

Channel

Sent Received
Noise
Noise Feed back Noise
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 Elements of Communication Cycle
1. People
Sender- communicator who formulates, encodes, and
transmits a message.
Receiver- communicatee who receives, decodes and
interprets a message

2. Message Origin
common content or subject matter of the communication
process.

3. Channels
visual, verbal and vocal (3Vs of communication) mediums
through which a message is sent.

4. Noise
Anything that interferes or disturbs the process of sending
and receiving of messages. Physical, physiological and
psychological noises (3Ps of noise)
 Elements of Communication Cycle
5. Context
formal and informal context or setting of which the
communication event is unfolding.

6. Feedback
• Positive feedback- behaviour enhancing response Origin
• Negative feedback- response that extinguishes behaviour
in progress.
• Internal feedback- response you give to yourself
• External feedback- response from others

7. Effect
Communication outcome
 3. Competitiveness

Marketing research suggests that firms which communicate

sell better.

4. Harmony

Effective communication helps sustaining a harmonious

relationship between salespersons, and customers, and trade
unions and employees in a company.

Importance of Communication 5. Understanding and Cooperation

1. Growth
Through effective communication, employees get job
Effective communication alone can help in maintaining a link satisfaction and develop a sense of belongingness which
among its various branches, offices, and sites. ultimately helps the organization grow well.

2. Complexity

All the departments and units of an organisation have to go hand in

hand to achieve its goals and for that, they need to keep
communicating with one another.
 Types of Communication Communication

Types (Parties involved) Flow Means, Kinds, Manners, Forms

Linguistic Paralinguistic Non-verbal Verbal

Intrapersonal Mass Vertical Horizontal Diagonal Spiral Extralinguistic
Interpersonal Extrapersonal Vocal Cues

Kinesics Proxemics Chronemics Artefacts Haptics

(Touch)

Oral Written

Speech Seminar GD Letter Memo Minutes Reports

Meetings Interview
Professional 13
Presentation
 It is the most basic level of communication. One must understand
who one is and what one think of oneself.

Intrapersonal Communication takes place within

one’s own self during self-reflection, contemplation, and
meditation.

In order to successfully communicate with others, one must first

learn to communicate with oneself.
 Interpersonal Skills

Listening Skills
Interpersonal Communication is the written or oral
communication that occurs between two or more persons.
Verbal Interpersonal Skills

Non Verbal Communication

Problem-solving Skills

Self-control and self-confidence

Time Management Skills

 Mass Communication is conveying message to an entire
populace through books, the press, cinema, television, radio,
internet, etc.

Extrapersonal Communication takes place with non-human entities,

such as animals, birds and plants. We train them and they react
according to our instructions and commands.

This form of communication requires coordination and

understanding between the sender and the receiver.

Certain plants react to our touch, for example, touch-me-not plant

(mimosa pudica).
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION FLOW
• Horizontal- Takes place among people of the same
rank in an organization.

• Vertical - Occurs between hierarchically

positioned persons and can involve both downward
and upward communication.

Upward - Happens when information is sent to

people of higher rank-from bottom to top levels in
the hierarchy.

Downward-Exists when information moves from

higher authority to subordinates-from top to bottom.

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• Crosswise- Takes place between managers and workers located in different functional divisions/units.
• Radial- Moves in all directions. For instance, the management circulates a copy of new bonus incentive scheme
among all the employees.
• Grapevine (Informal)-Informal communication is known as ‘grapevine’. Flows in all directions. It may create both
negative and positive impacts on the environment of that organization.
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Types of Verbal Communication

Oral Communication is a face to face interaction

between the sender and the receiver who use the spoken
variety of language.

In Written Communication sender uses the written

mode to transmit his/her messages like reports, proposals,
etc.
Impact of Non Verbal on Communication

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 Kinesics
The Study of the body’s physical
movements

• Personal appearance
• Posture
• Gesture
• Facial Expression
• Eye Contact

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 Paralinguistic Features
• Rate refers to the number of words we utter per minute. • Pronunciation should be close to the standard English
A rate between 125 and 150 words per minute is ideal pronunciation. Articulation refers to the ability to speak
in professional situations. different words distinctly.

If we are able to speak and enunciate different sounds in a

• Pause- A rightly timed pause is as important as a
rightly placed word. The speakers who pause suggest distinct and crisp manner, our articulation is considered
that they are quite accomplished, poised and composed. appropriate and impressive.

• Volume – A speaker with a low volume may be seen as

lacking in confidence whereas one with a high volume
may suggest arrogance.

• Pitch refers to the rise and fall in human voice. The

use of variegated pitch patterns is suggested to keep
the listeners engaged and interested in your
expression.

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Proxemics
Public
(more than 4m)

Social
(1m-4m)

Personal
(0.5 cm-1 m)

Intimate
(0-50 cm)

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Haptics

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 Chronemics

• Means the study of the use of time in

non verbal communication.

• In direct communication, the use of

time can convey a powerful non verbal
message.

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 Developing LSRW Skills
Four Major Communicative Skills (LSRW)

• Listening
• Speaking
• Reading
• Writing

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 LSRW Skills: Listening
• Practice listening from Cambridge Series
• Listening to BBC News or Other British news
• Watch English movies, sitcoms
• Having conversation with native speakers of English
• Try to imitate the speech of British/ American
speakers
• Listen to correct pronunciation

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 LSRW Skills: Speaking
• Talk to yourself in English
• Don’t worry about making mistakes because you will
and be patient.
• Restrict yourself to simple sentences until you gain
confidence
• Watch English movies and shows. Carefully observe
how proficient speakers of the language pronounce
words and frame their sentences.
• Communicate with your friends who don’t speak your
first language. The more you communicate in English,
the better your speaking skills will be.
• Read articles, books and magazines of your choice.
Learn new words everyday. When you hear a new
word, try to find its usage, synonyms and antonyms.

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 LSRW Skills: Reading
• Read as often as possible. Always make special time to
read. You should try to spend at least 30 minutes
every day on focused reading.
• Read the right books of your interest and reading
level.
• Ask yourself questions while reading and after
reading
• Improve fluency first. It’s hard to form an
understanding of what you’re reading when you read
word-by-word instead of in full sentences.
• Practise scanning for specific information.

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 LSRW Skills: Writing

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Thank You!