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Electrical-Manoj Kumar For MEO Class 4

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Kapil Chetia
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707 views

Electrical-Manoj Kumar For MEO Class 4

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Kapil Chetia
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oy © 3 9 To appreciate my work donate through UPI carbidee@yby a Fonetion- 5 (mamej Kumar), "? 9, EECEOL 9 i : 9 Electrical Electronics and Contre) Engineering at Operational Level, Procedure- \> Take printout of this pdf. 2 Gio through it properly (minimum 3-4 times) 23> Tey to answer questions of your respective mma, 4. T have left some pages blank intendionally , whenever you get new question, add iton the blank pages and study Ws. Ask your friends to ask question. from you d ® TF you like notes , then please clenate using OPT on Sarbidee @ybn| contact on telegram ‘@carbiclee’ | (Manos KUMAR) VVC OCKUCHHGEHES Seeetceeeeecetid @ ‘Ba sfes MF iieur Td te pathteken by elgelrtc current, AL load current & required or energy & consumed or Work mm f cone / cable = current flows from higher potental te Lower potential so for current to eae Flow there must be a potential difference > Fer the load current fs from +ve to-ve terminal but fer EPETGy Source in the Form of cell, battery or generatDy, current Ts from —~ve to tve +ermina| ~The electrical pressure generated by A (Amperes) TEP Sods, | Resfetance (R) is opposition to Flow of current Unit > chm) sRepresentect by ~Zemega) Tok R N Ohm's laos- Tau M R 7 KircuHore!s Laws | VOLTAGE LAWt- The sum of potential or voltage drops taken round a circuit must be equal to Applied potential cifleren he NtV4ee- =v 2. Current low: The current Flowi point tn a cireuit must be thak point je auvay from a june tion equal to current flousing into Typttoaes se ° Conductance (G1) Yeo T et rectprocal o& Resistance CR) Ve 91.9 a Onit J. Conductance> Stemens (S) BOO bbb ddd dO O44 COHbLOEEDOVOODGOGEYD Ammetert. Used for measuring current — Sheuld have very low resistance le > Sennected fheerica with load wt ~ Negligible voltage drop across it EO | # x rol Ltmeter Measures Voltage or Potential oli fh. i ould have high resfetance Cfinite rea) BE connected fn parallel +o loac * Range ‘extension of Ammeter ond Voltmeter Shunt: shunt fs specially constructest reafetor of low resistance , If we want 40 measure a current greater than the ane oO} Ommeter shunt f used with ammeter fn +he paral connecton Through ammeter finite froction of matn current cil) Flow € rest current will flow dbrough shunt, Shunt i calibrated with ammeter 4 must be Used wlth no alwougs, Teh Main Sia BD Pronto 3 eesaeaaaatan aa seal ‘ait (4 i "To measure higher voltage’ than that of capacity of ) voltmeter series or range resistor must be Used, ) Thfs. range resfstor drop “excess voltage ¢ diss pates certain » amount heak Voltage to The Range reetstor fs = comectes| fh.series with, LO ' Moltmeter, Rongeor Series, Teaistey, | * Carrent (L)e The flow ©4 charge pariicles or the rate of Flow of charge in a Conducting medium f called electric current. The charge particles could be —ve (&) or +ve( prots) ; Just like a river current , which i's the conHnuous Flow of water molecules ,an electric current fs the continuous Flow 6 charge particles ,.The amount o& charge Flowing through QA certain poimt ina conclu cting medium in a specific time fs called electric current. Current i denoted by 'T’ I= charge) SI unit= Ampere (A) +t (Time) Ampere :- One ampere is the amount of current where one coulomb of charge flows through a certain point ina conducting meclum ina time of one secon. Or a conductor carrging one ampere of charge is said to have @ charge flow 6 one coulemb per second, Donate. Carbidee @ ybo Crtang) kumor) ree “Nelkages cy3:- Tn electric cireufe voltage © °F Pressure, ynat fe responsible for pushing the cha a ied Bi Closed. loop jconductor. The Flowing ek charge | 7 Surrent. The voltage f= the electric potential between © Pofnts y the greater the voltage »the greater ©O the ‘euerent Wioto 4brough that point Cle Vor) Penoted by Wo st anit Volts. Vere ay irs that allow, \ wad e fo the potential difference between too reins 6 A current ef | ampere through it and dissipate? ©b Power between these polnis. oR Tt TS potential difference which moves one joule of energy Een Coulomb charge! between to points, . (ind. naar ana DP PPPPARERAAAAN FO tee Factor @.£) 2 ; eo Note Power factor fs only related to AC straits’ ie there no Power factor (P.f) fo BC cireutts im—pc-circuits Aue to zero Frequency and phase angle cdfference Cp) between current and Voltage, 3B definitions for Power factor = SSP 9 The cosine ok ! Power factor. CUTTY angie beiween current and voltage f& called u Here “SB P= VIcoso P> Power fo Watt =< ese = iP /NE N= Voltage fh Volts seat ?R CoSO= kIN/kKVA T= Current ih Amperes wR lcosp= True Power his ‘Real Power to klatts = APparent Power VA = Apparent Power fh Volt- Amperas — or kVA =. €0s.8 = Power factor ! Donate v Carbidee @yb£ (manej kumar) TP 2> The ratio between Resistance and impedance fp Ac circure 7a@ i known as Power Factor, Here R= Resistance fn ohms(-2) ae Z= Lmpedence th ohms C25 Impedance (2) :- Tt fs total Resistance offered by the Ac cireatt bbedd 3) The Ratio between Active power and A vell- amperes is called power factor, . CosO= Active power Prarent Power fin Here Apparent Power kkl= P= Real ‘Power fh kilo- Watts mor coo O= PJs KVa'e = Apparent ‘Power ‘fn -Kilo-Vol,” — MUTT ede Cos@ = Power factor. Amps. eR cosO= kt KVA * Power ctor TWiangle - Apparent Power Un vay Q Reactive Power (in VAR) S=vr @=VISINe Active, P Real er Tue Power Cin ulatt) P= Vicose All formulas» eape s 2 shy f + coso= kl P=NIcoso cos6= vr KVA i ' { igtud ad i ae, *Cese= Tue Power + cosas R Apparent Power cs + €0sO= Power Factor= KW. cos@= Active Power kVA Reactive Power Water -Gilass Analogy a < Apparent: Power © Active Power (P):- Active power fs also Known as Real power OR True power oR Watt- full power oR Useful power mp oR Actual power. Tt fs denoted by ‘P' @ measured fn Inlatts Chl) 2 Actual power fs the actual Power which fs rectily transferred to load such as transformer, fnduction motors , Denerators ete £ dissipates fn the circuit, ‘Ths Power fs actually consumed or. utilised ih AC cSreuust, SP Tt ts actual outcomes of the electrical system which runs SB be eClectrical circuits, er load. 2 => = * Reactive Power @): This power fs also known as Ose-less Power oR Wat less: Power, * The Power that continuously bounce back and forth between WP scurce and load fs known.as. reactive power ©’, MB THiS power fs just absorbed and returned fin load due to S® fte reactive Properties. “@ © Reactive Power fs that energy which fs first stored and then released fn the form of magnetic freld or electrostatic Fflreld in case ok inclucter and capacitor F recpectively, * ReactHve power Ts (Q=VIsin®&) positive for Mnductive loads and negative fr capacitive loads + Unit ef Reactive power fs Volt- Ampere reacHve Ile VAR € IVAR= IVXIA edbbe Steecetcccadied * Tee tota ee Power fn AC circuit both dfselpated and | | APparent Power (sd i | 1 PSorbed returned fe called as apparent ‘power, eRe The Combination ok reactive power and’ true power is called PPParent : power, i I oR, TF the phase Be angle (8) cifference blu current and vol tage < ; ignored then poduct ef voltage and current fs RP. Ne Reactive power fs product e Voltage and current without phase angle. ODE oh. giFfs Va ine IVA ativx 1A Notes hthen he, cfreuft fe pure recfstive’, then apparent Power fs equal to real or true power, bub fh mductive er capacitive pewer cireust (Ilben Reaclances exfsts) then @Pparent power fs greater than Real or ‘true power, I? . causes of Low Power Factor carbidee @.ybt SP 1. Harmonic current: The Presence of harmonic current reduces 8 +he power factor fn system, =P 2. Impr, incliag :- is faci iri A proper binging: Due to improper wineting/ wiring or “4 electrical accidents, an imbalance in the S-phase power eccurs which causes low power factor. 3@ 3. Incluctive load Most of industrial loads cons&t ok 28 fhduction metors . Such machines draws magne tfzing current ard set up a magnetic Field for fls proper working and hence work at a low power factor, The current drawn by incluctive loads fs lagging anc results 2 fn poor power Factor. . m4. Electrical discharge lamps + (High intensity ciecharge we lighting) Arc amps operate at very low power factor, S. Variation fh the Power system Loading = The load clemand . fn the modern power system fs not constant throughout the day. The demand * high during morning and evening hours © generally) and light during rest of day, When the spine © is loaded lightly, he voltage increases, thereasing the % magnetization current demand of machhe. This causes & @ poor power facto in the system. 2 @ Hay monic curren\> Tétfs stnusoidal wave form * DG advantage of low power factor PrVIese > pt wl. he current fe thyersely proportion) cos 8 TO Power factor, So when power factor fncreases ,cunent decreases and vice versa. Se. 99 case of low power factor , current. will be fhereased eehich will lead to following disadvantages, 1. Copper Loe or Large Line Losses: C6 & & & HO Line losses & pr? © larger the current, greater the line lossen, * Large kVA rating ¢ size of electrical equipment +- “S CosO = kt ty 2600 of => lower the power factor, Kkva kVA We larger the kya rating of machine if the larger the kVA rating of machine , the larger the size of machine £°F the * lrger the size of machine “he larger he cost of machine, DAND« 3. Greater conductor size and cost ‘Vv Nollage drop=v= rz TJn case of lew power factor, current will he fhcreased tbus to transmit this bigh current ,we need the large size Oo, conductor . Also the cost ob a large size of conducto will be fncreased, Anan a 4, Low efficiency i- In case of lew power factor, +here would be large Voltage crop and large line losses and 4this will cause the system or equipment ebbicieney (n ) too low, For fnstance ,due te low power factor ,+here would he large “ line losses 5 therefore alternator needs high excitation c 4hus generation efficiency as wellas +rans former's apGiciency ( would be low. Same fs the case ef for lower motor's ‘ eggiciency in case of low power factor, arnnanaara J @ - Methods to fmproove power factor: 38 1 Use, of statia: capa citer t- Generally power system loads are fncuctive loads that take lagging current which decreases +he system Power factor, For Power factor improvement purpose , slalie capacitors are Cennected fn parallel with +hose devices tohich work on low power actor, — Current { Sent loads, are those loads fn which Vane SE, current and voltage are out o| 2 rrent ar ob pha: With ach other g 9o"! re of A SAT IH * These statle copacitors provides leacting current which neutralize C totally or partially) tbe lagging fnductive component of load current (ive) leacting | component neutralize or eliminate the lagging component of load’ current) thus Power factor ob the lead cfrewit fs fmproved. 2. Synchronous Condenser :- Idhen a synchronous motor operates a Alo- load and Over - exited +then it fs aalked synchronous condenser, jalhenever a synchronous motor fs over-exited then it provides leading current and works like Capacitor, lalhen @ synchroneus condenser fs connected across supply voltage Cin parallel) then ft draws leacling current and partially eliminates the re-active component € so power factor fs improved, Gienerally synchronous condenser 1's usec +o improve power factor In jarge industries, 179 ~3 s = > ~s ~s 2 —~ ~3 ~~ 2 <2 => ~ =) ~~ ~~ — = 2 —— 2 ~2 “2 —— — <> <2 —D 2 aid | 3. Phase Advancer ui | | Phase advancer fs a simple ac exciber which fe connech < & te main shat of jhe motor and operates with the Motor's votor cfrcust for power factor smprovement. Phase x advancer fs Used +o improve Power factor fn Industries. < As the stator: windings of incluction motor > takes lagging current go’ out af phase with voltage, | there fore the power factor Ok Incluction motor fs low. TF © the “exiting ampere- turns are excited iby external Ac | «& SOUrCe , then there would be no effect of exciting current © on stator windings, So power factor fs improved, A Notes Improving power factor can mayimize current earrying capacity ,improve Voltage! te equipment, reduce power losses and lower electricity bills. i wu RANA IDADAD DADA KAAS A 0 - EMF ( Electromotive force) - wi Electromotve force fs the energy supply to the charge by @ batery cell. Th other words , emf produces and maintains Voltage inside an active cell and supplies energy in joules to each unit ©4 coulomb charge , Denoted by © SI units Volt, TPP EMF fe Uta the maxtmum potential difference between too iF poinis oO, batlery when no current fs Flowing from the source TPP f9 case of open circurt. > "EMF fs the cause € vollage or Potential difference is effect, > es Wt= Work C3) @= charge (C) * Difference blw EMF € Voltage +The name EMF at first sfght fmplies that Ft fs force that causes current to flow. But PL fs not Correct because Mt fs SP net a force but energy supplied 4e charge by some active > device such as battery, | ape EMF maintains potenHal difference or voltage while . > Voltage Causes current to flow, =: When we say that EMF ok a device (eg. a cell) fs Qv, jk means that device supplies energy e 2 Joules a, each | coulomb of charge . Ithen—we kiben we say that potential differce between point A €B ob a circuit Csuppose point A fs at higher polential) fs 2Vv, fl means that each coulomb eb charge will give up an energy of BY & joules on moving from pomht A to 8 a a + Capacitor “we A capacitor is a two terminal passive electronic componerit| “agg thal. stores charge fn an electric field between fts metal 2 plates. Lt is made up of two metal plates (electrodes) “aay S¢Prctied by an fhsulator known as electric, ted A dielecizic acts as te increase u } pels the cape citors charge Capacity, ae Scholten | A ctielectwic cam be glass, —> ceramic, plastic film,afr, es Vacuum, mica etc. yj — 3 Dielectric —> Capacitance: Capacitance fs the ability & capaciter to eee charge jin its metal plates (electrodes). Tts unit fs Farad 'F? 7 Farad One rad fs the amount of capacitance when a Vy cbarge ek one-coulemb causes the potential cifference of Tone Volt across THs +erminals, T® Note: The capacitance isalways positive ¢itican't be -ve, Donate carbidee @ybL — ue T= Applications of capacitor: 1 - Smeothing power supply's output * Fer power factor correction We Per. Frequency Fiiters, high pass , low pass filters, + Coupling € decoupling of signals * Tn Motor starters + snubber( Surge absorber € Nofse filter) + Oscillators. cA acitor fs assive tuan-termin, lectrical component tohicbetores elect een ‘energy, Femporay in electric beeee eee eee eee Peak value Oh A * Ac vs De Advanta ges ebAc CAtternating Current) ' >THE Jeheration 2b AC fs cheaper than D-c 28 i i do not require much “S Machines are simple ,robust and do atlention for their repairs € meuntenance luring their Use, 8. Milide range °b voltages are obtained by using trans former, 4. The magnitude eh current aan be reduced by Using an Metletance or a! Condictor utthout much loss of energy. S. Ac can ‘easily 'be Converted into DC using rectifiers &. llben Ac fs supplies at bigher voltages jm long otistance transmi ssio, Dad vantages ob Ac “cfs high € it fs dangerous 40 Use so he Her Msulaton fs required, 2. Tt attracts pereon, who touches it unlike Bec which gives @ repelling shocks, 3. An Aco fs trans, mitied from surface of conductor € hence Need several st rands of thin wfres insulated from each other, DP, the line losses are small compared tp a D.C han DRARE LEE GRE val en mee a RENM AA AAA E @.Overload:- An electrical overload fs the concii'tion where the wigy (OK! takes more current then normal or rated current, Overload fs the overcurrent flow fin the cireust which BD courses everheating fn the connected olevice hence, overload 9 2 AYpe of overcurrent od - we Overload Protection. eg CYST l0ad Protection fs actually a protection against overheat cue to Flow of overcurrent fn the circuit for specific time. Pe Slow blow fuses £ overcurrent rel are Used BP agoinct Overload protection whereas thermal meagnete cirewt - veaker are Used! for both overcurrent & overload protection. 3 The Magnetic’ element provicles protectin a. ainst overcurrent wo * thermal’ element protects the circuit from overload. protection cireuht activated when 120% - 1607 @ greater current starts to Flow in the cireuit than the rated @ current by power supply | 0 EE a oS epee [+ Barth Faun: Earth fault fs a fault blo live concuctor & earth (here ship's hall). se eardy fault 6 due to a break fn the insulation, AMlewwoing the cenclucter Jo touch +he hull or an -earthed meta enclosure, Gene rath farth Fault occ Jenerally clue to an t Urs within electrical equipment, TH fs u insulation failure or loose usiring which results in aq live conductor to coming into contact with the Metal enclosure el, equipment, TE avoid danger of eleciric shock € fire from earth faults, metal enclosures 4 other non-current carrying metal parts of electrical equipment must be earthed. The ‘earthing’ concluctor connects the metal enclasure to the arth (sbipls bull) and prevents such metal parts from attaining a dangerous voltage with respect to the earth in the €vent of an carth fault occuring. i - Significance of Earth Faults:— we Tan ecarth fault occurs on the insulated pole of an ed earthed ctistribution system’ it would be equivalent to a (short circuit’ Fault across the load via +he ship's hull, — The resulting large earth fault current will BW imme Uately ‘blow? the Fuse fn line conduct ¢ 4he equipment 8 ill be isolated from the supply € consiclered as safe but loss we 0h Metal Enclosure \> Earthling Lead An earths Fault cocuring on the line of an ‘insulated distribution system! will not couse any protective gear to operate and the eyetem would continue fe function normally € the equipment Still operates, it doesnt stops, The earth cingle earth fault cloesn't provide a complet= chreuit so no earth felt current will Flow, > > . > J , ) ; , Line-I Single earth Fault san olated cistribuhon System, Tf an earth fault developed on another line, then 400 earth Faults together would be equivalent 10 a Short cfrouit | Fault (vie, chips bull) « resulting large current will operate | Protection devices and. cause Aisconnection of essenta] | 1 i | Services creating a risk to the safety of the ship. ea An Thsulatedt olfstri bution system requires two earth Us on tooo cUifferent lines to sean earth fault system is therefore more earthed syctem in maintaining continuity ob Supply ef equipment. Hence it adopted fer most marine Electrical systems, Note: fn an Insulated single-phase cfreult, - Double carth. Fault thon Tsclated Distribution Syetem, Beouble-pole switches wlth fuses in both lines are necessary ) - High voltage systems (3-3kV fabove) en board a ship ars y normally earthed .Such systems are normally earthed via @ resister : recs the generator neutrol to earth point, , Woter Tankers have enly fosulated olistribution system, This fs i oa the danger From earth ult currents cfreutating In the bull fn hazardous Zones, which may couse ar explosion oh the inflammable cargo, ; "Finding Earth Fauttr 4. Earth Fault lamps = 1 2 8 e @ a xxke OT US Barth Feuutt online 3 h = ° Tf the system fs heathy Ci-e no earth Poult) then the lamps glow ually with equal half brilliance , “TF the earth -feutt eccurs on one line , then the lamp Connected to that line fs clim or extinguished (doesn't glow) #& other lamps glow brighter, > They are simple £ inexpensive but they are not sensitive ft fails +o inclicate the presence of a high Impedance earth Fault, 2. Earth Resistance meters: selector his system connects a small HuoY suoFich d-c voltage between earth ¢ < each of the lines of the system 4Yov ohmmeter fn turn, if there fs a path back Fae vortage tothe Voltage source +hrough Beles earth fault A current will Flow frem dec source. A meter fs theluded th +he current path to measure the size of current Flow, his together with the voltage of, the source will give a reaching of, the system ° tion resistance ee nie dgpe ek fnstrument, the earth Fault current can be A * smited +o ImA whereas with earth lamps ft is about eb bia makes It suitable for tankers, maha Shia yee gae ay ah 4 ne : hcl uae \ Yea ah bade sn sig Pond he OS sakes Buby © Bayete adver Ali Father tho i . } hisoh aacicg tet Hee igh sfsib agencies eantee a tcnate bags LEE Jas. fy boda kos So kegels agypcarte 14 i atk J vl Ayla ny oe eal baw ghtk Fis es iy si Ohi etan ce Tavenks Lai fo Fie ati Spadina dt we athe th echo anions z ba RAN zi wae, L ved " Offference between electrical ¢ electronics :- Electri Re Electrical technolog deals With the geheration, distribu Storage £ conversion ob Slectrical energy ete 2. Th the electrical circuit , electrical energy consists Ob Flow Ob electron, 3. Electrical devices Produce Voltage € current. 4. Electrical devices works on Alternating current (Ac)| Ac may be single phase or three phase, Range of Ac fe. Sy to kv? S. In electrical efrewt, conetuctors are used. CopperCCu) € Atuminium (AD are best conductors, 6. Th the electrical circuit, 4he role fs tse monitor or conto) High electrical Power, 4. Electrical devices Can't make a decision, —B'- electrical bulb @, Occupy large size and require more space. g Electrical energy convert “ipto otber forms Ie heat, motion or light. lo. ea1- transformer, Alternate] z motor, Cuse, Generator ete, Electronics Rey 1 Electronics technology deals with designing ,amplifying and switching electrical energy with the belp of oW’fferent electronics ae + 3-phase 3 wire wom (Star connected) Delta - connected) eK Three — phase eystem are used exten sively, A 3-phase 3-wire system fneludes all phases i.e R,Y B, it can be comected fr Delia as well as star, The voltage between the tines fs ‘v’ fn case of delta- Connection € [3 Vv tn case & a) star-connecton where W fs the Voltage of each phase, B tntire phase - 2 wire system fs used for three phase loads only removes exygen From the lead Sog” wt @ Peroxide (PEO,) ef the +ve plates! > end combines wailth it +e form’ oS Oy watercHso) eat @ Loss of oxygen From Lead peroxide! reduces ft 46 grey lead (Pb), @ The water formed by the action dilutes the electrolyte so th @ as the cell discharges, the specific gravity Cre lative density) decreases. ' Mt the Ne side of cell, sulphate fons (Sog~) Combines uot+th | @ the pure lead, of -ve plate jo. forma layer of white lead @ sulphate (PbS0y).. The lead sulphate layer fnereages clurh @ discharge and Finally covers the active material of plate | @ Posttive plate Reaction @ PbO2t HS07 +3H" +R —> PbSa, +2420 2 Negative plate Reactisn @ Pbt SOY —> Phisoy +H 4Q96- R. Tota Reachon ; @ Pb +Pboatat2S0y—s 2PbS0, 1 21,6 eee enuged Gras emission Towards 4he end oe chorging during clischarge % the current flowing jmic the cell causes & breakdown or a isin als oh water th the electrolyte , shown by bubbles 6 the “surface. Both hydrogen * oxygen are evolved & 6 Teleased +threugh vent Cape inte batlery compar tment , There ene explosion risk tf hydrogen fs allowed +o accumulate « sg able range fs Uy. to Ty. ob hydregen in air), G agate ventilation fs required to remove gas ¢ preceuudien nay i - ir . cSmparlment fe re he Ks fn enclosed batlery comp « Topping up: (ohM ae srere & battery #) (Ss Batteries suffers water loss clue to both gassing +4 evaporation & with centinuous drop in liquid level. G These is no loss & sulphuric acid from electrolyte (unless Splilage) . Regular checks are madeto ensure tat liquid & level" ts above the top ok plates and ol&tilled water is % added as necessary (Ie, topping fs done), ever Filling will cause the electrolyte to bubble out ot ® the vent? Over-Fitting will cause—the—electrolyte-le-bubble Le 2High consumption of clistiled toates, would suggest everchangry em 4 x 7 F Cc Electrolyte t- Sulphuric Acid (HaSoy) fs used .feoas electslyte for lead-acid batteries. Th concentrated form, H2Soy a fs non- conductor of electricity so distilled water Ts _ mixed in tHySoy (Concentrated) So So, breankes foto p Hyelregen UH) ¢ sulphate (So-") So that it conduct current Ss > lalate should nol be added to Hysoy, because tt wl) 8 a because it \Nill produce heat €& Vident recicHon, instead acid CHasoy) f vey slowly added to pure wate, © while stining, c Wet resiSting paint must be Used fh battery roomdeck ¢ -_—mpenaanek oe ee @ Qe llhy can't we store Ac fh batteries Instead ok BC? Ans! kle can't store Ac in batteries because Ac changes 6 thefr polarity upto So (when Frequency = SoHz) or 6o(kihen freq 4wency= 60 Hz) times Tn a Second. There fore the baHery | terminals keep changing te Positive (+ve) becomes degatyerah ) OPd Vice ~Versa, but dhe baHlery cyn't change their terminals cob the aame speed So Ac cant be stored fr haterics, 4 | Moreover, Supply, then ft will a as charge during ne when we connect a battery uslth AC € harge cluring positive hale cycle amd ative habe cycle, because +he posii{velrete half cycle canceles jhe Pegatve Eve) half cycle so the overage voltage or current tha complete cycle fs zero, so We Can't store Ac fn batteries, WDD DA De DLs ay ay a * Nek elite stuns Batiery/ Cell = Ho € 02. Charged NiO (0H) Discharged A (OH). Chargay ed Discharged d OH). i: “ negatve! Ws. Cadmium (ed hectrol i fe fe Uetilled (with adcditfon electrolyte :- potassium hydroxide (Kon) + uetiied SE lithium) The ions produced in the formation of potassium hydroxide solution (kt oH") acts as current carrier and takes port in an jon. transfer, ' Discharging !~ i During discharging Nickel! Hydrate [ AiO(oH)] PS Converted to Nickel Hydroxide NI COM) 2. Similar y OH” tHydroxyl fons) Converts cadmium -to cod mium hydrox! ob -ve ‘plate, OH” moves one plate +o another and doesn't Aklect | the » e , , . > > > B Material fer positive plate Nickel Hydrate Ewio Cons) > > > » » > » , » , \ \ | change fo case of alickel cadmium batleries, ' ' Sy IS, Charging: puring charging, pesitive of charging supply ° i COMME tee! te the positive of cel & negative to the «& nega. Uve derminal. Piste tk Current From the charging source « | TeVerses Ye discharge action, « « n charged Condition Th clscharged conden G ately ore +ve plate ~ve plate « eae ¢ 2Ni(oH Cd, Mydtatked mide Cael mium hac ies D2 ee « eh Nfeket Hydroxide pacboxide 6 ~Nent.ceaps are non. retérn valves because gases (H2 4 02) 7 on bereleased bub oftpespheric cur cant enter inside © iF CL enters inside battery). battery may explode. & + Vent caps are nen. return valyes because gases CH: # Oz) & cm be released but contact by electrolyte “arth cmos phere « fs prevented . t tleetrolte absorle Carben obi onitle (Cos) From the ertmes phere 6 4 damages the battery because of formation ol potassium carbonade > vent caps must be kept Close Tepring up: Bleatrolytes Pelassium Hydroxide sol) - strongly Alkaline and properties core similar to caustic Seda (seclium hydroxide), Same cas of Eee tee batteries cad Acid, Characterstics:- Specific gravity % 1210 Cdoesn't change [0 Alickel cadmiym S batteries) But over a period of dime renewal fs necessary ct about specie granity of LIT0 . ET eR aR DTD RA ADDL LL * Battery Room! Ventilation » » - Hydrogen (Ha) fs ligher than afr’ Se proper ventilation should be Ps Tfexbausti fan i required than ‘exhaust fen blades : > feluct be nen- Spark in detel > face et sate fan must be away/tfom the ventilation , ag Seals to prevent entry ok gin its casty, cE a xhoust Pan must be Fncbependent of other vertlation systems P All outlet Vent ty o Pee eich cts must be of corrosion- resistant > BG cual er protected by suftable pednt @ Ventilation inlets shoul be below batlery level | ° Batery Room safeties: 8 - Use ef naked @ batiery room light € smoking should be restricted fh @ — Metal jugs sheuld not be used as clistilled water containers, a. ges switch boards Should nol be used place! near a Her Space ' @ ~ Foameprent lights must be used, ie ean ee Tonge ISc ts 25'c Hy Battery life fs. shortenes by temperature above So'c * = BaHery capactty is reduced lows temperotures , eo - Proper ventHlation should be cre So that gases developing during charging escepes from battery Room, “Q — Ventilation duct should be above accomodation level and ~ Should be aft eb engine room blower, a exhaust fan starting switch should be locecled outside room “@ _antrimsrcally safe instrument + tools should be used) inside * ~"Battery should be placed on Wwooclen blocks, pebssses ut i Veotieny Room fnspection:-/ Battery Maintenance: j 7 ScHeyy tstallettten & tts charging circuit should be checked d 7 Battery room -environment Cory @ well insulation required) 4 - Batlery top should be clean € dry | ~ Terminal nuts should be Hg | ds it prevents cerrosi'on) Elecirolyte level should be checked (maintain sp-gravily use | of y drome ez) i ~ charging equipment (check or clirt, overheating, loose connections) | ayotol ‘exceasive rapial charging, - Notice Sk No smoking should be kept, Flame Prool light & Filings should be checkey 7 Battery Room temp. range (Is'-26'c) ht (Apply petroli'um jelly — * Trickle charge/Float charge: \Sateries’ gets clischarged if mot used due to local action] environment’ . So once the batlery is Fully charged , iE fs put on trickle’ charge, In this type of charging, very small amount of current ts supplied to just make-up for the loss of charge Cgenerally So +o loo mA per, loo amp~hr battery capacity J 301d DDD NDDDAD DALY IN INIX ID OUND Hydrometes- Hydrometer fs an instrument. used to" measure the specific gravity) of liquidfelectrolyte , Rubber Hike Sozzle i's pul inside the seg be € Rubber bulb is pressed € released’. Electrolyte moves up € down stem floats up € down. Tn stable position) | specific gravity can be measiied, = Rubl kei proo| Stores J» Fully barged > over charg Lead baile ber Tube nozzle Rubber bulb i stem =}? Sing ica st Ye | | | | | | | | = Mer oen Sou e AS eh ter 2.) Regulation 42 fer passanger ships & egclation 3 for cargo ships A'S€lF comtained emergency generator shall be provided, The power rating of emergency generator fs based on the Gten erator Size oh ship Locations 1, r deck! outside 2. Lb'should bs, Boom + shall be located above Uppermost continuous engine reom, readily accesible From open deck, should be located Att ob Collisston bulkhead Switchboard © transk 4 : ermer Units , all shall be locates fn +he same compartment, Regulations » 1. Flash point ef Fue! should not be less 4than Wwe, 2. Should be started automatically after Ciilure 26 main Sovrce of Power Supply within Ys seconds and at fee rated load, 8. Tt shall be started at Oc or it shall have heuti ng arrang: 4- It should be able to start in 225° List - 10 Trim, 5. Tt should have atleast two findependepent source ok Starting . Both of them should be provided atleast three consecutive starts 8 _L AA AHAPP LAID D LEELA DLA SARE RARE mergenty) iEhecteiced Power 1 PAn emergency electrical power service must be provicted Boonkeard fn +he event ob Main pewer Failure . The emergeny B Power source can be an emergency, generator, batterles or p both , whichever fs used, it must be self contained £ > Andependent sk engine room, power supply. B Commsn requirements for emergency generators £ batteries p (extracted from soras, 2021) pt. They showd normally be located above woter(*ne 2. They should not be located) forward: of the collision ' balk head Caey, agai a 8. They should be lecated fh a compartment thet fs cutside and aw. from the engine room, ® 4. THe compartment’ should be accessible from open deck, Ps The Sybigm Ghould be capable eh operating with a s list o§ Upto 2265 ¢ atrim of upte io RB Additional requirements for emergency batterles:- , , RB Ll. Emergency bitleries should not' be ‘located ™ the ® same spoce as +he emergensy switchboard. . a 2 Mey must Carry emergency load throughout the clischag 2 period without being recharged or wotthout Ms voltage Be Cbanginig by) m6re than 127, h ; j > ler acge yt vik \ ® Additional requirements for emergency generators: > > a. Emergency generators must have +heir own Prime movers, Fuel cupply tanks (fel closed Flosh point should not be less thon 42°C), storting equipment should be ble of three starts Cwhin atleast tap methodg ) Rog sultchboards, Ro. The generator must start awtoma Fea lly upon feJlure of the main supply ,connect to the emergency scfhtch band and supply +he mnergenyy chreutts HPs must all eke wofhin Ws seconds. aw 7 we me. 4s a ! | | | | * Supplieg From the Emergency Switch board :- é '. Emergency lighting 6 2. Navigation lights Pest € Be Navigational ide, gyro & 4. Radios ( S. Thternal communication equi Umea as, iN an emergenc < situation (¢ 6. klater tight doors 9 tT. Life beat launchin. By Steering motor iy Hiatt J. Emergency battery ebarging : Jo, Emergency bilge pump i y 040 Fire Bump , Nei Auto matic ‘sprinkler pump i€ ted 18. Fire detection ¢ Fire alarm system €4be Fire door helcling €! release system 14. One afr compressor 16. \linches ' a '6. E/R supply € exhaust fan to restort generator (1. L-0 priming pump for: generator ) 1B) Boller icant) pan) " a g eq tipment Note» Tt fe normally not possible fo Parallel the main generators € the emergency generators € there are fnterlocks 4o prevent this from p happening. (2/8 ®/DWADI MP NPAOIDLD AN CAND KD & a Bailery Testing + i A bead Acid Batery Testing! Lead adid tattenies can be ne tested by Hyarometer’ Te igives|the veilue of specific SSP gravity of electrolyte At Pally charged: conclition (1-27-1285) sae and at Fully alisdhargad fk fe tt Also when TL gets Fully sme CUscharged then Voltage alse Falls down to (-3V which — ee Bives the inclication of U's charging . But high value. of, Neltage can mis = a tons — A guide for Fully charged cohdition, Specific me O'AVIEY Sh lead \acid batleries are at! ambient temperature my O'S SC add 0.007 fr every 10 above IS'c 4 subtract for 10c below Is‘c . = Note~ Above specific gravittes| are ak IS T™ T™ 2 Alkaline Batery Testing In alkaline batteries, specif PT gravity doesn't fall of elischarging! so! Specific gravity pam can't be measured using hydrometer. “™* - Specific gravity cloesn't fall on Ascharging. It f& fall mq only due to the lifetime use of battery so Hf Specific gravity oe alkaline batteries falls 6ver a Period ok Use a then ft means that eliher the electrolyte has fo be charged or the battery | = Charging ved cfs charging can be clecicled by Voltage, Tf the voltage becomes below I>} Vol then it means that batlery fs discharged, ot ts the only incication ob TS alkaline batleries . Batery & considerect 46’ be Fully charged Te when THs voltage remains constant at hé - ive, aba Vibbabesdsd * How to knoco ff battery fs Fully charged, | ( ‘ VWeltage= When a batiery gets full charged ,fls voltage ‘tomes constant, The Voltage remains ‘at 16 -hg Vv. = , 1 oltage on open-circuit, charged 2-2V per cell or higher 20 spb duels Mg 7 Ae Pecific Gravity: The, specific gravity ob elecirelyte a ie and "cuani luring dischargi due to formation of water, vibther | ng charging it increases, due to absorption of - fully charged battery have, specific gravity 6), 11286-1300 Specifre vay can’ ee pu ERIN es Shs, ites ae S Cae gee bydromester \ Full charge heBh ae free fe i [ (20-1299 2 0-186 charge 6230-1280 = ©*5 0 charge “(#200 -1-230 4 0:25 Charge FEO = [200 7 Discharged Yo vtosbiqa Ostt= rie 3. Giassing.. When @ battery fs Fully charged , it rea- releases hydrogen from negative +erminal € oxygen from positive terminal. At this thitme , charging of bertrery should be stopped, Ly, Colour Plates Tn fully charged conc'tion, the colour of positive plate becomes dark brown anol negative plate becomes grey, (slate grey) The By adeling batlery acid to the batlery 1) By charging - DOL starter . res oL Fuses + kthat fs code ¢ Function of it (5 points atteast) - FP el starter 4 choke fn tubelight + Zener ode and fs full explanation, How ft fs different ror simple oliode, SCR , terminal names, Uses? complete explanation of Thermistor LL4 6466 q + lAlhat is condenser , > Explain Thyristor + Diode Testing 4 + Fuse and fts Function q + Zener protection * kihy we use starters for starting a motor. Explain al) 4 stories » What is multimeter. kihat all parameters 71 measures, ; What happens fhside Ht when we change selector scoltch Explain Megger with cHagrarm + Clampmeter use + How voltmeter and ammeter Used fn cfreutt + Capacitor fs used fn ac circuit but not fn Be. Ialh + DIff ble diode € Zener diode (10 points) 2 AA RAND DRAMA EvLectTRonic ‘EQuipment © Sencluctivity clepends on no. ok free electrons © Conductivity ~ of metals(Conductors) decreases with increase th temperctlure, Soncductivity ef semi-conductor materral increases with increas tn temperatuve. Semj conductor mateuials have more no. el free < than insulators but less no. of Free & than iconductors, a KL Type Semi- conductors: > Five valence € jmpurity fs added to pure semi- conductors, instead ob 4 valence e~ Generally Antimony arsenic € phosphorus are odelec to pure semi coi ctor for | extra e7 ue! we ae the extra ie” iS responsible! for | | —P TPF the movement a current, \ OeCeCdeceg + P- type semi conductor - ae - . P-dype semiconductor are oblained by adding fmpurities @ like aluminium, borium or fnclium. | @ These adds removes \n: tive electrons so leaving gaps or w positive holes cobich transmits change. a Semi- Conductors (S',G1e) have 4 valence e7 UL Extensive Tm pure: Semiconductor Intensive Pure Semi- conductor Nl. of & = No. of holes | Yin cavede pias P-type N-type obtained when trivalent obtained when impurities are added +o pure’! ‘Pentavalemt impuritieay germanium cryete) gt BAL \ 1 OTE addled +o pure é DL & & & ke &®@ 3 semiconductsy Also Kno&n as ccep tor! I AY,P,Sb \Als0 Known as Donor’ DADA “Thermistor !~ ' Thermal + Resiétor ~ Thermistor fea special typeof resister whose resistance changes with the change fn temperature cleo Typee ae F ccltg cog NT c (dlegative Temperature Coefkicient)!- 2 Resistance decrease with fnerease fn temperature , knoun az AITC, PTC ( Positive Temp Cok.) !- 2p Resistance fincrease with fnerease fn temp ,are Known -as PTC + nae * Thermister hove a Negative Temp. Cock. (NTC) of resistance * Vo rise i) temp > Svcleorease th resistance Use a RAR AAA |. Digital +hermometers 2. Precision temp. measurements, contre! € compensation * Thermistrs are highly sensitive but have a non-linear characterstics ef resistance versus temperature, : Semi- conductor junction rectifier (-+wo- layer device) A semi-conductor Junction rectifier isa water of silicon, ee Sermanium or other semiconductor material whi'ch are doped by impurities , ar other materials having similar effects, so one mg Port is p- type € other type B n-type, A Battery connected jn the p-section to b. And vice versa, rward Bai thes “We Ferminal of battery (& conected to p-type and Te terminal of batlery ( comected to n-type , postive Le charges are aitaracled do -ve terminal ¢ ve charge Ce) ire attracted +o 4ve terminal of batlery and a junctHon 'S formed and hence current Flows, circuit will couse positive holes ih 2 attracted towards its Negative terminal, Juduuddd ee ddd £ Current locos th Forward Based Reversed Biaised: But when te terminal ter of botiery fs connected to n-type and -ve +ermina) of battery fs connected to p-type, still Positive charges are attracted +o ~ve terminal € -Are charge » ae attracted to tve terminal of batlery but +s time Q Wigan fs farmed and hence no ef current Flows through circuit, baddddd add No current, Flows in Reversed Baisey bbb LLL Knee Nottage:- The voltage at which Junction breakes and current starts Flowing through semi-concluctsy f& Known ag knee voltage. Bes Germanium: 0: 3v Knee voltage r Silicon ory BLL Diode: Diode fs an electrical device’ which allows current to move fh ‘one ctirection only, le it has low (ideally zerc) fesistance +© current in one clirection € bigh Cideally infinite) resistance jin, other ctirecten, Use cf cHoder eo . dL ay eer &g Coa Mode 2 pte 7 As SmieieS +Nacuum! Tube | oti 1 Mand tomulek ole 6, - Yollage Regulators 1 fe f - Switches + Zener, Diode tee “Light Emitling Diode CLE DY + ML + Photo! Diode) + __ XY - ~ Signal mediators \ Signal mixers \ Zener disce: Ptsically cliodes are used for the purpose of recti fyin waveform and can be used within power supplies er_within | tadial detectsre (unicirection current property) Types Donate 2 Light emitting Diode (LED)- car bidee @ ybi Tt 15 one eo, the most popular type cf diodes and when rt permits the transfers of electric current blo the electrodes, Nght (S produced, ie “Bip ulhen +he cliode f switched on er forward baised ,the 7 | recombines with the holes and release energy in the form o} Wight (electro -lumtnescence) . The colour of, light cepends onthe energy gap of Semiconductor, “Zener Diode iA zener ede fs a Alode which allows current. +0 flow inthe ferward cdrecHon in the same manner as an ideal Uode, but also permits it to Flow in the reverse clirection when the voHage iS above a certain soe Rrelen (as the ‘Breakdewon Voltage’, or Zener Knee ena or Zener Voltage’ or ‘Ayalanche Point! er Kk Inverse Voltage’. Tt (SQ properly doped crystal diode with sharp breakdeon Vol tou is Known as zener“lode It fsal 1g reverse connected when forward biased. Properties Gre similar to ordinary cliccle , Zener, code clo not burnt out just because ft has entered the breakdecon regfon as long as the external supply connected to +e Hhicde limits dhe Faults current less than +he burnt out value, RAAAMm Mm Mm BABAR Pin jh ode (Rey. Bia) : Zener diode (Rev. Bia) n hp shes =a Iderhthen a simple p-n jn dide , kihen zener Vode fs fe Reverse biased and \Fvoltage, reverse biased, and if voltage, fs more than Breakdown voltage, f more than Breakdown Pe gets heated up and gets voltage FL doesn't burnt, destroyedy burnt. : APrreae potential oU-fference blus two points (Here 1 €2) doesn't cross a certain level +b fs heavily doped, a + n Zener cUlode , when rt fs reverse biased) eth 2 simpleP-n jn cicde Zener cliode TrnaANRaRARPPNPLraAAysA mw doped, fm Reverse biased, It Since zener diode fe heavil jon fe smal) and Pt coef con flow current (slnce barrie. r get burnt whereasta simple p-n JP clicde barrier rezlon fs much more (fl & not heavily doped) ft Fets heated Ap and bumt, er “Transistors Rectifiers and zener cliodes are: two layers semi- conductor devices, “i ie Tromsister bave 3 layers which are arranged as either npn 7 Pnp. bod : ys} Methods, USed to, make transistors are ‘similar -o those for the manufacture of diodes. ei . : * The operation fs based on principle that, Application ob Voltage will make -ve curnent carrters move in one direc cand Positive jcurrent carrlen) fh .other cUrection, y Transistor fs a semiconductor device used 4 ampltfy and | switch electronic sig + Transistor fe oh + ) NA and, electronic) power, to types | Transistor \, , i 2 F a Sipelar J” Transistor(BIT) Field EMect Transistor (FET) Construction Working Battery 4! fs connected to ends which Bare collector € emitter, Another battery 'e! fs connected to the 2 middle (base) secton and has A ComMMen conection wlth the emifler with battery A’ 2 * Emitter: One section which s emitter, To do so emiHer fs always Forward biased ushen compared to base ®- Base: The micldle SectHlon of transistor, hich forms the % two Pr-junctions between emiter ¢ collector, fs called the @ base. The base. emjHer j9 fs Always forward biase} which @ allows a low reatetance’ fr the editor cireuth, The reversed biased which provides a a high resistance th the collector cfreurt ‘ee | collector! The sectfon other than emitter which collects | the charges i& called the collector, The collector ts always reverse biaseol, * Emitter- base Terminal There i a Hode fn between the emitter -base terminals so those too terminals should | Function as @ normal dicde £ conduct in only ene directo, * Collector-base Terminal'- There fsa Alode similar to-the \emitter- base terminal, These terminals ain. should act AG the terminals of a normal cdoede £ conduct fh only one Arection. ; +Emiter- Collector Términais- The emitler- collector terminals ore Not connected fnternally € Hence will not concduct 7 either Airection \ ° The transfstor fs fh OFF state Tf the voltages at hase : _ emitter are same. as the base voltage increases above the emitter voltage, the device shifts tots ew on state, Tn ON SHate , there fs sufficient voltage different! with base terminal b Cathode ~

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