BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME: Khushi Jain

CLASS: XI

SECTION: BS3

SCHOOL: Hariyana Vidya Mandir

SESSION: 2022-23

ROLL NO: 22
 HOW CIGARETTES
AFFECT OUR HEALTH
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to our
Principal Madam for her encouragement and all the faculties
that she has provided for this project
I extend my thanks to our biology Teacher Ms. Sanjukta
Sengupta who guided me for successful completion for this
project.
Last but not the least I also extend my gratitude to my
parents for their valuable support and co-ordination.
Also thanks to my fellow group members who helped me
during the course of the project and made the working
interesting and enjoyable.
 WHAT IS A CIGARETTE

A cigarette is a small roll of finely cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a

cylinder of thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end
and allowed to smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from the other end,
which is held in or to the mouth and in some cases a cigarette holder
may be used as well. Most modern manufactured cigarettes are
filtered and include reconstituted tobacco and other additives.
The term cigarette, commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but
can apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as cloves or
cannabis. A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its smaller size,
use of processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is normally white,
though other colours are occasionally available. Cigars are typically
composed entirely of whole-leaf tobacco.
Rates of cigarette smoking vary widely, and have changed
considerably over the course of history - since cigarettes were first
widely used in the mid-20th century. While rates of smoking have
over time levelled off or declined in the developed world, they
continue to rise in developing nations.
Cigarettes like other tobacco products do carry serious health effects
with them. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in tobacco
and therefore cigarettes, is addictive. About half of cigarette smokers
die of tobacco-related disease and lose on average 14 years of life.
Cigarette use by pregnant women has also been shown to cause
birth defects, including mental and physical disabilities

How smoking affects your health?

Over the long term, smoking leads people to develop health
problems like heart disease, stroke, emphysema, and many types of
cancer -including lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer. People
who smoke also have an increased risk of infections like bronchitis
and pneumonia.
These diseases limit a person's ability to be normally active, and they
can be fatal.
Smokers not only develop wrinkles and yellow teeth, they also lose
bone density, which increases their risk of osteoporosis, a condition
that causes older people to become bent over and their bones to
break more easily. Smokers also tend to be less active than non-
smokers because smoking affects lung power.
Smoking can also cause fertility problems and can impact sexual
health in both men and women. Girls who are on the pill or other
hormone-based methods of birth control increase their risk of
serious health problems, such as heart attacks, if they smoke.
The consequences of smoking may seem very far off, but long-term
health problems aren't the only hazard of smoking. Nicotine and the
other toxins in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes can affect a person's body
quickly, which means that teen smokers experience
 MANY OF THESE PROBLEMS ARE

1. Bad skin
Because smoking restricts blood vessels, it can prevent
oxygen and nutrients from getting to the skin - which is why
smokers often appear pale and unhealthy. Studies have also
linked smoking to an increased risk of getting a type of skin
rash called psoriasis.
2. Bad breath
Cigarettes leave smokers with a condition called halitosis, or
persistent bad breath.
3. Bad-smelling clothes and hair.
The smell of stale smoke tends to linger - not just on people's
clothing, but on their hair, furniture, and cars. And it's often
hard to get the smell of smoke out.
4. Reduced athletic performance.
People who smoke usually can't compete with non-smoking
peers because the physical effects of smoking impair sports
performance.

5. Greater risk of injury and slower healing time.

Smoking affects the body's ability to produce collagen, so
common sports injuries, such as damage to tendons and
ligaments will heal more slowly in smokers than non-
smokers.
6. Increased risk of illness.
Studies show that smokers get more colds, flu, bronchitis,
and pneumonia than non-smokers. And people with certain
health conditions, like asthma, become sicker if they smoke
because teens who smoke as a way to manage weight often
light up instead of eating, their bodies also lack the nutrients
they need to grow, develop, and fight off illness properly.
7. Immune Cells.
Smoking weakens the immune system by depressing
antibodies and cells that are in the body to protect against
foreign invaders. There is an association between smoking
and the increased incidence of certain malignant diseases
and respiratory infections, according to the National Centre
for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). There is also a
significant decrease in immune cells that normally help the
body. But this process can be reversed if a smoker gives up
cigarettes. Smokers who stop show increased levels of
natural killer cell (NK) activity that targets cancerous cells in
the body.

8. Infections.
Many cancer-causing chemicals from cigarette smoke travel
throughout a smoker's bloodstream to reach the organs of
the body and damage the immune response. Carbon
monoxide is carried through the body by smoke, interfering
with oxygen levels. Less oxygen reaches the brain, heart,
muscles and other organs. Lung function is reduced because
of the narrowing of the lung airways and excess mucus in the
lungs. Lung irritation and damage result from invading
substances, leading to lung infection. Blood pressure and
heart rate are affected negatively by smoking chemicals
carried through the blood. The immune system does not
work as well and smokers become more prone to infections,
such as pneumonia and influenza. It takes smokers longer
than non-smokers to get over illnesses.