Seismic Design of By the end of this lecture, you should be

able to:
Reinforced Concrete o Appreciate the evolution of EC8
Buildings to EC8 with o Understand the changes imposed by the
2nd Generation of EC8
reference to the 2nd o Recognise the basis of design to EC8
Generation of the Code o Describe the changes to site conditions
and seismic action to EC8
o Carry out modelling, analysis and
verification to EC8
Prof Costas Georgopoulos
Professor in Structural
o Apply specific rules for concrete
Engineering Practice buildings designed to EC8
Kingston University London o Outline the design of high-rise buildings

www.istructe.org

1 day Webinar of "Earthquake Resistant Design Of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Based on Eurocode 8"
22 July 2022 (Friday) Lecture at 15:30 – 16:30
 Professor Costas Georgopoulos CEng FHEA FCS FIStructE FICE
Employment Record
5 Consultants
3 Universities
2 Bodies

Concrete Design Seismic Design

(TCC, CALcrete,
(Trident, Sizewell B,
Publications & CPDs,
BSI B/525/8, CPD on
Guest Lectures to
EC8 for PEIs UK &
HEIs)
O/S)

Sustainable Design
(REF2021 Impact
Case Study,
‘Sustainable
Concrete Design’
book by Wiley)

Chair in Structural Engineering Practice

School of Engineering and the Environment
Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University
 Outline
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
 Wind vs. Earthquake
Issue Wind Earthquake
Source of loading External wind pressures Ground movements

Type and duration of Variable action Accidental action

loading Windstorm of several hours. Cyclic loads of at most a few
Loads fluctuate, but minutes duration. Loads change
predominantly in one direction direction repeatedly (up to 30%G
(up to 3%G applied 1/2H) applied 2/3H)
Predictability of loads Usually good, from records Poor, little statistical certainty
Analysis Static Dynamic (static for simple buildings)

Influence of local soil Unimportant Can be very important

conditions on response
Main factors affecting External shape and size of Response is governed by building
building response building. Dynamic properties dynamic properties Plan and
unimportant except for very elevation regularity are important
slender structures
Design basis for maximum 50 or 100 years return period. 475 or 2475 or 10000 years return
credible event Elastic response is required period. Inelastic response
SLS is more important permitted but ductility must be
Elastic at ULS provided ULS
Design of non-structural Applied loading is confined to Internal contents are shaken and
elements external cladding must be appropriately designed
 Wind vs. Earthquake

• The ‘energy’ content of a typical E/Q could be twice as severe of the one of a
typical extreme Wind.
• Very different frequency / period bands where the ‘energy’ is primarily localised.
• Flexible and slender structures do ‘suffer’ under extreme Wind whilst stiff and
low-rise structures are far more vulnerable to E/Q
 Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore

30

0.8- 2.2 3.5

In Hong Kong (Shenzhen) wind pressures are 2.2-3.5kPa so E/Q code not required
Wind pressures in Singapore (Kuala Lumpur) are particularly benign 0.8-1kPa so
for low-rise and high-rise (i.e. >7 storeys or 30m high) E/Q code is required
 Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore

• The challenge was to assess the effect of medium to large E/Qs (M6-M8) occurring
in Sumatra 400km away (Zone 1, 0.07g PGA, recommended region-specific hybrid
elastic response spectrum (Looi et al, 2018)
• So in accordance with EC8 for 4%<PGA<8% on rock the region is low seismicity, i.e.
reduced or simplified seismic design procedures with q=1.5 for certain types or
categories of structures may be used (no seismic detailing is required - why not?)
• For low-rise (0.1-0.7s) Lateral Force Method (or better Response Spectrum
Analysis) is recommended although for high-rise (>0.7s) RSA is more appropriate
DTW Looi et al, Seismic Hazard and Response Spectrum Modelling for Malaysia and Singapore, Earthquakes and Structures, March 2018
Earthquake Zones in Europe
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
 3 things about the Evolution of EC8
(first published 2004, adopted 2010, review started in 2015, new Code 2028)
aspirations: harmonisation (NDPs from 115 to 55), simplification (?)
1. State-of-the-art first-generation seismic code
that includes latest concepts such as energy
dissipation based on local & global ductility
(material & type of frame) and moving towards
new concepts such as displacement-based
analysis methods (FIRST codified ‘pushover’
analysis for use in direct design)

2. FIRST seismic code in Europe

3. Single Eurocode that deals with existing

structures (i.e. Part 3 for assessment and
retrofitting of buildings that is also the FIRST
performance-based code in Europe)
Improvement of EC8 becomes apparent only through its application by
practicing engineers on real projects
Force vs Displacement
 ‘force’ vs. ‘displacement’ based analysis
Demand (Load) < Supply (Capacity)
Force Based Analysis (FBA) Displacement Based Analysis (DBA)

Linear equivalent static or Non-linear static or pushover analysis

response spectrum analysis

Set force demand (FBA) as Set displacement demand (DBA) as

principal parameter defining principal parameter defining design (closer
design to reality)

Linear model of structure Non-linear model of structure

Crude conservative estimation of Idealization of the structure as an elastic-

ductility via a behaviour factor q plastic SDOF system to define target
(EC8) or response modification displacement (EC8 P1 Annex B) that is
factor R (USA) applied to the above NL model

Well established, easy to use Debate on which is the best method? EC8-
but conservative… 1 Annex B needs development… EC8 2028
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Part 1-1: Seismic Action and
Actions and Rules for General Rules
Buildings Part 1-2 Buildings
Part 2: Bridges Part 2: Bridges
Part 3: Assessment and Part 3: Assessment and
Retrofitting of Buildings Retrofitting of Buildings &
Bridges
Part 4: Silos, Tanks and Part 4 & 6: Other Structures
Pipelines
Part 5: Foundations, Part 5: Foundations,
Retaining Structures and Retaining Structures and
Geotechnical Aspects Geotechnical Aspects
Part 6: Towers, Masts and Part 4 & 6: Other Structures
Chimneys
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
 Basis of Design
Global Seismicity Levels = Seismic Action Classes
Sδ = δ Fα FT Sα,475
Sδ = Seismic Action Index
δ = Coefficient that depends on the CC of the structure in relevant parts of EC8 (NDP)
Fα = Site Amplification Factor
FT = Topography Amplification Factor
Sα,475 = Spectral Acceleration for the RP of 475 years (hazard) = if not available from a
hazard zonation map then may be taken as Sα,475 = Sa,ref (475 / Tref)1/3
Seismic Action Class Seismic Action Index Range of Seismic Action Index
Limits fixed by EC8 With FαFT = 1.3 (average)
Very Low Sα,475 < 1m/s2 Sδ < 1.30m/s2 (0.13g)
Low 1m/s2 ≤ Sα,475 < 2.5m/s2 1.30m/s2 (0.13g) ≤ Sδ < 3.25m/s2 (0.33g)
Moderate 2.5m/s2 ≤ Sα,475 < 5m/s2 3.25m/s2 (0.33g) ≤ Sδ < 6.50m/s2 (0.66g)
High Sα,475 ≥ 5m/s2 Sδ ≥ 6.50m/s2 (0.66g)
Every effort is made that all seismic actions are controlled by physics however seismic
motions are variable and unpredictable so, they should be regarded as load cases and
not as representatives of possible actual input motions from specific earthquake events
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
 Basis of Design
Global Seismicity Levels = Seismic Action Classes

Current EC8
Limits
(NDPs)
regardless
of CC

Revised
EC8
Limits
relative
to CC
with δ
(NDP) 1m/s2 2.5m/s2 5m/s2
For example a hospital in a low seismicity Sα,475 = 1.5m/s2 (0.15g) area is moderate
seismic action class although an office block is low seismic action class.
 Basis of Design
Performance Requirements – Limit States (EC0)
Existing Existing Existing 2nd Generation 2nd Generation
Limit States (EC0) Parts 1 & 2 Part 3 Limit States (EC0) Part 1
Near Near Collapse (NC)
Collapse Heavily damaged, still
Ultimate Limit vertical, no partitions
Ultimate Limit No Significant State Significant Damage (SD)
State Collapse Damage Significantly damaged,
vertical, damaged
partitions, repairable?
Serviceability Damage Damage Damage Limitation (DL)
Limit State Limitation Limitation Minor damages to
Serviceability partitions, repairable
Limit State Operability (OP)
No structural or non
structural damages
• At least one ULS verification is mandatory (safety of the structure)
• Choice of SLS is up to the NA or the contract
 Basis of Design
Consequence Classes consistent with EC0
Cons Consequ Loss of Economic, Description in EC8
eque ence human life social or
nce environmental
Class consequences
CC1 Low Low Small Buildings of minor importance for
public safety e.g. greenhouses
CC2 Normal Medium Considerable Ordinary buildings e.g. offices,
residential, etc.
CC3a High High Very great Buildings whose seismic resistance
is of importance e.g. schools,
assembly halls, cultural institutions
CC3b Highest Extreme Huge Buildings whose integrity during
earthquakes is of vital importance
e.g. hospitals, fire stations, power
plants, etc.
 Basis of Design
Safety Choices for Buildings (NDPs)
Limit Return Period in years (RP) / Performance Factors (default γLS,CC)
State
(LS) CC1 CC2 CC3a CC3b

NC 800 / 1.2 1600 / 1.5 2500 / 1.8 5000 / 2.2

SD 250 / 0.8 475 / 1 800 / 1.2 1600 / 1.5

DL 50 / 0.4 60 / 0.5 60 /0.5 100 / 0.6

• RP is the return period associated to the CC and LS under consideration.

• For example the RP default value for a CC3a bridge verified at the NC LS
is 2500 / γNC,CC3a = 1.8
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
Site Conditions and Seismic Action

Easily
measured
in situ or
in the lab
 Site Conditions and Seismic Action

H800 = depth of the seismic bedrock identified by vs at least equal to 800 m/s.
The standard rock site should be characterised by H800 = 0 m and category A.
If the information on H800 and/or vs,H is not available, Annex B may be used
 Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Sα,ref Sβ,ref = fh Sα,ref
fh = 0,2 for low and very
low seismicity levels;
fh = 0,3 for moderate
seismicity levels;
fh = 0,4 for high
seismicity levels.
Sβ,ref

No Type1 and Type 2 Spectra but ONE SPECTRUM anchored in

2 parameters Sα,ref and Sβ,ref (NDPs or Maps of Europe in Annex A)
for site category A (rock) for return period Tref
 Site Conditions and Seismic Action

Construction of spectrum

First Tc is calculated from the values of Sα and Sβ equal to 0.33

Then TC = Tb/χ is divided by χ = 4 in order to obtain TB = 0.083
TA = 0.02 FA=2.5 and TD=2 (with max 3 for high rise buildings 3>Sβ >2)
New damping correction factor η calibrated for all branches
 Site Conditions and Seismic Action

Figure 5.1 – Horizontal Elastic Response Spectrum

Vertical Elastic Response Spectrum (not req’d) is obtained from the same formulas where the
parameters are replaced with vertical counterparts e.g. Sav = fvα Sa with Fvα=0.6 if Sα <2.5m/s2
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Trade offs:
Strength vs Ductility
Cost vs Risk (NDP)
Capacity Design NO YES

New definition of Ductility Classes

Regarding their Existing 2nd Generation New descriptions
deformation EC8
capacity and DCL DC1 Overstrength capacity (q = 1.5)
cumulative energy
dissipation DCM DC2 Overstrength capacity, local
capacity, Soft storey to deformation capacity and local
structures are be prevented energy dissipation capacity
categorised in DCH DC3 Ability of the structure to form a
three ductility global plastic mechanism at SD
classes
limit state
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Capacity Design in DC2
 Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Rationale of forced-based approach for a reduced (design) spectrum:
Demand < Capacity (Linear) x q (or) Demand / q = Capacity (Linear)
New definition of Behaviour Factor q
qR=αu/α1 (redundancy)

β=0.08
same
R= Reduction Factor

(displacements)

TA TB TC

Rq(T)=Rq0= qRqS when 0≤T≤TA e.g. 2.5 / 1x1.5=1.67 and

Rq(T)= qRqSqD when TB≤T e.g. 6/1x1.5x2 = 2 2
 Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Behaviour factor q for RC buildings

Frame >65% or 50-65%

35-50% from both

Wall>65% or 50-65%

Not in DC3

• Hollow-core slabs fail in a non-ductile manner and further research is required.

• During the decomposition of q to three parts it was decided to take qS = 1 .5 (min)
• The behaviour factor q should be reduced for structures non-regular in elevation
and for torsionally flexible structures (TTorsional > TTranslational) by x0.80.
 Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Structural Regularity in plan is the same and in elevation is simplified

• Natural Eccentricity = eo is calculated for regularity in plan

• Accidental Eccentricity = Minimum Design Eccentricity = 5% to cover
uncertainties where the Natural Eccentricity is low
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Seismic Analysis: Force-based approach
Lateral Force Method
Basically the same as in current EC8
Rayleigh formula for period of the fundamental mode (EC8-1-2)
Response Spectrum Method
Combination of modal responses is explicitly defined (SRSS, CQC)
Displacements
Based on displacement from analysis and behaviour factor
Combination of the Components of the Seismic Action
SRSS rule
100–30 rule
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Summary of Analysis Changes
Modelling
Very much the same
Analysis
Force-based approach: similar BUT new ductility classes
and new behaviour factors
Displacement-based (Performance-based design):
New correction factors for pushover-based analysis
New target displacement (Annex E)
Verification rules
Force-based approach: minor changes
Displacement-based approach: new
New informative reliability-based verification (Annex F)
 Modelling, Analysis and Verification
SD LS: Ed ≤ Rd remains the same
SD LS: The interstorey drift sensitivity coefficient θ is reduced
as it was almost impossible to achieve (force-based approach)

dr,SD ≤ 0.02hs

divided by 1.5min

DL LS
P-Δ almost impossible to achieve
 Desired Response of Buildings

EC8

SEAOC
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
Capacity design shear actions in beams

Vstatic = g+0.3q (ψ2 = 0.3

Cat B Offices)

V = (M1,d +M2d)/lcl + Vstatic

γRd overstrength factor

accounting for steel
strain hardening and
concrete confinement in
the compression zone =
1.1 for DC2
Having derived the design bending and shear actions use EC2
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
Capacity design shear actions in columns
V = (M1,d +M2d)/lcl
Ω magnification factor = 2.0
γRd overstrength factor
45% accounting for steel
strain hardening and
concrete confinement in
the compression zone =
55%
1.1 for DC2

Having derived the design bending and shear actions use EC2
 Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
Reinforced concrete beam forming a moment resisting frame that
provides lateral resistance to a building under earthquake loading
Sagging bending moment
Hogging bending moment
G+ E.3Q + G+0.3Q +E
E =
Design shear action from flexural capacity (flexural before shear)
Local ductility demand (detailing rules for critical regions)
Min (to prevent failure in low reinforced beams where the yield moment is lower than the
concrete cracking moment) & Max (To ensure yielding of the reinforcement occurs
before concrete crushing) longitudinal reinforcement ratios in tension
zones

Detailing rules for links and anchorage of beam reinforcement in beam-column joints with
the ratio dBL/hc (choosing a small diameter bar would satisfy the latter)
 Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
Reinforced concrete column forming a moment resisting frame that
provides lateral resistance to a building under earthquake loading
Flexural reinforcement
Shear reinforcement from flexural capacity
Confinement reinforcement

ωwd = 0.05 min for DC2 Examples

mechanical volumetric
ratio of confining links
within critical regions =
(volume of confined
links/volume of the core)

Detailing rules for critical

regions
 Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
Ductile rectangular free edge reinforced concrete shear wall
that provides lateral resistance under earthquake loading
Optimal size
Flexural reinforcement
Shear reinforcement Detailing rules for local ductility
Tension Shift (max hcr ; α1)
α1 = zcotθ with z the effective
depth at the base of the wall
and θ the concrete strut angle Magnified Shear
that conservatively be taken forces from the
equal to 45o then α1 = lw end of the critical
region to the top
of the building to
a total shear force
at least equal to
half of the base
shear force
Critical region =
1storey height for
6 storeys and
2storeys for more
than 7storeys
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
• No need for capacity design for wall or wall-
equivalent frames
• DCM compliant RC frames (>65%) or frame-
equivalent (>50% & <65%): choice based on
resistance (strength) and not on shear force
(stiffness)
• Curvature ductility factor μφ = 2q0 -1: it only
works when local demand is similar to
global demand i.e. for relatively regular
structures (2x3)-1=5 or (2x4.5)-1=8 Small!
• Compliance criteria instead of evaluating
ductility capacity (i.e. prescriptive detailing)
• In addition: low diameter bar for beams
(anchorage), confinement at column bases
(volumetric ratio), extra bar in columns
(200mm), reinforcement range shorter than
EC2 (1%-2% work), joints are easy (column
links through for shear, confinement &
buckling prevention)
• Minor changes in detailing could change
structural response significantly
• Software compliant with capacity design
and detailing?
th
DTW Looi et al, Simplifying Eurocode 8 Ductile Detailing Rules For Reinforced Concrete Structures, 17 WCEE, Sendai Japan, 13-18/09/2020
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings (DC2<DCM<DC3<DCH)

With the introduction of

the 2nd generation of EC8,
the simplified design rules
for DCM compliant RC
frames must be revisited
DTW Looi et al, Simplifying Eurocode 8 Ductile Detailing Rules For Reinforced Concrete Structures, 17 th WCEE, Sendai Japan, 13-18/09/2020
Seismic Design of Concrete Buildings
Conceptual Design
Seismic Hazard (soil, PGA, elastic spectrum)
Structure (form, layout, regularity, torsional vulnerability,)
Seismic Action (DC1/DC2/DC3, q, γ etc.)
Modelling (stiffness, strength, mass, ductility)
Analysis (simplified or modal depending on regularity)
Combinations (SRSS or CQC, seismic components and gravity + seismic)
Sizing up elements (Ed ≤ Rd)

Detailed Design
Interstorey drift (dr)
P-delta effects (θ)
Seismic Joint (anchorage)
Foundations (elastic design)
Flexure (beams and columns)
Shear (overstrength)
Detailing (confinement)
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples

Max BM capacity of
beams used for BM of
columns i.e.
overstrength of
columns in flexure.

Also max BM capacity

of beams used for
beam shear design
i.e. overstrength of
beams in shear.
 IStructE Worked Examples
This guidance is applicable to the design of buildings in earthquake-prone countries around the
world, provided that any local requirements contained in the relevant National Annex or National
Code of Practice are respected. Although the UK is classified as an area of very low seismicity for
which design to BS EN 1998 (Eurocode 8)1 is not a requirement, explicit consideration of seismic
actions for the design of buildings in the UK may be required in certain circumstances.
The examples provided, complement The Institution of Structural Engineers’ Manual for the seismic
design of steel and concrete buildings to Eurocode 82, that assists the engineer engaged in the
seismic design of structures to BS EN 1998. Readers are strongly advised to refer to the IStructE
Manual when using this guidance. The terminology and notation used in the Manual is used here.
 IStructE Worked Examples
Aims and scope
These examples provide simple calculations for the design of basic structural elements in reinforced
concrete and steel for most buildings within the scope of BS EN 19981. They are primarily intended
for application in areas of moderate to high seismicity for the majority of low to medium-rise (not
exceeding 40m), medium ductility class buildings. Readers may not have prior knowledge of BS EN
1998-13 but should have some prior experience of structural design to Eurocodes.
The first example introduces basic dynamics — as many engineers in non seismic-prone areas have
not carried out the dynamic analysis of a building in the course of their studies/practice.
Examples 2–4 present the design of a beam, column and shear wall, in reinforced concrete
respectively, while examples 5–8 present the design of a beam, column, connection, and bracings,
in steel respectively.
The examples have been designed to be used independently. As a result, a degree of repetition
between each is unavoidable. Wherever possible, relevant imagery and tabulated information from
third party sources have been included within the examples to aid readability.
Examples for the design of foundations and supporting soils are not provided; and suitably
qualified, geotechnical engineers should be consulted in these instances. Examples of structural
analysis, stability and robustness are covered extensively elsewhere and also not included here.
Note: analysis stress resultants used in the calculations in this guidance are arbitrary or taken from
the analysis of arbitrary structures e.g., stress resultants in examples 2, 3 and 4 are not related to
each other, nor to the frame in example 1.
It has also been observed that the capacity design principles in BS EN 1998-1 are not always
applied appropriately in modern computer software or via hand calculations. These examples offer
design calculations that strictly follow the capacity design principles in BS EN 1998-1 and support
the user’s understanding of the code. They can also be used for the validation and verification of
software, as well as for checking software output.
Wind vs Earthquake in Singapore
3 things about the Evolution of EC8
Restructure by the 2nd Generation of EC8
Basis of Design
Site Conditions and Seismic Action
Modelling, Analysis and Verification
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
IStructE Worked Examples
High-rise Concrete Buildings
 High-rise Concrete Buildings
The characteristics of the seismic response of tall buildings are:
• Fundamental, translational period of vibration significantly in
excess of two seconds.
• Significant mass participation and lateral response in higher modes
of vibration.
• Seismic-force-resistance system with a slender aspect ratio such
that significant portions of the lateral drift are due to the axial
deformation of the walls and/or columns as compared to shearing
deformation of the frames and walls.
As a result, conventional seismic design codes (linear analysis with q
or R) do not deal with the non-linear behaviour of high-rise buildings,
whereby a Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD) is appropriate.
EC8 and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)
promote PBSD with their requirement to meet two or more separate
performance criteria (specific deformation limits for each level).
 High-rise Concrete Buildings
Higher modes of vibration
can result in significantly
higher flexural, as well as
shear, demands well above
the base of the building (see
elastic response of 135m
high-rise building with a
central core)

Phase 1 (DL): Response spectrum analysis takes into account, in a simplified

way, the non-linear behaviour of the structure (q or R). With the results of this
analysis, the reinforcement of the structure is calculated.
Phase 2 (SD): Non-linear analysis uses the reinforcement previously defined.
With this analysis, the performance criteria of the building are checked. In
regions of low to moderate seismic action class, plastic hinges are detailed to
develop primarily in beam members, and this mechanism is typically sufficient.
 High-rise Concrete Buildings
Damping Correction Factor

Welded steel 0,02

Bolted steel 0,04
Reinforced concrete 0,05
Pre-stressed concrete 0,02

For high-rise buildings, the viscous

damping ratio ξ=2.5% and η = 1.15
 High-rise Concrete Buildings
The stratum encountered at a specific project
site has a major impact on the level of
conditions seismic ground acceleration to
which a building is subjected. Typically, a
weaker stratum beneath a building amplifies
the intensity of ground acceleration at the
surface.
High-rise buildings are more sensitive to long-
distance high magnitude earthquakes,
particularly when the ground is soft.

Code spectra are usually calculated from recorded earthquakes with non-long
periods. Therefore, the direct use of standard spectrum has to be carefully
calibrated. EC8, for example, includes specific response spectrum for structures
of long vibration periods such as tall buildings. Figure above shows the elastic
displacement-response spectrum to be used for analysis of structures in which
TE varies from 4.5 to 6.0 s depending on the type of soil and TF= 10s. Elastic
acceleration spectrum can be derived directly from the displacement spectrum.
Seismic Design to Eurocode 8
REFERENCES