imvq‡bi aviYv BDwbU

CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
1
f~wgKv (Introduction)

eZ©gvb hyM weÁv‡bi hyM| gvbe mf¨Zvi weKv‡k weÁv‡bi Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk| Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i †hvMv‡hvM, wPwKrmv, K…wl, cÖwZiÿv, wkíKviLvbv cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î †h AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zvi wcQ‡b
i‡q‡Q weÁv‡bi Ae`vb| Avi G Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ weÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg kvLv imvq‡bi Ae`vb we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G
Aa¨v‡q imvq‡bi cwiwPwZ, cwiwa, imvq‡bi AbymÜvb, M‡elYv c×wZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q mvaviY aviYv †`Iqvi †Póv
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 1.1 : imvqb cwiwPwZ
cvV - 1.2 : imvq‡bi cwiwa
cvV - 1.3 : imvq‡bi mv‡_ weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi m¤úK©
cvV - 1.4 : imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡
cvV - 1.5 : imvq‡b AbymÜvb ev M‡elYv cÖwµqv
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.1 imvqb cwiwPwZ

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-
 imvqb PP©vi mswÿß BwZnvm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 imvqb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 imvq‡bi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖvK…wZK I ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi NUbvewj‡Z imvq‡bi Dcw¯’wZ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã avZz, c`v‡_©i MVb I ag©, c`v‡_©i mshyw³, cwieZ©b, cÖ¯‘wZ Ges ÔAvj-†KwgÕ

gvbe mf¨Zvi ïiæ †_‡KB gvbyl imvq‡bi Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i Avm‡Q| cÖvPxb wgkixq I fviZxq mf¨Zvi
†h mKj wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡Z wewfbœ avZz †hgb- †jvnv, Zvgv, †mvbv BZ¨vw`i e¨env‡ii cÖgvY
cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| Avevi cÖvPxb hy‡Mi A‡bK MynvwP‡Îi mÜvb cvIqv wM‡q‡Q hv †_‡K cÖvPxbKv‡j is cÖ¯‘wZ I Zvi
e¨env‡ii cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| A_©vr cÖvPxbKv‡j gvbyl avZy Drcv`b I is cÖ¯‘wZi Ávb AR©b K‡iwQj hv imvq‡bi
AšÍM©Z| Z‡e GmKj imvq‡bi Ávb AR©b I cÖ‡qvM AbvbyôvwbK fv‡eB n‡qwQj| AvbyôvwbK imvqb PP©v ev Z‡Ë¡i
cÖ_g cÖgvY cvIqv hvq cÖvPxb MÖx‡m| weL¨vZ MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj L„óc~e© cÖvq 300 A‡ã c`v‡_©i MVb I ag©
wb‡q GKwU gZev` †`b| GB gZev` Abymv‡i c„w_exi mKj e¯‘B PviwU Dcv`vb h_v: evqy, gvwU, cvwb I Av¸b
w`‡q ˆZwi Ges mKj e¯‘i gvÎ PviwU ag© Av‡Q h_v- ïKbv, †fRv, Mig I VvÐv| hw`I c`v‡_©i MVb I ag© wb‡q
Gwi÷U‡ji GB gZev` mwVK bq, ZeyI imvqb we`¨vi weKv‡k Gi Ae`vb A‡bK| G gZev‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i
cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡M ÔAvj-†KwgÕMY m¯Ív e¯‘ †_‡K g~j¨evb avZz †hgb, ¯^Y© cÖ¯‘‡Zi †Póv K‡ib| ZvQvov wKQz ÔAvj-
†KwgÕ Agi‡Z¡i Jla cÖ¯‘wZi †Póv Pvwj‡q hvb| hw`I ¯^Y© ev Agi‡Z¡i Jla `y‡UvB ÔAvj-†KwgÕMY Avwe®‹v‡i e¨_©
nq| ZeyI Zvu‡`i GB cÖ‡Póvi d‡j bZzb bZzb ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i Avwe®‹vi N‡U hv imvqb we`¨vi weKvk‡K †eMevb
K‡i| ÔAvj-†KwgÕ kãwU Aviwe ÔAvj-wKwgqvÕ †_‡K D™f~Z hv w`‡q wgkixq mf¨Zv‡K eySv‡bv n‡Zv|
cieZx©‡Z ievU© e‡q‡ji (Robert Boyle) iwPZ cy¯ÍK 'The Skeptical Chemist' cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g AvaywbK imvq‡bi
weKvk ïiæ nq, hv eZ©gv‡b weÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb kvLv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ| imvqb n‡”Q †fŠZ weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv
†hLv‡b c`v‡_©i MVb, mshyw³, cwieZ©b, cÖ¯‘wZ I ag© wb‡q PP©v Kiv nq|

Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cvwievwiK I e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b imvq‡bi Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv hvq|
wb‡Pi Q‡K wKQz D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jv:
welq / NUbv we‡kølY
KuvPv Avg UK, wKš‘ cvKv Avg KuvPv Av‡g UK ¯^v‡`i c`v_© _v‡K wKš‘ Avg †c‡K †M‡j GwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q
wgwó wgwó ¯^v‡`i c`v_© Drcbœ K‡i| A_©vr c`v‡_©i cwieZ©b NU‡Q|
†jvnv †fRv; evZv‡m †i‡L w`‡j †jvnv k³ wKš‘ gwiPv co‡j GwU f½yi n‡q hvq| GLv‡b †jvnv †_‡K bZzb
G‡Z gwiPv c‡o c`v_© ˆZwi n‡”Q hvi ag© wfbœ|
KvV, †gvg, †K‡ivwmb I D‡jøwLZ c`v_©mg~n cÖ¾wjZ Ki‡j Zvc, Av‡jv I wKQz evqexq c`v_© (a~qv)
cÖvK…wZK M¨vm R¡vjv‡bv cvIqv hvq| A_©vr `n‡bi d‡j Zvc I Av‡jvi mv‡_ bZzb c`v_© a~qv cvIqv
hvq|

2 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 1

wkÿv_©x wb‡R wPšÍv K‡i A_ev mncvwV‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ggb wKQz
wkÿv_©xi KvR welq Luy‡R †ei Kiæb †hLv‡b imvq‡bi Dcw¯’wZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gevi cÖvß
welq¸‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡K wjwce× Kiæb:-
welq / NUbv we‡kølY

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 cÖvPxbKv‡j gvby‡li wewfbœ avZz †hgb- †jvnv, Zvgv, †mvbv BZ¨vw` Drcv`b I e¨venv‡ii gva¨‡gB AbvbyôvwbK
fv‡e imvqb PP©v ïiæ n‡qwQj| ciewZ©‡Z weL¨vZ MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj L„óc~e© cÖvq 300 A‡ã c`v‡_©i MVb
I ag© wb‡q cÖ`Ë gZev‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡M ÔAvj-†KwgÕMY g~j¨evb avZz ¯^Y© Ges Agi‡Z¡i
Jla cÖ¯‘‡Zi †Póvi gva¨‡g AvbyôvwbK imvq‡bi weKvk MVvq| ievU e‡q‡ji (Robert Boyle) iwPZ cy¯ÍK
The Skeptical Chemist cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g AvaywbK imvq‡bi weKvk ïiæ nq, hv eZ©gv‡b weÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg
cÖavb kvLv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| cÖvPxb Kv‡j gvbyl imvq‡bi †Kvb Ávb e¨envi Ki‡Z wk‡LwQj ?
K) AavZzi e¨envi M) c`v‡_©i ag©
L) avZzi e¨envi N) c`v‡_©i MVb
2| †K cÖ_g c`v‡_©i MVb m¤ú‡K© gZev` †`b ?
K) Gwi÷Uj M) †cø‡Uv
L) m‡µwUm N) ievU© e‡qj
3| cÖvPxb I ga¨ hy‡M ÕAvj †KwgÕ-MY Kx ˆZwii †Póv K‡iwQj?
K) `¯Ív M) †jvnv
L) Zvgv N) ¯^Y©
4| AvaywbK imvq‡bi m~Pbv †K K‡i‡Qb?
K) ievU© K¬vBf M) Gwi‡÷Uj
L) ievU© e‡qj N) Pvj©m

5| Gwi‡÷U‡ji g‡Z c`v‡_©i ag© †Kvb¸‡jv?

K) VvÛv, Mig, big I ﮋ M) VvÛv, Mig, †fRv I ﮋ
L) big, Mig, k³ I †fRv N) big, k³, †fRv I ﮋ

imvq‡bi aviYv 3
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.2 imvq‡bi cwiwa

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-
 ‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b imvq‡bi e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î imvq‡bi Dcw¯’wZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 imvq‡bi cwiwa m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
ˆRe I A‰Re †hŠM, cvwb, LwbR jeY, †k¦Zmvi, Avwgl, Pwe©, wfUvwgb,
gyL¨ kã cÖvK…wZK I K…wÎg Zš‘, mvi, R¡vjvbx
Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvq‡bi Dcw¯’wZ e¨vcK I AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb we‡ePbv Ki‡j
†`L‡Z cve †h Avgiv w`‡bi ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ hv wKQz Kwi Zv‡Z imvqb Dcw¯’Z| †hgb- Nyg †_‡K
D‡V Uz_‡c÷ w`‡q `uvZ eªvk Kwi, mvevb w`‡q nvZ-gyL cwi¯‹vi Kwi| Zvici wPwb w`‡q Pv cvb Kwi| Le‡ii KvMR
cwo| GLv‡b Uz_‡c÷, mvevb, wPwb, KvMR meB ivmvqwbK e¯‘ hv imvq‡bi Ae`vb| Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvq‡bi
Dcw¯’wZ wb‡Pi Q‡K D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt
imvq‡bi cwiwa we‡ePbvi D`vniY wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z †`Iqv n‡jv|
e¯‘ Dcv`vb Drm
wbtk¦v‡m M„nxZ c`v_© Aw·‡Rb evZvm
e¨w³MZ e¨envh© wRwbm wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆRe I A‰Re ivmvqwbK cÖvK…wZK Drm n‡Z cÖvß KuvPvgvj †_‡K
†hgb t- Uz_eªvk, wPiæwb, †hŠM| wkí-KviLvbvq cÖ¯‘Z c`v‡_©i ivmvqwbK
Uz_‡c÷ BZ¨vw` cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ˆZwi Kiv nq|
cvbxq Rj Avgiv †h cvwb cvb Kwi Zv‡Z wKQz wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK Drm †hgb- b`x, bvjv,
cwigvY LwbR jeY `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq Lvj, wej, mvMi, e„wó, SiYv BZ¨vw`
_v‡K| Z‡e weï× cvwb `yB cigvYy †_‡K cvwb cvIqv hvq |
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I GK cigvYy Aw·‡Rb
Øviv MwVZ|
Lvevi Avgiv †h Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i _vwK Zvi cvwb I LwbR jeY e¨wZZ mKj Lv`¨
Dcv`vb Qq fv‡M wef³ h_vt Dcv`vbB Dw™¢` I cÖvYx †_‡K †c‡q
†k¦Zmvi, Avwgl, Pwe©, wfUvwgb, cvwb _vwK| cvwb I LwbR jeY cÖvK…wZK Drm
I LwbR jeY|G‡`i g‡a¨ cvwb I †_‡K †c‡q _vwK|
LwbR jeY e¨wZZ meB ˆRe †hŠM|
cwi‡aq Rvgv Kvco cÖvK…wZK I K…wÎg Zš‘ -GK ai‡Yi Dw™¢` I Lwb †_‡K cÖvß cÖvK…wZK Zš‘
cwjgvi hv ‰Re †hŠM| Ges wkí KviLvbvq wewfbœ ivmvqwbK
wewµqvi gva¨‡g cÖ¯‘ZK…Z K…wÎg Zš‘
†_‡K Kvco cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| ZvQvov
wewfbœ iÄK c`v‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ GmKj
Kvco is Kiv nq|
mvi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, Kve©b, wkí-KviLvbvq cÖvK…wZK Drm †_‡K cÖvß
dmdivm, mvjdvi, cUvwkqvg I wewfbœ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb w`‡q
wRsK BZ¨vw`i mgš^‡q MwVZ cÖ‡qvRbxq ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

4 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 1

hvbevnb I Gi R¡vjvbx B¯úvZ, G¨jywgwbqvg, Ab¨vb¨ avZy I cÖvK…wZK Drm †_‡K cÖvß AvKwiK †_‡K
msKi avZz Ges cøvw÷K BZ¨vw` w`‡q avZe c`v_© AvnwiZ nq| wkí-
hvbevn‡bi wewfbœ hš¿vsk cÖ¯‘Z Kiv KviLvbvq ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g
nq Ges R¡vjvbx wn‡m‡e wW‡Rj, ‰Re Dcv`vb †_‡K cøvw÷K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
†c‡Uªvj, AK‡Ub I Ab¨vb¨ nq| Lwb †_‡K cÖvß Acwi‡kvwaZ †Zj
†c‡UªvwjqvgRvZ c`v_© e¨eüZ nq| cÖwµqvKi‡bi gva¨‡g †c‡Uªvj, wW‡Rj,
AK‡Ub I Ab¨vb¨ †c‡UªvwjqvgRvZ
Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx cvIqv hvq|

QKwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges e¯‘¸‡jvi Dcv`vb I Drm wjLyb:

e¯‘ Dvcv`vb Drm

wkÿv_©xi KvR

imvq‡bi aviYv 5
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 Avgv‡`i e¨w³MZ Rxeb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mKj †ÿ‡ÎB imvq‡bi e¨envi I ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Avgv‡`i e¨envh©
wRwbm †hgb- Uz_‡c÷, Uz_eªvm, wPiæwb, mvevb, †m¤úy, Rvgv Kvco Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi Lv`¨ mvgMÖx †hgbt wPwb,
c¨v‡KURvZ Lvevi BZ¨vw` meB imvq‡bi Ae`vb| ZvQvov wewfbœ cÖKvi wbg©vb mvgMÖx †qgb- iW , wm‡g›U,
wmivwgK, wewfbœ hš¿vsk, B¯úvZ, Zvgv, †jvnvmn mKj cÖKvi avZe e¯‘ BZ¨vw` ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
nq| Avevi K…wl‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆRe I A‰Re mvi, wKUbvkK, hvevn‡bi R¡vjvbx, wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î
e¨eüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi Jla BZ¨vw`I ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| ivwóªq wbivcËvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
Av‡Mœqv‡¯¿ †h we‡ùviK cÖ‡qvRb nq ZvI ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| Avgiv wbtk¦v‡m Kx MÖnY Kwi ?
K) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M) Kve©b WvB-A·vBW
L) Aw·‡Rb N) R¡jxq ev®ú
2| weï× cvwb Kx w`‡q MwVZ ?
K) `yB AYy Aw·‡Rb I GK AYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M) `yB cigvYy Aw·‡Rb I GK cigvYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
L) `yB AYy Aw·‡Rb I `yB AYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb N) GK cigvYy Aw·‡Rb I GK cigvYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
3| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K) Avgv‡`i mKj Lvev‡ii Drm n‡”Q Dw™¢`|
L) Avgv‡`i mKj Lvev‡ii Drm n‡”Q Dw™¢` I cÖvYx|
M) cvwb I LwbR jeY Qvov Avgv‡`i mKj Lvev‡ii Drm n‡”Q Dw™¢` I cÖvYx|
N) cvwb I LwbR jeYmn Avgv‡`i mKj Lvev‡ii Drm n‡”Q Dw™¢` I cÖvYx|
4| avZe c`v_© Kx Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq ?
K) A‰Re mvi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z M) R¡vjvwb cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
L) ‰Re mvi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z N) hš¿vsk ‰Zix‡Z
5| cøvw÷K †Kv_v †_‡K cvIqv hvq ?
K) wkí KviLvbvq ‰Re Dcv`vb †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
L) wkí KviLvbvq A‰Re Dcv`vb †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq |
M) cÖvK…wZK Drm †_‡K weï× Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq|
N) cÖvwYR Drm †_‡K cÖvß Dcv`vb †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

6 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 1

cvV-1.3 imvq‡bi mv‡_ weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi m¤úK©

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-
 imvq‡bi mv‡_ MwYZ I RxeweÁv‡bi m¤úK© †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|
 imvq‡bi mv‡_ c`v_© weÁv‡bi m¤úK© wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 imvq‡bi mv‡_ K…wl I cwi‡ek weÁv‡bi m¤úK© wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 imvq‡bi mv‡_ f~ZË¡ I LwbR weÁv‡bi m¤úK© †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã MwYZ, RxeweÁvb, c`v_© weÁvb, cwi‡ek weÁvb, f~ZË¡ I LwbR we`¨v

weÁv‡bi cÖavb kvLv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb kvLv nj imvqb| imvqb we`¨vi mv‡_ weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨
kvLvi mv‡_ we‡kl m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î G m¤úK© GZB Nwbô †h Zv‡`i cv_©K¨ ev mxgv‡iLv
Uvbv KwVb| wb‡gœ imvq‡bi mv‡_ weÁv‡bi we‡kl wKQz kvLvi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
MwYZ t imvqb PP©vi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ wnmve wbKv‡ki cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Avi G cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ MwY‡Zi Dci
wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- †fŠZ imvq‡bi A‡bK Z‡Ë¡i cÖgvY, c`v‡_©i AvYweK f‡ii wnmve, †gvj aviYv BZ¨vw`
MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Kiv nq| GRb¨ imvq‡bi weKvk A‡bKvs‡k MwY‡Zi Dci wbf©ikxj|
RxeweÁvb t Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡`‡n cÖwZwbqZ ˆRe ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b NU‡Q| †hgb- Dw™¢` mv‡jvK ms‡kølY c×wZi
gva¨‡g evZv‡mi Kve©b WvB-A·vBW (CO2) I cvwb Øviv RwUj Lv`¨ Drcv`b K‡i| Avevi Rxe †`n wewfbœ RwUj
AYy †hgb- †cÖvwUb, Pwe©, DNA BZ¨vw` Øviv MwVZ| G mKj RwUj AYyi MVb imvqb PP©vi gva¨‡g Rvbv m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q| Avevi Rx‡ei Rb¥ I e„w× †h Rxe-ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq msMwVZ nq Zv imvq‡bi Ávb †_‡K AwR©Z n‡q‡Q|
Gfv‡e imvqb I Rxe weÁv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
c`v_© weÁvb t AvaywbK mf¨Zvq we`y¨r, Kw¤úDUvi I wewfbœ B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ e¨eüZ n‡”Q| G mKj †ÿ‡Î †h mKj
Dcv`vb e¨eüZ nq Zv‡`i A‡bK wKQzB imvqb †_‡K cÖvß| †hgb- we`y¨‡Zi R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e †Zj, M¨vm, Kqjv
e¨eüZ nq, hv ivmvqb Gi Ae`vb| Avevi B‡jKUªwb· h‡š¿ e¨eüZ Zvgvi Zvi, wmwjKb wPc, gwbUi BZ¨vw`
hš¿vsk Drcv`‡b imvq‡bi e¨envi Acwinvh©| we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi AvaywbK c×wZ nj cvigvYweK wewµqv ev
cvigvYweK Pzwjø hv imvqb we`¨vi Ae`vb| Avgiv Mvwo ev Ab¨vb¨ h‡š¿ †h e¨vUvwi e¨envi Kwi ZvI imvq‡bi
Ae`vb|
cwi‡ek weÁvb t cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb- gvwU, cvwb, evqy, Dw™¢` BZ¨vw` wKfv‡e cwi‡ek‡K cÖfvweZ I
wbqš¿Y K‡i Zvi A‡bKvs‡k imvqb †_‡K Rvbv hvq| †hgb- evqy cÖevn ZvcgvÎvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z, evZv‡mi Kve©b
WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY Dw™¢‡`i Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov evZv‡mi Kve©b WvB-A·vBW (CO2) mn wewfbœ
MÖxYnvDR M¨vm wKfv‡e cwi‡ek‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q Zvi aviYv imvq‡bi Ávb †_‡K cvIqv hvq|
f~ZË¡ I LwbR we`¨v t Avgiv wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii LwbR c`v_© D‡Ëvjb I cwi‡kvab KiwQ| Avi G Kv‡Ri Rb¨
imvq‡bi Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov MVb I cÖK…wZ wbY©‡qI imvq‡bi Ae`vb Acwinvh©|

imvq‡bi aviYv 7
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 imvq‡bi mv‡_ weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi Nwbó m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| MwY‡Zi wewfbœ m~Î ev wewfbœ MvwYwZK cÖwµqv
e¨envi K‡i imvq‡bi A‡bK mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv nq| c`v_©we`¨vi A‡bK ZË¡ ev aviYv imvq‡b e¨eüZ nq|
GKBfv‡e imvq‡bi DciI c`v_©weÁvb wbf©ikxj| Rxe‡`‡ni I gvbe †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i msMwVZ ˆReivmvqwbK
cÖwKqv eyS‡Z imvq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvQvov cwi‡ek weÁvb, f~ZË¡ I LwbR we`¨vi Ávb AR©‡bI imvq‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| imvq‡bi mv‡_ MwY‡Zi m¤úK© Kx fv‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq?
K) imvq‡bi ZË¡ MwY‡Z Kv‡R jv‡M
L) imvq‡bi aviYv MwYZ‡K mg„× K‡i
M) MwYZ I imvqb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ bq
N) imvq‡bi A‡bK ZË¡ cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ MwYZ cÖ‡qvRb

2| imvq‡bi mv‡_ RxeweÁv‡bi m¤úK© Kx ?

K) imvq‡bi Dbœqb RxeweÁv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj
L) imvq‡bi aviYv we‡køl‡Y RxeweÁvb cÖ‡qvRb nq
M) Rxe †`‡ni wewfbœ RwUj AYyi MVb Rvbvi Rb¨ imvq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb
N) imvq‡bi mv‡_ RxeweÁv‡bi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB

3| c`v_© weÁvb I imvq‡bi m¤úK© wKiƒc ?

K) c`v_© weÁvb I imvqb ci¯úi wbf©ikxj
L) c`v_© weÁvb I imvqb ci¯úi m¤úK©nxb
M) ïay c`v_© weÁvbB imvq‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj
N) ïay imvqbB c`v_© weÁv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj

4| wb‡Pi †KvbwU me‡P‡q mwVK ?

K) LwbR c`v_© mÜv‡b imvq‡bi Ávb cÖ‡qvRb
L) cwi‡ek fvj ivL‡Z imvq‡bi Ávb cÖ‡qvRb
M) f~ cÖK…wZi MVb Rvb‡Z imvq‡bi Ávb cÖ‡qvRb
N) MÖn bÿ‡Îi cÖK…wZ Rvb‡Z imvqb cÖ‡qvRb

cvV-1.4 imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡

8 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 1

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-
 imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 imvq‡bi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î imvq‡bi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Lv`¨`ªe¨ msiÿY, †cwbwmwjb, †÷ªc‡UvgvBwmb, †K¬v‡ivgvB‡mwUb, BDwiqv, cUvwkqvg

gyL¨ kã †K¬vivBW, wUªcj mycvi dm‡dU (wUGmwc), A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU I ˆRe mvi

imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ t AvaywbK mf¨Zvi weKv‡k imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i wkí, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, hvZvqvZ, wPwKrmvmn cÖvq mKj †ÿ‡ÎB imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1. gvbe‡`‡n imvqb
gvbe †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i cÖwZwbqZ wewfbœ cÖKvi ivmvqwbK wewµqv NU‡Q| gvby‡li e„w×, cywó, ÿqmvab I Kg©kw³
BZ¨vw` mKj wKQzi g~‡j i‡q‡Q †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i msMwVZ wewfbœ ˆRe ivmvqwbK wewµqv| gvbe †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i
msMwVZ GmKj ˆRweK cÖwµqv h_vh_ fv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ imvqb we`¨vi Ávb _vKv Acwinvh©|
2. Lv`¨`ª‡e¨ imvqb
Avgiv Pvj, Mg, Avjy, wPwb, gvQ, gvsm, Qvbv, wWg, gvLb, †Zj I cvwb BZ¨vw` Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i _vwK| Gme
Lv`¨ Avgv‡`i †`‡ni ÿqc~iY, cywómvab I Zvc Drcv`b K‡i †`n‡K mPj I Kg©ÿg iv‡L| GmKj Lv`¨
Dcv`v‡bi ivmvqwbK MVb I ivmvqwbK ˆewkó¨ Rvb‡Z imvqb Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|
3. Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y imvqb
Lv`¨`ªe¨ msiÿY I evRviRvZKi‡YI imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wewfbœ iKg Lv`¨ †hgb- wPcm,
¸ov`ya,cÖwµqK…Z gvQ, gvsk BZ¨vw` †KŠUvq ev c¨v‡KURvZ K‡i msiÿY I evRviRvZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq
bvbv iK‡gi ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv, †hgb- AvPvi, mm BZ¨vw` msiÿ‡Y wf‡bMvi e¨eüZ nq| ZvQvov K…wÎg Lv`¨
Drcv`b, †hgb- gvL‡bi cwie‡Z© gvR©vwib, wPwbi cwie‡Z© m¨vKvwib BZ¨vw` cÖ¯‘wZ‡ZI i‡q‡Q imvq‡bi f~wgKv
Ges Giv meB ivmvqwbK `ªe¨|
4. wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ imvqb
gvby‡li †ivM wbY©‡q e¨eüZ wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ †hgb MRI, CT scan, X- ray BZ¨vw` h‡š¿i ZË¡ -ivmvqwbK ZË¡ †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i wewfbœ mvaviY miÄvg †hgb - wmwiÄ, m¨vjvB‡bi e¨vM, Qzwi, KuvwP, m~uP BZ¨vw` imvq‡bi Ae`vb| wewfbœ
†ivMe¨vwa wbivg‡q e¨eüZ Ilya, †hgb- wbD‡gvwbqvq †cwbwmwjb, hÿvq †÷ªc‡UvgvBwmb, UvBd‡q‡W
†K¬v‡ivgvB‡mwUb BZ¨vw` ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq Drcbœ Kiv n‡”Q| ZvQvov A¨vw›U‡mcwUK wn‡m‡e wUsPvi Av‡qvwWb,
†n·v‡K¬v‡ivwdb, †PZbv bvkK wn‡m‡e B_vi, †K¬v‡ivdig BZ¨vw` imvq‡bi Abb¨ Avwe®‹vi hv gvby‡li Rxeb iÿvq
wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
5. K…wlKv‡R imvqb
K…wlKv‡R e¨eüZ mvi †hgb- BDwiqv, cUvwkqvg †K¬vivBW, wUªcj mycvi dm‡dU (wUGmwc), A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU
I ˆRe mvi BZ¨vw` ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq wkí KviLvbvq cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| ZvQvov RxevYybvkK I KxUbvkK †hgb
GbwWªb, WvqvwRbb, dzivWb cÖf…wZI ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq Drcbœ Kiv nq| KuvPv dj cvKv‡Z Ges km¨‡K msiÿY
Kivi Rb¨I ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv e¨eüZ nq| myZivs K…wl‡ÿ‡ÎI imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|

imvq‡bi aviYv 9
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

6. wkí‡ÿ‡Î imvqb
Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨envh© mvevb, wWUvi‡RÈ, Uz_‡c÷, g¨vjvgvB‡bi ‰ZRmcÎ, cøvw÷K mvgMÖx, K…wÎg
bvBjb, wmé, ivevi, cÖmvabx BZ¨vw` mKj wKQzB bvbv cÖKvi ivmvqwbK c`v_© e¨envi K‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| B¯úvZ,
KvMR, wPwb, e¯¿, KvP I Pvgov BZ¨vw` mKj wk‡íB imvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envi i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov e¨vUvwi, †c‡Uªvj,
†K‡ivwmb I wW‡Rj BZ¨vw` kw³i Drm¸‡jvI imvq‡bi Ae`vb|
mvi-ms‡¶c :
 Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨wnK Rxeb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ivwóªq wbivcËv mKj †ÿ‡ÎB imvq‡bi ¸iæËc~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| gvbe
kixi we`¨v, wPwKrmv weÁvb, K…wl weÁvb, wkí Drcv`b, Lv`¨ Drcv`b,Lv`¨ cÖwµqvKiY, Lv`¨ msiÿY BZ¨vw`
mKj †ÿ‡ÎB imvq‡bi ¸iæË¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| gvbe‡`‡ni †Kvb welq Rvb‡Z imvqb mvnvh¨ K‡i ?
K) ‰`wnK AvKvi I AvK…wZi KviY
L) ‰`wnK IRb I kw³i cwigvY
M) †`‡ni Avf¨šÍwib †fŠZ cwieZ©b c×wZ
N) †`‡ni Avf¨šÍixY ‰Re ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv
2| Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y Kx e¨eüZ nq ?
K) wf‡bMvi
L) Gw›UevqwUK
M) Av‡qvwWb
N) m¨vKvwib
3| †PZbvbvkK wn‡m‡e Kx e¨eüZ nq ?
K) †cwbwmwjb
L) †K¬v‡ivdig
M) †n·v‡K¬v‡ivdig
N) gvR©vwib
4| K…wlKv‡R mvi wn‡m‡e †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq ?
K) WvqvwRbb
L) dzivWvb
M) BDwiqv
N) GbwWªb
5| K…wlKv‡R wKUbvkK wn‡m‡e †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?
K) GbwWªb
L) wUGmwc
M) A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU
N) digvwjb
cvV-1.5 imvq‡b AbymÜvb ev M‡elYv cÖwµqv

10 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 1

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-
 imvq‡b AbymÜvb KvR Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AbymÜvb Kv‡Ri avc¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 imvq‡bi AbymÜvb Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿ‡Yi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i cv‡Îi Mv‡qi mvs‡KwZK wP‡ýi A_© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
AbymÜvb I M‡elYv, mgm¨v wbe©vPb, Z_¨ msMÖn, AbywgZ wm×všÍ MÖnY,
gyL¨ kã cixÿY I Z_¨ we‡kølY
†Kvb wKQz Rvbvi AvMÖn †_‡KB Rb¥ †bq wewfbœ cÖkœ| Avi G mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi LyuR‡Z cÖ‡qvRb nq
AbymÜv‡bi| †hgb- hw` evZvm m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi AvMÖn R‡b¥, Z‡e cÖ_‡gB cÖkœ Avm‡e evZvm Kx?
evZv‡mi Dcv`vbmg~n Kx Kx? Avi GmKj cÖ‡kœi DËi LyR‡Z cÖ‡qvRb AbymÜvb| Avi AbymÜvb Kivi
Dcvq nj M‡elYv| weÁv‡b AbymÜvb I M‡elYv Kv‡Ri wbqg‡K ejv nq ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ| cixÿv-wbixÿv I
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g mymse×fv‡e Ávb AR©‡bi cÖwµqv ev c×wZ nj weÁvb| Avi ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ nj Ggb GK
c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g weÁv‡bi wewfbœ bxwZ, ZË¡ I m~Î BZ¨vw` cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ imvq‡b AbymÜvb I M‡elYv
Kv‡R †h mKj avcmg~n avivevwnK fv‡e AbymiY Ki‡Z nq Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv njt-
(1) welqe¯‘ ev mgm¨v wbe©vPb
(2) welqe¯‘ ev mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn
(3) cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K AbywgZ wm×všÍ MÖnY
(4) cixÿvi cwiKíbvKiY I cixÿY
(5) cixÿvjä Z_¨ we‡kølY Ges AbywgZ wm×všÍ hvPvB
(6) P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY
(7) djvdj cÖKvk|
K) welqe¯‘ ev mgm¨v wbe©vPb t AbymÜvb I M‡elYv Kv‡Ri cÖ_g avc n‡”Q mgm¨v wbe©vPb ev welqe¯‘ wba©viY|
mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ w¯’i K‡i Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i AbymÜvb I M‡elYv Kv‡Ri welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
†hgbt- †jvnvi ‰Zwi wRwbmc‡Î gwiPv a‡i bó n‡q hvq| G gwiPv aivi KviY Kx? G mgm¨v Kxfv‡e `~i Kiv
hvq? aiv hvK, GB mgm¨vwU AbymÜvb ev ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z mgvavb Kivi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nj|
L) welqe¯‘ ev mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn t AbymÜv‡bi welqe¯‘ ev mgm¨v fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j welqe¯‘ ev mgm¨v
m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ welqe¯‘ ev mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| AbymÜvb
ev M‡elYv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wewfbœ †idv‡iÝ eB, M‡elYv cÖKvlYv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
AZci cÖvß Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Z_¨¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q K‡i mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv †c‡Z
nq| G †_‡KB mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡j wKfv‡e AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ wbe©vwPZ
mgm¨vi mgvavb AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ Ggb KZ¸‡jv cÖkœ Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z nq hvi DËi †c‡jB mgm¨vi mgvavb
cvIqv hv‡e| †hgbt gwiPv m¤ú‡K© wb¤œ wjwLZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †LuvRv n‡Z cv‡i-
1. gwiPv wKiƒc AvenvIqvq †ewk a‡i?
2. gwiPv wK †fRv Ae¯’vq †ewk a‡i?
3. gwiPv wK ﮋ Ae¯’vq †ewk a‡i?
4. †jvnvi †Lvjv As‡k †ewk gwiPv a‡i?
5. gwiPv wK †jvnvi Ave„Z As‡k †ewk a‡i?

imvq‡bi aviYv 11
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

6. gwiPv `~i Kivi Dcvq wK?

Gevi wewfbœ eBcÎ Ges ev¯Íe AwfÁZv †_‡K gwiPv m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K
gwiPv m¤ú‡K© Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
M) cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K AbywgZ wm×všÍ MÖnY t mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© cÖvß Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi K‡i mgm¨vi AvbygvwbK ev m¤¢ve¨
mgvavb †ei Kiv nq| Gfv‡e cÖvß wm×všÍ‡K AbywgZ wm×všÍ ejv nq| GKB mgm¨vi Rb¨ A‡bK¸‡jv AbywgZ
wm×všÍ n‡Z cv‡i| me¸‡jv‡K wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbt gwiPv m¤ú‡K© wbe©vwPZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wb‡P †`Iqv
n‡jv|
1| e„wóeûj AvenvIqvq gwiPv †ewk a‡i|
2| ﮋ Ae¯’vq gwiPv a‡i bv|
3| †fRv Ae¯’vq gwiPv a‡i|
4| †jvnvi wRwbm †Lvjv Ae¯’vq gwiPv a‡i|
5| †jvnvi wRwbm Ave„Z Ae¯’vq gwiPv a‡i bv|
6| †jvnvi wRwb‡m †Zj ev wMÖR †g‡L ivL‡j gwiPv a‡i bv|
Gevi msM„nxZ Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i A_©vr cÖvß DËi¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i gwiPv aivi KviY m¤ú‡K© AbywgZ wm×všÍ MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e| D‡cv‡iv³ DËi ¸‡jv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h †jvnvi wRwbm Ave„Z Ae¯’vq ev †Zj/wMÖR gvLv‡bv
Ae¯’vq gwiPv a‡i bv| A_©vr hLb evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© _v‡K bv ZLb gwiPv a‡i bv| Avevi ﮋ Ae¯’vq gwiPv
a‡i bv wKš‘ †fRv Ae¯’vq gwiPv a‡i| Av_©vr cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© gwiPv a‡i| myZivs ejv hvq †jvnvi wRwbm cvwb I
evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡j gwiPv a‡i|
AbywgZ wm×všÍ t
1) evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡j †jvnv‡Z gwiPv a‡i|
2) cvwb I evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡j †jvnv‡Z gwiPv a‡i|
3) cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡j †jvnv‡Z gwiPv a‡i|
N) cixÿvi cwiKíbvKiY I cixÿY t AbywgZ wm×všÍ mwVK wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv AbymÜvb Kv‡Ri cieZx© avc|
GB Avs‡k cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cÖgv‡Yi wfwˇZ AbywgZ wm×všÍ MÖnY ev eR©b Kiv nq A_ev AbywgZ wm×všÍ‡K
ms‡kvab K‡i MÖnY Kiv nq| imvq‡bi AbymÜvb Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î AbywgZ wm×všÍ mwVK wKbv Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨
cixÿvMv‡i cixÿvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ I cÖgvY msMÖn Kiv nq| GRb¨ h_vh_ cixÿvi cwiKíbv I cixÿY KvR
m¤úbœ K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †hgb- Dc‡iv³ wm×všÍ Òcvwb I evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡j
†jvnv‡Z gwiPv a‡i|Ó hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU cixÿv KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ_g cixÿv t GKwU †jvnvi `Û GKwU evqy‡ivwa cv‡Î ﮋ evZv‡m †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e|
 wØZxq cixÿv t GKwU †fRv †jvnvi `Û‡K †Lvjv Ae¯’vq evZv‡m †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e|
 Z…Zxq cixÿv t GKwU cv‡Î dyUšÍ cvwb‡Z †jvnvi `Û Wywe‡q Zv evqy‡ivwa K‡i †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e|

cÖ_g cixÿv wØZxq cixÿv Z…Zxq cixÿv

wPÎ 1: †jvnvi gwiPv cixÿv
O) cixÿvi djvdj †_‡K AbywgZ wm×všÍ hvPvB t cixÿvq cÖvß djvd‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i AbywgZ wm×všÍ hvPvB
K‡i Zv MÖnY, eR©b ev ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q _v‡K| cixÿv †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq e‡j

12 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 1

GwUB AbymÜvb Kv‡Ri ev mgm¨vi cÖK…Z mgvavb| A_©vr GLv‡b †h wm×všÍ †bIqv nq Zv cÖgvwYZ mZ¨| †hgbt
B‡Zvc~‡e© M„nxZ cÖ_g I Z…Zxq cixÿvq †`Lv hvq †h †jvnvi `‡Û †Kvb gwiPv a‡iwb, Z‡e wØZxq cixÿvq
†jvnvi `‡Û gwiPv a‡i‡Q| myZivs wØZxq wm×všÍwU MÖnY‡hvM¨| A_©vr evZvm I cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© †jvnvi Dci
gwiPv a‡i|
P) P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY t Gevi cixÿvi gva¨‡g M„nxZ wm×všÍ cybivq AviI K‡qKevi cixÿvi gva¨‡g hvPvB Kiv
nq| hw` cÖwZevi GKB djvdj cvIqv hvq Z‡e D³ wm×všÍ P~ovšÍfv‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| Gfv‡e cÖvß wm×všÍB
AbymÜvb Kv‡Ri ev mgm¨vi mgvavb wn‡m‡e P~ovšÍfv‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| †hgbt B‡Zvc~‡e© M„nxZ wm×všÍ
c~Y:cixÿvi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv †jvnvi `Û‡K †fRv Ae¯’vq †Lvjv evZv‡m K‡qK w`b †d‡j ivL‡Z n‡e| hw` †`Lv
hvq †h †jvnvi `Û¸‡jv‡Z gwiPv a‡i‡Q, Z‡e wmךÍwU P~ovšÍfv‡e MÖnY Kiv hv‡e| A_©vr cvwb I evZv‡mi
ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡j †jvnvq gwiPv a‡i|
Q) djvdj cÖKvk t AZci AbymÜvb Kv‡Ri ev mgm¨v mgvav‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ cÖwµqv I M„nxZ wm×všÍmg~n wjwce×
K‡i cÎ-cwÎKvq cÖKvk Kiv nq|

ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿY I e¨env‡i mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v

gva¨wgK ch©v‡q imvqb wkÿvq ZË¡xq wel‡qi mv‡_ wKQz e¨envwiK KvRI AšÍf³ ©~ Av‡Q| cixÿvMv‡i GmKj
e¨envwiK KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GRb¨ ivmvqwbK c`v_©
msiÿY I wbivc` e¨env‡ii †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©xi Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
wewfbœ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i wKQz wKQz ag© ev ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q hv Avgv‡`i ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ SzuwKc~Y©| Avevi wKQz wKQz
ivmvqwbK c`v_© Av‡Q hv †_‡K AwMœms‡hvM ev Ab¨ †Kvb `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i cv‡Îi
Mv‡q SzuwKi gvÎv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e M„nxZ mZK©Zvg~jK mvs‡KwZK wPý gyw`ªZ _v‡K| wb‡¤œi Q‡K
KZ¸‡jv mvaviY mvs‡KwZK wPý I Zv Øviv cÖKvwkZ SzuwK I mveavbZvi weeiY †`Iqv nj|

mvs‡KwZK A_© SzuwK I mveavbZv

wPý

`vn¨  `vn¨ Zij, KwVb ev M¨vwmq c`v_© hv‡Z mn‡RB Av¸b ai‡Z cv‡i|
 Av¸b, DËvc,AwMœ ùzwj½,B‡jw±ªK ¯úvK© BZ¨vw` †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

 mn‡RB we‡ùvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i|

we‡ùviK  Zvc, Nl©Y †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges ax‡i ax‡i bvovPvov Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Ab¨ †Kvb c`v‡_©i mv‡_ ax‡i ax‡i wgkv‡Z n‡e|

 avZe ev Ab¨ †Kvb c`v‡_©i ÿq Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ÿqKviK  kixi, Kvco ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨envh© wRwb‡m †hb bv c‡o †mw`‡K jÿ
ivL‡Z n‡e|

imvq‡bi aviYv 13
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

 welv³ Zij, KwVb ev M¨vwmq c`v_© hv wbk¦v‡m MÖnY Ki‡j, Z¡‡K jvM‡j
ev †L‡q †dj‡j welwµqv n‡Z cv‡i|
welv³
 e¨en‡ii mgq wbivc` Pkgv, `¯Ívbv I gv¯‹ co‡Z n‡e|
 cixÿY wgkÖY h_vh_fv‡e wb®‹vkb Ki‡Z n‡e|

RviK  RviK c`v_© hv wbk¦v‡mi mv‡_ †M‡j k¦vmKó n‡Z cv‡i|

 e¨en‡ii mgq wbivc` Pkgv, `¯Ívbv I gv¯‹ co‡Z n‡e|

 wbk¦v‡m MÖnY Ki‡j ev †L‡q †dj‡j ¯^í ev `xN© †gqv‡` wewfbœ †ivM m„wó
Zxeª ¯^v¯’¨
ev ¯^v¯’¨nvbx NU‡Z cv‡i|
SzuwK
 e¨en‡ii mgq wbivc` Pkgv, `¯Ívbv I gv¯‹ co‡Z n‡e|

cwi‡e‡ki
 cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ A_©vr RjR I ¯’jR Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi Rb¨ ÿwZKi|
Rb¨ SzuwKc~Y©
 cixÿY wgkÖY h_vh_fv‡e cwi‡kvaY K‡i wb®‹vkb Ki‡Z n‡e|

wb‡Pi Q‡K K‡qKwU ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i ag© †`Iqv n‡jv| GmKj ivmvqwbK
wkÿv_©xi KvR
c`v‡_©i cv‡Î ‡Kvb mvs‡KwZK wPý e¨eüZ n‡e Zv Q‡K c~iY Ki|
mvs‡KwZK wPý ivmvqwbK c`v_© I ag©

GKwU GwmW hv kix‡i ÿZ m„wó K‡i Ges avZe c`v_© `ªwef~Z K‡i|

Gwm‡Uvb GKwU DØvqx Zij c`v_© Ges mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq mn‡RB R¡‡j

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 cixÿv-wbixÿv I ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g mymse×fv‡e Ávb AR©‡bi cÖwµqv ev c×wZ nj weÁvb| Avi
h_vh_fv‡e weÁvb wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AbymÜvb I M‡elYvg~jK Kv‡Ri Abykxjb| weÁv‡b AbymÜvb I
M‡elYv Kv‡Ri wbqg‡K ejv nq ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ| AbymÜvb I M‡elYv Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î KZ¸‡jv avc avivevwnK
fv‡e AbymiY Ki‡Z nq h_v- mgm¨v wbe©vPb, mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn, cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K AbywgZ wm×všÍ MÖnY,
cixÿvi cwiKíbvKiY I cixÿY, cixÿvjä Z_¨ we‡kølY Ges AbywgZ wm×všÍ hvPvB, P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY,
djvdj cÖKvk BZ¨vw`| GQvov ivmvqwbK c`v_© msiÿY I wbivc` e¨env‡ii †KŠkjI Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|

14 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 1

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU imvqwbK cÖwµqv ?
K) †cvKvq dj †L‡q †d‡j
L) Pz¤^K †jvnv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i
M) Kjv cvK‡j njy` nq
N) cvwb DËß Ki‡j ev®ú nq
2| MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj Gi g‡Z mKj c`v_© †Kvb †Kvb Dcv`vb w`‡q ˆZwi?
K) gvwU, cvwb, Av¸b I evZvm
L) Aw·‡Rb, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, cvwb I gvwU
M) gvwU, cvwb, Zvc I eid
N) †jvnv, Zvgv, wmmv I †mvbv
3| e¨w³i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b imvq‡bi Ae`vb Kx?
K) Uz_‡c÷ I mvev‡bi e¨envi
L) hvbevn‡bi R¡vjvbx Drcv`b
M) Ilya cÖ¯‘wZ
N) K…wl‡Z mv‡ii e¨envi
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœt
4| KvV †cvov‡j Zvc, Av‡jv Ges †auvqv Drcbœ nq |
i) GwU GKwU ¯’vqx cwieZ©b
ii) GwU GKwU ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv
iii) GwU GKwU ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

imvq‡bi aviYv 15
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovš— g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1 t wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU (DÏxcK) fvjfv‡e jÿ Kiæb Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

wPÎ-1t wkí KviLvbv wPÎ-2t km¨ †ÿ‡Z KxUbvkK wQUv‡bv

K. gwiPv Kx? 1
L. Avg cvK‡j njy` nq †Kb ? 2
M. 1g wP‡Î imvqb Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z Ñ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N. †KvbwUi AwZwi³ e¨envi cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ¶wZKi hyw³mn wjLyb| 4

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1 : 1| L 2| K 3| N 4| L 5| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2 : 1| L 2| M 3| M 4| N 5| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3 : 1| N 2| M 3| K 4| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.4 : 1| N 2| K 3| L 4| M 5| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.5 : 1| M 2| K 3| K 4| N

16 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq