Scribd
Upload
169 views

Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 4 - Learn CBSE

The document provides notes on carbon and its compounds from the CBSE Class 10 Science curriculum. It discusses the covalent bond formation of carbon, electron dot structures, properties of organic compounds, allotropes of carbon including diamond and graphite, and hydrocarbon compounds. It also covers isomerism, homologous series, functional groups, and nomenclature rules for organic compounds.

Uploaded by

Arnav Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
169 views

Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 4 - Learn CBSE

The document provides notes on carbon and its compounds from the CBSE Class 10 Science curriculum. It discusses the covalent bond formation of carbon, electron dot structures, properties of organic compounds, allotropes of carbon including diamond and graphite, and hydrocarbon compounds. It also covers isomerism, homologous series, functional groups, and nomenclature rules for organic compounds.

Uploaded by

Arnav Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 1

!

Learn CBSE

Brain Tumor

We are here for patients


from around the globe. Learn More

Carbon and its


Compounds Class
10 Notes Science
Chapter 4
June 14, 2022 by Bhagya

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 4 Carbon


and its Compounds Pdf free download is part of
Class 10 Science Notes for Quick Revision.
Here we have given NCERT Class 10 Science
Notes Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds.

According to new CBSE Exam Pattern, MCQ


Questions for Class 10 Science pdf Carries 20
Marks.

Carbon and its


Compounds Notes
CBSE Class 10 Science
Chapter 4
Bonding in Carbon: The Covalent bond,
Electron dot structure, Physical properties of
organic compounds, Allotropes of Carbon.

Covalent Bond: The atomic number of carbon


is 6. Its electronic conRguration is 2, 4. It
requires, 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas
electronic conRguration. But carbon cannot
form an ionic bond

It could gain four electrons forming C4- cation.


But it would be diTcult for the nucleus with six
protons to hold on to ten electrons.

Earn $3.5 per answer


Make money from answering simple
questions. We pay you in cash. Simple
and fun.

MetroOpinion

Open

It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cations.


But it requires a large amount of energy to
remove four electrons.

Earn $3.5 per answer


Make money from answering simple
questions. We pay you in cash. Simple
and fun.

MetroOpinion

Open

Thus, carbon overcomes this problem by


sharing of its valence electrons with other
carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements.

The bond formed by mutual sharing of electron


pairs between two atoms in a molecule is
known as Covalent Bond.

Types of Covalent Bond:

Single Covalent Bond: When a single pair


of electrons are shared between two
atoms in a molecule. For example; F2, Cl2,
H2 etc.
Double Covalent Bond: When two pairs of
electrons are shared between two atoms
in a molecule. For example; O2, CO2 etc.
Triple Covalent Bond: When three pairs of
electrons are shared between two atoms
in a molecule. For example; N2 etc.

Electron Dot Structure: The electron dot


structures provides a picture of bonding in
molecules in terms of the shared pairs of
electrons and octet rule.

Formation of Hydrogen Molecule


Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1
Germany
Make

Make it in Germany
in it in
Make it

Working in
Germany
Open

Formation of CH 4 Molecule
Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1

Formation of CO 2 Molecule
Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Oxygen = 8 [2, 6]
Number of valence electrons = 6

Formation of H 2 S Molecule
Atomic number of Sulphur = 16 [2, 8, 6]
Number of valence electrons = 6

Physical Properties of Organic


Compounds
Most of the organic compounds have low
boiling and melting point, due to the weak force
of attraction (i.e., the inter-molecular force of
attraction) between these molecules.
Most carbon compounds are poor conductors
of electricity, due to the absence of free
electrons and free ions.

M.P. B.P.
Compounds
(K) (K)

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) 290 391

Chloroform (CHCl3) 209 334

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) 156 351

Methane (CH4) 90 111

Allotropes of Carbon
Allotropy: The phenomenon in which the
element exists in two or more different physical
states with similar chemical properties are
called Allotropy.

Carbon has Three Main Allotropes

Diamond: In this, carbon, an atom is


bonded to four other atoms of carbon
forming three-dimensional structures. It is
the hardest substance and an insulator. It
is used for drilling rocks and cutting. It is
also used for making jewellery.
Graphite: In this, each carbon atom is
bonded to three other carbon atoms. It is a
good conductor of electricity and used as
a lubricant.
Buckminster Fullerene: It is an
allotrope of the carbon-containing cluster
of 60 carbon atoms joined together to
form spherical molecules. It is dark solid
at room temperature.

Versatile nature of Carbon, Hydrocarbons,


Isomerism, Homologous series, Functional
groups, Nomenclature of functional groups.

Versatile Nature of Carbon: The existence


of such a large number of organic compounds
is due to the following nature of carbon,

Catenation
Tetravalent nature.

(i) Catenation: The self linking property of an


element mainly carbon atom through covalent
bonds to form long straight, branched and rings
of different sizes are called Catenation.
This property is due to

The small size of the carbon atom.


The great strength of the carbon-carbon
bond.

Carbon can also form stable multiple bonds


(double or triple) with itself and with the atoms
of other elements.
Straight Chain

Branched Chain

Rings

(ii) Tetravalent Nature: Carbon has valency


of four. It is capable of bonding with four other
atoms of carbon or some other heteroatoms
with single covalent bond as well as double or
triple bond.

Earn $3.5 per answer


Make money from answering simple
questions. We pay you in cash. Simple
and fun.

MetroOpinion

Open

Hydrocarbons: Compounds of carbon and


hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons.
For example; Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6),
Ethene (C2H4), Ethyne (C2H2) etc.

Saturated Hydrocarbon (Alkanes): General


formula is CnH2n+2.
n = number of carbon atoms.
In this, the carbon atoms are connected by only
a single bond.
For example; Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6) etc.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkenes: General formula is CnH2n, where n =
number of carbon atoms.
In this, the two carbon atoms are connected by
double bond.

Alkynes: General formula is CnH2n-2, where n =


number of carbon atoms. In this, the two carbon
atoms are connected by triple bond.

Electron Dot Structure of Hydrocarbons

Isomerism: Compounds having the same


molecular formula but different structural
formula and properties are known as Isomers
and this phenomenon is known as Isomerism.

Structural Isomerism: Compounds having


the same molecular formula but different
structures are called Structural isomers.
Example: Isomers of butane (C4H10)
Germany
Make

Make it in Germany
in it in
Make it

Jobs in
Germany
Open

Homologous Series: Series of organic


compounds having the same functional group
and chemical properties and successive
members differ by a CH2 unit or 14 mass units
are known as Homologous series.

Homologous series of Alkanes, Alkenes and


Alkynes

Characteristic of Homologous Series

The successive members in homologous


series differ by CH2 unit or 14 mass unit.
Members of given homologous series
have the same functional group.
All the members of homologous series
shows similar chemical properties.

Functional Group: An atom or group of atoms


present in a molecule which largely determines
its chemical properties are called Functional
Group.

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds: It is


diTcult to remember millions of compounds by
their individual common name. Thus, to
systematize the nomenclature of organic
compounds IUPAC (International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry) has given certain rule
which is as follows:
1. Identify the Number of Carbon Atoms in the
Compound

Word
S. Number of Single
Root (-)
No Carbon Atoms bond
(SuSx)

One carbon
1. Meth + ane
atoms (1-C)

Two carbon
2. Eth + ane
atoms (2-C)

Three carbon
3. Prop + ane
atoms (3-C)

Four carbon
4. But + ane
atoms (4-C)

Five carbon
5. Pent + ane
atoms (5-C)

Six carbon
6. Hex + ane
atoms (6-C)

2. Identify the functional group

S. Functional
PreUx SuSx
No. Group

1. Double bond (=) — ene

2. Triple bond (≡) — yne

3. Chlorine (—Cl) Chloro —

4. Bromine (—Br) Bromo —

5. Alcohol (-OH) — ol

6. Aldehyde (-CHO) — al

7. Ketone (-CO-) — one

Carboxylic acid (-
8. — oic acid
COOH)

3. Name the Compounds By Following Order


PreUx + Word Root + SuSx

Chemical Properties of Carbon


Compounds: The important chemical
properties are as follows:
1. Combustion: The complete combustion of
carbon compounds in the air gives carbon
dioxide water, heat and light.
CH3CH2OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) + Heat
and light

Carbon burns in air or oxygen to give carbon


dioxide and heat and light.
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Heat and light

Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a blue kame


in the presence of a suTcient supply of air or
oxygen.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + Heat and
light

In presence of limited supply of air, saturated


hydrocarbon forms a sooty kame.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a yellow


smoky kame.

The gas and kerosene stove used at home has


inlet for air so that, burnt to given clean blue
kame.
Due to presence of small amount of nitrogen
and sulphur, coal and petroleum produces
carbon dioxide with oxides of nitrogen and
sulphur which are major pollutant.

2. Oxidation: Oxidation of ethanol in presence


of oxidizing agents gives ethanoic acid.

Oxidizing Agent: Some substances are


capable of adding oxygen to others, are known
as Oxidising Agent.
Example: Alkaline KMnO4 (or KMnO4—KOH)
AcidiRed K2Cr2O7 (or K2Cr2O7—H2SO4)
KMnO4 – Potassium permanganate
K2Cr2O7 – Potassium dichromate

3. Addition Reaction: Addition of dihydrogen


with unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence
of catalysts such as nickel or platinum or
palladium are known as Hydrogenation
(addition) reaction.
CLS 6
SOLU 7 8 9 10 11 12
NCERT TEXTBOOK TELEGRAM ONLINE
BOOKS SOLUTIONS CHANNEL CALCULATOR

You might also like