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Integration by Substitution

1) Indefinite integrals can be evaluated by recognizing patterns and using integral formulas like ∫x^n dx = (x^(n+1))/(n+1) + C. Definite integrals evaluate to the antiderivative between bounds. 2) Integration by substitution allows solving integrals where the integrand contains a function, by substituting that function for a variable and finding the integral in terms of the new variable. 3) Examples show evaluating indefinite integrals using formulas and definite integrals by substitution, finding antiderivatives and evaluating between bounds. Substitution allows solving integrals containing exponential, trigonometric, and algebraic functions.

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Macrine Grace
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24 views

Integration by Substitution

1) Indefinite integrals can be evaluated by recognizing patterns and using integral formulas like ∫x^n dx = (x^(n+1))/(n+1) + C. Definite integrals evaluate to the antiderivative between bounds. 2) Integration by substitution allows solving integrals where the integrand contains a function, by substituting that function for a variable and finding the integral in terms of the new variable. 3) Examples show evaluating indefinite integrals using formulas and definite integrals by substitution, finding antiderivatives and evaluating between bounds. Substitution allows solving integrals containing exponential, trigonometric, and algebraic functions.

Uploaded by

Macrine Grace
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGRATION

Indefinite integral

x n 1
 x dx  n  1  C
n

Definite integral
b
b
 x n 1  b n 1 a n 1
a   
n
x dx  
 n  1 a n  1 n  1

 
3
1 3 
3
1 3 28
1 x dx   3 x   3 3   1  3
2 3
e.g
1

Example
Integrate the following w. r. t. x

1 1

 1  2x  dx e
x
a) b) dx
1 0

Solution
1

 1  2 x  dx   x  x   1  1   1  1  2
2 1
a)
1
1

e
1
b) x
dx  e x   e1  e0  e  1
0
0

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
This is used when there is a function raised to a certain power or there is a function within a
function. We use a substitution for that function and evaluate the new function.

Example 1
Evaluate the following integrals

 3x  x  5  dx  sin
9 4 1
 2 cos 2 x dx
a) 2 3 b) x cos x dx c)
Solution

 3x  x  5 dx
9
2 3
a)

u  x3  5  du  3 x 2 dx
Let du
dx 
3x 2

Substitute in the integral

 3x  x  du
 5 dx   3 x 2u 9
9
2 3

3x 2
1
  u 9 du  u10 du
10

 3x  x   
9 1 3 10
 2 3
 5 dx  x 5 C
10

 sin
4
b) x cos x dx

u  sin x  du  cos x dx
Let du
dx 
cos x

Substitute in the integral


du
 sin x cos x dx   u 4 cos x
4

cos x
1
  u 4 du  u 5  C
5

1
  sin x cos x dx  cos5 x  C
4

1
c)  2 cos 2 x dx

u  2x  du  2 dx
Let du
dx 
2
Substitute in the integral
1 1 du
 2 cos 2 x dx   2 cos u 2
1 1
  cos u du  sin u  C
4 4

1 1
  2 cos 2 x dx  4 sin 2 x  C

Example 2
Evaluate the following integrals

e 1  e x dx x x 2  1 dx x5
x


a) a) b) dx
x 
7
6
1

Solution

e 1  e x dx
x
a)

u  1  ex  du  e x dx
du
dx 
e x

du
e 1  e x dx   e x u
x

e x
2 3
 u
1
2
du  u 2  C
3
2
 
3
  e 1  e dx  1 ex C
x x 2

b) x x 2  1 dx

u  x2 1  du  2 x dx
du
dx 
2x
du
x x 2  1 dx   x u
2x
1 1 1 3
  u 2 du  u 2  C
2 3


1 2

3
  x x  1 dx  x 1 C
2 2

c) Let
u  x6  1  du  6 x 5 dx
du
dx 
6 x5

x5 x5 du
 dx  
x 
7
6
1 u 7 6 x5

1 1
  u 7 du   u 6  C
6 36
x5
 
1 6 6
  dx   x 1 C
x 
7
6
1 36

Exercise
a)  2 x  1 dx

 
2

 10 x 1  5 x
2 3
b) dx

c) 6 4 x  5 dx

 sin
3
d) x cos x dx

e)  
x 4 x
3
2
 dx

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