our sanskrit About Ancient India and the Sanskrit Language (with Sanskrit Lessons) Lesson 4 —Astory from the Hitopadesa © 08/01/201712/10/2021 & Paramu Kurumathur t Lessons @ Analysis, Course, Hitopadesha Learn Sanskrit, Lesson, Sanskrit, Sanskrit Language, Sanskrit Lesson Welcome to Lesson 4. A short YouTube version is available here (https://youtu.be/SdBeSUFXYRs). [Expand to the full article to be able to click on the link] In this lesson, we will look at a story from the Hitopadesa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitopadesha) and see how what we studied so far has been applied in actual sentence construction. Of course, there will be many constructs that we have not touched upon so far. We will mention these in passing and take up detailed analysis of these in later lessons. Don’t worry too much if you do not understand everything in detail now. Analysis What do we mean when we say analyse a text? The process involved is given below. © Remove the Sandhis and get separate individual words © If the text is in verse, convert to prose form. © This means we will have to reshuffle the order of the words to get a readable text in the natural order. Remember we said that in Sanskrit, the words in a sentnce proclaim their function by means of inflectional diferences [declensions and conjugations] © For each word we need to © Figure out if itis a verb or noun, pronoun, numeral, adjective, adverb, particle, conjunction, pre- position, etc. © Figure out the grammatical function of the word (what case, gender, number, what tense, what mode, what person, what voice etc.) ~declensional and conjugational forms © If compound word , figure out what type of compound it is and separate out the constituent words© Determine the root from which each word (or each constituent word of a compound) is derived from © Trace the derivation of each word from the root. © figure out if the word is a participle, gerund, infinitive, gerundive or other derivation and what are the affixes and pre-positions that have been added © Find the meaning of the word © Figure out the connection between the words in the sentence (semantics) © Figure out if there are any special constructs like phrases, absolute contructions etc. © Look in particular for phrases with the copula (forms of the verb “be” like is, was etc.) omitted. For example: vyapaditah, gardabhah, can mean “killed donkey” or “donkey (was) killed” © Find the meaning of the sentence Whew! Don’t worry. It is not as complicated as it looks. After some practice it will come naturally to you In fact, learning Sanskrit itself looks very complicated at first, but over times it gets very simple. The Hitopadesa The Hitopadesa is an ethico-didactic literary work that is a collection of ancient material put together by a person called Narayana. The set of stories that make up the collection is supposed to be a device used by a wise man named Visnusarman to reform some ignorant Princes. The stories consists of mixed prose and verse. The verses are mostly maxims and proverbs, whose message is illustrated by the stories in prose. Many stories of the Hitopadesa are sourced from the _Pajicatantra (https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra), The story below, The donkey in the tiger skin appears also in the Paficatantra. A similar story also appears in Aesop's Fables (https.//en,wikipediaorg/wiki/Acsop's Fables). The donkey in the tiger skin — A story from the Hitopadesa oft efermge argiteret ara_ ware: | eee mésfeurareregdel gaan | ae were STAT eSTEROTTENY SIG HAR: | et CATT STG SA TATTA: Sea TTT | GSA TL ante | ster Sait PeReU REI pA UpsEs Ueiparadetord aq | a ERE Ta: UpTgt Tautatats Aca Wok Patordahias enfea: Tete Sean eancaraa ae carne: | arcitse weft 1 ° ag aes Seger | ° ardtorgcut ec: | asti_ hastinapure karpiravilaso nama rajakah | tasya__ gardabho'tibharavahanaddurbalo mumirsurivabhavat | tatastena rajakenasau vyaghracarmana pracchadyaranyasamipe sasyaksetre mocitah, | tato duradavalokya vyaghrabuddhya ksetrapatayah, satvaram, palayante | sa ca sukhena sasyam, carati_ | athaikada kenapi sasyaraksakena dhisarakambalakytatanutranena dhanuskandam, sajikttyavanatakayenaikante sthitam | tam,ca dare dystva gardabhah, pustango gardabhiyamiti matva Sabdam kurvanastadabhimukham, dhavitah | tatastena sasyaraksakena gardabho’yamiti jhatva lilayaiva vyapaditah | ato'ham bravimi | © suciram hi caranmaunam greyah pasyatyabuddhiman | © dvipicarmaparicchanno vagdosadgardabho hatah | The same with Sandhis removedoffer SIR HARA: aH aT: | Te Ta: afore Gla: TA: a Ba | et: A Tas are SP ROR eT I | LTE ARRIETA GC. U.S SO LT ET Ward Ria | AT : OTF: Fel Beat] Fai: cata | aa aera re oe Fran erer a carat: | on ree ea ° Weer 3a: ate safer | ° i TEU: BE: | asti hastinapure karpiiravilasah nama rajakah | tasya gardabhah atibharavahanat durbalah, mumirsuh, iva abhavat | tatah tena rajakena asau vyaghracarmana pracchadya aranyasamipe sasyaksetre mocitah | tatah darat avalokya vyaghrabuddhya ksetrapatayah satvaram palayante | sah ca sukhena sasyam carati | atha ekada kena api sasyaraksakena dhiisarakambalakytatanutranena dhanuskandam sajjikrtya avanatakayena ekante sthitam | tam ca dire drstva gardabhah, pustangah, gardabht iyam iti matva Sabdam kurvanah tadabhimukham dhavitah | tatah tena sasyaraksakena gardabhah ayam iti jhat Hlaya eva vyapaditah | atah aham bravimi | © suciram hi caran maunam éreyah, pasyati abuddhiman | © dvipicarmaparicchannah, vagdosat gardabhah hatah | Meaning asti (there is) hastinapure (in Hastinapura) karparavilasah, (Karparavildsa) nama (by name) rajakah, (washerman) | tasya (his) gardabhah (donkey) atibharavahanat (due to heavy load carrying) durbalah (feeble) mumirsuh, (wishing to die) iva (as) abhavat (became) | tatah (then) tena (by that) rajakena (by washerman) asau (that) vyaghracarmana (by tiger skin) pracchadya (covered) aranyasamipe (near woods) sasyaksetre (grain field) mocitah, (released) | tatah (then) dirat (from afar) avalokya (having seen) vyaghrabuddhya (with tiger-belief) ksetrapatayah (farmers) satvaram (fast) palayante (fled) | sah (he) ca (also) sukhena (with pleasure) sasyam (grain) carati (grazes) | atha (then) ekada (once) kena api (by some ) sasyaraksakena (by farmer) dhisarakambalakytatanutranena (covered with a gray blanket) dhanuskandam (bow and arrow) sajjikrtya (having made ready) avanatakayena (with bent, bowed body) ekante (in a lonely place) sthitam (stood)! tam (him) ca (also) dare (far away) drstva (having seen) gardabhah, (the donkey) pustaiigah (well-fed) gardabhi (she-donkey) iyam (this) iti (as) matva (thinking) gabdam (sound) kurvanah, (making) tadabhimukham (towards him) dhavitah (ran) | tatah (then) tena (by that) sasyaraksakena (by farmer) gardabhah (a donkey) ayam (this) iti (as) jfidtva (knowing) Ilaya (with ease) eva (even) vyapaditah (killed)! atah (therefore) aham (I) bravimi (say) | © suciram (long time) hi (even) caran (going) maunam (silently) sreyah (good things) pasyati (sees) abuddhiman (unwise) | © dvipicarmaparicchannah, (covered in a tiger-skin) vagdosat (by speech-fault) gardabhah, (donkey) hatah (was killed) | In Hastinapura there is (was) a washerman named Karptiravilasa. His donkey became weak and was almost dying due to carrying heavy load. Therefore he (the donkey) was released into the grain-field near the woods by that washerman after covering him with a tiger-skin. Seeing (the donkey) from afar, the farmers, thinking that it was a tiger, quickly fled. He (the donkey) grazed happily on the grain. Then, once a farmer covered himself in a gray blanket and stood bent down with bow and arrow ready. Seeing him from afar and thinking that it was a she- donkey, the well-fed donkey, ran towards him, braying. Then, the farmer knowing (by the braying) that it was a donkey, killed him easily. Therefore I say,Moving (grazing) silently for a long time (being lulled into a false sense of security), the unwise person sees goodness (only). Even though covered in tiger-skin, the donkey was killed because of his braying. [Meaning; Don’t be lulled into a false sense of security when you are at peace for a long time. Don't open your mouth unnecessarily. Even if you have a tiger skin on you, if you bray like a donkey, you will be found out.] Analysis of the Text [Note: All visargas in the lesson represent a final "s"] 1. asti hastinapure karpiravilaso nama rajakah, asti hastinapure karpiravilasah nama rajakah, “In Hastinapura there is (was) a washerman named Karpiravilasa” © asti—pres(ent),, ind(icative),, active, (lat parasmai padam) 3rd person, singular of class 2 Vas - “is” Vas is a class 2 root meaning “be”. Class 2 roots add the endings directly to the root (ie. the verb stem is, the root itself). So as + ti-> asti We will look at this in detail in later lessons. © hastinapure — loc(ative). sing(ular). neu(ter). Hastinapura — “in Hastinapura” (a town) We learned that the locative case is the “in-case”” Hastinapura is an “a” ending neuter noun. Itis a compound word hastin (elephant) + pura (town). [The town was the capital of the Kauravas] © karpiravilasah — nom(inative). sing. mas(culine). karpitravilasa - “Karpiiravilasa” (a name) Karpuravilasa is a compound word karpiira (camphor) + vilasa (bright). Note the Sandhi here. In front of voiced consonants, the visarga becomes . Hence, karpiravilasah nama —> karpiravilaso nama ‘We will look at visarga sandhis in detail in a later lesson © nama indeclinabe (adverb) - “by name” An indeclinable word is not subject to any declensions. That is it does not different case endings in different contexts. It stays the same in all contexts. All adverbs are indeclinable. This is an adverb meaning “by name”. The word is the accusative case of neuter “n” ending noun naman, “name”. In Sanskrit, many case-forms get used adverbially. We will see some more in this, story later. The instrumental namna is also used adverbially to mean “by name" © rajakah—nom. sing. mas. rajaka—“washerman’”The nominative case is used as the subject of the sentence. The noun is an “a” ending masculine. We said in lesson 1 that all words in Sanskrit can be derived from roots. As an example, the word rajaka is derived from Class 4 root raj or vrafij ("to colour” — washermen were also dyers!) and adding the suffix “aka” to the unmodified root to get the word stem rajaka. Case endings are then added to the stem so that it can be used in a sentence. Vraj + aka > rajaka Note that the bare stem can never be used in a sentence. Note also that all declinable stems are formed by adding one suffix or more to modified or unmodified roots. {We will look at some of these suffixes and their uses in later lessons] In this lesson we will try to look at some of the words to trace their derivation from roots 2. tasya gardabho'tibharavahanaddurbalo mumdrsurivabhavat tasya gardabhah atibharavahanat durbalah mumirsuh iva abhavat “His donkey became weak and was almost dying due to carrying heavy load” © tasya— gen(itive). sing. mas. of pronoun tad - “his” tad is a demonstrative pronoun as well as the personal pronoun of the third person. That is, it can mean he/she/it and its derivatives as well as this/that etc. Here it is used as a personal pronoun and tasya means “his”. The declensional paradigms for pronouns are given bere (https//oursanskrit com/sanskrit-grammar- reference/pronouns-and-pronomial-stems/) © gardabhah— nom. sing, mas. gardabha — “donkey” Derived from root \gard (“to shout”) by addition of suffix “abha” to unmodified root meaning “shouter” (brayer). © atibharavahanat — abl(ative). sing. mas. ati+bharatvahana — “from great-weight-carrying”’from the carrying of great load” Note here the Sandhi. In front of “a” the visraga becomes “o” and the “a” is dropped and not pronounced. The dropped “a” is indicated in Devanagiri by the sign S which is called the avagraha. In Roman script the symbol 'is used. So, mde + tft > TESA gardabhah + ati > gardabho'ati We will look at this in detail in another lesson. The word atibharavahana is the combination of three words — ati+bharatvahana. ati is an indeclinable word normally prefixed to nouns and adjectives meaning “excessive” etc, The word bhara meaning “load” is derived from the class 3 root Vbhy Y{ meaning “to bear” by adding the suffix “a” to the vriddhied root. So,bhy—> vriddhied > bhar + a—> bhara. The word vahana (“carrying”) is derived likewise from the class 1 root Wah “to carry” So the stems ati (“excessive”), bhara ("load") and vahana (“carrying”) are combined to form one word atibharavahana which means the carrying of excessive weight. This word stem can then be declined like any other “a” ending noun or adjective. Here atibharavahanat is the ablative singular of the word. In Sanskrit, you can combine declinable stems with one another to form compounds which are then treated as simple stems with respect to inflection and construction. Sanskrit grammarians define six types of compounds. We will look at these in detail in a later lesson. Note also the Sandhi: atibharavahanat + durbalah, > atibharavahanaddurbalah, [the final “t” becomes “d" before “d”. We will see this in detail in later lessons] © durbalah - nom. sing. mas (adj) durbala - “feeble” durbala is an adjective meaning “feeble”, “weak etc. An adjective always follows the person, gender, number and case form of the noun it describes. Therefore durbalah, gardabhah in the nominative case meaning “weak donkey” durbalena gardabhena in the instrumental means “by a weak donkey” durbalasya gardabhasya in the genitive means “the weak donkey's” etc. bala is a neuter noun meaning “power”, “strength” etc. To this is added the prefix “dus” meaning “bad” or “difficult”. This is combined to form the adjective durbala. dus + bala—> durbala We will learn more about this kind of formation in a later lesson, © mumirsuh—nom. sing. mas (adj) mumirsu ~ “dying” (wishing for death) This is a “u” ending adjective meaning “wishing for death”. The word mumirsu is a very complicated derivation from the class 1 root Vmy Vj “to die”. We will see this in a later lesson. Note the Sandhi, The visarga (not preceded by an “a” or “A”) becomes “r” before voiced sounds including vowels. mumirsuh + iva-> mumirsuriva. © iva—indeclinable (particle) - “like” Note the Sandhi. Two like vowels become the corresponding long vowel. So “a” or “a” + “a” or “a! becomes “a”. So, mumirsuriva + abhavat -> mumarsurivabhavat. Similarly i ori +i or becomes T and u or d+ u or d becomes i.© abhavat - imperfect ind. active,( lai parasmai padam) 3rd person, sing. of class 1 vbhai- “became” This is the imperfect indicative active of the root Vbha. Imperfect indicates the past tense, The imperfect is formed by gunating the root, adding “a” (since Vbhii is class 1) as in the present and adding the endings. These endings are called secondary endings. These ending are like the endings we saw before for the present indicative, but briefer. So instead of “ti” we just have “t”. And, the imperfect normally adds an augment “a” at the beginning. So we have, bhii -> gunated -> bho +a -> bhava + ending t -> bhavat -> add “a” at the beginning -> abhavat (meaning “became”) 3. tatastena rajakenasau vyaghracarmana pracchadyaranyasamipe sasyaksetre mocitah, | tatah tena rajakena asau vyaghracarmana pracchadya aranyasamipe sasyaksetre mocitah, | “Therefore he (the donkey) was released into the grain-field near the woods by that washerman after covering him with a tiger-skin.” © tatah - indeclinable (adverb) - “therefore” Note Sandhi. The visarga before t becomes “s’ tatah,+ tena -> tatastena. We will see this in detail later. tena— inst. sing. mas. of pronoun (adi) tad - “by that” rajakena — inst. sing, mas. rajaka - “by the washerman” asau—nom. sing. mas. pronoun adas~ “that” vyaghracarmana — inst. sing neu. vyaghra*carman ~ “with tiger skin” pracchadya — indeclinable (continuative ~ lyabanta) - “having covered” eo o0000 In Sanskrit, pre-positions called “upasarga” can be added to roots to sometimes change the meaning of the root. Some of these are 2 ff, pra ¥, pari UR, vi f@ etc. There are many such pre-positions or upasargas. In this word, the upasarga pra W has been pre-fixed to the class 1 root Vchad “to cover” to get pra-\chad which also means “to cover” Continuatives: The continuative is used to express an action prior in time to the action of the main verb. A series of continuatives may be used in a sentence before the main verb. Continuatives are indeclinables. Sanskrit has two kinds of continuatives. Toa simple root a “va” or a “tva" or “itva” is added to a sometimes modified root. To a root pre-fixed with an upasarga (see above) is added a “ya” or a”tya” to a sometimes modified root. In Sanskrit, these are called “ktvanta” and “lyabanta” respectively. ‘We will see these continuatives in detail in a later lesson. So, pracchadya is the continuative form of prachad meaning “having covered”. (The continuative is derived from chad which is the causative form of the root chad)© aranyasamipe — loc. sing. neu. (adj) aranyatsamipam — “woods-near”,/“near the woods” © sasyaksetre - loc. sing, neu. sasya+ksetra ~ “grain field” © mocitah.- nom. sing. mas. (past passive participle) mocita - “released” One very common feature of the language is the use of the past passive participle. The past passive participle is used as an adjective qualifying a noun. The past passive participle is formed by adding a “ta”, “ita” or “na” to a mostly unstrengthened root. It is always declined like an “a” ending masculine or neuter, or an “a” ending feminine. We will learn more about this in later lessons. mocitah, is the past passive participle of the causative of the class 6 root Vmuc (“to release”) [We will look at causatives later] So mocitah, gardabhah, means “released donkey” or “the donkey has been released” Note the frequent use of the passive construction. “The donkey was released by the washerman” instead of “The washerman released the donkey”. This type of construction, using the past passive participle, is very common in classical Sanskrit. 4, tato daradavalokya vyaghrabuddhya ksetrapatayah, satvaram palayante | tatah darat avalokya vyaghrabuddhya ksetrapatayah satvaram palayante | “Seeing (the donkey) from afar, the farmers, thinking that it was a tiger, quickly fled.” © tatah - indeclinable (adverb) - “then” © diirat - indeclinable (adverb) - “from afar” This is the case of an ablative case diirat of the adjective diira being used as an adverb. Note aslo the Sandhi. Before any voiced sound (voiced consonants or vowels) “t” becomes “d”. This is why, darat + avalokya > daradavalokya © avalokya - indeclinable (continuative — lyabanta of ava + Vlok) - “having seen” vyaghrabuddhya — inst. sing. fem. vyaghra+buddhi — “with tiger-belief” “thinking it was a tiger” ksetrapatayah,- nom. pl. mas. ksetra+pati — “field-masters” “farmers” ” satvaram — indeclinable (adverb) - “quickly” “fast” palayante ~ pres. indicative middle (lat atmane padam) 3° person plural of class 1 root Vpalay — “run” e000 Notice the interchangeable use here of the past and present tenses. asti, palayante etc. is in the present. abhavat etc. are in the past. 5. sa ca sukhena sasyam,carati | sah,ca sukhena sasyam carati | “He (the donkey) grazed happily on the grain” © sah-nom, sing. mas. of pronoun tad ~ “he” Note the sandhi: The word sah, loses its visarga (“s” ) before all consonants and becomes sa. © ca~indeclinable (conjunction) - “and”© sukhena — inst. sing. neu. (adj) sukha [used adverbially] - “with pleasure” © sasyam —acc. sing, neu. sasya - “crop” The accusative is used as the object of the verb (in this case, carati) © carati— pres.ind. active (lat parasmai padam) 3° person sing of class 1 root Year — “moves” 6. athaikada kenapi_sasyaraksakena _dhiisarakambalakytatanutranena —_ dhanuskandam, sajjiktyavanatakayenaikante sthitam | atha ekada kena api sasyaraksakena dhisarakambalakrtatanutranena dhanuskandam sajjikrtya avanatakayena ekante sthitam | “Then, once a farmer covered himself in a gray blanket and stood bent down with bow and arrow ready.” © atha-indeclinable (adverb) - “then” Note sandhi: a or a +e becomes ai. So, atha + ckada > athaikada. Similarly a or a + 0 becomes au. © ekada -indeclinable (adverb) ~“once” © kena inst. sing. mas. of pronoun (adj) kim — "by some” © api-indeclinable — “even” © sasyaraksakena — inst. sing. mas, sasyatraksaka ~ “by grain-protector’, by farmer” © dhisarakambalakytatanutranena — inst. sing. neu. dhdsaratkambalatkytattanu‘trana ~ “with a gray- blanket-made-body-cover” “covered in a gray blanket” This word is a compound made from five simple words. © dhanuskandam - acc. sing, neu. dhanuskanda - “bow-arrow” “bow and arrow” Note the retroflexion of the “s” tos” dhanus + kandam -> dhanuskandam. We will look at this in later lessons. © sajjikttya — indeclinable (continuative - lyabanta of sajjt + \kr )- “(bow) strung-made”, “made ready” © avanatakayena- inst. sing. mas. (adj) avanatatkaya - “with bowed-body” avanata is past passive participle of ava + Vnam (“to bow”) © ekante—loc. sing. mas ekanta - “in a lonely place” © sthitam —nom. sing. neu (past passive participle of Vstha) sthita - “stood” Note again the use of the passive construction. “By the farmer was stood” meaning “the farmer stood” 7. tam, ca dire dystva gardabhah, pustaiigo gardabhiyamiti matva éabdam, kurvanastadabhimukham, dhavitah | tam ca dare drstva gardabhah pustaiigah, gardabhi iyam iti matva Sabdam kurvanah tadabhimukhamdhavitah | “Seeing him from afar and thinking that it was a she-donkey, the well-fed donkey ran towards him, braying” © tam-acc.sing. mas. of pronound tad - “him” © ca~indeclinable (conjunction) - “and” © diire - indeclinable (adverb) - “far” © dystva - indeclinable (continuative — ktvanta of Vdrs - “to see”) - “having seen” © gardabhah_— nom. sing, mas. gardabha — “donkey” © pustaligah nom. sing. mas.(adj) pustataiigah - “fat-body” pusta is the past passive participle of Vpus (“to thrive”) © gardabhi—nom. sing. fem. gardabh i - “she-donkey” © iyam—nom. sing. fem. of pronoun idam - “this” © iti - indeclinable (adverb) ~ “as, thus” © matva - indeclinable (continuative - ktvanta of \man - “to think”) - “having thought” © gabdam — ace. sing. mas. gabda — “sound” © kurvanah-nom. sing. mas. present middle participle kurvana ~ “making” This is a present middle participle. Present middle participles are formed by adding “ana” (athematic verbs) or “mana’ (thematic verbs) to the modified root. Present active participles are formed by adding “at” (class 3 roots) or “ant” (other roots) to the modified root. [An easy way to remember this is: Remove the “i” from the present indicative active 3rd person plural. So from pasyanti we get pasyant etc. They are used as adjectives qualifying the noun. It is equivalent to the “reading” in “the man reading a book” Present middle participles are declined like “a” ending masculine, neuters and “a” ending feminines. Present active participles are declined like “ant” ending masculines and neuters. The feminines make it anti or ati and are declined like “i” ending feminines. We will learn more about present participles in a later lesson © tadabhimukham — indeclinable (adverb) - “towards his/her’ © dhavitah,- nom. sing. mas. past passive participle dhavita (class 1 root Vdhav) - “ran” 8, tatastena sasyaraksakena gardabho'yamiti jfiatva Iilayaiva vyapaditah | tatah tena sasyaraksakena gardabhah, ayam iti jfatva lilaya eva vyapaditah | “Then, the farmer knowing (by the braying) that it was a donkey, killed him easily” tatah,- indeclinable (adverb) - “then” tena tena — inst. sing. mas. of pronoun (adj) tad ~ “by that” sasyaraksakena — inst. sing. mas. sasyatraksaka - “by grain-protector’, by farmer” gardabhah — nom. sing. mas. gardabha - “donkey” ayam — nom. sing. mas. of pronoun adas - “this” iti - indeclinable (adverb) - “as, thus” eo 00000© jfiatva -indeclinable (continuative — ktvanta of via - “to know”) - “having known” © Milaya - inst. sing. fem. Ila - “with play” “with ease” © eva indeclinable (adverb) - “even” © vyapaditah - nom. sing. mas. (past passive participle) vyapadita — “killed” This is the past participle of vi+a+(causative of) class 4 root Ypad. We will look at causative conjugation ina later lesson. Note again the passive construction. “By the farmer...the donkey was killed” 9. ato‘ham bravimi | atah aham bravimi | “Therefore I say” © atah - indeclinable (adverb) - “therefore” © aham —nom. sing. of pronoun asmad - “I” © bravimi— pres.ind. active (lat parasmai padam) 1°* person sing of class 2 root Vbra — “speak”. “say” 10. suciram, hi caranmaunam sreyah pasyatyabuddhiman | suciram hi caran maunam Sreyah pasyati abuddhiman | “Moving (grazing) silently for a long time (being lulled into a false sense of security), the unwise person sees goodness (only).” indeclinable (adverb) — “very long” “long time” © suciram © hi-indeclinable (particle) - “indeed” “surely” © caran - nom. sing. mas. (present active participle of car — "to move”) carant (carat) — “moving” © maunam ~ acc. sing, neu. mauna ~ “silence” © Sreyah ace. sing, neu Sreyas ~ “welfare” “good state” © pasyati ~~ pres.ind. active (lat parasmai padam) 3° person sing of class 4 root \pas (Vdss ) Note Sandhi: i ori + vowel. The i or i beomes “y”. Similarly u or & + vowel becomes “v” and f+ vowel becomes “r So pasyati + abuddhiman —> pasyatyabuddhiman, © abuddhiman — nom. sing. mas. (adj) abuddhimant - “unwise” 11. dvipicarmaparicchanno vagdosadgardabho hatah, | dvipicarmaparicchannah, vagdosat gardabhah hatah | “Even though covered in tiger-skin, the donkey was killed because of his braying” © dvipicarmaparicchannah,- nom. sing. mas. (adj) dvipitcarmatparicchanna — “tiger-skin-covered” pple of pariVchad paricchanna is the past passive parti © vagdosat - abl. sing. mas. vactdosa - “speech-fault” “making sound unnecessarily” Note internal Sandhi: The collision of voiced and unvoiced is avoided normally. So, vactdosa > vagdosa© gardabhah— nom. sing, mas. gardabha - “donkey” © hatah nom. sing. mas. (past passive participle of Vhan - “to kill”) hata —” was killed” 8 thoughts on “Lesson 4 - A story from the Hitopadesa’ 1. Lesson § | our sanskrit says: 05/03/2017 at 9:41 am [...] this lesson, as we did in Lesson 4, we will look at a story from the Hitopadega and see how what we studied so far has been applied [...] Reply (https://oursanskrit.com/2017/01/08/lesson-4/?replytocom=46#respond 2. Lesson 111 our sanskrit says 15/04/2017 at 11:08 am [..-] lesson 4, we looked at the process of analyzing a Sanskrit text and to illustrate this, we took a story from [...] Reply (https://oursanskrit.com/2017/01/08/lesson-4/?replytocom=64#respond) 3. Lesson 12 | our sanskrit says: 30/04/2017 at 9:10 am [...] saw the usage of the present active participle in lesson 4, in the story “The donkey in the tiger [1 Reply (https://oursanskrit,com/2017/01/08/lesson-4/?replytocom=78#respond) 4, Lesson 14 ~ Verbal prefixes and Continuatives | our sanskrit says: 27/05/2017 at 9:44 am [.-.] tam ca dire dystva gardabhah pustaigah, gardabhi iyam iti matva Sabdam kurvanah tadabhimukham dhavitah, ("Seeing him from afar and thinking that it was a she-donkey, the well- fed donkey ran towards him, braying”) Lesson 4 [...] Reply (https://oursanskrit.com/2017/01/08/lesson-4/?replytocom=107#respond) 5. Lesson 36 — Derivation of Declinable Stems | our sanskrit says: 01/04/2018 at 9:25 am lesson 4, we saw the words Vraj (“colour”)+ aka -> rajaka (washerman); \gard Reply (https://oursanskrit,com/2017/01/08/lesson-4/?replytocom=310#respond) 6. mytreya says Few doubts from a beginner 3/4 @ ‘a: AY — Both have been noted as meaning ‘then’.. but what differentiates them, when to use which one? ‘Ue: Wd Seachay AG Sa AATTS: MARA TMT Or here does Ca: mean ‘By that / hence /thus’ (i.e., due to the donkey being covered in tiger skin) ?