Module 2

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M2M

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M2M

➔ Machine to machine (M2M) refers to networking of

Machines for the purpose of remote monitoring and
control and data exchange.
➔ M2M area networks - Comprises of machines which have
embedded hardware module for sensing actuation and
communication
➔ Communication protocols - Zigbee , Bluetooth ,Power
LINE Communication ,6LoWPAN…

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The end-to-end architecture for M2M systems

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M2M

➔ These Communications protocols provide connectivity

between M2M nodes within and M2M area network.
➔ The Communications Network provides connectivity to
remote m2m area network.
➔ Communication network can use wired or wireless
network.
➔ The M2M area network use either proprietary or non IP
based protocol.
➔ Communication network uses IP based protocols

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M2M gateway

➔ Non-IP based protocols - within M2M area networks, the

M2M nodes within one network cannot communicate with
nodes in an external network.
➔ To enable the communication remote M2M area networks,
M2M gateways are used

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M2M gateway

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 Difference between loT and M2M

➔ Both M2M and IoT involve networking of machines or

devices,
➔ They differ in the underlying technologies, system
architectures and types of applications.
1) Communication protocols
➔ M2M uses other proprietary or not IP based
communication protocol but IoT uses global protocols
➔ The focus of communication in M2M is usually on the
protocols below the network layer but in IoT it is usually a
protocol in network layer such as http, web sockets etc
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 Difference between loT and M2M

2) Machines in M2M vs Things in IoT

➔ The " things " IoT refers to Physical objects that have
unique identifier (IP or MAC address) and can sense and
communicate with the external environment or their internal
physical status
➔ M2M systems, in contrast to IoT, typically have
homogeneous machine types within an M2M area
network

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 Difference between loT and M2M

3) Hardware versus software emphasis

➔ The emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with embedded
modules
➔ The emphasis of IoT is more on software
➔ IoT devices run specialist software sensor Data Collection,
data analysis and interfacing with cloud through IP based
communication

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 Difference between loT and M2M

4) Data collection and analysis

➔ M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on
premises storage infrastructure
➔ In contrast to M2M,the data in IoT is connected in the cloud
5) Applications
➔ Since M2m data is collected in point solutions and can be
accessed by on premises application
➔ Whereas since loT data is collected in the cloud it can be
accessed by cloud applications
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 Software defined networking(SDN)

➔ A networking architecture that separates the control plane

from the data plane and centralizes the network controller
Conventional network architecture

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 Software defined networking(SDN)

Conventional network architecture

➔ Conventional network architecture build with specialized
hardware (switches, router etc) where control and data
plane are unified - both run on same router
➔ Control plane - carries routing message traffic (routing table
formation and updation)
➔ Data plane - carries the data payload

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 Software defined networking(SDN)

The limitations of the conventional network architecture

➔ Complex network devices - making changes in the networks
to meet the dynamic traffic pattern has become increasingly
difficult
➔ Management overhead - Network managers find it increasingly
difficult to manage multiple network devices and interfaces from
multiple vendors
➔ Limited scalability - Components of IoT applications run
distributed algorithms on a large number of virtual machine -
require highly scalable and easy to manage network
architectures
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Software defined networking(SDN)

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SDN Architecture

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SDN Architecture

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SDN Architecture

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 Software defined networking(SDN)

Elements of SDN
➔ Centralized network controller - Controls all the routers -
With decoupled control and data planes and centralized
network controller, the network administrators can rapidly
configure the network
➔ Programmable Open APIs -
API enables communication between two differents apps(may
be developed on different platforms) or servers

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 Software defined networking(SDN)

Elements of SDN
➔ Standard communication interface - Defined by the open
networking Foundation named as openflow

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Network function virtualization(NVF)

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Network function virtualization(NVF)

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 Network function virtualization(NVF)

➔ It is a technology that leverages (investment strategy of

using borrowed money) virtualization to consolidate the
heterogeneous network devices onto industry
➔ VNF is a software implementation of a network function
which is capable of running over the NFV Infrastructure
(NFVI)
➔ NFVI includes compute, network and storage resources that
are virtualized
➔ NFV comprises of network functions implemented in
software that run on virtualized resources in the cloud
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 Network function virtualization(NVF)

➔ NFV enables separation of network functions which are

implemented in software from the underlying hardware
➔ Virtualizing network functions reduces the equipment
costs and also reduces power consumption
➔ The multi-tenanted nature of the cloud allows virtualized
network functions to be shared for multiple network
services.
➔ The network functions can be easily tested and upgraded
by installing new software while the hardware remains the
same
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 Network function virtualization(NVF)

➔ NFV Management and Orchestration focuses on all

virtualization-specific management tasks and covers the
orchestration and life-cycle management of physical and/or
software resources that support the infrastructure
virtualization, and the life-cycle management of VNFs.

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Smart Objects: The “Things” in IoT

➔ Sensors - fundamental building blocks of IoT networks

➔ They are the foundational elements found in smart objects
—the “things” in the Internet of Things
➔ Smart objects - any physical objects that contain
embedded technology to sense and/or interact with their
environment in a meaningful way by being
interconnected and enabling communication among
themselves or an external agent
➔ Actuators - a component of a machine that is responsible
for moving and controlling a mechanism or system
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Sensors

➔ Measures some physical quantity and converts that

measurement reading into a digital representation
➔ The digital representation is typically passed to another
device for transformation into useful data that can be
consumed by intelligent devices or humans
➔ Similar to human sense organs
➔ Human senses do not operate independently
➔ Sensors are not limited to human-like sensory data. They
can measure anything worth measuring

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Sensors

Classification
➔ Active or passive
If a sensor require an external power supply produce
an energy - active eg.- carbon microphone
If they simply receive energy and typically require no
external power supply - passive thermocouple, RF id,
piezoelectric sensor

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Active

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Passive

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Sensors

Passive
sensor

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Sensors

Classification
➔ Contact and Non-Contact Sensors
Contact Sensors are those that require physical contact
with their stimulus eg. temperature, strain gauge,
moisture sensors etc

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Sensors

Classification
➔ Contact and Non-Contact Sensors

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Sensors

Classification
➔ Invasive or non-invasive
whether a sensor is part of the environment it is measuring
(invasive) or external to it (non-invasive)
Invasive - Blood glucose sensor,
Non invasive - ECG, EEG, pulse oximeter

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Sensors

Classification
➔ Absolute or relative:
Absolute - Measure on an absolute scale Eg.- Thermistor,
strain gauge etc
Relative - based on a difference with a fixed or variable
reference value Eg. - Thermocouple
➔ Area of application

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Sensors

Classification
➔ How sensors measure
Sensors can be categorized based on the physical mechanism
used to measure sensory input (for example, thermoelectric,
electrochemical, piezoresistive, optic, electric, fluid mechanic)
➔ What sensors measure:
Sensors can be categorized based on their applications or
what physical variables they measure

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Precision agriculture (smart farming)
➔ technical advances to improve the efficiency,
sustainability, and profitability of traditional farming
practices
➔ GPS and satellite aerial imagery for determining field
viability
➔ Robots for high-precision planting, harvesting, irrigation
➔ Real-time analytics and artificial intelligence to predict
optimal crop yield, weather impacts,and soil quality

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Precision agriculture (smart farming)
➔ technical advances to improve the efficiency, sustainability,
and profitability of traditional farming practices
➔ Sensor measurement of a variety of soil characteristics like
real- time measurement of soil quality, pH levels, salinity,
toxicity levels, moisture levels for irrigation planning,
nutrient levels for fertilization planning….
➔ Biodegradable, passive microsensors to measure soil and
crop conditions have been developed at North Dakota
State University (NDSU) - environment friendly

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Precision agriculture (smart farming)

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Actuators
➔ Actuators are natural complements to sensors
➔ Sensors are designed to sense and measure practically
any measurable variable in the physical world
➔ They convert their measurements (typically analog) into
electric signals or digital representations that can be
consumed by an intelligent agent
➔ Actuators receive some type of control signal (commonly
an electric signal or digital command) that triggers a
physical effect, usually some type of motion, force, and
so on.
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Actuators
➔ Sensors provide the information, actuators provide
the action

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Actuators

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Actuators
Classification
➔ Type of motion
linear, rotary, one/two/three axes motion

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Actuators
Classification
➔ Power:
Actuators can be classified based on their power output
Eg. high power, low power, micro power
➔ Binary or continuous:
Actuators can be classified based on the number of stable-
state outputs
Binary - 2 state eg. relay switch, LED
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Actuators
Classification
➔ Binary or continuous:
Actuators can be classified based on
the number of stable-state outputs
Binary - 2 state eg. relay switch
Continuous - Infinite states - Eg. linear actuator, motor etc

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Actuators
Classification
➔ Area of application
Actuators can be classified based on the specific industry or
vertical where they are used
➔ Type of energy:Actuators can be classified based on their
energy type

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Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
➔ Integrate and combine electric and mechanical
elements, such as sensors and actuators, on a very small
(millimeter or less) scale
➔ Also known as micro-machines
➔ One of the keys to this technology is a microfabrication
technique that is similar to what is used for microelectronic
integrated circuits
➔ Eg. micropumps, accelerometer, gyroscope etc

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Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

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Smart Objects
➔ One of the building blocks of IoT
➔ They are what transform everyday objects into network of
intelligent objects that are able to learn from and interact with
their environment in a meaningful way
➔ The real power of smart objects in IoT comes from being
networked together rather than being isolated as standalone
objects
➔ If a sensor is connected as part of an intelligent network that is
able to coordinate intelligently with actuators to trigger irrigation
systems as needed based on those sensor readings, - more
powerful
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Smart Objects
Characteristics
➔ Processing unit - for acquiring data, processing and
analyzing sensing information received by the sensor(s),
coordinating control signals to any actuators, and
controlling a variety of functions
➔ Sensor(s) and/or actuator(s)
➔ Communication device - connecting a smart object with
other smart objects and the outside world - wired or
wireless
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Smart Objects
Characteristics
➔ Power source - most significant power consumption usually
comes from the communication unit of a smart object
Smart objects are limited in power, are deployed for a very
long time, and are not easily accessible
when the smart object relies on battery power, implies that
power efficiency, judicious power management, sleep modes,
ultra-low power consumption hardware, and so on are critical
design elements
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Smart Objects
Characteristics

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Smart Objects

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Trends in Smart Objects

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Trends in Smart Objects

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SENSOR NETWORKS
➔ A sensor/actuator network (SANET), is a network of
sensors that sense and measure their environment and/or
actuators that act on their environment
➔ The sensors and/or actuators in a SANET are capable of
communicating and cooperating
➔ Effective and well-coordinated communication and
cooperation is a prominent challenge, primarily because
the sensors and actuators in SANETs are diverse,
heterogeneous, and resource-constrained

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SENSOR NETWORKS
➔ SANETs offer highly coordinated sensing and actuation
capabilities
➔ Smart homes are a type of SANET that display this
coordination between distributed sensors and actuators
➔ Eg. Temperature sensing

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SENSOR NETWORKS

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SENSOR NETWORKS
Disadvantages:
➔ Potentially less secure (for example, hijacked access
points)
➔ Typically lower transmission speeds
➔ Greater level of impact/influence by environment

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
➔ Wireless sensor networks are made up of wirelessly connected
smart objects, which are sometimes referred to as nodes
➔ The most significant limitations of the smart objects in WSNs
Limited processing power
Limited memory
Lossy communication
Limited transmission speeds
Limited power

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
➔ Smart objects
with limited processing,
memory, power,
and so on are often
referred to as
constrained nodes.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
➔ These limitations greatly influence how WSNs are
designed, deployed, and utilized
➔ The ability of individual sensor nodes are typically so
limited - they are often deployed in very large numbers
➔ As the cost of sensor nodes continues to decline, the ability
to deploy highly redundant sensors becomes increasingly
feasible
➔ Because many sensors are very inexpensive and
correspondingly inaccurate, the ability to deploy smart
objects redundantly allows for increased accuracy
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
➔ Such large numbers of sensors permit the introduction of
hierarchies of smart objects
➔ Such a hierarchy provides, among other organizational
advantages, the ability to aggregate similar sensor
readings from sensor nodes that are in close proximity to
each other
➔ These data aggregation techniques are helpful in reducing
the amount of overall traffic (and energy) in WSNs with
very large numbers of deployed smart objects

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
communication patterns
➔ Event-driven: Transmission of sensory information is
triggered only when a smart object detects a particular
event or predetermined threshold.
➔ Periodic: Transmission of sensory information occurs
only at periodic intervals
➔ The decision of which of these communication schemes is
used depends greatly on the specific application

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Communication Protocols for WSNs
➔ Any communication protocol must be able to scale to a
large number of nodes
➔ Consider requirements of the specific application
➔ Consider any trade-offs the communication protocol offers
between power consumption, maximum transmission
speed,range, tolerance for packet loss, topology
optimization,security,and so on
➔ No single protocol solution

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