IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST AFFECTIONATE AND THE MERCIFUL

F.Sc
1ST
Year

CHEMISTRY
IMPORTANT MCQ’s, SHORT AND LONG QUESTIONS

Prepared by:
Prof. Jahfar Hussain Manais
Phone#0301-7262220

Important Features

 MCQ’S with solutions from exercises of PTBB.

 Chapter wise MCQ’S with solutions from past papers of Punjab Board.
 Short Questions of exercises and past papers of Punjab Board.
 Long Questions of exercises and past papers of Punjab Board.

PUNJAB GROUP OF COLLEGES

ARIFWALA CAMPUS
ARIFWALA CAMPUS
CHAPTER 1
BASIC CONCEPTS
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The number of moles of CO2 which contain 8.0g of oxygen
a) 0.25 b) 0.50 c) 1.0 d) 1.50
2. The mass of one mole of electrons is
a) 1.008 mg b) 0.55 mg c) 1.84 mg d) 1.673 mg
3. The volume occupied by 1.4g of N2 at S.T.P is
a) 2.24 dm3 b) 22.4 dm3 c) 1.12 dm3 d) 112cm3
4. A limiting reactant is the one which
a) Is taken in lesser quantity in grams as compared to other reactants
b) Is taken in lesser quantity in volume as compared to the other reactants
c) Gives the maximum amount of the product which is required
d) Gives the minimum amount of the product under consideration
5. The largest numbers of molecules are present in
a) 3.6g of H2O b) 4.8g of C2H5OH c) 2.8g of CO d) 5.4g of N2O5
6. One mole of SO2 contains
a) 6.02 x 1023 atoms of oxygen b) 18.1 x 1023 molecules of SO2
23
c) 6.02 x 10 atoms of sulphur d) 4 gram atoms of SO2
7. Isotopes differ in
a) Properties which depend upon mass
b) Arrangement of electrons in orbitals
c) Chemical properties
d) The extent to which they may be affected in electromagnetic field
8. Percentage N2 in NH3 is
a) 14/17 x 100 b) 14/34 x 100 c) 3/17 x 100 d) 3/34 x 100
9. 27 g of AI will react completely with how much mass of O2 to produce AI2O3
a) 8g of oxygen b) 16g of oxygen c) 32g of oxygen d) 24g of oxygen
10. One a.m.u is equal to
a) 1.661 x 1027g b) 1.661 x 10-27kg c) 1.661 x 10-27g d) 1.661 x 1024g
11. How many Isotopes of palladium
a) Four b) Five c) Six d) Seven
12. J. Berzelius determined the
a) Atomic Mass b) Isotopes c) Atomic Number d) Relative Abundance
13. Which of the following present in atomic form?
a) Oxygen b) Chlorine c) Nitrogen d) Helium
14. The ___% of Nitrogen in ammonia is
a) 82.35% b) 46.67% c) 92% d) 78%
15. Isotopes of Tin is
a) 11 b) 9 c) 7 d) 2
16. An ordinary microscope can measure the size of object.
a) 200nm b) 300nm c) 400nm d) 500nm
17. Which of the following statements is not true?
a) Isotopes with even atomic masses are comparative abundant
b) Isotopes with even atomic masses and odd atomic number are comparatively abundant
c) Isotopes with odd atomic masses are comparatively abundant
d) Isotopes with even atomic masses and even atomic number are comparatively abundant
18. Many elements have fractional atomic masses. This is because
a) The mass of atom is itself fractional
b) Atomic masses are average masses of isobars
c) Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes
d) Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes proportional to their relative abundance
19. Diameter of atom is
a) 0.2nm b) 0.4nm c) 0.5nm d) 0.6nm
20. Atom of which of the following elements has independent existence
a) Krypton b) Fluorine c) Nitrogen d) Oxygen
21. Which of following element exist in monatomic form?
a) Oxygen b) Chlorine c) Nitrogen d) Helium
22. A Swedish chemist J. Berzelius determined
a) Atomic Number b) Atomic Mass c) Molecular Mass d) Formula Mass

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23. Electron microscope magnifies number of times
a) 5m b) 10m c) 15m d) 20m
24. Who determined the atomic mass?
a) J-Berzelius b) John Dutton c) Newton d) Maxwell
25. Positive ions are called
a) Cations b) Anions c) Atoms d) Molecular Ions
26. in the grand state of atom, the electron present in
a) In the Nucleus b) Nearest to the Nucleus c) In the 2nd Shell d) Farthest form Nucleus
27. Silver has Isotopes
a) 9 b) 16 c) 17 d) 18
28. Tin has Isotopes
a) 7 b) 9 c) 11 d) 5
29. Electrometer is also called
a) Volt Meter b) Avo Meter c) Ion Meter d) Galvanic Meter
30. Empirical formula of glucose
a) CHO b) CaH4O2 c) CH2O d) C6H2O6
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. N2 and CO have the same number of electrons, protons and neutrons. Explain with reason.
2. Actual yield is usually less than theoretical yield. Why?
3. Differentiate between empirical and molecular formula.
4. What is the molecular ion? Give an example.
5. Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon atom. Comment.
6. No individual neon atom in the sample of element has a mass of 20.18amu. Explain.
7. Define limiting reactant Give an example.
8. Write two assumptions of Stoichiometry.
9. Define Stoichiometry and molar volume.
10. List steps involved identifying a limiting reactant?
11. One Mole of water has two moles of bonds, three moles of atoms. Explain.
12. Define mole and molecular formula.
13. What is the function of 50% KOH and Mg(ClO4)2 in combustion analysis.
14. Define atomicity? Give two examples.
15. Law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during Stoichiometry calculations. Justify it.
16. Differentiate cation and anion?
17. What is the function relationship for m/e of an ion in mass spectrometry?
18. What is mass spectrum?
19. What is percentage yield? Give its significance.
20. Differentiate between actual (Experimental) yield and theoretical yield.
21. 23g of Na and 238g of U have equal number of atoms in them. Justify.
22. 180g of glucose and 342g of sucrose have the same number of molecules but different number of atoms Present in them.
Explain
23. What is function of magnetic field in mass spectrometer?
24. Molecular formula is a nth multiple of empirical formula. Explain with examples.
25. Many chemical reactions taking place in our surroundings involve the limiting reactants. Explain with example?
26. Explain relative abundance of isotopes with suitable example.
27. Define atomic mass unit. Give its value in grams.
28. Why atoms cannot be observed by an ordinary optical microscope.
29. Differentiate between atom and molecule.
30. Define ion and give its two examples?
31. Differentiate between homoatomic and heteroatom molecule with examples.
32. Why atomic masses mentioned in literature are in fraction?
33. Differentiate between ion and molecular ion.
34. What are isotopes? Why they have same chemical but different physical properties?
35. How the isotopes of an element separated by mass spectrometer?
36. Define Isotope. Give an example.
37. Explain mathematics relationship for m/e of an ion in mass spectrometry.
38. Give the main points for the determination of molecular formula.
39. Why percentage of oxygen cannot be determined directly in combustion analysis?
40. Give two examples of compounds having same Empirical and molecular formula.
41. Write down the names of water absorber and CO2 absorber in combustion analysis experiment.
42. What is the function of electric field in mass spectrometer?
43. By using a balanced chemical equation. What type of relationships can be studied?
44. How can the efficiency of a chemical reaction be expressed?
45. What do you know about gram atom?
46. How has one mg of K2CrO4 thrice the number of ions than the number of formula units when ionized in water?
47. Why do 2g of H2, 16g of CH4, 44g of CO2 occupy separately the volume of 22.414 dm3 although the sizes and
48. Calculate %age of Nitrogen in NH2 CO NH2 (at mass of N=14, C=12, H=1, O=16)
49. Calculate the moles of 100g of silicon? (Atomic mass of Si is 28)
50. Calculate number of gram atoms of Na when its mass is 0.1kg? (Atomic mass of Na is 23)
51. One mole of H2SO4 should completely react with two moles of NaOH. How does Avogadro’s number help to explain it?
52. 4.9g of H2SO4 when completely ionized in water have equal number of positive and negative charges but the

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 Calculate the moles of chlorine atoms in 0.882g C2H4Cl2.
53. Calculate mass in grams of 10-3 moles of H2O. Molecular mass of H2O is 18.
54. Calculate the number of CO2 molecule in 20.0 grams of it. (Atomic mass of CO2 is 44)
55. How many oxygen atoms are present in 4.8g of Ozone (O=16 amu)?
56. Calculate mass in Kg of 2.6 x 1020 molecules of SO2. (Atomic mass of SO2 is 64)
57. One mole of K2Cr2O7 has thrice the number of ions than the number of formula units when ionized?
58. Calculate the number of moles of O atoms in 9.00 gram of Mg (NO3)2. (Atomic mass of Mg (NO3)2 is 148)
59. How many molecules of H2O are present when its amount is 0.25 moles? (Atomic mass of H2O is 18)
60. 100cm3 of HN3 gas and 100cm3 of H2 gas at STP contain equal number of molecules. Justify it?
61. 11g of carbon is reacted with 32g of O2 to give CO2. Which one is the limiting reactant?
62. Calculate mass of 10-3 moles of MgSO4. (Atomic mass of MgSO4 is 108)
63. Calculate the percentage of Nitrogen in NH3.
64. Write only names of any four methods employed for the separation of isotopes.
LONG QUESTIONS (THEORY)
1. Write down various steps to calculate the Empirical formula of compound.
2. What is Mass Spectrometer? How is it used to determine the relative atomic masses of Isotopes?
3. Define limiting reactant? How it is helpful to control the chemical reaction?
4. What is difference between actual yield and theoretical yield? Why actual yield is less than theoretical yield?
5. What is Combustion Analysis? How can you calculate the percentage of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in an Organic
compound by this method?
6. What is Stoichiometry? Give its assumptions. Mention two important laws which help to perform.
LONG QUESTIONS (NUMARICALS)
1. The combustion analysis of an organic compound shown it contains 65.44% carbon 5.50% hydrogen and 29.6% oxygen.
What is the empirical formula of the compound? If the molecular mass of the compound is 110.15 g.mole-1. (Ans: C6H6O2)
2. Ethylene glycol is used as a automobile antifreeze. It has 38.7% C, 9.7% H, and 51.6% O, its molar mass is 62.1 gram.mol -1,
determine its empirical formula. (Ans: CH3O)
3. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) contains 40.92% carbon. 4.58% and 54.5% of oxygen by mass. What is the empirical formula of
ascorbic acid? (Ans: C3H4O3)
4. Serotonin (molar Mass = 176 gram mole-1) is a compound that conduct nerve impulses in brain and muscles. It contains
68.2% C, 6.86% H, 15.09% N, and 9.08% O, what is its molecular formula. (Ans: C10H12N2O)
5. A sample of liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen was subjected to combustion analyses. 0.5439 gram of the
compound gave 1.039 gram of CO2, 0.6369 gram of H2O. Determine the empirical formula. (Ans:C2H6O)
6. 8.657 gram of compound was decomposing into its elements and gave 5.217 gram of carbon, 0.962 gram hydrogen, and 2.478
gram of oxygen. Calculate the percentage compose of the compound under study. Ans: 60.20%C , 11.11%H, 28.62%Oxy
7. Glucose C6H12O6is most important nutrient in the cell of generating chemical potential energy. Calculate the mass percentage
of each element in glucose and determine the no of C, H and O, atom in 10.5 Gram of sample.
Ans: 40%C , 6.66%H, 53.33%Oxy, O=2.107x1023 H=4.214x1023 , O=2.107x1023,
8. . When limestoneCaCO3 is roasted, quick lime (CaO) is produced according to the following equation. The actual yield of CaO
is 2.5kg when 4.5kg of limestone is roasted? What is the percentage yield of this reaction? (Ans: 99.2%)
9. Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material. It is produced by allowing sand (SiO 2) to react with carbon at high
temperature. (SiO2 + 3C == SiC + 2CO). When 100 Kg sand is reacted with excess of carbon, 51.4Kg of SiC is produced. What
is the percentage of SiC. (Ans: 77%)
10. NH3 gas can be prepared by heating together two solids NH4Cl and Ca(OH)2.If a mixture containing 100g of each solid is
heated than (a) Calculate the number of grams of NH3 produced. (b)Calculate the excess amount of reagent left unreached.
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2(g) ==== CaCl2(g) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O
(Ans: mass of ammonia=31.79gram, mass of Ca(OH)2left unreacted lift unreacted=30.71)
11. Calculate the number of grams of Al2S3 which can be prepared by the reaction of 20g of Al and 30g of sulphur? How much the
non-limiting reactant in excess?(Atomic masses: Al: 27 – S: 32) (Ans:46.87 gram, 3.125gram)
12. A well-known ideal gas is enclosed in a container having volume 500 cm at S.T.P. its mass comes out to be 0.72g. What is the
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molar mass of this gas? (Ans:32gram.mole-1)

13. An unknown Metal M reacts with S to found a compound with formula M 2S3. If 3.12 gram of M with exactly 2.88 gram of
sulphur, what is the name of metal M and compound M2S3. (Ans:Cr, Cr2O3)
14. A mixture of two liquids, hydrazine N2H4 and N2O4 are ue in rocket. They produced N 2 and water vapors. How many grams of
N2 ga will be formed by reaction 100 gram of N2H4 and 200gram of N2O4?(N2H4 + N2O4= 3N2 + 2H2O) (Ans:131.04 gm)
15. Mg metal reacts with HCl to give hydrogen gas. What is the minimum volume of HCl solution (27% by weight) required to
produce 12.1 g of H2? The density of HCl solution is 1.14 g/cm3 Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq)==== MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) (Ans:1423cm3)
16. Calculate the number of grams of K2SO4 and water produced when 14g of KOH are reacted with excess of H 2SO4. Also
calculate the number of molecules of water produced: 2KOH (aq) + H2SO4(aq)===== K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(Ans: no of molecules of water=1.50x1023)
17. 10.0 gram of H3PO4 has been dissolve in excess of water to dissociate it completely into ions. Calculate the number of
molecules of H3PO4, ion of positive, negative ion, mass of individual ions.
Ans: No of molecules of water=3.31x1023, No of Hydrogen atoms63.62x1023, No of Oxygen atoms=3.31x1023
No of Covalent bonds=3.31x1023
18. How many molecules of water are there in 10.0gram of ice? Also calculate the number of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen
separately, total number of atoms and total covalent bonds present in the sample.
Ans: no of PO4-3 ions=6.14x1022 mas of PO4-3 ions= 9.689gram, no of charges =1.842x1023.
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CHAPTER 2
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Solvent extraction is an equilibrium process and it is controlled by:
a) Law of mass action b) The amount of solvent used
c) Distribution law d) the amount of solute
2. Solvent extraction method is a particularly useful technique for separation when the product to be separated is:
a) Non-volatile or thermally unstable b) Volatile or thermally stable
b) Non-volatile or thermally stable d) Volatile or thermally unstable
3. The comparative rates at which are solutes move in paper chromatography depend on:
a) The size of paper b) Rf values of solutes
c) Temperature of the experiment d) Size of the chromatographic tank used
4. The drying agent used in desiccators is
a) AgCl2 c) NH3Cl c) CaCl2 d) AlCl3
5. The substance used to decolonization of undesirable color in a crystalline substance is
a) H2SO4 b) Silica Gel c) NaNO3 d) Animal Charcoal
6. during the process of crystallization, the hot saturated solution:
a) Is cooled very slowly to get large sized crystals
b) Is cooled at a moderate rate to get medium sized crystals
c) Is evaporated to get medium sized crystals
d) Is mixed with an immiscible liquid to get the pure crystals of the product
7. The rate of filtration can be increased by using
a) Fluted Filter Paper b) Desiccators c) Chromatographic d) Suction Flask
8. I2 dissolved in water in the presence of Kl due to the function of
a) I2 b) I- c) I-3 d) I4
9. Substance that does not show the process of sublimation is
a) K2Cr2O7 b) Iodine c) Naphthalene d) NH4cl
10. Insoluble particle are separated from required by
a) Sublimation b) Solvent Extraction c) Filtration d) Crystallization
11. The most common Solvent used in Solvent extraction is
a) Acetone b) Ethanol c) Rectified Spirit d) Diethyl Ether
12. During paper chromatography the stationary phase is
a) Solid c) Liquid c) Gas d) Plasma
13. A filtration process could be very time consuming if it were not aided by a gentle suction which is developed:
a) If the paper covers the funnel up to its circumference
b) If the paper has got small sized pores in it
c) If the stem of the funnel is large so that it dips into the filtrate
d) If the paper fits tightly
14. Use of filter medium depends upon nature on
a) Precipitate b) Paper Material c) Filtrate d) All of these
15. Gooch crucible is made of
a) Clay b) Porcelain c) Asbestos d) Iron
16. Apes angle of filter paper should be greater then
a) 40 b) 80 c) 60 d) 90
17. In soluble particles can be separated from liquid by
a) Sublimation b) Filtration c) Solvent extraction d) Crystallization
18. A component having small value of K mostly in
a) Stationary phase b) Mobile Phase c) Chromate graphic d) None
19. Direct conversion of solid in to vapors is
a) Crystallization b) Sublimation c) Distribution d) Vaporization
20. Which of the following purified by sublimation?
a) Naphthalene b) Benzoic Acid c) Ammonium Chloride d) All
21. Substance that does not show the process of sublimation
a) K2Cr2O7 b) Iodine c) Naphthalene d) NH4Cl
22. Which is not used as drying agent in desiccators is
a) P2O5 b) CaCl2 c) MgCl2 d) Silica Gel
23. Which chemical do not undergo sublimations
a) KMnO4 b) Naphthalene c) Ammonium Chloride d) Iodine
24. the most common solvent used in solvent extraction
a) Acetone b) ethanol c) Rectified spirit d) Di-ethyl ether

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25. In CCl4 solvent I2 shows color
a) Blue b) Brown c) Pink d) Purple
26. Iodine can be purified the process of
a) Evaporation b) Saponification c) Sublimation d) Crystallization
27. Insolvent particle can be separated from liquid
a) Sublimation b) Solvent Extraction c) Filtration d) Crystallization
28. Repeated extraction using
a) Accurate b) Efficient c) Slow d) Rapid
29. Solvent extraction is a process
a) Exothermic b) Endothermic c) Equilibrium d) Non-equilibrium
30. Purity of a substance
a) Crystallization b) Solvent extraction c) Sublimation d) Chromatography
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. State distribution law or partition law. OR State law of distribution constant.
2. Differentiate between adsorption and partition chromatography.
3. Define sublimation with two examples.
4. How undesirable colours are removed from crystals?
5. Name four important solvents chosen for crystallization.
6. Iodine is more soluble in water in the presence of KI. Discuss.
7. Give the main characteristics of the solvent used for crystallization?
8. Concentrated HCl and KMnO4 solutions cannot be filtered by Gooch crucible. Give reason.
9. Why sintered glass crucible is preferred to Gooch crucible?
10. Define Rf value and why it has no unit?
11. Write down any two methods of drying of crystals.
12. Why is there a need to crystallize the crude product?
13. Name the steps which are used in crystallization.
14. Give two uses applications of chromatography.
15. State solvent extraction and give its importance.
16. Give the major steps for the complete quantitative analysis.
17. Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative analysis.
18. How can rate of filtration be increased?
19. Explain filtration through Gooch crucible.
20. How crystals are dried using filter paper? Give its two disadvantages.
21. Name the various experimental techniques which are used for purification of substances.
22. How crystals are dried in vacuum desiccators?
23. How mixture of NH4Cl and NaCl can be separated?
24. Define sublimation and solvent extraction.
25. Differentiate between stationary phase and mobile phase?
26. Define chromatography and give formula of distribution coefficient.
27. What is filter paper? Give its advantages.
28. Media which are used for filtration should be selected on the basis of precipitates. Explain?
29. How Gooch Crucible does increases the rate of Filtration?
30. Describe method to collect crystals from its mother liquor.
31. The vacuum desiccator is a safe and reliable method for drying the crystals. Explain.
32. What is a disadvantage of slow crystallization?
33. Define filtration and crystallization.
34. How saturated solution for crystallization can be prepared?
35. How purification is carried out by Sublimation?
36. Describe Ether Extraction.
37. Define analytical chemistry.

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CHAPTER 3
GASES& PLASMA
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Pressure remaining constant, at which temperature the volume of a gas will become twice of what it is at 00C
a) 4560C b) 2000C c) 546K d) 273K

2. Equal masses of methane and oxygen are mixed in an empty container at 25 0C. The fraction of total pressure exerted by oxygen is
𝟏 𝟖 𝟏 𝟏𝟔
a) b) c) d)
𝟑 𝟗 𝟗 𝟏𝟕
3. The partial pressure of oxygen in lungs is
a) 760 Torr b) 670 Torr c) 159 Torr d) 116 Torr
4. The molar volume of CO2 is maximum at
a) STP b) 1270C and 1atm c) 00C and 2atm d) 2370C and 2atm
5. A real gas obeying Van Der Waals equation will resemble ideal gas if
a) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are large b) both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are small
c) ‘a’ is small and ‘b’ is large d) ‘a’ is large and ‘b’ is small
6. If absolute temperature of a gas is doubled and the pressure is reduced to one half, the volume of the gas will
a) Remain unchanged b) increase four times c) reduce to ¼ d) be doubled
7. S.I unit of pressure is
a) Torr b) mn of Hg c) Nm-2 d) Pound / Inch
3
8. Number of molecules in one dm of water is close to
6.02 12.04 18
a) × 10 b) × 10 c) × 10 d) 55. 6 x 6.02 x 1023
22.4 22.4 22.4
9. Which of the following will have the same number of molecules at STP?
a) 280 cm3 of CO2 and 280 cm3 of N2O b) 11.2 dm3 of O2 and 32 g of O2
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c) 44 g of CO2 and 11.2 dm of CO d) 28 g of N2 and 5.6 dm3 of oxygen
10. The order of the rate of diffusion of gases NH3, SO2, Cl2 anCO2 is:
a) NH3> SO2> Cl2> CO2 b) NH3> CO2> SO2> Cl2 c) Cl2> SO2> CO2> NH3 d) NH3> CO2> Cl2> SO2
11. Gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressure. Which of the following is correct for non-ideality?
a) At high pressure, the gas molecules move in one direction only
b) At high pressure, the collisions between the gas molecules are increased manifold
c) At high pressure, the volume of the gas becomes insignificant
d) At high pressure, the intermolecular attractions become significant
12. The deviation of gas from ideal behavior is maximum at
a) -100C and 5.0atm b) -100C and 2.0atm c) 1000C and 2.0atm d) 00C and 2.0atm
13. Normal human body temp is
a) 370C b) 98.60C c) 370F d) 273K
14. Density of an ideal gas can be calculated by the formula
a) d = NRT b) d = PM / RT c) d= m/M RT d) d = PV / M
15. The speeding of fragrance of scent in air due to
a) Effusion b) Diffusion c) Osmosis d) Density
16. Formula used for the conversion of F0 into C0 is
a) F0 = 5/9 (C0) + 32 b) C0 = 5/9 (F0 - 32) c) F0 = 9/5 (C0) + 32 d) C0 = 9/5 (F0 – 32)
17. Which gas will diffuse rapidly?
a) CO2 b) NH3 c) HCl d) SO2
18. How should to conditions be changed to prevent the volume of a given gas from expanding when its mass is increased?
a) Temperature is lowered and pressure is increased b) Temperature is increased and pressure is lowered
c) Temperature and pressure both are lowered d) Temperature and pressure both are increased
19. SI unit of pressure is
a) Nm-2 b) Pound Inch-2 c) torr d) mm of Hg
20. The constant factor in Boyle’s law is
a) Pressure b) Temperature c) Volume d) Density
21. The constant factor in Charles’s law
a) Pressure b) Temperature c) Mass d) Volume
22. At -273 the volume of gas becomes
a) 10 b) 5 c) 3 d) Zero
23. The scale used for Charles law is
a) Kelvin b) C c) P d) All
24. What is the Temperature of ice is
a) OK b) 273K c) -273K d) 373K
25. Value of R in dm3atm Kmol-1 is
a) 0.0821 b) 0.0621 c) 0.0421 d) 0.0321
26. Partial pressure of O2 in lungs
a) 116 torr b) 189 torr c) 273 torr d) 159 torr
27. Plasma is a conductor of electricity
a) Bad b) Poor c) Good d) None
28. One torr is equal to
a) One Atmosphere b) One Pascal c) One mm of Hg d) 76 cm of Hg
29. Standard temperature for gas
a) O 0C b) 750 C c) 2730 C d) 1000 C

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30. The color of NO2 gas is
a) Yellow b) Green c) Brown d) Blue
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Define plasma state. Give its two applications.
2. Calculate the value of gas constant R in S.I units.
3. Give two characteristics of plasma.
4. What is absolute zero? What happens to real gases while approaching this temperature?
5. Describe two cause of deviation from ideality.
6. Differentiate between diffusion and effusion of gases.
7. Water vapours do not behave ideally at 273K. Justify
8. Differentiate between critical temperature and critical pressure.
9. SO2 is non-ideal at 273K, but behaves like an ideal gas at 3270 K. Justify the statement.
10. List four postulates of kinetic theory of gases.
11. Gases show non-ideal behavior at law temperature and high pressure. Justify the statement.
12. Define Avogadro’s law of gases.
13. Give units of Vander wall’s constants “a” and “b”.
14. What is Graham’s law of diffusion and write its mathematical form.
15. Convert -40oF temperature to Centigrade scale and Kelvin scale.
16. Define Boyl’s law and give its mathematical expression.
17. Derive an expression to calculate density of a gas from ideal gas equation.
18. State Joule Thomson effect. Why it is not applicable to H2 gas?
19. Hydrogen and Helium are ideal at room temperature but SO2 and Cl2 are non-ideal. Explain.
20. Why gases show non-ideal behavior at low temperature and high pressure?
21. Differentiate natural and artificial plasma?
22. Write name of fourth state of matter. How can it be obtained?
23. Liquids are less common than gases and solids. Justify.
24. Define critical temperature and the critical volume of the gas.
25. Why lighter gases diffuse more rapidly than heavier gases?
26. Rate of diffusion of NH3 gas is more than HCl gas. Why?
27. Derive the units of “R” in general gas equation when the pressure is in atmosphere and volume in dm 3.
28. Define atmospheric pressure. Give its two units.
29. Define Dalton’s law of partial pressures. Give mathematical expression.
30. Why do we get a straight line when pressures are plotted against inverse of volume for gas.
31. What is absolute scale?
32. What are isotherms?
33. Define thermometry. Name the scale and device used for thermometry.
34. State Charles’s Law and writes its mathematical form.
35. Define Quantitative Definition of Charles’s Law.
36. Throw some light on the factor 1 in Charles Law.
273
37. What is Fahrenheit Scale? Write formula to convert centigrade scale to Fahrenheit scale.
38. Calculate density of CH4 gas at 0oC and 760mm Hg pressure. Molecular mass of CH4=16?
39. Derive an expression to find out the partial pressure of a gas?
40. Why do we feel comfortable in expressing the densities of gases in unites of g dm-3 rather than g dm-3, a unit which is
used to express the densities of liquids and solids?
41. Give two faulty postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory.
42. Real gases show non ideal behavior due to two assumptions of kinetic molecular theory. Explain?
43. Pressure of NH3 gas at given condition is less as calculated by Vander Wall’s equation than that of calculated by general
gas equations?
44. Why the graph plotted between pressure and volume moves away from pressure axis at higher temperature.
45. Define diffusion with two examples.
46. Why the plot of PV is verses P a straight line at constant temperature and with a fixed number of moles of ideal gas?
47. Justify that the volume of given mass of a gas becomes theoretically zero at -273oC.
LONG QUESTIONS (THEORY)
1. Describe Dalton’s law of partial pressure and write down its application.
2. Describe Lind’s method for the liquefaction of gases?
3. Derive general gas equation for one mole of a gas from gas laws with the help of graph?
4. What is kinetic molecular theory of gases?
5. Explain the Boyl’s law and Charles law on the basis of’’ K.M.T‘’of gases?
6. Explain the Avogadro’s law and Grahams law on the basis of’’ K.M.T‘’of gases?
7. State and explain the experimental verification of Graham’s law of diffusion and Boyle’s Law
8. Why real gas deviate from their ideal behave. Discuss its causes.
9. Derive Vander Wall’s equation for real gases?
10. How volume and pressure are corrected by Van der Waals.
LONG QUESTIONS (NUMARICAL)
Boyles law (P1V1=P2V2)
1. A gas having volume of 10 dm3 is enclosed in a vessel at 0oC and pressure is 2.5 atmospheres. This gas is allowed to expand
until the new pressures 2 atmospheres. What will be the new volume of a gas, if the temperature is maintained at 273 K.?
2. Helium gas in a 100 cm3 container at a pressure of 500 torr is transfer to a container with a volume of 250 cm 3. What will be
the new pressure?
Charles law (V1/T1=V2/T2)

7
3. 250 cm3 of hydrogen gas is cooled from 1270C to -27 0C by maintaining the pressure constant. Calculate the new volume of
the gas at low temperature.
4. A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupied 150.0ml at 250C. It’s than cooled at constant pressure until it occupies 100.0ml.
What is the new temperature?
General gas equation (P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2)
5. A sample of nitrogen gas is enclosed in a vessel of volume 380 cm3 at 120 0C and pressure of 101325Nm-2. This gas is transfer
to a 10 dm3 flask and cooled to 270C. Calculate the pressure in Nm-2 exerted by the gas at 270C.
6. Helium gas in a 100 cm3 container at a pressure of 500 torr is transfer to a container with a volume of 250 cm 3. If the
temperature change from 200C to 150C. What will be the new pressure?
7. A sample of Krypton with a volume of 6.25 dm3 pressure of 765 torr and a temperature of 200C is expand to a volume of 9.55
dm3 and pressure of 375 torr. What will be its final temperature in 0C.
Density of gases (d=PM/RT) Q.No.5:
8. Calculate the density of CH4(g) at 00C and 1 atmospheric pressure.
9. Calculate the density of CH4(g) if temperature will increase 270C and 1 atmospheric pressure.
10. Calculate the density of CH4(g) at 00C if pressure increase2 atmospheric pressure.
11. What is the density of CH4(g) in Kg.m-3 at STP.(P=101325Nm-2 , T= 273K and molecular mass in Kg.mole-1)
12. What is the density of Oxygen in Kg.m-3 at STP.(P=101325Nm-2 , T= 273K and molecular mass in Kg.mole-1)
13. What is the density of Hydrogen in Kg.m-3at STP.(P=101325Nm-2 , T= 273K and molecular mass in Kg.mole-1)
14. Compare the densities of Oxygen, Hydrogen and methane in proportion to their mole masses.
15. How will you justify that increase of volume up to 100dm3 at 270C of 2 mole of NH3 will allow the gas behave ideally, as
compare to S.T.P condition.
Molecular mass (PV=nRT); PV= (m/M) RT
16. Calculate the mass of 1dm3 of NH3 gas at 300C and 1000 mm of Hg pressure. Considering that NH3 behave ideally.
17. Calculate the number of moles, molecules and atom in the 20cm3 of CH4 at 00C and pressure 700 mm og Hg.
18. Calculate the number of moles, molecules and atom in the 1cm3 of NH3 at 1000C and pressure of 1.5atm.
19. Working at vacume line, a chemist isolated a gas in a weighing blub with a volume of 255 cm 3, at a temperature of 250C and
under a pressure in the blub of 10.0 torr. The gas weighed 12.1 mg. what is the molecular mass of gas?
Dalton’s Law partial pressure P=p1+p2+p3
20. What pressure is exerted by a mixture of 2.00g of H2 and 8.00g of N2 at 273K in a 10dm3 vessel?
21. There is a mixture of hydrogen, helium and methane occupying a vessel of volume 13dm 3 at 37 0C and pressure of 1 atm. The
masses of H2 and He are 0.8 g and 0.12 respectively. Calculate the partial pressure in torr of each gas in the mixture.
Graham’s law of diffusion.
22. 250cm3 of the sample of hydrogen effuse four times as rapidly as 250cm3of an unknown gas. Calculate the molar mass of
unknown gas.
23. The rate of diffusion of an unknown gas A through a pinhole is found to be 0.279times the rate of effusion of H 2 gas through
the same pinhole. Calculate the molecular mass of the unknown gas at S T P.
24. Hydrogen (H2) diffuse through a porous plate at a rate of 500 cm3per mint at 00C.what is the rate of diffusion of oxygen
through the same porous plate at 00C.
25. The relative density of two gases A and B are 1:1.5. Find out the volume of B which will diffuse in the same time in which
150dm3 of A will diffuse.
Van der Waals equation
26. One mole of methane gas is maintained at 300 K. its volume is 250cm 3. Calculate the pressure exerted by the gas under the
following condition. Value of constant (a=2.253atm.dm6.mole-3) and (b=0.0428dm3.mole-1) When the gas is ideal. And when
the gas is non ideal.
27. Two moles of NH3 are enclosed in a 5 dm3 flask at 270C. Calculate the pressure exerted by the gas. value of (a=4.17
atm.dm6.mole-3); (0.0371 dm3.mole-1)
a. When the gas is ideal. And when the gas is non ideal.
b. Also calculate the amount of pressure lessened due to force of attraction at this condition of temperature and pressure.
c. Do you expect the same decrease in the pressure of two moles of NH3 having a volume of 40dm3 and at temperature of
270C

8
CHAPTER 4
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Acetone and chloroform are soluble in each other due to.
a) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding b) Ion-dipole interaction
c) Instantaneous dipole d) All of the above
2. Ionic solids are characterized by.
a) Low melting points b) Good conductivity in solid state
c) High vapor pressures d) Solubility in polar solvents
3. The molecules of CO2 in dry ice form the
a) Ionic crystals b) Covalent crystals c) Molecular crystals d) Any type of crystal
4. Which of the following is pseudo solid?
a) CaF2 b) Glass c) NaCl d) All
o
5. In order to mention the boiling point of water at 110 C the external pressure should be.
a) Between 760 torr and 1200 torr b) Between 200 torr and 760 torr
c) 765 torr d) any value of pressure
6. London dispersion forces are the only forces present among the.
a) Molecules of water in liquid state b) Molecules of solid iodine
c) Atoms of helium in gaseous state at high temperature d) Molecules of hydrogen chloride gas.
th
7. NH3 shows maximum boiling point among the hydrides of V group elements due to.
a) Very small size of nitrogen b) Lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen
c) Enhanced electronegative d) Pyramidal structure of NH3
8. Diamond is a bad conductor because.
a) It has a tight structure
b) It has high density
c) There is no free electron present in the crystal of diamond to conduct electricity
d) Is transparent to light
9. The existence of an element is more than one crystalline form is
a) Allotropy b) Isotropy c) Isomorphism d) Polymorphism
o
10. When water freezes at 0 C its density decreases due to
a) Cubic structure of ice b) Empty spaces present in the structure of ice
c) Change of bond lengths d) Change of bond angles
11. Amorphous solids
a) Gabe sharp melting points b) Undergo clean cleavage when cut with knife
c) Can possess small regions of orderly arrangement of atoms. d) Gave perfect arrangement of atoms
12. The example of hexagonal system
a) Sulphur b) NaCl c) Graphite d) Diamond
13. Liquid hydrocarbon is
a) Methane b) Propane c) Ethane d) Hexane
14. Hydrogen bonding maximum in
a) HE b) HBr c) HCl d) HF
15. Allotropy is the property of
a) Element b) Ion c) Compound d) Mixture
16. Transition temperature of Tin (Sn) is
a) 1280C b) 95.50C c) 13.20C d) 32.80C
17. Water has maximum density at
a) 40C b) 00C c) 1000C d) 150C
18. Ice occupies more space than liquid water unto
a) 11% b) 10% c) 9% d) 12%
19. Water boils at 250C when the external pressure is
a) 760 Torr b) 1489 Torr c) 23.7 Torr d) 4.6 Torr
20. Which one is example of Cubic Crystal?
a) Graphite b) Sugar c) Brown d) Diamond
21. At Murree hills water boils at
a) 98 0C b) 1000 C c) 00C d) 500 C
+
22. Coordinate number of Na ion in NaCl
a) One b) Two c) Four d) Six
23. Water may boil at 120 C when external pressures
a) 369 Torr b) 700 Torr c) 760 Torr d) 1489 Torr
24. Crystals formed due to London forces.
a) Ionic b) Covalent c) Molecular d) Metallic

9
25. How many Allotropic forms are present in C?
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
26. Liquid hydrocarbon is
a) Methane b) Propane c) Ethane d) Hexane
27. Hydrogen bonding is strongest in
a) HI b) HBr c) HCl d) HF
28. Allotropy is the property of
a) Element b) Compound c) Mixture b) Ions
29. The structure of NaCl is
a) Body centered cube b) Face centered cube c) Simple cube d) None
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Give two important uses of liquid crystals.
2. Ionic crystals are highly brittle. Why?
3. Define polymorphism with example.
4. Evaporation causes cooling. Justify.
5. Why heat of sublimation is greater than heat of vaporization?
6. How electrical conductivity of the metals decreases by increasing the temperature?
7. Earthenware vessels keep water cool. Explain.
8. Define transition temperature with two examples.
9. Heat of sublimation of iodine is very high. Justify.
10. Density of ice is less than liquid water. Explain with reason. (Ice floats on H2O. Give reason.)
11. Cleavage of the crystals is itself anisotropic. Give reason.
12. Define isomorphism with two examples.
13. Describe the importance of vacuum distillation.
14. Vacuum distillation can be used to avoid decomposition of sensitive liquid. Why?
15. Justify that evaporation take place at all temperature.
16. Ionic solids are insulator in solids state, but become conductors when dissolved in water. Explain.
17. Define liquid crystal with example.
18. Define boiling point.
19. The boiling point of water is different at Murree hills and at Mount Everest. why
20. Why boiling point of water varies from sea-level to higher places.
21. Ionic solids do not conduct electricity in solid state. Give reason.
22. Why metals behave as good conductor of electricity?
23. Graphite is conductor but diamond is insulator. Give reason?
24. Sodium is a good conductor of electricity but NaCl(s) is not. Give reasons.
25. What is Lattice and Lattice energy?
26. Write four properties of molecular solids.
27. Iodine dissolves readily in tetra chloromethane. Justify.
28. Why HF is weaker acid than HCl?
29. Water is liquid at room temperature while H2S is a gas. Comment.
30. How the increase of polarizability down the group in noble gases is responsible for increase in melting and boiling point?
31. Why diamond is hard and an electricity insulator?
32. State electron pool theory.
33. In the closest packing of atoms of metals, only 74% space in occupied. Give reason.
34. Justify that diamond is non-conductor of electricity.
35. Write two properties of covalent crystals?
36. Why sodium is softer than copper but both are good conductors of electricity?
37. Define unit cell with example?
38. Explain why sodium chloride and cesium chloride have different structures.
39. Differentiate between an amorphous solid and crystalline solid.
40. Why amorphous solids like glass are also called super cooled liquids?
41. Define allotropy with an example.
42. Define dipole-dipole forces with example.
43. Describe crystallographic elements.
44. Explain cleavage of the crystals and cleavage plane.
45. Transition temperature is the term used for elements as well as compounds. justify
46. Define molar heat of fusion and molar heat of vaporization.
47. Why do we feel cooling after taking bath?
48. What is vaporization? How does it cause cooling?
49. What are London Dispersion forces?
50. Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces why?
51. Explain the working of pressure cooker.
52. Write down two applications of hydrogen bonding.
53. What is the role of hydrogen bonding in Biological compounds?
54. Define hydrogen bonding and give one example.
55. Describe cleaning action of soaps and detergents on the basis of H-bonding.
56. Define vapors pressure. Write down two factors that effect vapour pressure of a liquid?
57. Why the heat of vaporizations of water is greater than that of CH4
58. Water freezes from surface to downward direction in ponds and lakes. Explain it?
59. Explain the vapour pressures of solids are far less than those of liquids?
60. How vapor pressure is related to intermolecular forces of attraction?

10
61. Define Evaporation. Name the factors which effect Evaporation.
62. Why different liquids posses different boiling points?
63. The vapors pressure of diethyl ether is higher than that of water at same temperature. Give reason?
64. Why the values of boiling points of noble gases increase from top to bottom within a group?
65. Why the temperature of boiling liquid does not rise even if heat is continuously supplied to it?
66. Explain why the melting points, boiling points heat of vaporization and heat of sublimations of electrovalent Compounds
are higher than covalent compound?
67. How liquid crystals act as temperature sensors?
68. Define crystalline solid and crystallites.
69. What are crystallographic elements? Explain with diagram.
70. Explain tetragonal system showing angles, phases and give two examples?
71. One of the unit cell angles of Hexagonal crystal is 120o?
72. Boiling needs a constant supply of heat, give reason.
73. How rate of evaporation depends on surface area?
74. How is dynamic equilibrium established during evaporation of a liquid in a closed vessel at constant temperature?
75. How are liquid crystals used to locate veins, arteries infections and tumors?
76. Lower alcohols are soluble in water but hydrocarbons are insoluble. Give reason.
77. What are Debye forces? Or what are “dipole-induced dipole forces”?
78. Why vapor pressure of CCl4 is 87 torr while isopentane is 580torr at 20oC?
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Classified solid on the bass of bonding, how ionic solid are formed. Write down the Property in detail.
2. What are liquid crystals? Give their uses.
3. What is vapour pressure? Write down its determination method.
4. What are molecular solid. Write down its properties. And describe the structure of iodine.
5. Write a note on hydrogen bonding in structure of ice.
6. Write a note on hydrogen bonding in structure of Biological compounds.
7. Explain seven the crystal system with angle and edges.
8. What is a London dispersion force? Write down its Factors affecting the London forces.
9. What are Covalent Crystals? Give their two types o? Write properties of Covalent Crystals? Discuss the structure Of
diamond.
10. Explain the electron gas theory of metals and discuss the conductivity of metals? Also give its four properties of Metallic
solid.

11
CHAPTER 5
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Splitting of spectral lines when atoms are subjected to strong electric field is called:
a) Zeeman effect b) Stark effect c) Photoelectric effect d) Compton effect
2. When 6d orbital is complete, the entering electron goes into;
a) 7f b) 7s c) 7p d) 7d
6 -1
3. The wave number of the light emitted by a certain source is 2×10 m . The wavelength of this light will be.
a) 500nm b) 500m c) 200nm d) 5×107m
4. Quantum number values for 2p orbitals are:
a) n  2, l  1 b) n  1, l  2 c) n  1, l  0 d) n  2, l  0
5. Orbitals having same energy are called:
a) Hybrid orbital b) Valence orbital c) Degenerate orbital d) d-orbital
6. The nature of the positive rays depends on
a) The nature of the electrode b) The nature of the discharge tube
c) The nature of the residual gas d) All of the above
7. Bohr model of atom is contradicted by
a) Planck’s quantum theory b) Dual nature of matter
c) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle d) All of above
8. The velocity of photon is
a) Independent of its wavelength b) Depends on its wavelength
c) Equal to square of its amplitude d) Depends on its source
9. Rutherford’s model of atom failed because
a) The atom did not have a nucleus and electron
b) It did not account for the attraction between protons and neutrons
c) It did not account for the stability of the atom
d) There is actually no space between the nucleus and the electrons
10. Neutron was discarded by
a) Chadwick b) Rutherford c) C.D. Anderson d) Goldstein
11. In the ground state of an atom, the electron is present
a) In the second shell b) farthest from the nucleus c) Nearest to the nucleus d) In the nucleus
12. Mass of electron is
a) 9.1095 x 1031 Kg b) 9.1095 x 10-31 Kg c) 9.1095 x 10-27 Kg d) 9.1095 x 10-31g
13. The e/m value for the positive rays is maximum for
a) Hydrogen b) Helium c) Oxygen d) Nitrogen
14. Balmer Series in hydrogen spectrum lies in the region
a) UV b) Visible c) IR d) Microwave
15. The liming line of Balmer Series lies in the region
a) Visible b) U.V c) Near IR d) For I.R
16. When the azimuthal quantum no is 3, then m can have value
a) 5 Value b) 7 Value c) 2 Value d) 3 Value
17. De-Broglie equation is represented by
a) h= b) m c) m= d) None of these
18. Maximum numbers of electrons in a sub shell
a) 2l + 1 b) 2l – 1 c) 2 (2l + 1) d) 2 (2l – 1)
19. An orbital can accommodate maximum electrons
a) 10 b) 14 c) 6 d) 2
20. Lyman series occur in
a) Visible region b) U.V. region c) I.R. Region d) None
21. Negative charge on cathode rays we established by
a) William Crooh b) J.Perrin c) R.A Millikan d) Hittraf
22. An orbital which is spherical and symmetrical if
a) S-orbital b) p-orbital c) d-orbital d) f-orbital
23. Angstrom is the unit of
a) Time b) Length c) Mass d) Frequency
24. Mass of electron is
a) 9.105 x 1031 kg b) 9.105 x 10-31 kg c) 9.105 x 10 -27 kg d) 9.105 x 10-31 g
25. K-Series and X-rays has wave length
a) Long b) Smaller c) Same d) Different
26. What is the value of (n+l) for 3s sub-shell
a) 2 b) 1 c) 5 d) 3
12
27. Cathode rays consist of
a) Electrons b) Protons c) Neutron d) Nucleolus
28. The d-sub shells consists of
a) 5-orbital b) 6-orbital c) 7-orbtial d) 10-orbital
29. Orbitals having (same energy)
a) Hybrid b) Valence c) D d) Degenerate
30. Mass of one mole of electronic
a) 0.55mg b) .0184 mg c) 1.673 mg d) 1.008 mg
31. For that sub-shell the azimuthally quantum number
a) 2 b) 3 c) Zero d) 1
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Give two defects of Rutherford’s atomic model?
2. State Moseley’s law with its mathematical form?
3. Define Heisenberg’s principle of uncertainty and give its mathematical expression?
4. Differentiate between Stark and Zeeman Effect?
e
5. Calculate the mass of an electron 1.75881011 Colomb Kg-1?
m
6. The e/m values of positive rays obtained from hydrogen gas is 1836 times less than that of cathode rays. Justify?
7. Whatever gas is used in the discharge tube the nature of the cathode rays remains the same, why?
8. What particles are formed by the decay of free neutrons?
9. Why is it necessary to decrease the pressure in discharge tube to get cathode rays?
10. Give reason for the production of positive rays.
11. State Hund’s rule and Pauli Exclusion Principle
12. State Aufbau’s principle and (n+l) rule.
13. Differentiate between frequency and wave number?
14. How neutrons were discovered by Chadwick? Give the equation of nuclear reaction involved.
15. What are Nuclear Reactions? Write equation for a Nuclear Reaction for the production of Neutron.
16. Write four properties of positive rays.
17. Give two properties of neutrons.
18. e/m value of cathode ray is just equal to that of electrons. Justify.
19. Write electrons configuration of an element with atomic number Z=15,26,29,35,37,55
20. The positive rays are also called canal rays. Explain.
21. Give nuclear reactions to show the radioactive decay when a slow moving neutron hits the copper metal.
22. How do you come to know that the velocities of electrons in higher orbits are less than those of lower orbits.
23. Give two defects in Bohr’s atomic model?
24. Differentiate between line spectrum and continuous spectrum?
25. Differentiate between atomic emission and atomic absorption spectrum?
26. What are X-Rays? How they are produced?
27. Justify that e/m value of positive rays for different gases are different but those for cathode rays, the e/m Values are
same.
28. How it was inferred that cathode rays are material particles?
29. Write postulates of Bohr’s atomic model?
30. Write down nuclear reactions involved in the conversion Cu into Zn.
31. Electron has dual nature, Justify?
32. Compare orbit and orbital?
33. The distance gaps between different orbits go to increasing from the lower to the higher orbits. Give reason?
34. Calculate number of electrons in s, p, d and f orbital’s according to formula?
35. What is function of principle quantum number?
36. Define azimuthal quantum number and give its importance.
37. How the K-series, L-series and M-series of X-rays spectrum are produced?
38. How Davision and Germer proved dual nature of matter?
39. How will you prove that Cathode Rays travel is Straight Lines?
40. Cathode rays are negatively charged. Explain it with diagram.
41. Cathode rays can cause a chemical change. Justify.
42. Why e/m of cathode rays is equal to that of electrons.
43. How the bending of cathode rays in the electric and magnetic fields shows that they are4 negatively charged.
44. Describe behavior of cathode rays in magnetic field.
45. How neutrons are used in treatment of cancer.
46. Differentiate between slow and fast neutron.
47. The radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom is 0.529 Ao. Calculate the radius of 3rd orbit of hydrogen atom?
48. Why the potential energy of bonded electron has negative value?
49. What is Lyman series? In which region it lies?
50. How a polychromatic light split into various bands of light while passing the transparent glass prism?
51. What is Ha-line in hydrogen spectrum? Which effects explain these lines?
52. Define azimuthally quantum number. Justify concept of s, p, d, and f sub shells from it.
53. Draw the shape of d-Orbital and p orbital.
54. Why does the size of He+ is much smaller than H-atom although both H-atom and He+ ion are mono electronic system?
55. Derive de-Broglie’s equation.

13
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Describe Millikan’s oil drop method for the measurement of charge on Electron.
2. Give the different defects of Bohr’s atomic model.
3. Drive an expression for the radius of nth Bohr’s orbital of H atom.
4. Derive the formula for calculating the energy of electron in nth orbit of Hydrogen Atom using Bohr’s Model.
5. What are X-rays? Give the conclusion draw by Mosley from study of spectral lines.
6. What is neutron? How was discovered? Give its two properties.
7. Discuss the properties of Cathode Rays.
8. Give the different postulates of Bohr’s atomic model.
9. Define Quantum Numbers. Explain Principle and Magnetic Quantum Numbers.

14
CHAPTER 6
CHEMICAL BONDING
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The number of bonds in nitrogen molecule is
a) One  and one  b) One  and two  c) Three sigma only d) Two  and one 
2. Which of the hydrogen halides has the highest percentage of ionic character?
a) HCl b) HBr c) HF d) HI
3. Which of the following species has unpaired electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals?
a) O22 b) N 22  c) B2 d) F2
4. Octet rule is not followed in the formation of
a) NF3 b) CF4 c) PCl5 d) BF3
5. The geometry of ethane is
a) Trigonal b) Linear c) V-shaped d) Tetrahedral
6. The highest electronegative element the periodic table is
a) Oxygen b) Nitrogen c) Chlorine d) Fluorine
7. Which of the following molecules has zero dipole moment?
a) NH3 b) CHCl3 c) H2O d) BF3
8. Which of the following statement s is not correct regarding bonding molecular orbitals?
a) Bonding molecular orbital possess less energy than atomic orbital from which they are formed.
b) Bonding molecular orbital have low electron density between the two nuclei.
c) Every electron in the bonding molecular orbital contributes to the attraction between atoms
d) Bonding molecular orbital are formed when the electron waves undergo constructive interference.
9. The S.I unit of dipole moment is
a) Joule b) Debye c) m.c d) N.m-2
10. Total number of bond is C2H4 molecules are
a) Six b) Four c) Seven d) Eight
11. Bond order of O2-2 is
a) Zero b) One c) Two d) Three
12. Electro negativity of fluorine is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
13. Bond angle in case of ammonia molecule is
a) 1050 b) 107.50 c) 1200 d) 1800
14. The dipole moment of CO2 is
a) OD b) 0.12D c) 0.95D d) 0.78D
15. Carbon atom in CH4 is hybridization
a) SP3 b) SP2 c) SP d) dSP2
+
16. The radius of Na Ion is
a) 92 Pm b) 93 Pm c) 94 Pm d) 95 Pm
17. Dipole moment of water is
a) 1.61D b) 1.85D c) 1.49D d) 0.95D
18. An ionic compound A+B- is most likely to be formed when
a) The ionization energy of A is high and electron affinity of B is low.
B) The ionization energy of A is low and electron affinity of B is high.
c) Both the ionization energy of A and electron affinity of B is high.
d) Both the ionization energy of A and electron affinity of B is low.
19. Which of the following molecules has a coordinate covalent bond?
a) HCl b) NaCl c) NH4Cl d) AlCl3
20. The angle formed in Sp hybridizations is
a) 120 b) 180 c) 109.5 d) 107.5
21. Dipole moment of CO2 is
a) 1.84D b) Zero c) 0.95D d) 2.2D
2
22. In Sp the orbital’s are oriented at angle
a) 109.5 b) 120 c) `180 d) 0
23. A molecular orbital can contain maximum electrons equal to
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
24. Octet rule is not followed in the formation of
a) NF3 b) CF4 c) CCl4 d) PCl5
25. the most stable elements are
a) Halogens b) Lithium Family c) Noble gases d) None

26. The hybridization of carbon in C2H4 is

15
a) SP b) SP2 c) SP3 d) Not hybridization
27. Positive ions are called
a) Cations b) Anions c) Molecules d) Hydrated ions
28. Total numbers of bonds in C2H4 is
a) Six b) Four c) Five d) Eight
29. M.O.T was proposed by
a) Moseley b) Werner c) Kossel d) Mulipran
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. How Pi bonds are more diffused than sigma bonds. OR Sigma bond is stronger than Pi bond. Why?
2. What is coordinate covalent bond? Give example.
3. How ionization energy does vary in periodic table.
4. Bond distance is compromise distance between two atoms. Explain with reason.
5. Ionization energy decreases down the group, although atomic number is increased. Explain it.
6. Define octet rule. Give two examples of compounds which do not obey this rule.
7. Define electronegativity. Give its trend in periodic table?
8. The abnormality of bond length and bond strength in HI is less prominent than that of HCl. Why?
9. Define bond order and what is bond order of O22  ?
10. MOT is superior to VBT, Explain.
11. Write two points of valence bond theory VBT?
12. Define “Dipole Moment” and give its mathematical form and SI unit.
13. Draw the geometry of SO2 and SO3 on the basis of VSEPR Theory.
14. The dipole moment of CO2 is zero but that of SO2 is not zero. Why?
15. Why CS2 molecule is linear while SO2 is angular
16. The dipole moment of CO2 is zero but that of CO is 0.12D. Give reason.
17. If charge of any one of poles of a dipole is 1.6022 x 10-19 C and two poles are separated by 1Ao then calculate dipole
moment in unit of Debye?
18. CO2 and H2O, both are tri atomic molecules but the dipole moment of CO2 is zero and that of H2O is 1.85 D.
19. Give reason?
20. Why atomic radius is greater than cationic radius? The size of anion is greater than its parent atom. Justify.
21. Define orbital hybridization of orbitals.
22. Compare bond strength of polar and non-polar molecule.
23. How coordinate covalent bonds differ from covalent bond?
24. Why helium gas does not exist in diatomic state?
25. Why the covalent compounds show isomerism, but ionic compounds does not?
26. Differentiate between bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbital?
27. Lone pair of electrons on an atom occupies more space. Give reasons?
28. Ionization energy is an index to the metallic character. Justify it?
29. Define electronegativity and electron affinity of an atom.
30. Define electron affinity and give an example.
31. Why the atomic radii of the atoms cannot be determined precisely?
32. Why cationic radii are smaller than anionic radii? (The size chlorine (Cl) atom is smaller than Cl-1 ion. Justify it)
33. Define ionic and covalent radii.
34. Explain the structure of NH3 molecules on the basis of VSEPR theory.
35. Draw and explain the geometry of NH3 molecule according to valence shell electron pair repulsion theory?
36. Both NH3 and BF3 are tetra atomic but different geometries why?
37. Write the Lewis structures for the following compounds. (i) HCN (ii) CCl4
38. Why the energy of antibonding molecular orbital is higher than corresponding bonding molecular orbital?
39. Represent the molecular orbital of N2 molecule in the increasing order of energy?
40. Why BF3 is non-polar but SO2 is polar.
41. Why CO is polar and CO2 is non-polar?
42. Separate the following molecules as polar or non-polar? (i) CO2 (ii) CH3OH (iii) CCl4 (iv) HF
43. Why no bond can have 100% ionic character?
44. Deviation in bond angle in water (H2O) molecule is more than in ammonia NH3 molecule although both
Have tetrahedral structures?
45. The distinction between a coordinate covalent bond and a covalent bond vanishes after bond formation
in NH4+, H3O+, and CH3NH3+?
46. Define ionization energy. Give two factors on which it depends?
47. Give any two postulates of valence shell electron pair repulsion theory?
48. Why the ionic radius of Cl- ion increases from 99pm to 181pm?
49. Write order of repulsion between electron pairs according to VSEPR-theory?
50. What is the cause for chemical change?
51. Why the atoms of the elements other than noble gases combine with one another?
52. Define bond energy with two parameters which determine its strength?
53. Write short note on atomic radii and ionic radii. Give example?
54. Why the atomic radii increase down the group?
55. Why the atomic radius decreases along period and increases along group?
56. 1st ionization energy of Mg is lower than the 2nd ionization energy. Explain?
57. How electronegativity values of elements help us in understanding the nature of chemical bond?
58. Define shielding effect and how varies along period.
59. Explain the limitations of Lewis model?
60. In NH3 the bond angle is 107.3o but in NF3 the bond angle is 102o. Explain?

16
61. Define lone pair and bond pair of electron.
62. NH3 can form coordinate covalent bond with H+ but CH4 not. Justify.
63. Tell the number of electron pairs shared in CH4 and how many bonds are polar.
64. Draw the structure of H2O Molecule on the basis of VBT and explain it.
65. Define degenerate orbital. How degeneracy of orbital can be lifted?
66. Draw molecular orbital picture of N2 molecule and also calculate its bon order.
67. Sketch the molecular orbital picture of N2.
68. Differentiate between atomic and molecular orbital.
69. Define bond length and bond energy.
70. Why CH4 molecule is called tetrahedral? Mention maximum number of bond angles in it.
71. What information about the molecular structure is obtained from the dipole moment?
72. How the % age Ionic character of the polar covalent bond can be determined?
73. Why the melting points, boiling points, heat of sublimation and heat of vaporization of electrovalent compounds Are
higher as compared with those of covalent compounds?
74. Why covalent compounds react slowly than the ionic compounds?
75. Bond angle in water is 104.5o instead of 109.5o, give reason.
76. What is the effect of bonding on solubility of a compound?
77. What is the basic assumption for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory?
78. Differentiate between polar and non-polar covalent bond.
79. 75.4 pm compromise distance between the bonded hydrogen atoms. Justify.
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Explain structure of CH4, NH3, H2Oon the basic of hybridization theory.
2. Define Sp2 hybridization on its basis; explain the structure of Ethene C2H4 and BF3.
3. Define hybridization process and explain the structure of Ethyne C2H2and BeCl2 molecule on the bases of it?
4. How will you describe the paramagnetic and diamagnetic behave of O2, O2,-2 O2, +2molecules on the basis of M.O.T?
5. How will you describe the paramagnetic and diamagnetic behave of N2, N2,-2 N2, +2molecules on the basis of M.O.T?
6. Explain VSEPR Theory with suitable examples? And also write down the four postulates of “VSEPR theory?
7. Write a note on dipole moment.
8. Define ionization energy. Discuses its variation in periodic table.
9. Describe coordinate covalent bond.

17
CHAPTER 7
THERMOCHEMISTRY
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Calorie is equivalent to
a) 0.4184J b) 41.84J c) 4.184J d) 418.4J
2. If an endothermic reaction is allowed to take place very rapidly in the air, the temperature of the surrounding air.
a) Remains constant b) remains unchanged c) decreases d) Increases
3. The net heat change in a chemical reaction is same. Weather it is brought about in two or more different ways in one or
Several steps. It is known as:
a) Henry’s law b) Joule’s principle
c) Hess’s law d) Law of conservation of energy
4. For a given process, the heat changes at constant pressure (qp) and at constant volume (qv) are related to each other as:
a) qp=qv b) qp<qv c) qp>qv d) qp=qv/2
5. In endothermic reactions, the heat content of the
a) Products is more than that of reactants b) Reactants is more than that of products
c) Both a and b d) Reactants and products are equal
6. The change in heat energy of a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure is called
a) Enthalpy change b) Internal energy change
c) Bond energy d) Heat of sublimation
7. For the reaction: NaOH+HCl⟶ NaCl+H2O the change in enthalpy is called
a) Heat of reaction b) Heat of formation
c) Heat of neutralization d) Heat of combustion
8. Enthalpy of neutralization of all the strong acids and strong bases has the same value because
a) Neutralization leads to the formation of salt and water.
b) Strong acids and bases are ionic substances
c) Acids always give rise to H+ ions and bases always furnish OH ions.
d) The net chemical change involves the combination of H+ and OH ions to form water.
9. The exothermic process is
a) Evaporation b) Respiration c) Sublimation d) Boiling
10. A state function which describe together the internal energy and the product of pressure and volume is called
a) Enthalpy b) Internal Energy c) Work d) Fluorine
11. Which of the following is not state function?
a) Pressure b) Volume c) Temperature d) Heat
12. Standard enthalpy change is measured at
a) 298 K b) 2730C c) 273 K d) 373K
13. The Unit of heat capacity are
a) KJ.K-1 mol-1 b) KJ.K-1 g-1 c) KJ.K-1 d) KJ.K-1 mol-2
14. Which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics?
a) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b) One form of energy can be transferred into an equivalent amount of other kinds of energy
c) In an adiabatic process, the work done is independent of its path.
d) Continuous production of mechanical work without supplying an equivalent amount of heat is possible
15. Spontaneous reactions are
a) Reversible b) Irreversible c) Nonreversible d) None
16. The standard heat charges occur at
a) 25 C and 2atm b) 298K and 1 atm c) 28 C and 1 mmHg d) 273K and 1 atm
17. At constant volume qvis equal
a) ∆H b) ∆E c) ∆P d) ∆V
18. In bomb calorimeter the reaction is carried out at constant
a) Pressure b) Work c) Volume d) None
19. Work is product of force and
a) Volume b) Time c) Displacement d) Pressure
20. Born-Haber’s cycle is used to determine the
a) Combustions Energy b) Decomposition Energy c) Lattice energy d) Formation energy
21. Standard enthalpies are measured at
a) 273K b) 298K c) 373K d) All
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Define state function. Give Example.
2. Differentiate spontaneous and non-spontaneous reaction.
3. State enthalpy of combustion with one example.
4. Burning of a candle is a spontaneous process. Justify.
5. Describe system and surrounding.
6. Differentiate between internal energy and enthalpy.
7. Define standard enthalpy of atomization with an example.
8. Enthalpy of neutralization is for an acid and base. Explain with example.
9. Define enthalpy of Reaction and enthalpy of solution.
10. Why is it necessary to mention the physical state of reactants and products in the thermo chemical reaction?
11. Draw labeled diagram of bomb calorimeter.
12. Why the enthalpy of neutralization has the same value for any strong acid with any strong base?
13. Is it true that a non-spontaneous process never happens in universe? Explain.
18
14. Is it necessary that spontaneous reactions are exothermic in nature? Explain.
15. Why in exothermic reaction, heat is released from the system?
16. Differentiate exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction.
17. Spontaneous reactions always proceed in the forward direction. Give reason?
18. What is meant by heat (q) and work (w) in thermo chemistry?
19. Acid-base neutralization process is always exothermic. Give reason?
20. Define standard enthalpy of formation with two examples.
21. Differentiate between law of conservation of energy and Hess’s law?
22. Define thermo chemical equations.
LONG QUESTIONS
1. What is First Law of Thermodynamics? And Prove that: ΔE = qv
2. What is enthalpy? And prove that ΔH = qp
3. Define and explain “Hess”s law of constant heat” with an example.
4. State the construction and functioning of glass calorimeter.
5. How the enthalpy of combustion of a substance is measured by bomb calorimeter?
6. Define Lattice Energy. How Born Haber Cycle help us to calculate the Lattice Energy of NaCl?

19
CHAPTER 8
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. for which system does the equilibrium constant, Kc has units of (concentration)-1?
a) N2+3H2⇌ 2NH3 b) H2+I2⇌ 2HI c) 2NO2 ⇌ N2O4 d) 2HF ⇌H2+F2
-3 -3
2. The pH of 10 mol dm of an aqueous solution of H2SO4
a) 3.0 b) 2.7 c) 2.0 d) 1.5
-10 2 -6 +
3. The solubility product of AgCl is 2.0×10 mol dm . The maximum concentration of Ag ionsin the solution is:
a) 2.0×10-10moldm-3 b) 1.41×10-5moldm-3 c) 1.0×10-10moldm-3 d) 4.0×10-20moldm-3
4. An excess of aqueous silver nitrate is added to aqueous barium chloride and precipitate is removed by filtration. What are the
main ions in the filtrate?
a) Ag+ and NO-3 only b) Ag+ and Ba2+ and NO-3 c) Ba2+ and NO-3 only d) Ba2+ and NO-3and Cl-
5. Which statement about the following equilibrium is correct 2SO2(g)+O2(g) ⇌2SO3(g) ∆H=-188.3kJmol-1
a) The value of Kp falls with a rise in temperature.
b) The value of Kp falls with increasing pressure
c) Adding V2O5 catalyst increase the equilibrium yield of Sulphur trioxide
d) The value of Kp is equal to Kc.
6. The term PH was introduce by
a) Soreson b) Boiling c) Henderson d) Respiration
7. The relationship b/w Kp and Kc is given by
a) Kc = Kp (P)n b) Kc = Kp (P/N)n c) Kp = Kc (RT)n d) Kp = Kc (RT)– n
8. The unit of Kc for the reaction of NH3 synthesis is
a) Moles-1 dm6 b) Moles-2 dm3 c) Moles2 dm2 d) Moles-2 dm-6
9. When 50% reaction in a reversible reaction are converted into a product the value of Kc is
a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) 4
10. P.H of pure water is
a) 4.4 b) 8.2 c) 7.0 d) 7.8
11. PH of gastric Juice is
a) 2.0 b) 3.0 c) 3.5 d) 5.6
12. PH of human blood is
a) 7.35 b) 6.35 c) 5.35 d) 4.35
13. Acid having Ka> 1 will be
a) Weak b) Very weak c) Moderate d) Strong
+
14. A solution of PH = 0 indicates molar concentrations of H ions
a) 10-7 b) 107 c) 10-14 d) 1.0
15. The value of Pkw at higher temperature is
a) Equal to 14 b) Less than 14 c) Greater to 14 d) Variable
16. __________________ million tons ammonia is produced by Haber’s process
a) 110 b) 120 c) 115 d) 200
17. The value of PH and POH of pure water at 25C is approximately.
a) 14 b) 7 c) 1 x 10-14 d) 1 x 1014
18. Equilibrium constant for gaseous equilibrium is represented by
a) Ka b) Kc c) Kx d) Kp
19. Conjugate acid of very strong base is relatively
a) Very strong acid b) weak acid c) Very week acid d) strong acid
20. Molarity of pure water is
a) 1 b) 18 c) 55.5 d) 6
21. The concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium are
a) Equal b) Maximum c) Minimum d) Constant
22. The term pH was introducing by
a) Henderson b) Sorenson c) Goldstein d) Thomson
23. Law of mass action was derived by Goldberg and wage in
a) 1909 b) 1906 c) 1946 d) 1864
24. Ionization of hydrogen Sulphur gas is suppressed by
a) KCl b) NaCl c) HCL d) NH4Cl
25. The PH of human blood is
a) 7.0 b) 4.0 c) 6.5 d) 7.35
26. The pH of milk is 6.5, it pOH is will be
a) 14 b) 7.5 c) 7 d) None
27. A solution has pOH = 12 it is
20
a) A base b) An Acid c) Neutral d) None
28. pH of rain water is
a) 5.0 b) 6.0 c) 6.2 d) 7.0
29. The pH of 10-3 mole dm-3 of an aqueous solution of
a) 3.0 b) 2.7 c) 2.0 d) 1.5
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Define pH and pOH. Give its equation?
2. Difference between reversible and irreversible reactions?
3. What is the effect of catalyst of equilibrium constant?
4. Write two uses of buffer solution?
5. Explain the terms buffer and buffer capacity?
6. State law of mass action?
7. How Kc predict the extent of chemical reaction?
8. Calculate pH of 10-4 mol.dm-3 of Ba(OH)2?
9. Solubility of glucose increase in water by heating. Give reason?
10. Define solubility product and write down its applications?
11. What is common ion effect? Give an example.
12. Define acid and base by Lowry-Bronsted concept?
13. What is ionic product of water? How does the value change in temperature?
14. What is the effect of common ion on solubility?
15. What will be the effect of volume change on the following system at equilibrium state?
16. Define solubility product. Derive solubility product expression for Ag2CrO4 and PbCl4?
17. State Le-Chatlier’s principle?
18. What will be the effect of increase of pressure and temperature on the following reactions?
19. Define pH and pOH. How are they related with pKw? pKw=pH +pOH
20. Calculate pH of 10-3 mol dm-3HCl?
21. Write down Henderson equation for acidic and basic buffers?
22. Give preparation of acidic buffer solutions?
23. How does a buffer act? Explain with an example?
24. What is the ionization constant of acids?
25. Why aqueous solution of CH3COONa is basic in nature?
26. What will be the effect of increase of pressure on the decomposition of PCl 5?
27. Is it true that the sum of pKa and pKb is always equal to 14 at all temperature for any acid?
28. Define pKaand pKb?
29. Prove that pKa+pKb =14 at 25oC?
30. How does the change of pressure shift the equilibrium position in the synthesis of ammonia?
31. Define Kf and Kb for reversiblereactions?
32. Why do rates of forward reactions slow down when the reversible reaction approaches the equilibrium stage?
33. Write two applications of equilibrium constant?
34. Why aqueous solution of CuSO4 is acidic in nature?
35. Aqueous solution of Na2CO3 is alkaline in nature, Why?
36. A mixture of NH4OH and NH4Cl gives a basic buffer. Justify the statement?
37. Why we need buffer solution?
38. What are Kcand Kp and how these are related?
39. Differentiate between acidic and basic buffers.
40. Why change of volume disturbs the equilibrium position for some of the gaseous phase reactions but not The equilibrium
constant?
41. What is the justification for increase of ionic product of water with temperature?
42. How NaCl can be purified by common ion effect?
43. Define buffer solution. Give an example of basic buffer?
44. Explain the term reversible reaction and state of equilibrium?
45. Define state of Dynamic Equilibrium.
46. State law of mass action. Give equilibrium constant expression Kc for the following reaction. N2 + 3H2 ⇄2NH3
47. Why the equilibrium constant value has its units for some of the reversible reactions but has not units for
some other reactions?
48. Reversible reaction attains the position of equilibrium which is dynamic in nature and not static. Explain it?
49. The charge of temperature disturbs both the equilibrium position and equilibrium constant of a reaction.
Explain with reason?
50. Give the physical significance of Kf and Kb?
51. Derive value of Kc for the reaction PCl5 ←==→ PCl3+Cl2?
52. Increasing pressure increase the oxidation of SO2 to SO3. Explain why?
53. A catalyst does not affect the equilibrium position and Kc of a reversible reaction. Explain?
54. Why during the synthesis of NH3 temperature is kept law?
55. What is the effect of increase in temperature on the yield of the product for the reaction. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g) ?
56. What are optimum conditions for the synthesis of NH3?
57. What is the effect of temperature change on the direction of the reaction? N 2(g) + 3H2(g) ←==→ NH3(g) + heat
58. Define pOH of a solution. Give its equation?
59. Is it true that value of Kw increase 75 times when temperature is increased from 0oC to 100oC?
60. What will a nature of solution when. (a) pH = 3.0 (b) pH = 8.0?
61. What will a nature of solution when. (a) pH is more than 7 (b) pH is smaller than 7?
62. Prove that pH + pOH = 14
63. How do you justify that the greater quantity of sodium acetate in acetic acid decreases the dissociation power

21
 of Acetic acid so the pH increases?
64. Why aqueous solution of NH4Cl is Acidic in nature?
65. What are acidic buffers? Explain with example.
66. What are buffer solutions? How a basic buffer can be prepared?
67. How Acidic buffers are prepared?
68. What are applications of buffer in daily life?
69. Why solid NH4Cl is added in qualitative analysis of 3rd group basic radical before adding NH4OH?
70. How can you determine Ksp from solubility?
71. What happens to the acidic and basic properties of aqueous solutions when pH varies from zero to 14?
72. Write down the types of buffer solution with their composition.
73. Prove by equations that what happens when Na2CrO4 is added to saturated solution of PbCrO4?
74. What is the formula to calculate the percentage ionization of weak acid?
76. State Le-Chatelier’s principal. Discuss the effect of change in pressure on equilibrium position.
LONG QUESTIONS THEORY
1. Define Law of mass Action. How are value of Kf and Kc
2. Define Le Chateliers principle. Discuses effect of change in valve and change in temperature on formation of ammonia.
3. Describes syntheses of ammonia by Haber;s process. Write its problem and optimum condition.
4. Write a note on synthesis of ammonia gas by Haber process. Keeping in mind the application of chemical equilibrium in
industry.
5. What is pH and pOH. How are related with pKw.
6. What is buffer? Write down its important and method of preparation.
7. What is buffer? Give example.
8. Drive the Hendersons equation for acid.
LONG QUESTIONS NUMARICALS
1. The solubility of PbF2 at 250C is 0.64gram.dm-3.calculate Kip of PbF2. (Ans: 7.0x10-8)
2. The solubility of CaF2 in water at 25 C is found to b 2.05x10 mole.dm . What is the value of Kip at this temperature?
0 -4 -3

3.446x10-11
3. The solubility product of Ag2CrO4 is 2.6x 10-2 at 250C. Calculate the solubility of the compound. (Ans: 1.75x10-2)
4. Ca(OH)2 is a sparing soluble compound. Its solubility product is 6.5x10 . Calculate the solubility of Ca(OH)2.0.866mole.dm-3
-6

5. N2(g) and H2(g) combine to give NH3 (g). The value of Kc in this reaction at 5000C is 6.0 x 10-2.calculate the value of Kp for this
reaction. (Ans: 1.5x10-5)
6. Calculate the Following.
 Calculate the pH of 10-4 dm-3 of HCl. (Ans:4)
 Calculate the pH of 10 dm of Ba(OH)2.
-4 -3 (Ans:10.3)
 1.0 mole dm-3 of H2X, which is only 50% dissociated. (Ans:zero)
 1.0 mole dm of NH4OH, which is only 1% dissociated.
-3 (Ans:12)
7. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution in which 0.11 molar CH3COONa and 0.09 molar acetic acid solutions are present Ka for
CH3COOH is 1.85x10-5. (Ans:4.83)
8. Benzoic acid C6H5COOH is a weak mono-basic acid (ka=6.4x10 mole.dm ). What is the pH of a solution containing 7.2 gram
-5 -3

sodium benzoate in one dm-3 of 0.02mole.dm-3 benzoic acid? (Ans:4.59)

9. A buffer solution has been prepared by mixing 0.2M CH3COONa and 0.5M CH3COOH in 1 dm-3 of solution. Calculate the pH of
solution. pKa of acid=4.74 at 250C. How the value of pH will change by adding 0.1mole of NaOH and 0.1 mole of HCl separated.
(Ans:4.34,4.64,3.96)
10. Esterfication reaction between ethanol and acetic acid was carried out by mixing definite amounts of ethanol and acetic acid
along with some mineral acid as a catalyst .samples were drawn out of the reaction mixture to check the progress of the
etherification found to be [CH3COOH]=0.025 mol dm-3 ,[C2H5OH]=0.032 mol dm-3 [CH3COOC2H5]=0.05 mol dm-3, And
[H2O]=0.04 mol dm-3.Find out the reaction of the reaction if KC for the reaction at 250C is 4. (Ans:2.5)
11. The equilibrium constant for the reaction between acetic acid and ethyl alcohol is 4.0. A mixture of 3 mole of acetic acid and
one mole of C2H5OH is allowed to come to equilibrium. Calculate the amount of ethyl acetate at equilibrium stage in number
of moles and grams. Also calculate the masses of reactions left behind. (Ans:79.5g,12.6g,4.6g)
12. What is percentage ionization of acetic acid in a solution in which 0.1 moles of it has been dissolved per dm 3 of solution?
(Ans:1.3)
13. The following reaction was allowed to reach the state of equilibrium. 2A(aq)+B(aq)====C(aq)
14. The initial amounts of the reactants present in one dm3 of solution were 0.50mole of A and 0.60 mole of B. At equilibrium, the
amounts were 0.20 moles of A and 0.45 mole of B and 0.15 moles of C. calculate the equilibrium constant K c. (Ans:8.3)
15. Kc value for the following reaction is 0.016 at 5200C 2HI(g) ===== H2(g) + I2(g)
Equilibrium mixture contains [HI] =0.08M, [H2]=0.01 M, [I2]=0.01M.
To this mixture more HI is added so that its new concentration is 0.096M. What will be the concentration of
[HI],[H2],[I2].When equilibrium is re-established. (Ans: 0, 0926mole, 0.01168mole, 0.01168mole)

16. Study of equilibrium H2O(g)+ CO =======> H2(g)+CO2(g)

 Write an expression of Kp.
 When 1.00 mole of steam and 1.00 mole of carbon monoxide are allowed to reach equilibrium, 33.3% of the equilibrium
mixture is hydrogen. Calculate the value of Kp. State the unites of Kp. (Ans:4; has no unite)

22
CHAPTER 9
SOLUTIONS
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Molarity of pure water is:
a) 1 b) 8 c) 55.5 d) 6
2. 18 g glucose is dissolved in 90 g of water. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to:
a) 1/5 b) 5.1 c) 1/51 d) 6
3. A solution of glucose is 10% w/v. The volume in which 1g mole of it is dissolved will be:
a) 1dm3+ b) 1.8dm3 c) 200 cm3 d) 900 cm3
4. An aqueous solution of ethanol in water may have vapour pressure:
a) Equal to that of water b) equal to that of ethanol
c) More than that of water d) less than that of water
5. An azeotropic mixture of two liquids boils at a lower temperature than either of them when:
a) it shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law b) It is saturated
c) it shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law d) it is metastable
6. In azeotropic mixture showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law, the column of the mixture is:
a) Slightly more than the total volume of the components b) Slightly less than the total volume of the components
c) Equal to the total volume of the components d) none of these
7. Which of the following solutions has the highest boiling point?
a) 5.85% solution of sodium chloride b) 18.0% solution of glucose
c) 6.0% solution of urea d) all has the same boiling point
8. Two solutions of NaCl and KCl are prepared separately by dissolving same amount of thesolute in water. Which of the following
statements is true for these solutions?s
a) KCl solution will have higher boiling point than NaCl solution
b) Both the solutions have different boiling points
c) KCl and NaCl solutions possess same lower freezing point than NaCl solution
d) Process same vapour pressure
9. The molal boiling point constant is the ratio of the elevation in boiling point to
a) Molarity b) molality c) mole fraction of solvent d) mole fraction of solute
10. Colligative properties are the properties of;
a) Dilute solutions which behave as nearly ideal solutions
b) Concentrated solutions which behave as nearly non-ideal solutions
c) Both (i) and (ii)
d) Neither (i) nor (ii)
11. Which one is not equation of Raoults law
a) P = P0x b) Pv = n2 c) = X2 d) P = P0xi
12. The amount of NaoH required preparing 250cm3 of 1M solution in gram is
a) 10 b) 15 c) 20 d) 25
13. Which one following gives acidic solution when dissolved in H2O
a) NaCl b) Na2SO4 c) NH4Cl d) CH3COONH4
14. A Thermometer is used in Lards Bergers method can read up to
a) 0.1K b) 0.01P0 c) 0.01K d) 0.010C
3
15. The mass of glucose required to prepare 1dm of 20% glucose solution
a) 18g b) 180g c) 36g d) 200g
3
16. the no of moles of solute is solved per dm
a) Molarity b) Molality c) Normality d) Mole function
17. Benzene ether can form
a) Ideal Solution b) Non-ideal solution c) Buffer solution d) None
18. In a mixture of 28g of N2and 96g of O2 the mole fraction of N2
a) 1.1 b) 0.51 c) 0.25 d) 0.11
3
19. A solution contains 5.3g of Na2CO3 dissolve per dm
a) 1.0m b) 0.1m c) 0.5m d) 0.05m
20. The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent is called
a) Molality b) molarity c) Mole-fraction d) Normality
21. 0.1 molar of solute dissolved in 100g of solvent will be
a) 0.1 molar b) 1.0 molal c) 0.5 Molal d) None
22. Molar concentration is
a) Active mass b) Weight c) Mass d) None
23. An eques solution of CH3OOK is
a) Acidic b) Basic c) Neutral d) Amphoteric

23
24. 2g of NaOH is dissolved in 500cm3 of solution the molarity of solution is
a) 2.0m b) 1.0m c) 0.2m d) 0.1m
25. When one of the following gire acidic solution when dissolve in H 2O
a) 1 (NaCl) b) 0.2 (Na2SO4) c) 0.5 (NH4Cl) d) 0.2 (CH3COONH4)
26. In a mixture of 7g of N2 and 8g of O2 mole fraction of O2 is
a) 1 b) 0.2 c) 0.5 d) 0.2
27. Cheese and butter are the example of
a) Liquid in liquid b) Solid in solid c) Liquid in solid d) Solid in liquid
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Differentiate between ideals and non-ideal solutions.
2. Define molarity and molality. Give mathematical form.
3. Differentiate between zeotropic and azeotropic mixture.
4. Define colligative properties. Name important colligative properties.
5. NaCl and KNO3 lower the melting point of ice. Give reason.
6. Boiling points of liquids are increased when solute is added to them. Give reason.
7. One molal solution of glucose in water is dilute as compared to one molar solution of glucose. Justify.
8. One molal solution of urea is more dilute as compared to its one molar solution. Why?
9. Differentiate between hydration and hydrolysis with two examples.
10. Define hydrolysis with suitable example.
11. Aqueous solution CuSO4 is acidic in nature. Justify it.
12. What do you mean by mole fraction of solution?
13. The sum of all the mole fractions is equal to one (unity). Discuss.
14. Define fractional crystallization. How is it useful?
15. What is upper consulate temperature and give one example.
16. Why the non-ideal solutions do not obey the Raoult’s law?
17. Why concentration in terms of molality is independent of temperature while molarity depends upon Temperature?
18. Define mole fraction and parts per million (ppm).
19. Backmann’s thermometer is used to note the depression in freezing point. Explain with reason.
20. The freezing points are depressed due to the presence of solutes. Give reasons.
21. Why hydration energy of Na+ ion is less than Li+ ion?
22. What are hydrates? How they are formed?
23. Why aqueous solution of NH4Cl is acidic but that ofCH3COONa is basic?
24. Fractional crystallization technique is used to purify the chemical products. Justify.
25. Define solubility giving one example.
26. Give two definitions of Raoult’s law.
27. What is critical solution temperature? Give the critical solution temperature of phenol water system.
28. Define ebullisocopic constant with example.
29. Define parts per million and when this concentration unit is used.
30. State ebullisocopeic constant and cryoscopic constant.
31. How will you prepare 10%W/V urea solution in water?
32. Define consulate solution temperature with example? (What is consulate temperature)
33. Calculate percentage by weight of NaCl when 2g of NaCl is dissolved in 20g of water.
34. Define percentage weight/weight. Give an example.
35. Calculate the molarity of the solution containing 20.7g of K2CO3 dissolved in 500 cm3 of the given solution.
36. Calculate the molarity of the solution prepared by dissolving 5g toluene (C 7H8) in 250g of benzene.
37. Calculate the molarity of the 8% w/w NaCl solution.
38. Define Molarity of a solution. How is molarity relaed to mass of solute?
39. What is molarity? Calculate the molarity of a solution sontaining 9g of glucose (C 6H12O6) in 250 cm3 of solution?
40. Sea water gas 5.65 x 10-3 g of dissolved oxygen in one kg of water. Calculate the concentration of oxygen in sea
Water in parts per million?
45. Dissolution of KCl and Na2SO4 in water give natural solutions. Why?
46. Polar solution are not dissolved in non-polar solution.
47. The total volume of the solution by mixing 100 cm3 of water with 100 cm3 of alcohol may not be equal to 200 cm3Justify it
48. Give conjugate solution with one example.
49. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is independent of temperature. Example.
50. Differentiate between continuous and discontinuous solubility curves.
51. Define solubility curve. Name its two types.
52. Why the solubility of glucose increases on increasing temperature?
53. Can sugar cannot br dissolved in benzene? Give reason.
54. Give the conditions of colligative properties.
55. Why some properties are called colligative properties.
56. Colligative properties are obeyed when the solute is non-electrolyte and also when the solutions are dilute. Explain.
58. Why is the vapour pressure of a solution less than pure solvent?
59. In summer the antifreeze solutions protect the radiations from boiling over. How?
60. What are the names of four major parts of apparatus used in Landsberger’s method for elevation of boiling point?
61. Why ethylene glycol is added in radiator of Automobile?
62. Write two applications of boiling point elevation and freezing point depression in daily life.
63. Define “heat of solution” and “hydration energy”.
64. What is meant by water of crystallization? Give an example.
66. How has 100g of 98% H2SO4, volume of 54.34 cm3 of H2SO4? (Density = 1.84g cm-3).

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LONG QUESTIONS (THEORY)
1. State and explain Raoult’s law and their forms.
2. How can you measure elevation of boiling point by Landsbergis method?
3. Define colligative properties. Explain elevation of boiling point.
4. What is the difference between ideal or non-ideal solution? Give two points each.
5. What is hydration and hydrolyses. Explain with example.
6. How many types of deviation. Explain positive and negative deviation of non-ideal solution.
7. What is the isotropic mixture? How many type of deviation. And show by them. Explain with the help of graph.
LONG QUESTIONS (NUMARICAL)

25
CHAPTER 10
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The cathodic reaction in the electrolysis of dil H 2SO4 with Pt electrode is
a) Reduction b) Oxidation
c) Both oxidation and reduction d) Neither oxidation and reduction
2. Which of the following statements is not correct about galvanic cell?
a) Anode is negatively charged b) Reduction occurs at anode
c) Cathode is positively charged d) Reduction occurs at cathode
3. Stronger the oxidizing agent, greater is the
b) Oxidation potential b) Reduction Potential c) Redox potential d) E.M.F of cell
4. If the salt bridge is not used between two half cells, then the voltage
a) Decrease rapidly b) Decrease slowly c) Does not change d) Drop to zero
5. If a strip of Cu metal is placed in a solution of FeSO4
a) Cu will deposited b) Fe is precipitated out
c) Cu and Fe both dissolve d) No reaction take place
6. Which one is not electrolyte?
a) Aqueous Nacl b) Aqueous CuSO4 c) Cu metal d) H2SO4
-2
7. Oxidation state of Mn in MnO4
a) +4 b) +6 c) +5 d) -6
8. The oxidation number of chromium is K2Cr2O7 is
a) 14 b) 12 c) 6 d) 13
9. Reduction always take place at
a) Cathode b) Anode c) Both d) Salt Bridge
10. Galvanic cell which cannot be recharged are called
a) Primary Cell b) Secondary Cell c) Tertiary Cell d) Diffused Cell
11. In H2SO4 the oxidation number of S is
b) 2 b) 6 c) 8 d) 4
12. In oxidizing agent
b) Losses Electron b) Is oxidation c) Gains Electron d) Both A and B
13. Cathode in NiCAO cell is
a) Ag2O b) NiO2 c) Cd d) Zn
14. Which process is used for extraction of AI
a) Hall – Beroult Process b) Combustion Process c) Caster – Kellimar Process d) Thernite Pocess
15. The highest reduction potential in electro-chemical series of F2 and its value
a) – 3.87 v b) +2.87 v c) – 2.87 v d) + 3.87 v
16. Standard hydrogen electrode SHE is made of
b) Ag Foil b) Au Foil c) Cu Foil d) Pt Foil
17. The best reducing agent is
a) F-1 b) Cl-1 c) Br-1 d) I-1
18. Reduction always takes place
a) At anode b) At cathode c) At both electrode d) does not
19. The electrolyte KOH issued in cell
a) Lead accumulator b) Ni-Cdcell c) Alkaline battery d) Silver oxide battery
20. In the reaction 2Fe + 3C===2FeCl2
a) Fe reduce b) Fe oxidized c) Cl2il oxidized d) None
21. Oxidation state of hydrogen in CaH2 is
a) +1 b) -1 c) +2 d) Zero
22. Cu metal can be purified in electrolytic cell by making the impure Cu as
a) Anode b) Cathode c) Both a,b d) Depend upon nature
23. Loss of electron is
a) Oxidation b) Reduction c) Hydration d) Dehydration
24. Fuel cell converts chemical energy into
a) Heat b) Light c) Electrical d) Mechanical
25. Electrolysis is used for
a) Electroplating b) Manufacture of Ng c) Manufacture of Al d) All
26. Nelson’s cell and Down’s cell is example of
a) Electrochemical b) Graphic c) Electrolytic d) None
27. The oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7 is
a) 4 b) 6 c) 0 d) 3

26
28. The electrolyte used in Fuel cell
a) Aqueous NaCl b) Molten NaCl c) KOH d) NaNO3
29. Which one is not electrolyte?
a) Aqueous NaCl b) Aqueous CuSo4 c) Cu metal d) H2SO4
30. E.M.F of Zn-Cu cell is
a) 0.0v b) 0.5v c) 1.0v d) 1.10v
31. The oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4
a) 2 b) 4 c) +7 d) 12
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Calculate the oxidation state of underlined element.
K2CrO4 Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 KMnO4 Na2MnO4
Ca(ClO3)2 HNO3 NO2 H2SO4 H3PO3
2
CrCl3 Cr2O7 ? K2Cr2O7 Cr2 (SO4)3 K2MnO7
2. Explain the function of salt bridge.
3. Define standard electrode potential?
4. A salt bridge maintains the electrical neutrality in the galvanic cell. Explain
5. Na, Zn and K can displace hydrogen from acids but Pt, Fe,Pd and Cu cannot. Comment on it?
6. Give the reaction involved, when a lead accumulator (lead storage battery) is discharged?
7. Explain through equations how lead battery is recharged?
8. SHE acts as anode when connected with Cu electrode but as cathode when connected with Zn electrode?
9. Differentiate between primary and secondary cells?
10. Differentiate between electrolytic and voltaic cells?
11. A porous plate or a salt bridge is not required in lead storage cell. Give reason.
12. Impure copper can be purified by electrolytic process. Explain it?
13. Define Zinc electrode potential, Give example?
14. Write down the industrial applications of electrolysis.
15. Define electrochemistry.
16. Give the chemistry of electrolysis of aqueous solution of sodium chloride?
17. How anodized aluminum is produced and why it can absorb dyes?
18. Give two examples of electrochemical series.
19. What is electrolysis? Give example?
20. Why standard oxidation potential of Zn is 0.76 V and its reduction potential is -0.76 V?
21. What is anodized aluminum?
22. How relative chemical reactivity of metals is studied with the help of electrochemical series.
23. Give some advantages of fuel cells.
24. Describe the silver oxide battery.
25. Write down the reactions of “Alkaline Battery”.
26. Give construction and reactions of silver oxide battery?
27. Write down reactions taking place at the electrode on the discharging of Nickel-Cadmium cell.
28. How the electrolysis of aqueous solution of sodium nitrate give H2 gas at cathode and O2 gas at anode respectively.
29. Differentiate between electrolysis and electrolytic conductor.
30. Write anode and cathode reactions of a galvanic cell.
31. Give rules for oxidation number of hydrogen and oxygen. Give four rules of assigning of oxidation number.
32. Define oxidation reaction with an example.
33. Balance the following equation by redox method?
34. Differentiate between electrolytic and voltaic cells.
35. Differentiate between a cell and battery?
36. Define electrolytic cell. Give example?
37. What is the difference between metallic conduction and electrolytic conduction?
38. What is the difference between conduction through metals and molten electrolytes?
39. Define oxidation agent and reducing agent.
40. Write the importance of standard hydrogen electrode.
41. Write is meant by electromotive force (emf) of cell.
42. Give cathode and anodic reactions of electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride?
43. Write electrode reactions of electrolysis of fused sodium chloride?
44. Write down the equations for electrode processes in the electrolysis of fused PbCl 2?
45. Define the electrochemical series.
46. Describe the relative chemical reactivity of metals.
47. Give chemical reactions taking place at anode and cathode in a fuel cell?
48. The oxidation state of oxygen is 2+ in OF2. Justify it?
49. Write down the difference between ionization and electrolysis.
50. Define oxidation and oxidation number.
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Describe the construction and working of standard hydrogen electrode. SHE.
2. Describes the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride and concentrated sodium chloride.
3. Explain the construction and working of fuel cell.
4. Define electrode potential. How electrode potential of Zn and Cu measured.
5. Describe Nikel_Cadmium cell .NICAD
6. Discuses lead accumulator battery explain its discharge or charging

27
7. Give the industrial importance of electrolysis process in detail.
8. Balance the following equation by oxidation number method.
MnO2 + HCl=== MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2
K2Cr2O7 + HCl=== KCl +CrCl3 + Cl2 + H2O
Cu + HNO3= Cu (NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
(a) Balance the equation by ion electron method in acidic medium
Cl-1 + MnO-4 ======= Cl2 + Mn2+

28
CHAPTER 11
REACTION KINETICS
MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. In zero order reaction, the rate is independent of
a) Temperature of reaction b) Concentration of reactants
c) Concentration of products d) None of These
2. If the rate equation of a reaction 2A +B Products is, rate = K[A]2[B], and A is present in large excess, then order of reaction is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) None of these
3. The rate of reaction
a) Increases as the reaction proceeds b) Decreases as the reaction proceeds
c) Remains the same as the reaction proceeds d) May decrease or increase as the reaction proceeds
4. With increase 100C temperature the rate of reaction doubles. This increase in rate of reaction is due to
a) Decrease in activation energy of reaction
b) Decrease in the number of collisions between reactant molecules
c) Increase in activation energy of reactants
d) Increase in number of effective collisions
5. The unit of the rate constant is same as that of the rate of reaction in
a) First order reaction b) second order reaction c) Zero order reaction d) third order reaction
6. A substance which makes the catalyst more effective is called
a) Promotor b) Inhibitor c) Retardler d) Poison
7. The enzyme used for hydrolysis of urea is
a) Invertase b) Urease c) Lipase d) Zymase
8. With 100C rise in temperature, the rate of reaction
a) Becomes double b) Remains unchanged c) Becomes Half d) Becomes Triple
9. The rate of reaction ____________ as the reaction proceeds
A) Increase b) May decrease or increase c) Remains the same d) Decrease
10. The initial rate constant is the same as that of the rate of reaction in
a) First order reaction b) second order reaction c) Zero order reaction d) third order reaction
11. A substance which retards the rate
a) Zero (Inhibitot) b) Third (Auto Catalyst) c) Second (oxidant) d) First (Activator)
12. The catalyst used for reaction HCOOH===H2+CO2 is
a) Copper b) Alumina c) Silica d) Iron
13. Photo chemical reaction are
a) First order b) Third order c) 2nd Order d) Zero order
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. The radioactive decay is always first order reaction. Explain.
2. Discuss auto catalyst with example.
3. Give two characteristics of enzyme catalyst.
4. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
5. Define half-life period. How is it used to determine the order of reaction?
6. What is specific rate constant or velocity constant?
7. Enzymes are specific in action. Justify.
8. Define negative catalyst along with an example.
9. How does surface area affect the rate of reaction?
10. Define instantaneous and average rate of reaction.
11. What is pseudo first order reaction? Give an example.
12. Discuss effect of nature of reactants on rate of reactions.
13. State rate of chemical reaction and give its units?
14. Define and give an example of the process of activation of a catalyst?
15. Define catalytic poisoning with example.
16. A particular catalyst is suitable for a particular chemical reaction. Justify it.
17. Define energy of activation. How it is affected by temperature?
18. A finely divided catalyst may prove more effective why.
19. How the enzymes act as catalysts?
20. Define order of reaction with example.
21. Rate of chemical reaction is an ever changing parameter. Give reason.
22. Differentiate between fast step and rate determining step with example?
23. What is zero order reaction? Give one example.
24. The unit of rate constant second order reaction in dm3mol-1s-1 but the unit of rate of reaction is mol-1s-1.
25. How rate of reaction is determined by electrical conductivity method?
26. How higher temperature increases the rate of reaction?
27. Write rate equation for the following reactions.
28. Compare order of reactions and molecularity?
29. Describe method of large excess to find order of reaction?
30. Define with example 2nd order reaction.
31. 50% of hypothetical first order reaction completes in one hour. The remaining 50% needs more than one hour
To convert itself into products why?
32. The order of a reaction may be in fraction. Justify with the help of an example?
33. Under what condition activated complex in formed?
34. How does the catalyst affect the rate of a reaction?
35. Describe the effects of catalyst on reversible reaction.
29
36. Why light speed up the reaction between H2 and Cl2?
37. Give the names of four physical methods for the determination of rate of a reaction?
38. Name two physical methods used to determine the rate of a reaction?
39. Explain any four characteristics of a catalyst?
40. How are enthalpy changes of reaction and energy of activation of reaction distinguished?
41. The sum of the co-efficient of a balanced chemical equation is not necessarily important to give the order of reaction.
Give reasons in support of your answer.
LONG QUESTIONS
1. How does Arrhenius equation help us to calculate the energy of activation of reactions?
2. What is order of reaction? Describe two methods for finding order of reaction.
3. Write a brief note on Energy of Activation.
4. Discuss different factors which affect the rat of reactions.
5. Differentiate between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis at least with one example for each.
6. Write any four characteristics of enzyme catalysis.
7. Write a note on chemical method to determinate the rate of reaction.

30