PRACTICE MANUAL

(STUDENTS USE)

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 Types of Drawings
Drawings

Artistic Technical

Diagrams Drawings
Sketches (design & (technical/engineering)
(conceptual) technical)

simulated Multi view

perspective orthographic

Oblique Isometric
projection projection

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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 WHAT IS ENGINEERING GRAPHICS ?
Engineering Graphics is the language of Engineers. Like any other language, one should be able to
READ|WRITE|SPEAK. The knowledge of Engineering Graphics is useful to both scientist as well as
Engineers.
“An Engineering Drawing is a technical

d raw i n g w h i c h c l e a r l y d e f i n e s a n d

communicates a design to other

interested parties.

Other parties may have an interest in

design collaboration, procurement/

purchasing, costing, manufacturing,

quality control, marketing.”

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 ROLE OF ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

• Visualization
• Communication
• Documentation

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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING

• Mechanical: Design of machine elements, CNC machine tools, Robotics.

• Automotive: Kinematics, Hydraulics, Steering.

• Electrical: Circuit layout, Panel design, control system.

• Electronics: Schematic diagrams of PCs, Ics,etc.

• Civil: Mapping, contour plotting, building drawing, structural design.

• Architectural: Town planning, interior decorations, multistoried complex.

• Aerospace: Design of space craft, flight simulator, lofting

• Communication: Communication network, satellite transmitting pictures, T.V

telecasting

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Why with AutoCAD?
• Current industrial practice (traditional drafting is obsolete).
• Helps students to explore other solid modelling softwares in their own
disciplines
• Helps Mechanical students to generate 2-D Machine drawings as well as
3-Dmodels using Pro-Engineers

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER AIDED
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

www.mrcet.ac.in
COURSE OBJECTIVE & (SYLLABUS)

CO1: To learn basic engineering graphic communication skills & concept

• Introduction, Drawing Instruments and their uses, BIS conventions,

lettering Dimensioning &
• Free hand practicing. AutoCAD User Interface – Menu system –
coordinate systems, axes, poly-lines, square, rectangle, polygons,
splines, circles, ellipse,– tool bars (draw, modify,
• Annotations, layers etc.) – status bar (ortho, grid, snap, iso etc.),
• Generation of points, lines, curves, polygons, dimensioning, layers,
blocks.
• Geometrical constructions
• Curves Used In Engineering Practice
• a) Conic Sections (General Method only- Eccentricity Method)
• b) Cycloid, Epicycloid and Hypocycloid

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE 1

DRAWING
INSTRUMENTS

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 DRAWING
INSTRUMENTS

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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS

Ø Drawing Board Ø Drawing sheets

Ø Mini – Drafter Ø Paper fasteners
Ø Instrument Box Ø Drawing Pencils – H, 2H, HB
ü Compass Ø Sand Paper
ü bow compass
Ø Eraser (Rubber)
ü Spring bow compass
Ø Drafting brush
ü Divider
ü Bow divider Ø Cello tape
ü Bow pen
ü Inking pen
Ø Set-squares
Ø Protractor
Ø Set of Scales
Ø French curves

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DRAWING BOARD

• To make lines on a drawing paper smooth and

straight, a polished drawing board is one of the
top most requirements
S. No. Designation Size (mm)
1 B0 1000 X 1500
2 B1 700 X 1000
3 B2 500 X 700
4 B3 350 X 500
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MINI – DRAFTER

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INSTRUMENT BOX

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SET-SQUARES

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PROTRACTOR

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SET OF SCALE AND FRENCH CURVES

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LECTURE 2

LETTERING

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COMMON MISTAKES IN LETTERING

Lettering style not uniform LEtTErING

Lettering height not uniform

LE TTERING
Lettering inclination not uniform LETTERING

Lettering thickness not uniform LETTERING

Lettering space not uniform LET T E R ING

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 LETTERING
Writing text on a drawing (e.g. titles, dimensions, scales) using letters which can
be alphabets, numerals, symbols or punctuation marks to convey detailed
information.

Features of Lettering
1. Legibility, uniformity, ease, rapidity of execution and reproducibility
2. No ornamental or artistic and cursive style of letter
3. Letters should be distinguishable from each other in order to avoid any
confusion even in case of slight mutilations

Standard followed
IS 9609 (Part 0): 2001 & SP46: 2003 (lettering for technical drawings). This BIS
standard is based on ISO 3098-0: 1997

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Types of Lettering
• Single stroke - Thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in
one stroke of the pencil.

Does not mean that the letter should be made in one stroke without lifting the
pencil.

• Double stroke- When more thickness is given to single stroke letters, it is known
as double stroke or gothic letters.

• BIS (SP46:2003) - Gives dimensions for lettering & types

• Type A - Height of capital letter is divided into 14 parts
• Type B – Height of capital letter is divided into 10 parts
Both types can be Vertical or Inclined at 75˚ to the horizontal
Line Width of Type A ˂ Type B

Basic Strokes

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Examples
“I” letter “A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 1 2 1

3 6

3
2

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Height and width of letters
BIS (SP 46: 2003) has recommended the heights of letters as: 1.8,
2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10, 14 & 20 mm

Total height of lowercase letters

equals that of capital letters.

The height-to-width ratio for letters varies between 7 : 5 or 7 : 6

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LECTURE 3

SHEETS

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SHEET SIZE

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Pencils recommended
PENCIL LINES

2H Initial work, construction lines, locus

lines, projectors, extension lines etc.
H Lettering, dimensioning, figures in the
assumed position and anything given in
the problem, section lines etc.,
HB Aim of the problem (Result), outer lines

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LINES

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LINES

Line Thickness:
• Thickness varied according to the use of pen or pencil and the size &
type of the drawing.
• For pencil, the lines can be divided into two line-groups:

IMPORTANT NOTES:
• In the finished drawing, all lines except construction lines should be
dense, clean and uniform.
• Construction lines should be drawn very thin and faint and should be
hardly visible.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LECTURE 4

DIMENSIONING

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DIMESIONING

• The information of size on the drawing is called “Dimensioning”. It

plays an important role as it helps in giving the correct and accurate
size of the part to be manufactured.
• Drawing without dimensions is meaningless The elements of
dimensioning are:
• Dimension line
• Extension line
• Arrowheads
• Dimension figures
• Leaders
• Notes
• Dimension lines should always be parallel to the line it dimensions.
• Extension line should extend slightly beyond the dimension line.

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38
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39
WHAT ARE THE 6 DIMENSIONING MISTAKES?

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 MISTAKES ARE:

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SYSTEM OF DIMENSIONING

1. ALIGNED SYSTEM
2. UNI-DIRECTIONAL SYSTEM

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SOME IMPORTANT RULES FOR DIMENSIONING

• All the dimensions necessary for the correct functioning of the part should be
expressed directly on the drawing.
• Every dimension should be given, but none should be given more than once.
• A dimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown more
clearly.
• Dimensions should be placed outside the view, as for as possible.
• Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between hidden lines
should be avoided. Also it should not cross any other line of the drawing.
• An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension line. A centre
line may be extended to serve as an extension line.
• Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
• Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away from the outlines and
from each other.
• The extension line should be extended by about 3 mm beyond the dimension
line.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LECTURE 5

AUTOCAD

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INTRODUCTION

Ø The Word AutoCAD is made up of two words “Auto(logo of company)”and CAD

“(computer aided design)”.
Ø AutoCAD is 2D and 3D modeling software.
Ø It is developed by Autodesk company.
Ø Autodesk is an U.S.A based company.
Ø It is widely used in industry for 2D drawing and 3D modeling.
Ø In another way we can say that AutoCAD is a designing course , which is
performed by the help of computer.
VERSION OF AUTOCAD
Ø AutoCAD software was firstly launched by Autodesk company in Dec. 1982.
Ø It comes in India in 1988. T
Ø The first version of AutoCAD was R1 after that R2,R3,R4…………… and so on.
Ø In 2000,Autodesk launched a version of AutoCAD 2000 after that 2001,2002……
so on.

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USER INTERFACE

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FUNCTION KEYS

Key Feature Description

F1 Help Displays Help for the active tooltip,
command, Palette or dialog box.
F2 Expanded History Displays an expanded command history in
the Command window
F3 Object Snap Turns object snap ON and OFF

F4 3D Object Snap Turns additional object snaps for 3D ON

and OFF
F5 Isoplane Cycles through 2D isoplane settings (Top,
Right and Left)
F6 Dynamic UCS Turns automatic UCS alignment with planar
surfaces ON and OFF
F7 Grid display Turns the grid display ON and OFF

F8 Ortho Locks cursor movement to horizontal or

vertical
F9 Grid Snap Restricts cursor movement to specified grid
intervals
F10 Polar Tracking Guides cursor movement to specified angles

F11 Object Snap Tracking Tracks the cursor horizontally and vertically
from object snap locations
F12 Dynamic input Displays distances and angles near the
cursor and accepts input as we use Tab
between fields

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STATUS BAR

Axes

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COORDINATE SYSTEM

There are 2 types of Coordinate System

1. Absolute or Cartesian Coordinate System
Absolute coordinates refers to a Cartesian System that uses x-axis, y-axis, and
sometimes a z-axis to establish a point some distance from a common
origin. (x,y)
2. Polar Coordinate System
The polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each
point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle
from a reference direction (r,θ)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. Absolute Coordinate System
• In the absolute coordinate system the points are located with respect to the origin
(0,0).
• The format for Absolute Coordinate System is (x,y)
2. Relative Coordinate System
• There are two types of relative coordinates
a. Relative Rectangular Coordinates
• In the relative coordinate system the points are located with respect to the last point
drawn.
• The format for Relative Rectangular Coordinates is @(x,y)
b. Relative Polar Coordinates
• In the relative polar coordinate system, a point can be located by defining both the
distance of the point from the current point and the angle that the line between the
two points makes with the positive X axis.
• The format for Relative Rectangular Coordinates is @Distance < Angle

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

.Pan – P

• The Pan command moves the observer and focus point relative to a fixed model
position. Imagine that you are looking straight ahead and moving laterally left/right
or up/down. The image will move opposite to the panning direction. ... Drag (left
click and hold) up or down, or arrow up or down, to pan up and down.

Zoom – Z
• Increases or decreases the magnification of the view in the current viewport

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DRAW TOOLBAR

Commands
1. Line – L
2. Polyline – PL
3. Circle – C
4. Arc – A
5. Rectangle – REC
6. Ellipse – EL
7. Polygon – POL
8. Spline – SPL
9. Point – PO
10. Hatch – H
11. Multiline Text – MTEXT
12. Block – B
13. Write Block - WB

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODIFY TOOLBAR

Commands

1. Erase – E

2. Copy – CO

3. Mirror – MI

4. Offset – O

5. Array – AR

6. Move – M

7. Rotate – RO

8. Scale – SC

9. Fillet – F

10. Chamfer – CHA

11. Trim – TR

12. Extend – EX

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DIMENSIONING & LAYER TOOLBARS

DIMENSIONING TOOLBAR

Commands
• Dimension – DIM
• The commands for linear, aligned, angular, etc will be given as first DIM and then the respective
command.
• For example,
• Linear – DIMLIN
• Aligned – DIMALI
• Angular – DIMANG
LAYER TOOLBAR

Layer - LA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Other used Toolbars in AutoCAD are:
• Format Menu
Commands used are Dimension Style, Point Style, Text Style
• Properties Tool Bar

• Parametric Menu
Commands used are Geometrical Constraints, Dimensional Constraints

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE 6

GEOMETRICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. To construct a regular polygon (say a pentagon) given the length of the
side 40mm (GENERAL METHOD)
Solution:
1. Draw lines AB AND BC with lengths of 40mm using Line command L. Draw a line
joining A and C using Line command L. Mark the text using MTEXT command.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. Draw a circle with 40mm radius and B as centre using Circle command C. Trim the
extra portion of circle using Trim command TR.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3. Create a bisecting line at a distance of 20mm from BC using Offset command O.
4. Mark point 4 at the intersection of AC and bisecting line and 6 at the intersection of arc and
bisecting line. Mark the points using MTEXT command.
5. Create a point at the midpoint of 4 and 6 using Offset command O. Mark the point as 5 using
MTEXT command.
6. With offset command O, Create a line at 8 with distance equal to 4-6.
5. Create a point at the midpoint of 6 and 8 using Offset command O. Mark the point as 7 using
MTEXT command.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. With A5 radius, 5 as centre draw a circle using Circle command C.
7. With AB radius, A as centre draw an arc on circle using Circle command C. Mark a
point 1 at the intersection of two circles using MTEXT command.
8. Using above procedure, draw arcs 2, 3 for pentagon shape. Center for 2 arc is 1
and center for3 arc is 2.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

9. Join points A-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-B using Line command L.
10. Final diagram is the pentagon shape.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. To construct a regular polygon Hexagon given the length of the side
40mm (GENERAL METHOD)
Solution:
1. Draw lines AB AND BC with lengths of 40mm using Line command L. Draw a line
joining A and C using Line command L. Mark the text using MTEXT command.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. Draw a circle with 40mm radius and B as centre using Circle command C. Trim the
extra portion of circle using Trim command TR.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3. Create a bisecting line at a distance of 20mm from BC using Offset command O.
4. Mark point 4 at the intersection of AC and bisecting line and 6 at the intersection of arc and
bisecting line. Mark the points using MTEXT command.
5. Create a point at the midpoint of 4 and 6 using Offset command O. Mark the point as 5 using
MTEXT command.
6. With offset command O, Create a line at 8 with distance equal to 4-6.
5. Create a point at the midpoint of 6 and 8 using Offset command O. Mark the point as 7 using
MTEXT command.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. With A6 radius, 6 as centre draw a circle using Circle command C.
7. With AB radius, A as centre draw an arc on circle using Circle command C. Mark a
point 1 at the intersection of two circles using MTEXT command.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

8. Using above procedure, draw arcs 2, 3, 4 for Hexagon shape. Center for 2 arc is 1,
center for 3 arc is 2 and center for 4 arc is 3.
9. Join points A-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-B using Line command L.
10. Final diagram is the Hexagon shape.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE 7

CONIC
SECTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CONIC SECTIONS

ELLIPSE:
• The Ellipse may defined as the locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way
• That the ratio of its distances from a fixed point and a fixed straight line is always
• Constant. And It Less than one e<1
• Ellipses are mostly found as harmonic oscillators, phase visualization, elliptical gears, Ellipse
wings.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Draw an ellipse with the distance of the focus from the directrix
at 50 mm and Eccentricity =2/3 Also draw a tangent and a
normal to the ellipse at a point 40 mm from the directrix.
(Eccentricity method)
Solution:
1. Draw A Vertical Line AB Called Directrix Using Line Command L with Some
Height and F8 on, mark AB on vertical line using Text command

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. At Any point C In the Directrix Draw Horizontal Line CD called Axis with Some Length using Line
command L and F8 on, mark CD on horizontal line using Text command Mtext

3. Mark a Focus point F on the Axis Making Offset 50 mm Distance From Directrix line CF=50 mm
using Offset command O

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. Mark a Vertex (V) on CD at a distance of 20 mm from F, because e = 2/3 (e<1) (e= VF/VC) using
Offset command O
5. Mark distances of VF = 20mm and VC = 30mm using Dimension command DIMLIN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. Mark a point E with 20 mm distance FROM V (VF perpendicular to VE)

7. Draw a line, joining C and E and extend up to some length using Line
command L.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

8. Draw a line from F with 45° using line Command. (both CE extension line and
45° line must coincide).

9. Divide VD line into number of equal

parts using Offset command O.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

10. Mark numbers 1,2,3, etc. on VD line and mark as 1ᶦ, 2ᶦ,etc. at the
intersection points of CE extension line and offset lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

• 11. Measure the distance between 1 to 1ᶦ, 2 to 2ᶦ, etc.. Using
MEASURE (MEA) command.
• 12. Draw the circles with F as centre by taking distance 1 to 1ᶦ, 2 to
2ᶦ, etc.. as radius using Circle command C.
• 13. Create the points at the intersection of circle and 1-1 ᶦ, 2 - 2ᶦ,
etc.. line above and below CD line using point command PO.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

14. Mark the points P 1, P 2, etc. and P 1ᶦ, P 2ᶦ , etc… on both sides of
CD line for developing Ellipse.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
• 15. Mark a point P ON ELLIPSE at a distance of 40 mm from
directrix using offset command O.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

• 16. Draw a line by joining P and F, Draw a line from F perpendicular to the
directrix using line command L. Mark a point T on Directrix line.
• 17. Make lines FP and FT perpendicular, select parametric from MENU
BAR - geometric constraints - perpendicular - Select two lines

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

• 18. Draw a Tangent line by joining from T to P and extend some
distance and mark as Tᶦ

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

• 19. Draw a Normal line to Tangent line TTᶦ and extend some distance and
mark as NNᶦ
• 20. Make lines TTᶦ and NNᶦ perpendicular, select parametric from MENU
BAR - geometric constraints - perpendicular - Select two lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CONIC SECTIONS

PARABOLA:
• The Parabola may defined as the locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way that the ratio
of its distances from a fixed point and a fixed straight line is always constant. And It always
equal to one e=1
• In physical world, parabola are found in the main cables on simple suspension bridge, as
parabolic reflectors in satellite dish antennas, vertical curves in roads, trajectory of a body,
automobile headlight, parabolic receivers.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Draw a parabola with the distance of the focus from the directrix
at 50mm Also draw a tangent and a normal to the parabola at
a point 60 mm from the directrix. (Eccentricity method)
Solution:
1. Draw A Vertical Line AB Called Directrix Using Line Command L with
Some Height and F8 on, mark AB on vertical line using Text command
2.At Any point C In the Directrix Draw Horizontal Line CD called Axis with
Some Length using Line command L and F8 on, mark CD on horizontal
line using Text command Mtext

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3.Mark a Focus point F on the Axis Making Offset 50 mm Distance
From Directrix line CF=50 mm using Offset command O.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. Mark a Vertex (V) on CD at a distance of 25 mm from F, because e
= 1 (e= VF/VC)
5. Mark distances of VF = 25mm and VC = 25mm using Dimension
command DIMLIN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. Mark a point E with 25 mm distance FROM V (VF perpendicular to VE)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

7. Draw a line, joining C and E and extend up to some length using Line
command L and Extend command EX.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

8. Divide VD line into number of equal parts using Offset command O.
9. Mark numbers 1,2,3, etc. on VD line and mark as 1ᶦ, 2ᶦ,etc. at the
intersection points of CE extension line and offset lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

10. Measure the distance between 1 to 1ᶦ, 2 to 2ᶦ, etc.. Using MEASURE
(MEA) command.
11. Draw the circles with F as centre by taking distance 1 to 1ᶦ, 2 to 2ᶦ, etc..
as radius using Circle command C.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

12. Create the points at the intersection of circle and 1-1 ᶦ, 2 - 2ᶦ, etc.. line above
and below CD line using point command PO.
13. Mark the points P 1, P 2, etc..and P 1ᶦ, P 2ᶦ , etc… on both sides of CD line for
developing Parabola.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

14. Draw curve using Spline Command SPL.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

15. Mark a point P on Parabola at a distance of 60 mm from directrix using
offset command O.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

16. Draw a line by joining P and F, Draw a line from F perpendicular to the
directrix using line command L. Mark a point T on Directrix line.
17. Make lines FP and FT perpendicular, select parametric from MENU BAR
geometric constraints perpendicular Select two lines

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

18. Draw a Tangent line by joining from T to P and extend some distance and
mark as Tᶦ

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

19. Draw a Normal line to Tangent line TTᶦ and extend some distance and
mark as NNᶦ
20. Make lines TTᶦ and NNᶦ perpendicular, select parametric from MENU
BAR - geometric constraints – perpendicular - Select two lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CONIC SECTIONS

HYPERBOLA:
• The Hyperbola may defined as the locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way That the
ratio of its distances from a fixed point and a fixed straight line is always Constant. And It always
greater than one e>1 Lampshades, gear transmission, cooling towers of nuclear reactors are
some of the applications of Hyperbola.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Draw a Hyperbola with the distance of the focus from the directrix at 50mm and Eccentricity
=3/2 Also draw a tangent and a normal to the Hyperbola at a point 60 mm from the
directrix. (Eccentricity method)
Solution:
1. Draw A Vertical Line AB Called Directrix Using Line Command L with Some Height and F8
on, mark AB on vertical line using Text command
2. At Any point C In the Directrix Draw Horizontal Line CD called Axis with Some Length using
Line command L and F8 on, mark CD on horizontal line using Text command Mtext

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3. Mark a Focus point F on the Axis Making Offset 50 mm Distance From Directrix line CF=50 mm
using Offset command O.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. Mark a Vertex (V) on CD at a distance of 30 mm from F, because e = 3/2 (e= VF/VC)
5. Mark distances of VF = 30mm and VC = 20mm using Dimension command DIMLIN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. Mark a point E with 30 mm distance FROM V (VF perpendicular to VE)
7. Draw a line, joining C and E and extend up to some length using Line command L and Extend
command EX.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

8. Divide VD line into number of equal parts using Offset command O.
9. Mark numbers 1,2,3, etc. on VD line and mark as 1ᶦ, 2ᶦ,etc. at the intersection points of CE
extension line and offset lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

10. Measure the distance between 1 to 1ᶦ, 2 to 2ᶦ, etc.. Using MEASURE (MEA) command.
11. Draw the circles with F as centre by taking distance 1 to 1ᶦ, 2 to 2ᶦ, etc.. as radius using Circle
command C.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

12. Create the points at the intersection of circle and 1-1 ᶦ, 2 - 2ᶦ, etc.. line above and below CD line
using point command PO.
13. Mark the points P 1, P 2, etc..and P 1ᶦ, P 2ᶦ , etc… on both sides of CD line for developing
Hyperbola.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

14. Draw curve using Spline command SPL.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

15. Mark a point P on Hyperbola at a distance of 60 mm from directrix using offset command O.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

16. Draw a line by joining P and F, Draw a line from F perpendicular to the directrix using line
command L. Mark a point T on Directrix line.
17. Make lines FP and FT perpendicular, select parametric from MENU BAR geometric
constraints perpendicular Select two lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

18. Draw a Tangent line by joining from T to P and extend some distance and mark as Tᶦ

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

19. Draw a Normal line to Tangent line TTᶦ and extend some distance and mark as
NNᶦ
20. Make lines TTᶦ and NNᶦ perpendicular, select parametric from MENU BAR - geometric
constraints - perpendicular - Select two lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LECTURE 7

CYCLOIDAL
CURVES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CYCLOIDAL CURVES

CYCLOID:
• In geometry, a cycloid is the curve traced by a point on a circle as it rolls along a straight line
without slipping.
• A cycloid is a specific form of trochoid and is an example of a roulette, a curve generated by a
curve rolling on another curve.
• Cycloid, the curve generated by a point on the circumference of a circle that rolls along a
straight line. If r is the radius of the circle and θ (theta) is the angular displacement of the circle,
then the polar equations of the curve are x = r(θ - sin θ) and y = r(1 - cos θ).

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw the curve traced out by a
point P on the circumference, for one complete revolution of the circle. Name the curve. Draw a
normal and tangent to the curve at a distance 40 mm from Directrix line.
Solution:
1. With Circle Command C Draw a generating Circle center O with radius 25mm, using
circle Command C.
2. Assuming point P to be the initial position of the generating Point, draw a Horizontal line PA, by
using Line Command L, mark the dimension as L = Πd using command DIMLIN.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3. Divide Circle into 12 equal parts by using DIV Command
4. Give Numbering to All divisions of circle in anti-clock wise direction like 1,2,3..11 by
using Text Command MTEXT.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5. Divide Directrix Line PA in to 12 equal parts by using DIV command and Give numbering 1’,
2’. . 11’ by using MTEXT command.

6. Draw the line OB, parallel and equal to PA using offset command O. OB is the locus of the
centre of the generating Circle.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

7. Draw Horizontal lines from all divisions of Circle Parallel to PA by using Line Command L

8. Draw vertical lines at 1’, 2’, 3’, etc., meeting OB at C1, C2…..C12 using Line command L.
Mark as C1, C2 ….. using MTEXT command.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

9. Draw a circle with C1 as centre and 25 mm radius using circle command C, create a point P1
at the intersection of circle and 1 st horizontal line using POINT command PO

10. Draw a circle with C2 as centre and 25 mm radius, using circle command C create a point
P2 at the intersection of circle and 2nd horizontal line using POINT command PO.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

11. Repeat the above procedure and mark remaining points P3 to P12.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

12. With The help of SPLINE Command SPL Join all the points P1 to P12 for the generating
cycloid.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

To draw a normal and tangent to a cycloid.
13. Mark a point M on the cycloid curve at 40 mm distance from the directing line by Using
OFFSET command O.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

14. With M as a centre and the radius 25 R, Draw Circle, which will cut the centre line OB at point
R using Circle command C. After locating Point R remove Circle by using Trim Command TR.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

15. Through point R, draw a line perpendicular to PA, Which meets PA at Point N using Line
command L.
16. Join NM and extend it to N’. The line NN’ is the required normal line.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

17. Through Point M, draw a line TT’ Perpendicular to NN’. The line TT’ is the required tangent line.
18. Make lines TTᶦ and NNᶦ perpendicular, select parametric from MENU BAR - geometric
constraints - perpendicular - Select two lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CYCLOIDAL CURVES

EPICYCLOID:
• In geometry, an epicycloid or hypercycloid is a plane curve produced by tracing the path
of a chosen point on the circumference of a circle—called an epicycle—which rolls
without slipping around a fixed circle. It is a particular kind of roulette.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on another circle of 150 mm diameter without slipping.
Draw the curve traced out by a point P on the circumference, for one complete revolution
of the circle. Name the curve. Draw a tangent to the curve at a point M 120mm radius
from the center of the directrix.
Solution:

1. R = 75,, and r = 25mm

2. Angle Ɵ = r/R * 360 = 120°
3. Draw two lines at an angle of 60° from vertical line.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. Draw a Directrix circle with 75mm radius with O as centre using Circle command C. Trim
the circle outside the lines using Trim command TR.

5. Draw a generating circle with 25mm radius above the directrix circle. The end of the
generating circle should touch the end point of directrix arc as shown in the below figure.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. Divide the generating circle in to equal parts using division command DIV. Mark the points
as 1, 2, 3 etc. using Text command MTEXT.

7. Draw circles with centre O, passing through centre and outer point of generating circle using
Circle command C.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

8. Divide the directrix arc in to equal parts using Division command DIV. Draw lines from O
to the points using Line Command L.

9. Extend the center lines to center arc using Extend command EX. Mark the points as 1’,
2’,…12’ at the intersection of directrix arc and lines using Text command MTEXT.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

10. Mark the points as C, C1, C2, ….C12 at the center arc using Text command MTEXT.

11. Draw circles passing through all divided points of generating circle with centre O using
Circle command C. Remove extra portion using Trim command TR.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

12. With centres C, C1, C2, ….C12 and radius 25mm draw circles using Circle command C.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

13. Create points at the intersection of circles and the arcs. Mark points as P1, P2, P3….P12
using Text command MTEXT. Trim the circles using Trim command TR.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

14. Create a curve by joining points P1, P2, P3….P12 using Spline command SPL to create
Epicycloid.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

To draw Tangent and Normal Lines
15. Draw a circle with center O and radius 120mm using Circle command C. Create a point at
the intersection of Epicycloid and circle using command PO. Mark point as M using Text
command MTEXT. Remove some portion of circle using Trim command TR.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

16. Draw a circle with center M and generating circle radius 25mm using Circle command C.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

17. Draw a line joining O and M using line command L. Create a point at the intersection of
line OM and directrix arc using Point command PO. Mark point as N using Text command
MTEXT.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

18. Draw a line joining M and N to create normal line using line command L. Extend the line
using Extend command EX. Mark point N’. NN’ is the normal line.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

19. Draw a line TT’ passing through M and normal to NN’ using Line command L. Extend the
line using Extend command EX. Make lines TTᶦ and NNᶦ perpendicular, select
parametric from MENU BAR - geometric constraints - perpendicular - Select two lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CYCLOIDAL CURVES

HYPOCYCLOID:
• In geometry, a hypocycloid is a special plane curve generated by the trace of a fixed
point on a small circle that rolls within a larger circle. As the radius of the larger circle is
increased, the hypocycloid becomes more like the cycloid created by rolling a circle on a
line.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls inside of another circle of 150 mm diameter without
slipping. Draw the curve traced out by a point P on the circumference, for one complete
revolution of the circle. Name the curve. Draw a tangent to the curve at a point P on it.
Solution:

1. R = 75,, and r = 25mm

2. Angle Ɵ = r/R * 360 = 120°
3. Draw two lines at an angle of 60° from vertical line.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. Draw a Directrix circle with 75mm radius with O as centre using Circle command C. Trim
the circle outside the lines using Trim command TR.
5. Draw a generating circle with 25mm radius below the directrix circle. The end of the
generating circle should touch the end point of directrix arc as shown in the below figure

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. Draw circles with centre O, passing through centre and inner point of generating circle using
Circle command C. . Trim the circle outside the lines using Trim command TR.

7. Divide the generating circle in to equal parts using division command DIV. Mark the points
as 1, 2, 3 etc. using Text command MTEXT.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

8. Divide the directrix arc in to equal parts using Division command DIV. Mark the points as P,
P1, P2…. using Text command MTEXT.

9. Draw lines from O to the points using Line Command L.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

10. Draw circles passing through all divided points of generating circle with centre O using
Circle command C. Remove extra portion using Trim command TR.

11. Mark the intersection points of lines and center arc as C, C1, C2…. C12 using Text
command MTEXT.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

12. With centres C, C1, C2, ….C12 and radius 25mm draw circles using Circle command C.
13. Create points at the intersection of circles and the arcs. Mark points as P1, P2, P3….P12
using Text command MTEXT. Trim the circles using Trim command TR.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

14. Create a curve by joining points P1, P2, P3….P12 using Spline command SPL to create
Hypocycloid.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

To draw Tangent and Normal Lines
15. Draw a circle with center O and radius 60mm using Circle command C. Create a point at
the intersection of Hypocycloid and circle using command PO. Mark point as M using Text
command MTEXT. Remove some portion of circle using Trim command TR.
16. Draw a circle with center M and generating circle radius 25mm using Circle command C.
17. Draw a line joining O and M using line command L. Create a point at the intersection of
line OM and directrix arc using Point command PO. Mark point as N using Text command
MTEXT.
18. Draw a line joining M and N to create normal line using line command L. Extend the line
using Extend command EX. Mark point N’. NN’ is the normal line.
19. Draw a line TT’ passing through M and normal to NN’ using Line command L. Extend the
line using Extend command EX. Make lines TTᶦ and NNᶦ perpendicular, select
parametric from MENU BAR - geometric constraints - perpendicular - Select two lines.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
THANK YOU

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