India's Foreign Policy ee cHaPTER Indias Foreign Policy + India's Changing Relations with Other Nations ‘Since Independence, India has faced three distinct periods of international relations, from abipolar Cold War world ‘until 1999; toa unipolar world dominated by the US from 1990 till the world economic crisis of 2008; to the present transformational moment. in each of these it followed a strategy of non-alignment while adjusting tactically to the realities of power in order to achieve India’s foreign policy goals. fee eer eens see ecto onl rales See ee a OF a ik einli lind See erect 2. ee policy encompasses trade, finance, human rights, SS how countries interact with one another and how they ieee ee + Incas Relations with its Neighbours * Incas Nuclear Programme ‘The formulation of foreign policy is a complex process, ‘mediated by the participation of various stakeholders. India is, a federal country and the subject of foreign affairs is included lunder the jurisdiction af Union or Central government. Besides the government bodies and authorities like the Prime ‘minister and Ministry of External Affairs the political parties, ‘media, and pressure groups also play an important role in the formulation of foreign policy. India isa nation born in the back drop of the World Was, it decided to formulate its foreign relations with a goal to respect the sovereignty of all other nations and to accomplish security through the maintenance of peace. This goal finds an echo in the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution Indian foreign policy is influenced by both domestic and international environmental factors. The Foreign policy of Independent India advecated the policy of Non-alignment to reduce the Cald War tensions. Nehru’s Role (Our first PM Jawaharlal Nehru played a significant role in setting the national agenda. He was alsa the Forcign Minister so he greatly influenced the formulation and implementation (of India’s Foreign Policy from 1946 to 1964 ‘hls chapter some part af The End of Bipalarity, New Centres of Power and US Hegemony in World Polisi Ind uded‘His Foreign Policy was based on three major objectives (i) To preserve the hard-earned sovereignty. (is) To protect tersitorial integrity of India (ip To promote rapid economic development Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through the strategy of Non-alignment, But there were leaders and ‘Political parties like BR. Ambedkar, Bhartiya Jan Sangh and ‘Swatantra Party who were in favour of pro-US foreign policy. Principles of India’s Foreign Policy “The principles of India's foreign policy and ts objectives are closely interlinked with each other. Some of these principles fre discussed below Panchsheel ‘Nehru gave utmost importance to world peace in his policy planning. He was the main architect of foreign policy after independence. For him, India desired peaceful and friendly relations with all countries, particularly the big powers and ‘the neighbouring nations. While signing a peace agreement ‘with Chinas he advocated adherence to five guiding principles known as Panchsheel. ‘Panchsheel was signed on 28th April, 1954 and since then it hhas become a guiding principle of India's bilateral relations swith other countries also. ‘Panchsheel includes the following five principles of foreign policy (i) Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty. (ii) Non-aggression against each other (ii) Non. (iv) Equality and mutual benefit. (v) Peaceful co-existence Afro-Asian Unity ‘The Indian National Movernent was not an isolated process. ‘twas apart of the worldwide struggle against colonialism and imperialism. It influenced the freedom movernents of ‘many Aslan and Affican countries. Because of india's size, location and power potential, Nehru wished a greater rle of, {ndiain world affairs particulary in Asian affairs. Under the leadership of Nehru, India’s relation with newly independent nations of Asia and Afvica was strengthened. ‘Nehru had been a great advocate of Asian unity. India called ‘Aslan Relations Conference in March 1D47 even five ‘months before the independence. ‘India was a staunch supporter of the decolonisation and ‘firmly opposed racism, particularly apartheid in South “Afi. The Afro-Asian Conference known asthe Bandung ‘Conference was held in 1955. This Bandung Conference Interled to the establishment of the NAM. The Bandung ‘Conference marked the climax of India’s engagement with sterference in each other's internal affairs the newly Independent Asian and African nations. The first summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961. Nehru was a ee-founder af the NAM. Policy of Non-Alignment \Non-alignmentis the most important feature of India's foreign policy Its care element isto maintain independence in foreign affairs by not jotning any militay alliance formed by the USA and Soviet Union, which emerged as an important aspect of Cold War politics after the Second World ‘War It postulates taking an independent stand on international issues according to the merits of each case but at the same time not committing to coming under the influence of any military bloc India played a lead role in popularising and consolidating the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). After the end of Cold War, NAM proved to be a powerful mechanism to forge South-South cooperation, which is essential for their collective self-reliance in the present market driven global order Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes This principle has been included in the Constitution of India, under the Directive Principles of State Policy as well asin the Charter of the UN. India has played leading zole in the resolution of Korean conflict and supported negotiated settlement of Palestine issue, Kashmir problem, border problems with neighbouring countries and other such disputes. 1. Foreign Policy is designed to protect 2. How many principles were there in the Panchsheel? 3. Which leader favoured the Pro-US foreign policy for Inia? 44 NAN postulates taking an. 5 Which principle Inga’ foreign policy i included in Indian Constitution? India's relations with other nations are an important part af India’s foreign policy. It is discussed below in detail China Before the emergence of Western imperialism, both India and China were powerful countries in Asian region. In the ancient times, both Chinese dynastic rule and Emperor Rule in India extended their influence beyond their borders in terms of political, economé and cultural aspects. Both regions rarely averlapped cach other de t limited political and cultural interaction between India snd China. Later in the twentieth century, when both countries confronted eachfother then both had to face difficulty to evolve their foreign policy with each other. {India began its relationship with China in a very friendly ‘way. India was one of the first countries to recognise the ‘Communist government after the Chinese revolution in 1949. Nehru strongly supported and helped China in International forum. Despite the concern of Vallabhbhai Patel, Nehru never had suspicion af attack from China India-China borders for a very long time were guarded under the para-military forces instead of army. ‘The joint declaration of Panchsheel (Five Principles of ‘Peaceful Co-cxistence) between Nehru and the Chinese ‘Premier Zhou Enlai on 29th April, 1954 marked the strong, relationship between the countries. Issues of Conflict Between India-China “The relationship between India and China strained because of the following factors ‘= 1n1950, China annexed Tibet which removed 2 historical buffer between two countries. Initially, India dida’t ‘oppose it openly, but later it resented this issue when information regarding Tibetan culture suppression came up. ‘+ Dalai Lama, the Tibetan spiritual leader sought and ‘obtained political asylum in India in 1959. China opposed this move by declaring that India is supporting anti-China activities. ‘= China and India were involved in a border conflict in 1962 lover competing territorial claims principally in Arunachal Pradesh and in the Aksai Chin region of Ladakh. The conflict af 1962, in which India suffered military reverses, ‘had long-term implications for India-China relations. Relations after Chinese Invasion ‘© India took military assistance from US and Britain to move over the crises. The Soviet Union remained neutral during this invasion ‘= Diplomatic relations between the two countries were downgraded until 1976. Thereafter, relations between the ‘two countries began to improve slowly ‘= After the change in China's political leadership from the ‘id to late 1970s, China's policy became more pragmatic and less ideological. So, it was prepared to put off the settlement of contentious iesues while improving relations with India “+ A series of talks to resolve the border issue were also initiated in 1981. Since the end of the Cold ‘War, there hhave been significant changes in India~ China relations. ‘Their relations are now based upon strategic as well as an ‘economic dimension. ‘= Both view themselves as rising powers in global politic, and play 2 major role in the Asian economy and politics. Rajiv Gandhi's visit to China in December 1988 provided the impetus for an improvement in India-China relations. «Since then both governments have taken measures to contain conflict and maintain ‘peace and tranquility’ on the border. They have also signed agreements on cultural ‘exchanges and cooperation in science and technology, and ‘opened four border posts for trade + With India~-China trade growing at 30 per cent per year since 1999, 2 more positive perspective on relations with (China has emerged. Bilateral trade between India and (China has increased from $338 million in 1992 10 more than $8 billion in 2017. ‘At the global level, India and China have adopted similar policies in international economic institutions like the ‘World Trade Organisation, Consequences of Chinese Invasion ‘The China war tamished (spoiled) India’s image at home and abroad. India had to request military assistance from US and British, The USSR remained neutral during the war. I caused a sense of national humiliation and also strengthened the spirit of nationalism at the same time. Some of the top army cammanders either resigned or were retired. Nehru’s close associate and then Defence Minister, \V Krishna Menon had to resign from the cabinet. 1+ Nehru’s own reputation suffered, as he was criticised for lack of military preparedness and inexperienced assecument of the Chinese intention. For the frst time, a no-confidence motion against Nehru's ‘government was moved and debated in the Lok Sabha. Besides, the Congress also lost some key by-elections to Lak Sabha ‘The Sino-Indian conflict created differences between pro-China and pro-USSR factions of CPI (Communist Party of India). This pary later in 1964 split into CPI and Communist Party of India-Marxists (CPI-M), ‘The China war also captured the attention of Indian leadership to the condition of North-East region. The attempts have been made to resolve the challenge of ‘ational integration through reorganisation process soon after China war. Nagaland was granted statchood and Manipur and ‘Tripura were given the right to elect their own legislative assemblies. Tibet Teetis ane of tne mayer sues of tenon Betwean nda and China ‘Poets cain a ne Root ofthe work because les gs plateau (una Pad came acminisratve contro over Tbe In 1950, China took central over Tibet which was opposed bythe maa of population of Tibet ina canceled Chinas cia over Tibet because Of the Pancsheel agreement sgned between Inia and Chinain 25 However, nda gave retuge 1 Osa Lams the tibetan sprtua leader Snathwsnae of Tetan peopl. ‘Dharshala in Mimanchal Pradesh peehaps te largest rete Settlements of Tetan eugees,Russia ‘India's relations with Russia are an important aspect of ‘India’s foreign policy. indo-Russian relations are submerged ina history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions. During the Cold War ra, both entered {nto various agreements allowing India to jointly produce smiltary equipment. Both the nations share a vision of a ‘multipolar world order Here, multiplar world order means ‘= Existence of several powers in the intemational system, ‘= Collective security (in which an attack on any count regarded ara threat toall countries and requires collective response), «Greater regionalism, ‘= Negotiated settlements of international conflicts, ‘= An independent foreign policy for all countries, and ‘= Decision making through bodies like the UN should be strengthened, democratised, and empowered ‘As perthe Strategic Agreement of 2001, both the countries hhave signed mare than 80 bilateral agreements. India is [benefited from Russia on several issues like Kashi ‘energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia, and balancing its relations swith China. Indian culture and Hindi films well popular in ‘USSR. A number of Indian artists went to soviet union. ‘On the other hand, Indias also favourable for Russia in the following ways ‘= As India isthe sccond largest arms market for Russia ‘= The Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia, \India-Russia Relations ‘Russia is important to India and has repeatedly assisted India during its oil rises. Rusvia is also necessary for India’s nuclear energy plans and it assisted India’s space industry by providing, the cryogenic rocket when India needed it. ‘Both these countries have collaborated on various scientific projects “Although, Indo-Russia relationship fares increasing stress {from the evolving international scenario characterised by ‘the tise of China and the impact it has on the broader regional and glabal order. As there are subsequent events ‘which has led to deepening of Russia-China strategic partnership due to a commonality of interests in political, ‘economic and strategic domains while a similar level of ‘engagernent with other countries of Asia has not been realised ‘Thus, itis evident that India and Russia's relation ship «cannot flourish on defence and historical linkages alone. ‘With systemic changes underway in international relations, sew dimensions of cooperation need to be found to build a strong economic and strategic partnership. USA During the Cold War years, India found itself on the opposite side of the divide from the US ie. it was in favour of Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, India suddenly found itself alone in the international arena. The tend of Cold War Era was marked by India's economic reforms which initiated a process of gradual shift in the way the two countries perceived each other The two most significant factars that have emerged between. India-US in recent years are related to technological dimension and the rale ofthe Indian-American Diaspora, This sradual process of the warming up of bilateral relations came toan abrupt halt after India's nuclear tests in May 1998. India-US Relations Improvement in relations was evident by the visit of President Clinton to Indi in March 2000, the frst presidential visit in over20 years, Since then relations between the two countries have swiftly evolved into what has been termed asa policy of comprehensive engagement. In the post-Cold Warera, Indias relationship with the US on several issues has strengthened. This canbe reflected inthe following + The US isthe thied-biggest source for Foreign Direct Investment into India in 2021. «+ India-US relations have become increasingly ‘multi-faceted, covering cooperation in areas such as rade, defence and security, education sence and technology, civil nuclear energy, space technology and applic environment, and health. + Trade and economic partnership between the US and India have been a key component ofthe bilateral relationship. For instance, US Financial and Economic Partnership to strengthen bilateral engagement on ‘macroeconomic, financial and investment-elated issues were launched in April 2010. * The bilateral Strategic Energy Partnership was launched in April 2018 under which India has started importing rade and LNG from the US. Now, the US is India's Sinth-largest source of crude oil imports and hydrocarbons + Inclusion of India and South Asia inthe US Maritime Security Initiative are some ofthe significant initiatives ‘which help t strengthen the Indo-US relations The US absorbs about 65 percent of India’ total export in the software sector. + 35 percent ofthe technical staff of Basing is crtimated to be of Indian origin. “Around 300,000 Indians workin Silicon Valley 15 percent of al high-tech start ups are by Indian - ‘AmericansIsrael Linda's Foreign policy with Ieracl remained unexplored notwithstanding the two nations gaining independence ‘rom the British colonial rule in 1947 and 1943 respectively ‘Both countries share historical and cultural ties from the ‘past. But the formal diplomatic relations developed between ‘the two after the opening of Israeli Embassy in India in 1992. Since then the bilstral relationship between the two countries has prospered atthe economic, military, agricultural and political levels. “After the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, the ‘lations between the two countries started gaining ‘firmness in 1996 and 1998 onwards. India has become one ‘of Isracl's largest trading partners, many of the world’s leading high-tech companies in tsracl and tndia are forging joint ventures that are successfully competing in the ough Snternational marketplace. Trace and cooperation between the countries now centres primarily on security-related deals and aid in areas such as agriculture and water desalination ‘The relations between the two democratic nations are {further intensified with the visits ofthe two heads of government ie. PM Narendra Modi to Israel in 2017 and PM “Benjamin Netanyahu to India in 2018. The two nations have started cooperation in various fields like cultural exchange, security defence, counterterrorism, space research, watee ‘energy and agricultural development “Multiple collaborative agreements were signed between {Indian and Israel during Modi’ visit. Like for instance, The ‘acl Space Agency and the Indian Space Research ‘Organization signed an agreement to Foster partnership in the development of electric propulsion systems for small satellites, and creating systems to accurately measure the extreme conditions of outer space. 1. The Chinese Revolution took place in. 3. When did formal diplomatic relations between India anc lerael cevelop? 44. When did PM Narendra Madi vet lerae? Sevier Pee eis fois fi cbse na ly pene Spe developments in individual countries but als the broader trends which shape the region ab «whole Indi’ xclationship with neighbouring countries are discussed below in detail India-Pakistan Relations After the partition, dispute between both these countries Started over the issue of Kashmir. proxy war brake out between India and Pakistan forces in Kashmir in 1947. Although, this didn’t led toa full-scale war.On the other hand, cooperation between India and Pakistan was not stopped due to Kashmir dispute. Both the governments worked together to restore the abducted women to their original families during the partition. long-term dispute about the sharing of river waters was resolved through mediation by the Warld Bank. India-Pakistan Indus Water Treaty was signed by Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960. In 1965, a serious armed conflict between these two countries came into existence when Pakistan started the armed attack in Jammu and ‘Kashmir Rulers of Pakistan were hoping to get support of local people but it didn’t happen. To ease the pressure on ‘Kashmir front, Lal Behadur Shastri (then PM) ordered Indian troops to launch a counter-offensive strategy on the Punjab Border and successfully Indian army reached near to Lahore, ‘The conflict came to an end with the interference of UN. Later in January 1966, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur ‘Shastri and Pakistan’s General Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement under the mediation of USSR. | Bangladesh War, 1971 [erent gt sc er Son aceutmenves trea wee ite Sree eienate area Mont ancnmneincs ooeia cea eee ere Doi cuccaeeeen Tips ce aaa oman cng Beaecenitestamesmcest mateo arcemameree Seen toaataceene saan ice mca i asians See aes a ereces Se coor Sree terrace SEALE ON art ee eee Cee ec ioe eee Sino sor tetra pct sore teeenene eens. | eee mana | Poet rererenteeera al Serer ee Naa ee ares Sete inetgaancou see | | 01000 had to surrender With is, Bangladesh became independent ‘nina dacaedsuniateralceasfee Te ening of the Shimla fgreement on 3 uy, 1972 between India Gandhian Zur A ‘tutto formalised he etum a normalcy and peace | scecsve vetonyin te war lest ntlonal bastion Most people Inala saw ts 252 moment of lor and 2 cearsign of walas | groin mtr prowess raver.Present Issues of Conflict, ‘= Cross-border Terrorism Terrorism emanating from territories under Pakistan's control remains a core concern in bilateral relations. India has consistently stressed the need for Pakistan to take credible, irreversible and verifiable action to end cross border terrorism against India and fulfil its assurances. ‘= Kashmir Issue This is one of the most sensitive issues between India and Pakistan. There was no forward ‘movement in bilateral ties in 2020 due t the mistrust ‘between the two countries, especially on the Kashmir India-Bangladesh Relations ‘Bangladeshis critical for India's security, the development of the North-East and the success ofits Look East Policy” “The two countries have had a troubled relationship since the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rehman in 1975. But Iter, bilateral trade between india and Bangladesh has ‘grown steadily. Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia and India isthe second biggest trade partner ‘of Bangladesh, “The multi-dimensional cooperation between the two ‘countries ranges from traditional sectors af tourism, health land education to frontier technologies of nuclear science, ‘space and information technology. “The relationship between both the countries is based on sovereignty equality, rust, understanding and partnership ‘that goes far beyond a strategic partnership. In the last ‘couple of years, the relationship has been further ‘strengthened including through cooperation in new and high-technology areas. India-Nepal Relations ‘Both india and Nepal enjoys excellent bilateral ties with ‘each other. The frequent high level visits by the leaders of the two countris at ciffeent points of time andthe interactions constitute the hallmark ofthe ies between the tire ce a hasbeen een ete partner of Nepal. Strong support and solidarity from the Government of Tada in advancing its home-grown peace process as ell asin the proces of writing the Constitution through the elected Constituent Assembly is provided. Interms of trade, India is Nepal’ Larges trading partner, ‘India has provided transit facility to Nepal forthe third county trae. Both public and private sectors of India have Snvertd in Nepal. Both Nepal and india have common Approach to regional ané multilateral institutions and Fence workin tandem inthe United Nations, Non-Aligned ‘Movement and other international forum on most of the Emportant international issues. India- Sri Lanka Relations In recent years, the relationship has been marked by growing trade and investment, cooperation inthe fields of development, education, culture and defence, as wel as 2 broad understanding on major issues af international rest Bilateral exchanges at various levels over the past yyear and significant progress in implementation of developmental assistance projects has helped to enhance friendship among both the nations. “Trade between the two countries grew particularly cpidly after the entry into force of the Indis-Sri Lanka Free Trade “Agreement in March 2000. Tourism also forms an important link between India and Sri Lanka and India is the largest source market for Sri Lankan tourism India and Sri Lanka also enjoy 2 growing defence xelationship built on extensive training and Service-to-Service linkages. The commonality of concerns of both countries, including with respect tothe safety and security oftheir sea lanes of communication, informs their bilateral exchanges in this field India-Myanmar Relations “The sographica proximity of the two countries has helped develop and sustain cordial relations and facilitated people-to people contact. India and Myanmar share along land border rover 1600 km anda maritime boundary inthe Bay of Bengal ‘Anum faites inding tana Ongena bhnve been signed between the two countries. Iniutinal rechanisms fr facilitating regular dialogue on arangc of issues of bilateral interest have also been established. igh level visits have been a repola eature of India-Myanmar relations for several years, -Myanmaris also the beneficiary of a duty-free tariff preference scheme for Least Developed Countries (LDCS). Tis bales prviing aaatanes in tsp ition for higher learning and research, namely Myanmat Institute of Information Technology Advanced Cente fr “Agricultural Research and Education, Myanmar-india Centre for Enhancement of Skil, India- Myanmar Industrial Training Centres. (On the other hand, Intemal Security a major concern for Ti ek My drbarder te pemce cl ght pots which is exploited by terrorist outfits and insurgent groups: from North-Eastern part of India c.g. Supply of trained cadres, arms trafickingPA ed ‘The first Nuclear explosion was carried out by india in May, 1974, Nehru had pret faith in science and technology {for building madern India rapidly. An important part of his ‘ndustrialisation plans was Nuclear Programme in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J Bhabha. ‘Nehru was against nuclear weapons. So, he advocated for comprehensive nuclear disarmament tn the world. When ‘Communist China eonducted nuclear test in Octaber 1964, the five nuclear pomered and permanent members of UN ‘Sceurity Couneil~ USA, USSR, UK. France and China (Taiwan represcating China) imposed the nuclear ‘Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on the rest of the world. ‘India termed NPTas discriminatory and had refused to sign it India wanted to generate atomie energy for peaceful purposes. When Inia conducted the ist nuclear test, it ‘was called as peaceful explosion. India asserted thatitwas «committed tothe policy of peaceful use of nuclear power. The period of conducting the nuclear test was a challenging period in domestic politrs. There was economic urmeil ‘and high inflation in India due to high ising of ol prices aused by Arab-Inracl War of 1973. Numerous agitation, ‘demonstration and nationwide strike by railway anion and ‘wade union were going on. There are minor differences among political patie shout how to conduct extrnal elation, Indian politics is sencrally marked by abroad agreement among the parties fn national integration, protection of international, boundaries and on questions of national interest ‘During the decade of 1962-1971, when India faced three swarsor even later when different patie came © power ‘rom time to time foreign policy has played only a limited role in party politi. ‘India's nuclear policy has always been peace-oriented ‘whose cea impression ie refected in the form ofthe policy fof No ist Use’. But as per the contemporary regional Security challenge, the government led by PM Narendra ‘Mod held that pliy af na first use can be reviewed and changed in accordance tthe regional and national ne {In addition to this, India is committed to ensureits ‘membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and ‘opposes the unjust treaties like CTBT and NPT. 1 Indus Water Treaty was signed by Nehruand General Ayub Khanin 2 Write down ane area of conflict between India and Pakistan inthe present context. 2 India-SriLanka Free Trade Agreement was signed in 4 —.—- helped india- Myanmar to develop coral Felationships with each other 5. India’s Nuclear Programme is based on the policy of ae © Cold War It was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western bloc and powers in the Eastern bloc. = Bandung Conference An Afro-Asian conference in ‘Bandung in 1955 to establish NAM and India’s engagement with Asian and African nations Panchsheel Five principles of peaceful co-existence tobe signed in 1984 between India and China 1=-NAM cis a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power Bloc. The founder countries were India, Burma, Indonesia, Egypt, Ghana and Yugoslavia. Ie-was largely conceived by Indla's ft Prime Minister Pt Jawaharlal Nehna, Tashkent Declaration This was a peace agreement. between India and Pakistan which was signed on. 10th January, 1996 after 1968 war_A mecting was held in Tashkent in Urbekistan 1 Shimla Agreement twas signed between India and Pakistan on 2nd July, 1972 in Shimla. It fllowed war from 1971 that led toindependence of Bangladesh. Non-Proliferation Treaty Its a international treaty whose goal is to prevent the spread of nucicar weapons and technology, o promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to achieve nuclear disarmamentNCERT FOLDER 1. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against each of these (3) Non-Aligament allowed India to gain assistance both from USA and USSR. (Gi) India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained from the beginning. (ii) The Cold War has affected the relationship between India and Pakisten (iv) The Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1971 was the result of Indies closeness to USA. Ans (i)Toue (i) False (il) True (iv) False 2. Mateh the following. List List it (A) The goal of India’s (1) Tibetan spiritual leader foreign policy in the | who crossed over to period 1950-1964 India. (B) Panchsheel (@) Preservation of terrtor Integrity, sovereignty and economic development. (€) Bandung. (@) Five principles of Conference peaceful coexistence, (D) Dalai tama (4) Ledito the establishment of NAM. Ams (A)2(B)3(C)4 (DY 8. Why did Nehru regard conduct of foreign relations ag an essential indicator of independence? State any ‘wo reasons with examples to Support your reading. Ams. Independent conduct of foreign policy shows that nation Js fee fom fear and favour of any strong nation. This is why, Nehru decided to independently conduct its foreign policy without being influenced by US and USSR camp. To Nehru, foreign policy was an essential indicator of independence because (4) Independent foreign telation protect the sovereignty of nation in international system and can bring rapid economic development. Nehru pursued it in the form of NAM. (Ui) Independent foreign relation respect the sovereignty of all other nations and protect security through the maintenance of peace. This proposition {also echoed in the Directive Principles of State Policy of our constitution. 4. "The conduct of foreign affairs is an outcome of a two-way interaction between domestic compulsions and prevailing international climate.” Take one example from India’s external relations in the 1960s to substantiate your answer. ANS. The statement is true and justified that foreign palicy is the outcome of interaction between domestic compulsions and prevailing international politics. For Instance, during the China War of 1962, India had to approach the US and Britain for military asistance 10 tide over the conflict and Soviet Union which was elozer to India remained neutral 1m domestic politics, India’s defeat became a matter of national humiliation and top army commander had io resign. Nehru’s own popularity suffered setback. Even. no-confidence motion was moved against the Congress Party forthe frst time in history Communist Party of India also faced split over diferences on Sino-Indian conic. 5. identify any two aspects of india’ foreign policy that you would like to retain and two that you Would like to change, if you were w become a decision maker. Give reasons to support your postion. ‘Ans, Two aspects of ina’ foreign policy that should be retained are (0) NAM as the ideal foreign policy approach of Inia since the beginning should be retained even today because India should not Be the part of any camp in world piles. Instad, It should keep tlendly relations with all nations to promote world peace (i) Even today, Afo-indian unity must be maintained to protect the enersy needs and secunty af the ‘Two aspects that neded tobe changed are 10) India must be assertive to protect its interest with neighbours. (i) India should atempt tobe a strong economy and mlary power to cxerie greater role international plies 6. Write short notes on the following. {G) India’s Nuclear Policy (4) Consensus in foreign policy matters Ans, {i) India’s Nuclear Policy The frst nucicar explosion ‘was carried out by India in May, 1974. Nehru had reat faith in Science and Technology for building ‘modern India rapidly. An important part of his Industialisation plans was Nuclear Programme in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J Bhabha. Nehru was against nuclear weapons. so he advocated for comprehensive nuclear disarmament in the world. When Communist China conducted nuclear test in October 1964, the five nuclear powered and permanent members of UN Security Council- USA, USSR, UK, France and China (Taiwan representing China) imposed the nuclear Non-Prolifeation Treaty (NPT) on the rest of the worldIndia termed NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign it. India wanted to generate atomic ‘energy for peaceful purposes. When India ‘conducted the first nuclear test, it was called as peaceful explasion (ti) Consensus in Foreign Policy Matters Although, there are minor differences among the politcal parties about how to canduct foreign relation, however the forign policy's concerns are same for ‘every politcal party which has come to the power since the independence. There is 2 limited role of palitics aver foreign policy. ‘There have been consensus among all the major political parties over national integration, protection of international boundaries and on the ‘Questions of national interest. Since Independence, we have dispute with Pakistan and China. But, whether it be Congress or BFP or coalition Sovernment, there has been consensus to maintain trade and cultural exchange and scientific cooperation with them. 7. tndia's Foreign Policy was built around the principles of peace and co-operation. But India ought three wars in a space of ten years between 1962 and 1971. Would you say that this was a failure of the foreign policy? Or would you say that this was a result of international situation? Give reasons to support your answer. ANS. No, thie was nota failure of foreign policy but this was the result of international situation As India’s Forcign Policy was based upon the International system of different ideologies presented by two blocs Le. USA and USSR. There were barriers in the way of eetalishing a territorial integrity and sovereignty between India and China as well as between India-Pakistan which Fesulted in full sale ware. [Av the global level, it was necessary for India to protect its democratic and poliical nature this is the reason that led India to participate in the wars. ‘To preserve its national interest was another factor ‘which led India to participate inthe wars. 8. Does India’s foreign policy reflect her desire ta be an important regional power? Argue your case with the Bangladesh war of 1971 as an example Ans. Bangladesh War 1971 In 1970, Pakistan's frst general election produced a split verdict. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Party wan inthe ‘West-Pakdstan, whereas Awami League led by Sheikh ‘Mujib-ur Rahman won in East Pakistan, Pakistani rulers were not ready to accept this democratic verdict nor were to accept demand of federation by Awami League Instead, in 1971, they arrested Sheikh Mujb and started terrorising the people of East Pakistan. People responded with strong movement tolerate Bangladesh from Pakistan, India’s Role during Bangladesh War + India provided shelter to about 80 lakh Bangladeshi refugees and gave moral and material support to freedom movement in Bangladesh. Pakistan blamed India for conspiracy to break it up. US and China supported Pakistan. To counter the US-Pakistan-China axis, India signed 2 20-year ‘Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Soviet Union in ‘August 1971. This treaty assured Soviet support to India in case of any attack. ‘After months of diplomatic tension and military preparation, 2 full-scale war between India and Pakistan started in December, 1971. Pakistani air force attacked Punjab and Rajasthan and its army march to the Jammu and Kashmir foot. India responded with counter attack involving the air force, navy and the army on both the Eastern and ‘Western front. With the support of local population, Indian army within 10 days surrounded Dhaka from three sides_And Pakistani army of about 90000 had to surrender before Indian Army. With this, Bangladesh became independent and India declared a unilateral ceasefire. ‘Thus, we can conclude fram above given points that uring the Bangladesh war of 1971, India's foreign policy reflect its desire to be an important regional power 9. How does political leadership ofa nation affect its foreign policy? Explain this with the help of examples from India's foreign policy. Ans. Political leadership of 2 nation always affect its foreign policy. There are two examples given below {) Foreign Policy of Nehru Nehru was the main architect of foreign policy after independence. He hhad a deep knowledge of world affatrs. He was the main leader to advocate the unity of the Asian nations. The main elements of his foreign policy were as follows * Non-alignment Movement, * Panchsheel Agreement [Not to join any of the two blocs (US and USSR). ‘To promote the international peace and co-operation. Nuclear disarmament and promating democratic relationship with overseas. (ii) Foreign Policy of Shastri, Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desal India faced war during the period ‘af Shastri and Mrs Gandhi, Both maintained the integrity and sovereignty of the country ‘The Foreign policy of both was focusing on the rReace and prosperous development of India as well as with neighbouring states. They both were favouring the concept of Nehru’s Non-Aligned Movement and made good relations with Asian and african countries.In the era of Morafi Desai, Janta Panty came into power in 1977 which focused on the NAM and followed the principles of NAM. This resulted in ‘change in the pro-USSR foreign policy. Since then, all government attempted to have better relation iy Ans (i) If there were no military blocs, de you think [Non-Alignment would have been unnecessary? Nehru wanted to keep off military blocs because he sought to maintain friendly and peaceful relations with all the countries of the world. And ‘with US and China. wanted to chalk out a new path in the form of NAM for newly independent countries of Asia, Arica and Latin America, (8) No, the Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty not violated the principle of Non-Alignment because Indo-Soviet friendship treaty was to counter US-China axis through diplomacy. It was not a military alliance but a diplomatic alliance to protect ite interest (Gi) No, apart from maintaining distance from both US and USSR camps, NAM was also a platform for newly independent countries of Asia, Aftica and Latin America ta discuss the issue of ‘decolonisation, disarmament, terrorism, economic cooperation, etc 10. Read this passage and answer the questions below. “Broadly, Non-Alignment means not tying yourself off with military bloes.... It means trying to view things, as far a8 possible, not from the military point of view, though that has to come in sometimes, but independently, and trying te maintain friendly relations with all countries.” —dowchorlal Nera (4) Why does Nehra want to keep off military blocs? (i) Do you think that the Indo-Sovietfricadship treaty violated the principle of Non-Alignment? Give reasons for your answer.Cea PRACTICE ‘OBjective Type Questions ‘Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 11, Which countries after the Second World War decided to support the foreign policy of powerful (2) Underdevelaped countries (b) Developing countries (¢) Less developed countries (2) less economically developed countries Ans. (b) Developing countries 2. On which of the following objectives Nehirw’s Toreign policy was based? (2) To preserve the hard earned sovereignty. (b) To protect territorial integrity of India {(¢) To promote rapid economic development. (4) Allof the above Ans. (@) Allo the above 3. In which year the Afro-Asian Conference known as the Bandung Conference was held? (a) 1952 (b) 1961 {e) 1955, (a) 1954 Ans. (¢) 1955 4. Which of the following were the issues of conflict between India and China? (2) China annexed Tibet in 1950. (b) China began to suppress Tibetan Culture. (¢) When China claimed that two areas of Aksai Chin inthe Ladakh and much part af Arunachal Pradesh as part of Chinese Territory. (2) Allof the above Ans. (c) When China claimed that two areas of Aksai Chin in the Ladakh and much part of Arunachal Pradesh as part of Chinese Territory. 5. Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shaste in January 1966 signed the Tashkent Agreement with Which General of Pakistan? (2) Ayub Khan (b) Yahya Khan (e) Muhammad Zia Ul Haq (¢) Musa Khan Ans. (a) Ayub Khan 6. Which of the following statement about India's nuclear policy is/are correct? (2) India Nuclear Programme was started in the late 1940. (b) Lewas started under the guidance of Homi ‘Bhabha (c) Nehru was against the nuclear power and pleaded the superpowers far comprehensive rhuclear disarmanent. (2) Allof the above Ans. (€) Allo the above 7. Which one of the following statements related 10 tndo-China War (1962) is correct? CBSE 2020 (2) China could not cross the line of control (b) The Soviet Union remained neutral during the conflict. {€) The Soviet Union helped China against India. (2) The Chinese forees did not withdraw their troops ‘back to earlier position. Ans. (b) The Soviet Union remained neutral during the conflict. 8. The first meeting of NAM was held in. (a) Belgrade (b) Uzbekistan [Tashkent] (e) Baku (a) New Delhi Ans. (a) Belgrade 9. Shimla agreement, 1972 was signed between. tndira Gandhi and (3) Asif Ali Zardari (b) Zulfkar Ali Bhutto (0) Bilawal Bhutto (8) Yahya Khan Ans. (b) Zulfkar ai Bhutto 10. Which one of the following statements about India. China relations is not correct? CBSE Term!2021 (2) The slogan “Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai’ was popular for a brief while only (b) China took over Tibet in 1950 {c) India opposed China’s entry into the UN Security Council (@) China attacked India in 1962. Ans. (¢) India opposed China's entry into the UN Security, CouncilLLL. Which one of the following statements about India’s relations with Pakistan is incorrect? (CBSE Term 2021 (a) India and Pakistan signed the Indus water Treaty ‘shich has survived inspite of various military conflicts. (by India and Pakistan worked together to restore people back to their families (c) India and Pakistan have signed 2 treaty of friendship to work against terrorism. (4) india and Pakistan signed the Tashkent Agreement in 1966 Ans. (c) India and Pakistan ave signed a treaty of tiendship {a work against terorism. 12, Identify the eountey which has all the four features 1. Itisa partof India's ‘Look East Policy’. 2. Teeame into existence with India’s help. 3. Its border touches the border of India 4. tis a secular and democratic country Choose the correct option (Case Temi 2021 (a) Myanmar (b) Nepal (©) Bhutan (@) Bangladesh Ans. (c) Bangladesh 13. Which one of the following is not a part of India’s Foreign Policy? (a) Policy of Non alignment (b) Respect for SAARC {c) Opposition to United Nations (2) Respect for peaceful co-existence Ans. (c) Opposition to United Nations 14. Which one of the following factors has least affected the foreign policy of india? (a) Economic competition atthe global level (b) Establishment of the UN. {(c) The creation of nuclear weapons. (2) Beginning of decolonisation. Ans. (b) Establishment of the UN, 15. Which one of the following is not True about india Israel relations? (2) Cooperation inthe field of Defence and Security (b) Cooperation in the field of Cultural Exchange. {€) Cooperation inthe field of Space Research (4) Cooperation to form a Military Alliance. Ans. (2) Cooperation to form a Military Alliance. 16. in which year Panchsheel was signed ? (a) 1953 (by 1936 (c) 1954 (a) 1950 Ans. (¢) 1984 17. Which of the following statement (s) is/ are {incorrect about the Bangladesh war, 1971? {) The war conditions led India signing a 20 year ‘Treaty of Peace and Friendship with USA in 1971 (11) The Shimla Agreement between Lal Bahadur Shastri and Zulfikar Ale Bhutto formalised the return of peace in July 1972. (ITT) US and China supported Pakistan, (IV) India retaliated the Pakistan army with an attack rainly using the airforce, navy and the army. Codes (3) Only (1) (b) only em) {c) Only (11) (2) Only ¢1¥) Ans. (b) Only (it) 18. What was India’s role during Bangladesh war, 1971? (1) It provided shelter to about 80 lakh Bengali refugees. (11) Gave moral and material support to freedam, ‘movement in Bangladesh LU) India’s foreign policy reflected her desire to bean important regional power (8¥) Both (1) and (11) Codes (2) Only (t) (b) Only (1) {) Only (12) (2) Both (1) and (11) Ans. (4) Both (I) and (ll) 19, Arrange the following events into correct sequence (1) Opening of Israeli Embassy in India (11) Rajiv Gandhi's visit to China. (Ul Bilateral Strategic Energy Partnership between India and US. (IV) PM Narendra Modi visit to Israel, Codes (2) (1), (A, CV), ()_(&) (1, (IV), (IE) e) CV), (0), €), )(@) AMY, «TH, (TV), (E) Ans. (b) (1), (1), (2¥), (4) 20. Choose the statements whieh are not true about India’s Nuclear Programme (CBSE Term 2021 1. India’s Nuclear Programme has always been peace - oriented. 2. India’s Nuclear Programme isin favour of CTBT 3. India is committed to be a member of Nuclear Suppliers Group. 4. India's Nuclear Programme is to help the smaller ‘countries of AsiaChoose the correct option (@) Land 2 (b) 2anda (e) 2.3and4 (a) 1, 2and3 Ans (a) Land 21. Choose the features of tndia’s Nuclear Policy from the following (CBSE Terms 2021 1. Itis peace oriented 2. The policy of ‘no first use’ can be reviewed. 3. Supports the nuclear treaties like CTBT and NPT. 4. Ensuring the membership in the Nuclear ‘Supplier Group. Choose the correct option (2) 1,3and4 (b) 2. 3and4 te) L.2and 3 (a) 1. 2anda Ans. (c) 1,2and3 22. Choose the correct statements about India’s relations with Nepal. (Cast Term1 2021 1. India and Nepal enjoy a very special relationship. 2. India does not interfere in the internal affairs of Nepal. 3. India has always helped Nepal during natural disaster 4. Citizens cannot travel tothe other country without visas. Choose the correct options (a) L.2and4 (b) 1, 3and-4 fe) Land 3 (a) 2,3and4 Ans. (e) 1, 2and3 23. Which of the statements are related to the strained relations between India and China because of annexation of Tibet by China in 1950 a8E Term 2021 1. Initially. the Government of India did nat appase thie act openly 2. When chinese started suppressing the tibetan culture, the Indian Government grew uneasy 3. When the Indian government gave asylum to DDalia Lama. China alleged that India was allowing anti-chinese activities. 4. India strongly opposed the annexation of Tibet by China Choose the correet option (2) L,2and 3 (b) 1, 2and 4 (e) 2.3and4 (d) 1,3and 4 Ans. (c)2,3and4 Assertion-Reason Questions Directions (Q Nos. 24-26) In the questions given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct aption. (a) Both A and Rare ue and Rs the correct explanation oA (©) Both A and m are true, bur Rs not the correct ‘explanaton of A (c) A struc, burr is false (4) As ase, Bur is arue 24, Assertion (A) Nehru was a co-founder of the NAM. Reason (R) The Foreign Policy of Independent India advocated the policy of non-alignment to reduce the cold war tensions. Ans, (a) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A 25. Assertion (A) Though the cultural ties between, India and Israel from time immemorial, yet the political relations developed after the establishment of the NDA government in India Reason (R) Leaders of both the countries have been viiting one another's country since 1990 (CASE Term 2021 Ans. (a) Both A and Rare true and Ris the corect Explanation ofA 26. Assertion (A) India was opposed to the indefinite extension of NPT is 1995 and refused to sign NPT and CTET both. Reason (R) India considers these treaties ta be discriminatory and is against the monopoly of five nuclear weapon powers. (CBSE Termn1 2021 Ans. (a) Both A and R are tue and Ris the correct explanation of A Passage Based Objective Type Questions ‘L, Read the passage given below carefully and answer the ques tons that follow: ‘Two developments strained this relationship. China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical buffer between the two countries. Initially, the Government of India did not oppose this openly. But as more information came in about the suppression of Tibetan culture, the Indian Government grew uneasy. The Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, sought and obtained political asylum in India in 1959. China alleged that the Government of India was allowing anti-China activities to take place within India.(i) tn the above passage ‘historical buffer’ means (2) a country which prevents conflicts, (b) a country lying between twa rival er patentially hostile powers. (¢) an agreement between the countries (4) None of the above Ans. a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile powers. (ii) Why didn't Government of India oppase the annexation of Tibet by China? (2) Due to the Panchsheel Agreement signed between India and China, (b) Asit believed that itis the imternal matter of China. (c) China assured india that Tibet will be given greater autonomy. (4) Both (a) and (c) Ans, (4) Both (a) and (c) (iil) Why indian Government grew uneasy over the ‘Tibet Issue? (a) As Tibetan culture was suppressed by China. (b) Due to migration from Tibet to India (6) As India was unable to help Tibet. (4) Allof the above Ans, (a) As Tibetan culture was suppressed by China (iv) How far it was justified on the part of India to {grant political asylum to Dalal Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees? (2) As Dalai Lama was a known Tibetan Spiritual leader (b) India granted politcal asylum on humanitarian grounds. (¢) Dalai tama had a politcal influence over india (2) Az there were many followers in India who supported Dalai Lama. Ans. (b) India granted politica asylum on humanitarian rounds 2 Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: ‘What does independence consist of It cansists fundamentally and basicaly of foreign relations. That is the test of independence. All else is local autonomy. Once foreign relations go out of your hhands into the charge of somebody else, to that extent and in that measure you are not independent. —oweheral Neti (i) tm the above passage, the statement was made at which place? (2) In the Constituent Assembly of india. (b) In the Press Conference at his residence. (c) In the Public meeting at Rashtrapati Bhawan. (2) None of the above Ans. (b) In the Constituent Assembly of India. (ii) Jawaharlal Nehru made this statement (2) March 1948, (b) March 1949, (c) March 1950 (2) January 1951 Ans. (b) March 1949 (iii) What is the symbol of independence of a nation? (2) Maintaining peaceful relations with neighbours (b) By indulging in wars to show regional supremacy. {c) Conduct of foreign relations. (2) By signing peaceful treaties. ANS, (¢) Conduct of foreign relations. (iv) How India did maintain its independence in the Cold War period? (2) By not joining either of the super blocs ic USA and USSR. (b) Teadopted a new path in the farm of NAM. (c) Byestablishing a separate identity in the International arena. (@) Both (ap and (b) “Ans. (@) Both (2) and (b) ‘8. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: 1 is important to remember that India choose to involve other members of the Non-aligned group in this mission. During the Cold War India repeatedly tied to activate those regional and international organisations, which were not a part of the alliances led by the superpowers. Nehru reposed reat faith ina genuine commonwealth of free and cooperating nations’ that would play a positive role in softening, if not ending, the cold war. (2) Which two superpowers led their alliances? (b) What typeof postive role was expected from the free and cooperating nations? {€) Why did india want to invalve other members of the non-aligned group in the sad mission? Ans. (a) The two superpowers were US and USSR. (b) The postive role that was expected from the free and cooperating nation was to take an independent stand on international issues according to the merit of each ease {) India wants to involve other members of the ron-aligned group in the said mission to create confusion‘Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Why did India not join either of the two camps during the Cold War? [Ans nda did no jon ether of the two camps of world during the Cold War because (i) India wanted to separate itself from military baes (i) india wanted to preserc is sovereignty. 2. State any two Directive Principles of State Policy relating to foreign allies policy Det 2008, al ni 2008 Ans. The two Directive Principles of State Policy relating to foreign aftr paliy are (i) Promotion of international peace and security (i) Mainain just and honourable relations Bevween ‘8. In your opinion, how far is India justified in choosing the policy of noa-aligament? Ans. In my opinion, India is justified in choosing the policy of rnon-alignment as it served India’s interest dicecty in twowaye (i) Non-Alignment allowed India to take international decisions and stances that served its interests rather than the interests of superpowers and their allies. (ii) india was able to balance one superpower against the other. If India felt ignored or unduly pressurised by one superpower, it could shift towards the ather. 4. Enumerate any two principles of Nehru’s Foreign, Policy Dethi2011 Ans. The two principles of Nehru’s Foreign Policy areas follows (i) Non-Alignment The Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) is an international organisation (group of countries) which don’t want to be officially aligned with or against any major power blocs viz the US othe Soviet Union but sought to remain independent or neutral (ii) Panchshee! It refers to five principles of peace ‘co-existence. This was signed between India and China on 29th April, 1954. '5. What does Fanchsheel imply? Alina 2011 Ans. The Panchshee| agreement was signed by Zhou Enlai (Prime Minster of China) and Indian counterpart Pani Nehru in 1954. Tis agreement sated the five principles (i) Mutua respect foreach other's tential integrity 2d sovereignty (i) Mutual non-aggresson (ii) Mutual non-interference in each ther’ integrity nd soversinty. tiv) Equality and cooperation for benefit. () Peacelal coexistence 6. What was the purpose of the Bandung Conference? Ans. This conference was Beld in L955. It paced India on zenith fo engage with the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa. This conference further led tothe Establishment of Non-Aligament movement 7. What had been Afro-Asian unity. ‘Ans, The Bandung Conference in 1935 in Indonesia marked the peak point of Airo-Asian unity where nations from both Asia and Africa came together to show solidarity. ‘Thie Bandung Conference later led tothe beginning of ‘Non-Alignment movement 8. Explain any four objectives of NAM. ANS. Four objectives of NAM areas follows (i) Member counties refrained from joining military blocs (Gi) Non-Alignment was neither about isolation nor neutrality. (Gi) NAM members aimed at reducing Cold War rivalries, (iv) They helped in promoting peace by avoiding wars ‘and ending existing ones. 9. Why did Dalai Lama seek refuge in India? eth 2009 ANS. When China annexed Tibet and tried to suppress its culture, the Tibetans rebelled. In return, Chinese forces crushed this rebellion, which worsened the situation. This led Dalal Lama flee to india and seek refuge. 10. Who signed the Tashkent agreement and when? Delhi 2012 |Ans. Tashkent agreement was signed between Lal Bahadur ‘Shastri Prime Minister of India) and General Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) in 1966 11. Suggest any two measures to have good relations with Pakistan, ‘Alina 2015. Ans. Two measures to have good relations with Pakistan are as follows {) Economic relations should be consolidated (di) Cultural give and take relationship should be appreciated, 12, Highlight any two contribution made by Jawaharlal Nehru to the Foreign Policy of india. ‘All ncia 2014 ANS. Jawaharlal Nehra as Prime Minister and Foreign “Minister for nearly wo decades played a pivotal role ia shaping India's Foreign Policy based on the principle of peace, freedom and prosperity. He focused on {G) Policy of Non-Alignment (Gi) India continuing in Commonwealth. 18. Which two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 19627 Delhi 2014Ans. Two differences between India and China which led to an army conflict in 1962 were (i) India gave political asylum to the Tibetan leader Dalat Lama (Gi) China's help to Pakistan ag India, 14. What issue made China's relation with India bitter with special reference to Dalai Lama? Ans. The spritual leader of Tbet, Dalal Lama led the ‘movement against China's interference into Tibet. China sent army against this movement. A lot of Tibetans took shelter in India and Dalat Lama took asylum in 1989, This issue led to the conflict with (China and finally, China invaded India in 1962. 15. Before 1971, which two reasons were a source of resentment among the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan?Delhi 2019 Ans. The two reasons were as follows (i) Internal disturbance in both East and West Pakistan. (ti) Protest of people of East Pakistan for the government based in West Pakistan 16. India’s policy of Non-Alignment has been criticised {or being ‘inconsistent and unprincipled’. Do you agree? AMS No, I donot agree with the above statement because India have always supported the policy of NAM. It made distance From the two power blocs. India criticised [tain on the issue of Suer Canal During the war between two Korean nations, India played the role of ‘mediator while applying peaceful approaches. 17, Highlight the present issues of conflict between, India and Pakistan. Ans The present issues of conflict between India and Pakistan are Cross-border Terrorism Terrorism emanating from territories under Pakistan's contral remains a core concern in bilateral relations. India has consistently stressed the need for Pakistan to take credible, lnreversible and verifiable action to end cross border {crrorism against India and full its assurances Kashmir Issue This is ane of the most sensitive iesues between India and Pakistan. There was no forward ‘movement in bilateral ties in 2020 due to the mistrust ‘between the two countries. especially on the Kashmir issue Short Answer Type Questions 1 Discuss the strained relationship between India and China which led to Chinese invasion of 1962? Ans. The strained relationship between India and China which led to Chinese invasion af 1962 because of the following reasons * In 1980, Ching annexed Tibet which removed 2 historical buffer between two countries. Initially, India dida’t oppose it openly, but later it resented this issue when information regarding Tibetan ‘culture suppression came up. Dalal Lama, the Tibetan spiritual leader sought and ‘obtained political asylum in India in 1989. Ching ‘opposed this move by declaring that India is supporting anti-China acivities. CChina and India were invalved in border conflict in 1962 over competing teritorial claims principally in Arunachal Pradesh and in the Akai Chin region of, Ladakh. The confict of 1962, In which India suffered nilltary reverses, had long-term implications for India-China relations 2. How did China War of 1962 diet India’s image at home and abroad? Explain any four points. ase 2020 Or Evaluate the impact of the Chinese invasion of 1962 in denting India’s image at home and abroad. ‘All nia 2019 ANS. The China War (1962) damage India's image at home land abroad in the following ways © India had to approach the Americans and the British for military assistance to overcome the crises. The Soviet Union remained neutral during the conflict ‘which caused a sense of national humiliation, Jawaharlal Nehru was severely criticised for his naive assesament of the Chinese intentions and the lack of military preparedness. Some of the top army commander either resigned or Were retired which made the situation worse For the first time, Nehru's image was suffered and a no-confidence mation against his government was moved and debated in the Lok Sabha. ‘8. Explain with the help of any two examples from India that foreign policy is always dictated by the ideas of national interest. ‘cRSEz020 ANS. India’s foreign policy is always dictated by its ideas of| ‘ational interes. This can be explained in these ways (a) India pursued the dream of peaceful world by advocating the policy of Non-Alignment which tried to reduce the cold war tensions. India is ‘always against the military aggression and rneo-colonial invasions. (b) The Government of India imposed substantial tariffs ‘onimporisin order to protec its domestic industries. This step helped public and private sector industries to grow. This strategy limited India's economic Interaction with the outside worl. 4, Discuss the relations between India and israel ANS. The relations between India and Israel ae discussed below * The diplomatic relations formally developed between the two alter the opening of Israeli embassy in India in 1992, Since then the bilateral relationship between the two countries has prospered at the economic, military, agricultural and palitieal levels.* The telations between two counties started gaining firmness only after the formation of BIP-Ied NDA Governments in 1996 and 1998 onwards. India has became one of Israel's largest trading partners. + Later om relations between the two democratic countries further intensified with the visits of the ‘ovo heads of the Government ie. Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Israel in 2017 and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to India in 2018 + The two nations have started cooperation in various fields lke cultural exchange, space research, security ‘and defence, counterterrorism, water, energy and agricultural development '5. Explain any two reasons that led to National Jubilation (triumph) in India after the 1971 war with Pakistan ‘case 2020 Ans. India started a war with Pakistan in December 1971 for the Independence of Bangladesh. Pakistan army was forced to surrender and Bangladesh became a sovereign country. A decisive victory n the war led to National ‘Jubllation because (i) Most people in India saw this as a moment of glory and clear sign of India's growing military powers. (Gi) At that time, the Congress was in power and Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. Her popularity increased immensely and the people of India under the leadership of Indira Gandhi considered it to be their own victory againet Pakistan. 6. Explain any four features of the India's Nuclear Policy case 2020 “Ans. Some of the main features of the India's Nuclear Policy * Jawaharlal Nehru was against nuclear weapons, thus he emphasized on generating atomic energy only for peaceful purposes. «+ India is against the international treaties which simed at non-prolifertion as the five nuclear states (US, USSR. UK, France and China) are not restricted from proliferating nuclear weapons. The Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT) dented right to peaceful nuclear explosions by non-nuclear states. * India's nuclear policy dependable on minimum nuclear deterrence procaims ‘no first use" * This policy reaffirms India's commitment to global. verifiable and non- discriminatory nuclear disarmament Icading to a nuclear weapons free world 7. Explain the circumstances that forced the Tibetans to leave China. Highlight India's role in helping the Tibetan refugees, ‘Alea 2015 cor What was the Tibet issue? How did it cause tension. between India and China? Explain. Delhi2012 ‘or What was the Tibet issue? How did India help the Tibetan migrants to settle down? linia 2012 Ans. China administrated Tibet since alder times and wanted to contrat all ts parts which China di it in 1980. Tibet wat good frend ef India since histry, therefore India Insisted China to give independence to Tibet. According 10 Fanchsheel agreement, India conceded China's claim ‘over Tibet. China assured India that t wil provide fall autonomy, But these issues of Tibet led to war between, (China and India ‘When China supressed the revolt, spiritual leader of ‘Tet Dalat Lama fled to India. Dalat Lama wanted help from India and discussed the worse condition of Tibet. China, then claimed ‘Arunachal Pradesh as many Tibet refugees settled there. ‘The Tiketan people opposed this takcover of China and they settled in India. Thus, China invaded Indian Terttiory {in 1962 which led to tensions between India and China. 8. Explain any two points of conflict between India and Bangladesh, Ans. Two points of conflict between India and Bangladesh are {) Water disputes Sharing of Ganges water fs a pint of conflict benween Inds and Bangladesh. ‘This conflict arose when India decided to construct farakka barrage to divert water from Ganges 10 Hoogly river (in India) (di) Illegal Migration It is one of the bones of contention between these two countries since 1971 ‘war af Independence that created Bangladesh. ‘Around 80 Lakhs Bangladeshi immigrants (majority of them iltegal) have poured into India. While the Indian government has tied ta deport them but the porous border between the two ‘countries has made such an enterprise impossible 9. Explain any two reasons for the popular struggle in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan during 1971 Delhi 2014 oor Describe any two major issues of conflict between India and Pakistan leading to the war of 1971 Delhi 2012 Ans. Reasons for 1971 war/contlice are following © In 1970, Pakistan had to face its biggest internal disturbance. The first general elections of Pakistan constructed a rift between West Pakistan and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Zufikar Ali Bhutto's pany ‘won all the seats in West Pakistan but he lost in East Pakistan. In East Pakistan, Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman's party Awami League swept through East Pakistan + The Bengali people of East Pakistan had voted to protest against being treated as second class citizens ‘ver yearsby the government based in West Pakistan. ‘+ The Pakistani Government was not ready to accept this democratic judgement nar even they accepted the Awami League’s demand fora federation. In 1971, Pakistan army arrested Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman and unleashed a reign of terror on East Pakistan. This stared people's struggle to liberate Bangladesh from Pakistan.+ India had to Bear 80 lakh refugees who fled trom East Pakistan to take shelter. Hence. India had to extend moral and material support tothe freedom struggi in Bangladesh. ‘Thus, fll scale war Broke out between India and Pakistan i 1971, when Pakistan attacked on Punjab and Rajasthan. 10. Describe any four consequences of the Bangladesh War of 1971. ‘Allindio 2011 Ans. Consequences of Bangladesh war of 1971 were (i) A great victory in the war resulted in national Jyousness. Many people In India loked it asa moment of glory and a clear sign of Inda's power im military (ii Indira Gandhi won the Lok Sabha election and her personal popularity rose high after 1971 war Congress Party even won almost all state assembly elections (iy iia’s Foreign Policy reflected its desire to be an important regional power which was revealed during the Bangladesh war of 1971 (iv) Bangladesh emerged as a separate nation on the world map, 11. Describe any two major objectives of Nehru's foreign policy. Delhi 2015 Cor Mention the objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy What was the strategy through which he wanted. to achieve them? Ams. Nehru was the main architect of foreign policy after Independence. He had a deep knowledge of world affair. He was the main leader to advocate the unity of the Asian nations ‘Nehru’ Foreign Policy was based on three major objectives (8) To preserve the hard-earned sovereignty. (i) To protect territorial integrity of india. (ii) To promote rapid ecanomie development. Nehru wished o achieve these objectives through the strategy of Non-Alignment 12. Mention wo ways in which Non-Alignment Policy of India served its national interests. Also write any two basis on which this policy was criticised. Ans, Non-Alignment helped India is furthering his national interest in two ways (3) I equipped India to take a firm stand on. {international issues. This way India found its place Jn the Intemational political system. (ii) india through NAM also managed to balance one superpower against the other. India’s palicy of Non-Alignment has been criticised for being ‘inconsistent’ and unprincipled due to following. (i) Non-Alignment was seem ar unprincipled because India was unable to communicate its ideas clearly to the world. On many occasions, India did not rise hove to take a solid stand on world issues (di) India took contradictory standpoints which were highly inconsistent with its foreign policy. For instance, India’s Teaty of Friendship with the USSR in August, 1971 for 20 years was considered 236 the vieation ofthe principles of the NAM. 18, Discuss the shift in India’s Foreign Policy in post-liberalised world, ANS. In the post liberalised era, India's Foreign Policy has shified to more pro-US because ofthe disintegration of USSR. At present India’s Foreign Policy emphasises ‘more on economic interests in place of military Every Indo-Pak relations have also witnessed many new developments in trade, cultural exchange and scientific collaboration. Efforts are being made to restore normal relations with other countries through cultural texchange. Focus ts more on economic cooperation even with countries having dispute with US. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Explain the role played by india in maintaining ‘Afro-Asian Unity ‘linia 2015 cor Examine the efforts taken by Jawaharlal Nehru for the promotion of Afro-Asian Unity ANS. aSvo-Aslan Unity with India can Be understood by Tollowing ways + Due ta India's site, location and power potential, Nehru dreamt of major tole for India in world afaies specially Under Nehru’s leadership, India made contact with other newiy emerged independent nations of Asia nd Atria. During the 1940s and 1950s, Nehru advocated with scat enthusiasm to support the Aslan unity. Under Is leadership, India bested the Asian relations ‘conference in March 1947, five months before India's independence + India was a staunch supporter of decolonisation and firmly opposed Racism, partially apartheid in South Afies + The Afro-Asian Conference known asthe Bandung Conference was held in 1955 ‘The Bandung Conference marked the climax of India’s engagement with newty independent Asian sand Afsican nations. 2. Assess India’s role in Non-Aligned Movement. ‘ili 2009 AMS. Noo-Alignment was a consistent feature of Indian Foreign Policy by the late 1940s and it enjoyed strong support among the India cite. We can understand the role of India Es Non-Aligned Movement a olows + The movement had its origins in the 1947 in New Delhi and the 1955 Asian Afican Conference in Bandung Indonesta.