PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION

The school was set up in the year 2005 with the motto Indian Values … Global Approach.Since its
inception, its aim has been to train its students to have a broad spectrum of vision so that their feet are firmly
grounded in their culture and heritage while soaring high in the sky during their global conquests. Built in
the midst of a bustling residential area the aim has been to provide the students with a medium to develop
their total personality and train them to transform the society into a Caring, Collaborative Responsible unit
of Cultured Individuals.

The school lays equal emphasis on Academics, Arts, Sports & Extra-Curricular activities enabling its
students to emerge winners in all arenas. Following the CBSE syllabus and the CCE Pattern the school
strives to prepare its students to be able & capable to accept and win challenges beyond the threshold of the
school.

Since its inception, its unremitted endeavours have been directed towards the goal of fostering global
beneficiaries, embodying Indian values in its essence. The school appreciates teamwork with
the Management Head, Mr. Vipin Bhatia and Head Of School, Ms. Deepali Sahore at its core, with its
skilled & affectionate fraternity to work with dedication to nurture the emissaries of perfection following the
pedagogical pattern laid down by the Central Board of Secondary Education. The initiatives underpin
students’ holistic development by harnessing their innermost capabilities to enable them to leave indelible
imprints of excellence for the generations to follow. They are always in the hands of the best sculptors to
accomplish finesse in the curricular and co-curricular arenas supported with the congenial environment in
the classrooms well equipped with the latest technology to bring out the human excellence in every child.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. TOPIC

Introduction about Internship

1 Case I- Lack of Self-Esteem

2 Case II- Attention Seeking Behavior

3 Case III- Adjustment Problem

4 Case IV- Lack of Assertiveness

5 Case V- Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

6 Case VI- Parent Counseling

7 Case VII- Internet Addiction

8 Case VIII- Substance Abuse

9 Case IX- Family Counseling

10 Case X- Depression
 INTRODUCTION OF INTERNSHIP

Psychology Internships are internships that are related to Psychological Science as a field of study.
Internships have been defined as job training for different organizations. Internships are meant to help
students or workers increase their expertise in their field of study and get a grasp of what the work field has
to offer. Almost every college and university offers internships to their students in order to help them get a
head start on their careers.

Because psychology is a complex undergraduate degree program, students often don’t get what they
intended from the internships they take part in. Universities bear some responsibility here, as they are
supposed to be the main source of internship enrollment. Students often complain that they have a hard time
finding jobs after their internships, even when the internships relate to the jobs they are interested in.
Lacking the appropriate experience, a student may step into a job and struggle to connect the new
responsibilities with past internship experiences.

Internships these days have become very important. Every single job today requires the candidates to have
done an internship. Internships will increase the weightage of your resume and increase the level of your
experience. Moreover, in the field of psychology, you must have first-hand experience and practical
knowledge of skills you have learned, to be able to practice as a psychologist and receive the license. Here
are some of the reasons why an internship is important.

 It Will Give A Direction To Your Career

Internships will give your career direction. When you start doing an internship you will understand what
area in psychology interests you the most and which field you must take for further studies or practice. It
will help you form a concrete goal and a concrete path and become a psychologist in the future or a
counselor and will get good career options.
It Will Help You With An Increased Competence
Internship helps with increased competence and allows you to gain experience which will let you work
efficiently and successfully. You will be able to develop competence in many fields and will also develop
experience of working with different people and maintaining professionalism.

It Will Let You Have A Habit Of Working

Working in the corporate world is not easy. Having done an internship will allow you to form a habit of
work and adjust to the corporate world setting. This will help you to move through the transition phase and
learn how to become a professional.
CASE 1: LACK OF SELF ESTEEM
 INTAKE INFORMATION

Name: Ms. M.G.

Age: 14 yrs

Gender: Female

Educational Qualification: IXth

Marital status: Single

Whether client stays with parents: No

Whether have any siblings, if so how many: Yes

What is the position of the client in the family:Youngest

Any one in the family having conflicts: No

Anyone in the family is suffering/has suffered from any physical disorders: No

Presenting problem:-

I am not able to adjust in the school of Delhi. I want to go back my hometown Uttrakahnd. The people of
Delhi are very dominating. I am depressed because I cannot continue my study in this environment. My
father is not supporting me in this decision. I am very upset because nobody understands me and the
problems which I am facing here. I never want to go to that college.

Precipitating Factor: dominant behavior of her college mates, and strict behavior of father towards her.

Duration of problem: one and half year

Any counseling taken: No

How intense is the problem and how does it affect the client?

 She is not going regularly to her school from last 1 month.

 Cannot carry on even the routine work
 Does not want to do anything.
 Takes sleeping peels to sleep.
 Anytime started crying.
  Does not want to go to school.
 Does not want to meet any classmate.

Interview with family members/spouse/the concerned person

Name: Ms K.

Age: 45

Sex: Female

Relationship: Mother

The viewpoint of her mother in regard to all the above

Her mother said in the interview that her daughter Ms M.G. is very shy and softly spoken. She is a very
brilliant student. She was very good always in her studies in her school (Uttrakhand). So, her father decided
to send her Delhi for further studies. And she was happy with her father’s decision but after coming here she
faced a lot of problems as she is introvert so is not able to express her feelings in front of everyone. She told
her problem to us after a long time, but her father said that she has to stay here to complete her studies.
Everybody faces problems after coming to a new environment. But later everything becomes normal.

Her mother said that I am concerned about my daughter’s feelings and carrier, so I encouraged her to take
counseling.

Relationship

Patient’s relationship with family members:

 With mother: Very Good.

 Father: Not so good.
 Brothers: Good.

Educational history

 In school / college:
She was very good in studies.
 How is the client in studies and academic performance?
Her academic performance according to her report card of her school was too good as she stands
first always in her class.
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
Yes
  Have they received any complaints from the school authorities regarding the client’s
performances?
No, they never received any complaint regarding this.
 Since when have they noted that the client is not the same in regard to academics as she used to
be?
During the exams.
 When did they decide to consult a counselor?
When the client told the whole situation to her family and say no to continue the study at same
place.

Establish Rapport

Appearance

 Age: 14 yrs
 Sex: Female
 Hygienic: Yes

Movement and behavior

 Client’s gait: normal

 Posture: restless
 Coordination: the coordination was good.
 Eye Contact: she was not able to make eye contact.

Affect: She was emotional and giving answer or responded emotionally.

Mood: She was very upset. Her mood was very sad.

Speech:

 The volume of the person’s voice: Soft and low.

 The rate or speed of speech: Normal.
 The length of answers to questions: Depends upon Question.
 The Appropriateness of the answer: The answers were appropriate.
 Clarity of the answers and similar characteristics: Cleared

Thought content:
After establishing rapport, counselor asses that the client has adjustment problems in the new environment.
She thinks that she is not able to adjust with such kind of dominating people. She got very bad experience
from her school life.

Session Content

Client’s Name: Ms. M.G.

Interview No: 1

Session No: 1 Date & Time: 17 April 2023, 1:00 PM

Purpose of the interview:

The Client was referred to me for taking a detailed case history.

Start of the session:

The client Ms. M.G. comes in. I greeted her and asked her to please come in and take her seat. She Was
accompanied by her mother. I offered her also a seat. However as the interview started I asked Ms. M.G. if it
would be all right we both talked alone and her mother waited for a while outside, as she was not looking
comfortable to talk in front of her mother.

The Client’s appearance: The Client was well dressed, neat and clean. She looked bright but somewhat
anxious.

I decided to make sure that the client is comfortable and told her that she can make herself at home here and
whatever she would tell me will be kept completely confidential. Only that information, which she says can
be passed on to other family members, would be done so and she can feel free to convey whatever she
wants.

Then Ms. M.G. started to tell me about the problems she is facing with her college mates. She told me that
she was coming to Delhi 6 months for her studies. She was a good student in her studies at Uttrakhand who
always stands first in her class. She was so happy that she is doing her further studies from the top school of
Delhi. But after coming to Delhi she faces many problems like different culture, new environment and new
people around her. But that time she thought that after some time she would cope up with this environment.
She makes new friends; the teachers were also impressed with her because she was a bright student in her
class. But some students started to feel jealous of her because she got first position in the first internal
exams. Now they started game planning against her like back bitching and all. She observed a strange
change in the behavior of her friends and other classmates. Her friends also stopped talking to her suddenly.
She got disturbed by all of this and now she also not able to concentrate on her studies. And during this time
some incidents also happen with her which totally break her from inside. That incident was that she suffered
with high fever one day in her class and her friends left her alone there in this situation. After all these things
she got faded up and these incidents affected her grade in next semester. Then she decided not to go to
school and from last 1 month she did not go to school on a regular basis.

End of the session:

As the time allotted to the client is generally one hour, I ended the interview in the following manner.

Ms. M.G., I think today we have discussed your problem. It has been possible to understand when your
problem started, what precipitated it and you have been handling the same. Your efforts are really
appreciated. However, there are many things we need to discuss with each other. The client responded that
she would like to come next week for the next session. We both stood up, and shook hands, and the client
and her mother took leave.

My Observation:

When the client left, I found that she was looking slightly more relaxed and was happy that she was listened
to and her problem could be put across clearly to the counselor.

Plan of Action:

Continue the interview and gather more information about the dynamics underlying the various conflicts that
she has expressed. A session with the father is required to tell him her problem which she is facing from a
long time.

Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started.
CASE 2: ATTENTION SEEKING BEHAVIOR
 INTAKE INFORMATION

Name: P
Age: 7
Gender: Male
Educational Qualification: 2nd
Occupation: Student
Whether client stays with parents: Yes
Whether have any siblings, if so how many: Yes, one
What is the position of the client in the family: Eldest
Anyone in the family having conflicts: No
Anyone in the family is suffering/has suffered from any physical disorders: No
Presenting problem:
The child did not speak very much and when he speaks it is so difficult to understand what he was saying.
He often did not understand the spoken words.
Precipitating Factor: Sister’s birth
Any counseling taken: No
Interview with family members/spouse/the concerned person
Their viewpoint in regard to all of the above
Interview with her mother:
The chief complaint, as reported by the mother, Was that he is the older children’s difficulties.
The child did not speak and read well. He was not a good eater. Her second pregnancy was unwelcome. She
knows that she did not relatives her full attention with the birth of the second baby.
Relationship
Patient’s relationship with family members:
 With mother: very much attached
 Father: Not as much good
 Earlier he has many friends but now he hardly talks to anyone.
 With neighbors: He loves attention from adults.
 With school and classmates: Healthy relations with classmates

 In the game field: Active

Educational History
 In school/College:

School
 How is the client in studies and academic performance?
Bright
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
Yes
 Do they find that there is sudden deterioration in studies and academic performance?
No
 Have they received any complaints from the school authorities regarding the client’s
performances?
No
 Since when have they noted that the client is not the same in regard to academics as he/she
used to be?
After the birth of his younger sister.
 Had they done anything about it so far? If so what?
Tried to pamper him so that he tells them everything.
 After their efforts had there been any improvement?
No
 When did they decide to consult a counselor?
After realizing that the client aggressive behavior is getting worst.
 Establish Rapport
Appearance
 Age: 7

 Sex: Male

 Hygienic: Yes

Movement and Behavior

 Client’s gait: Notorious

 Posture: Continuously jumping from One place to another

 Eye contact: Was not making proper eye contact.

 Facial expression: Calm

Mood:He came into the room without a moment of hesitation.

Speech:
 The volume of the person’s voice: Average
 The rate or speed of speech: Slow
 The length of answers to questions: Depends upon The Questions.

Thought content:
After establishing rapport with the client
From the forgoing description of my first session with the parents I am Certain that the parents will not have
drawn a clear picture of their personalities, the emotional atmosphere in the home. But I came to know that
the client did not understand the spoken word clearly not even read them. He could not go unnoticed
because of the marked temper, outburst.
 Session Content

Client’s name: Mr. P

Interview No: 2
Date: 17 April 2023
Session No: 1 Time: 11.00 am.

Purpose of the interview:

The client was referred to me for taking a detailed case history.
Start of session
The client Mr. P came in. I greeted him and asked him to please come in and take his seat. He was
accompanied by her mother. I offered her a seat.
I decided to make sure that the client is comfortable and told him that he can make himself at home here and
whatever he would tell me would be kept completely confidential. Only information which they say can be
passed on to other family members would be done so. I am a psychologist working here and she can feel
free to convey whatever she wants.
The Client’s appearance: Dressed well. Seems to be very notorious.
Interview With mother
The chief complaints was that Mr P, the older of two children, was having speech difficulties.
The child did not speak and read clearly; it is so difficult to understand what he was saying.
Furthermore, it was clear that the mother had been entertaining some thought that Mr. k was not very
intelligent.
He was not a good eater and active body.
“He could not be unnoticed because of the marked temper. Outbursts which occur frequently.
Observation: From the forgoing description of my first session interview with the parents I am certain that
the reader will not have drawn a clear picture of their personality, the emotional atmosphere. It was not
known from the first interview that there was tension between parents, but there was some evidence that
differences existed as to the way Mr. P had been handled.
Session 2
On the first visit, after being introduced, he came into the examining room without a moment’s hesitation.
Didn’t even look back to his mother. I asked him to tell me about his family member. I asked him to tell me
about all the teachers he had had in the past. He listed his first-grade teacher as having been the best teacher
and he talked about his mother and father but he refused to talk about his sister. He hardly reacted on her
name.
Observation:
From the forgoing description of client, I came to know that there is an issue between parents and client. We
all have unconscious desires, and that desire seems too dangerous if doesn’t then it will change into
aggression and the same will happen to the client.
Childhood is the age at which everyone wants the full attention of their parents. The client wants all the
attention of his parents but after the birth of his sister, he becomes insecure and start behaving differently.
Plan of action:
Continue the interview and gather more information about the dynamics underlying the various conflicts
between him and his parents. So, I’ll go for the interview with his parents again.
Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started.
CASE 3 : CASE OF ADJUSTMENT
 INFORMATION INTAKING

Name : R.K

Age : 14Yrs.

Gender: Female

Education qualification: IX

Marital status: Single

Whether client stays with parents: Yes

Position of the client in the family: Elder

Anyone in the family having conflict: No

Anyone in the family has suffered from any physical disorders: No

Presenting problem: “I have gone in high anxiety. I have no interest in studies and I don’t want to go to my
school. My parents changed my school which I don’t like”

Duration of problem: 3-4 months

Any counseling taken: No

How intense is the problem and how does it affect the client?

 Has to take leave from work place/school/school : No

 Cannot carry on even the routine work : No
 Does not want to do anything : Yes

Interview with the family members/spouse/the concerned person: Yes

With Father: I had an interview with his father. After asking he explained that for the last 3-4 months, she
is getting tensed that she doesn’t want to go to school. As she doesn’t want to change her previous school
but due to financial problems, he must take such step.
Relationship:

Patient’s relationship with the family members:

 With Mother - Good

 With Father - Good
 With Brother - N.A.

Educational History

 In School/School:
She scored a good percentage (94.6%) in class 8th and she didn’t want to change her previous school
so she doesn’t want to go that school.
 How is the client in studies and academic performance?
Good
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
No
 How has the performance been over the years?
The performance of the client was good. She still wants to become a lecturer.
 Do they find there is sudden deterioration in studies and academic performance?
Yes, after a change of school.
 Establish Rapport

Appearance

 Age : 14 years
 Sex : Female
 Hygienic: Yes

Movement and Behavior

 Client’s gait : Normal

 Posture : Moving hands while talking
 Eye Contact : Making eye contact
 Facial expression: Angry and sad

Mood: Sad, anxious

Speech

 The volume of the person’s voice : Normal

 The rate or speed of speech : Normal
 The length of answers to questions : according to question
 The appropriateness of the answers : Appropriately answered
 Clarity of the answers and similar characteristics : Clarity of answer

Thought Content:

After establish rapport and observing the client’s appearance and all, I assess that the client was angry and
also sad.
 SESSION CONTENT

Client’s Name: Ms. R.K.

Interview No: 3

Date: 18 April 2023

Session No: 1

Time: 11 AM

Purpose of the Interview: To take a sensible picture of the client’s problem.

The client Ms. R.K. entered; I greeted her and asked her to have a seat. I further enquired about any
difficulty she might face in finding the place. I offered her a glass of water.

Client’s Appearance: The clothes worn by her were neat and clean. But she looked anxious and sad.

I decided to make sure that the client is comfortable and told her that she can make herself at home here and
whatever she would tell, I would be kept completely confidential. A formal oath of confidentiality was taken
by me so that the client becomes comfortable in sharing the problem and all the things related to the
problem.

Then Ms. R.K. started sharing the problem she was facing in her life.

In the first session R. K`s father started to share the problem that R.K has gone in anxiety. Now she is not
interested in continuing the studies.

R.K. What do you mean by anxiety? (Probing)

“I don’t like my school, so I don’t want to go in that school` I scored well still I get such school.” It creates
tension for her.

R.K., why don’t you like your school? (Leading)

According to R.K., no co-curricular activities are there, and the school is single sex school. She added that
the faculty is also not good, and she is unable to understand their lectures.

How much time do you spend in school? (Leading)

R.K. replied as she used to go to school at time but not with her will. She felt it as a burden and waste of
time as she is not comfortable with school authorities and no co-curricular activities also in that school.
Sherequested with her parents to admit her again in her previous school but her parents denied her as they
can’t afford that school expenses due to financial problems which made her disappointed a lot. R.K, I will
repeat the things what I understood as you told that you are not interested in studies due to your choice of
school and its faculty members. You are worried due to single sex school as well as no co-curricular
activities in you school. You feel that your time is wasted. (Paraphrasing)

For the next session I asked R.K, Can we fix next Monday? The client responded that she would like to
come next week at the specified time.

Problem according to counselor point of view: Adjustment problem in School

In the second session, it was told that R.K, your score in 8 th class (94.6%) was very respectable and good.
But according to CBSE (The Central Board of Secondary Education) 94.6% is not a very high score, and see
how many students lie between 94.6% and 100%. If you would see before 94.6% also there is a large
population who didn’t get admission anywhere. As there is high competition, so students like you, even after
having a good percentage, don’t able to get school according to their choice.

What is your aim, R.K.? (Leading)

“I WANT TO BECOME ENGLISH LECTURER”

R.K. you have a lot of preparation time for your career. It’s good if you study in single sex school as your
career won’t distract. I believe that co-ed schools and schools helps in personality formation but you have to
see the personality vs. academics.

R.K. as you shared that your faculty is poor. Poor faculty is a world-wide issue. Scarcity of good teaching
faculty is a problem of almost every school student because teaching is an art. But in the present scenario
you have so many other resources like multimedia books, library, videos available on internet which helps in
conceptual learning. R.K. you can use library and through this you can use your time which you get between
the classes. And according to Research, if purpose is important for any person then other things should not
important. If you go anywhere, you won’t get any option which is free from any issue or problems.
“Distractions are everywhere”

R.K.added one more problem that in her school he was famous and was performed very well in co-curricular
activities. R.K. when here is no scope, there is high probability of getting the shine and fame. R.K. in my
known, there was an uncle who lived in a village. He was the only person in that village who bought a car
and he was famous in that village. After some years he shifted to posh area of Delhi but there he saw that
every person have their own vehicle and in a single house, there was more than one vehicle. His fame got
faded. So R.K. one needs darkness to shine, in your school you can shine by taking initiatives (Self-
Disclosure).
Overall, you have to change your perception by linking things with your career and also co-operate with
your family by understanding their problems. After Four years you have to go for Graduation so you need
fewer distractions. R.K. spends this phase keeping in mind your career. God has given you an opportunity
that you can shine and make your career.

So I ended the interview here in the following manner:

R.K. I think today we have discussed about your problems you are facing all over and we also have tried out
in finding the alternatives to solve it. Hopefully now you are able to reach your solution and you are well
known about what is right and what is wrong.

My Observation:

When the client left I found that she was looking relaxed and confident for her goals and decisions. Now she
is able to choose the right solution to solve the issue.

Plan of action:

Continue the interview and gather more information about her problem and to counseling for better
adjustment in new surroundings.

Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started.

 
 CASE – 4

CASE OF LACK OF ASSERTIVENESS

 INTAKE INFORMATION

Name: Ms. S.U.

Age: 16 yrs
Gender: Female
Educational Qualification: XI
Marital status: Single
Whether client stays with parents: Yes
Whether have any siblings, if so how many: No
What is the position of the client in the family: Only child
Anyone in the family having conflicts: No
Anyone in the family is suffering/has suffered from any physical disorders: No
Presenting problem:-
I have never felt independent of figures of authority and have usually acted out role of a willing child. I am
self conscious and fully dependent on others.
Precipitating Factor: Strict upbringing of her parents
Duration of problem: Near about one year
Any counseling taken: No
How intense is the problem and how does it affect the client?
 Has to take leave from workplace/school/college: Yes

 Cannot carry on even the routine work: No

 Does not want to do anything: No

Interview with family members/spouse/the concerned person

Name: Mr. ABC
Age: 40yrs
Sex: Male
Relationship: Acquaintance
Views of acquaintance about her: She hardly talks to anyone, she is very quiet and shy. She did her work
only after taking permission from her parents.
Relationship
Patient’s relationship with family members:
 With mother: Not so good, as she doesn’t like to live with her parents.
 Father: Not so good
 With friends: how many friends does the patient have? How does the patient relate to them?
No friends

 With neighbors: Never talked to them.

Educational History:

 In school/College:

She always seeks the permission of those who are in authority and whenever she attempt to assert
her own will, she experiences guilt and self-doubt.

 How is the client in studies and academic performance?

Good at studies. As she showed her grade cards.
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
Yes, always as she states that this because of the loads she has learned to live by, however there
have been times when she wanted to break away from this.
 How has the performance been over the years?
She was too good in her studies.
 Do they find that there is sudden deterioration in studies and academic performance?
Yes
 Have they received any complaints from the school authorities regarding the clients’
performances?
No, according to the client there was no such incidents.
 Since when have they noted that the client is not the same regarding academics as he/she used
to be?
Near about six months as she remains to be alone and quiet. She also becomes fully dependent on
others for her work.
 Had they done anything about it so far? If so, what? They tried to understand her to do her work
self.
 Establish Rapport
Appearance
 Age: 16

 Sex: Female

 Hygienic: Yes

Movement and Behavior

 Client’s gait: Normal

 Posture: Uneasy.

 Coordination: Good

 Eye contact: Continuously moves her eyeballs, was not able to make eye contact.

 Facial expression: tensed, Fearful.

Affect: Client sometime after listening to the questions, does not able to respond and gave a emotional
expression.

Mood: Nervous, Anxious

Speech
 The volume of the person’s voice: Soft
 The rate or speed of speech: Slow
 The length of answers to questions: Two or three words
 The appropriateness of the answers: she was answering the questions, appropriately.

Thought content:
After establish rapport and observing the client’s appearance and all, I assess that the client is facing self-
conscious, weak will power.
 Session Content
Client’s name: Ms. S.U.
Interview No: 4 Date:19 April 2023
Session No: 1 Time: 11 AM
Purpose of the interview:
The client was referred to me for taking a detailed case history.
The client Ms S.U. came in. I greeted her and asked her to please come in and take her seat. She came with
her father. I offered him also a seat. However as the interview started I asked Ms.S.U if it would be all right
we both talked alone.
I decided to make sure that the client is comfortable and told her that she can make herself at home here and
whatever she would tell me will be kept completely confidential. Only that information which we says can
be passed on to other family members, would be done so. I am a psychologist working here and she can feel
free to convey whatever she wants.
Then Ms. S.U. started to tell me about his problem she is facing with her life. She stated that she felt self
conscious, weak willed, lacking in assertiveness and dependent. I Discussed these opinions further with her
and asked her questions such as „How are you dependent‟? „Who is responsible for yourself
consciousness‟?
After these questions, She was little quiet when prompted to speak, she explained that she feared about her
parent’s response to her own decisions. She wanted to make her own choices. But she wanted her parent’s
approval to do so.She was afraid that they would not tolerate her decision.
The Problem:
She asks herself: “what if I am wrong ? Who am I to decide? What is moral or immoral? What will I
discover if I follow my own path? Will I lose my self-respect or be able to survive the guilt I feel?
As the time allotted to the client is generally one hour, I ended the interview in the following manner.
Ms S.U., I think today we have discussed your problem particularly about your nonassertive behavior and
your conflicts with your family. It has been possible to understand when your problems started, what
precipitated it and how you have been handling it. However, there are many things we need to discuss with
each other. For instance, the difficulty that you didn’t like about your unassertive self and the effect of all
the frustrations of your life, career, etc.
I ended the session by shaking hands and the client left too.
My observation:
When the client left, I found that she was looking slightly more relaxed and was happy that she listened to
and her problem could be put across clearly by her to the counselor.
Plan of action:
Continue the interview and gather more information about the dynamics underlying the various conflicts that
she has expressed. A session with the husband is required to understand the problem from his angle too.
Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started.

CASE 5: CASE OF ADHD

 INTAKE INFORMATION

Name: Z
Age: 7yrs
Gender: Male
Educational Qualification: 2nd
Occupation: Student
Whether client stays with parents: Yes
Whether have any siblings, if so how many: Yes, one
What is the position of the client in the family: Only child
Anyone in the family having conflicts: No
Anyone in the family is suffering/has suffered from any physical disorders: No
Presenting problem:
The child talks too much and he is very stubborn. He can’t sit on one place always remain restless. He has
poor concentration.
Precipitating Factor: The client was sufferd with a seziure attack.
Any counseling taken: No
Interview with family members/spouse/the concerned person
Their view point in regard to all of the above
Interview with her mother:
The chief complaint, as reported by the mother, Was that the child talks too much and he is very stubborn.
He can’t sit on one place always remain restless. He has poor concentration.
Relationship
Patient’s relationship with family members:
 With mother: very much attached
 With Father:Not as much good
 With Friends: He has many friends but he had hyper and distractable types problem also with
friends.
 With neighbors: Voilent.
 With school and class mates: Impulsive and Voilent

 In the game field: Active but Hyper

Educational History
 In school/College:

He was a poor performer in school.

 How is the client in studies and academic performance?
Poor
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
No
 Do they find that there is sudden deterioration in studies and academic performance?
Day by day he was falling down in his studies and had no concentration on things. Even If he was
asked to sit in his class for 5 mintues it was not possible for him as he used to go to playgrond.
 Have they received any complaints from the school authorities regarding the client’s
performances?
Yes
 Since when have they noted that the client is not the same in regard to academics as he/she
used to be?
After recieveing complaints regularly by the school authorities, neighbours and friends.
 Had they done anything about it so far? If so what?
Tried to pamper him so that he can improve.
 After their efforts had there been any improvement?
No
 When did they decide to consult a counselor?
After realizing that the client hyperactive behavior is getting worst.
 Establish Rapport
Appearance
 Age: 7

 Sex: Male

 Hygienic : Yes

Movement and Behavior

 Client’s gait: Notorious

 Posture:Continuously jumping from One place to another

 Eye contact: Was not making proper eye contact.

 Facial expression: Restless

Mood:He came into the room without a moment of hesitation.

Speech:
 The volume of the person’s voice: Loud
 The rate or speed of speech: Fast
 The length of answers to questions: Adequate

Thought content:
After establishing rapport with the client
From the forgoing description of my first session with the mother I am Certain that the parents will not have
draw a clear picture of their personalities, the emotional atmosphere in the home. But I came to know about
the chief complaint, as reported by the mother, Was that the child talks too much and he is very stubborn. He
can’t sit on one place always remain restless. He has poor concentration.
 Session Content

Client’s name: Mr.Z

Interview No: 5 Date: 19 April 2023
Session No: 1 Time: 12.00 am

Purpose of the interview:

The client was referred to me for taking a detailed case history.
Start of session
The client Mr. Z came in. I greeted him and asked him to please come in and take his seat. He was
accompanied by her mother. I offered her a seat.
I decided to make sure that the client is comfortable and told him that he can make himself at home here and
whatever he would tell me would be kept completely confidential. Only that information which they say can
be passed on to other family members, would be done so and she can feel free to convey whatever she
wants.
The Client’s appearance: Dressed well. Seems to be very notorious.
Interview With mother
The chief complaints, was that the chief complaint, as reported by the mother, Was that the child talks too
much and he is very stubborn. He can’t sit in one place always remain restless. He has poor concentration.
He was not a good eater and had an active body. “He could not be unnoticed because of the marked temper.
Outbursts which occur frequently.
From the forgoing description of the session interview with the mother I am certain that the reader will not
have drawn a clear picture of their personality, the emotional atmosphere. It was Also told by her that the
client was delivered by forceps and must suffer with a seizure attack also. She also told me that he feels
happy to distract others and can’t sit in one place in home also. He don’t want to do anything and left every
work in mind. He didn’t pay attention to anything also.

End of the session:

As the time allotted to the client is generally one hour, I ended the interview in the following manner. Z, I
think today we have discussed your problem. It has been possible to understand when your problem started,
what precipitated it and you have been handling the same. Your efforts are really appreciated. However,
there are many things we need to discuss with each other. The client responded that she would like to come
next week for the next session. We both stood up, and shook hands, and the client and her mother took
leave.

My Observation:
When the client left I found that she was looking Slightly more relaxed and was happy that she was listened
to and her problem could be put across by her clearly to the counselor.

Plan of Action:

Continue the interview and gather more information about the dynamics underlying the various conflicts that
she has expressed. A session with the father is required to tell him her problem which she is facing from a
long time.

Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started.
 CASE – 6

CASE OF PARENTS COUNSELLING

 INTAKE INFORMATION

Name: Ms. F

Age: 17 Yrs

Gender: Female

Education qualification: 12th Class

Marital status: Single

Whether client stays with parents: Yes

Position of the client in the family: Elder

Anyone in the family having conflict: Yes

Anyone in the family has suffered from any physical disorder: No

Presenting problem:The client have to face failure in her studies due to her parent’s dreams for her future.
As her father wants that she completes her studies first then find a suitable job for her while mother wants to
join a Beauty Parlor course so that she can help her in her mother’s Beauty Parlor.

Precipitating factor if any: The Father wants from his daughter to do graduation and then to do any job
but mother wants that her daughter do course related to beauty parlor. And due to this, there is rift between
them.

Duration of problem: 2 months

Any counseling taken: No

How intense is the problem and how does it affect the client?

 Has to take leave from work place/school/college - No

 Cannot carry on even the routine work - No
 Does not want to do anything - Yes

Interview with the family members/spouse/the concerned person: No

Relationship:

Patient’s relationship with the family members:

 With Mother - Close relationship

 With Father - Not so good
 With Brother - Nil

Educational History

 In School/College:
She is falling behind in her studies in the school.
 How is the client in studies and academic performance?
Below Average
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
No
 How has the performance been over the years?
The performance of the client is continuously falling behind as in class 11th she scored 38%.
 Do they find there is sudden deterioration in studies and academic performance?
No, it was not sudden change

Establish Rapport

Appearance

 Age : 17 years
 Sex : Female
 Hygienic: Yes

Movement and Behavior

 Client’s gait : Normal

 Posture : She sat down and crossed her hands
 Eye Contact : Not making eye contact
 Facial expression : Confused

Mood: Sad

Speech
  The volume of the person’s voice : High
 The rate or speed of speech : Fast
 The length of answers to questions : Keeping short
 The appropriateness of the answers : Lack
 Clarity of the answers and similar characteristics : Not so clear

Thought Content:

After establish rapport and observing the client’s appearance and all, I assess that the client was frustrated
from her parent’s quarrel.

SESSION CONTENT

Client’s Name: Ms. F

Interview No:6 Date: 20/5/2023

Session No.: 1 Time: 1:00 PM

Purpose of the Interview: To make a sensible picture of the client’s problem.

The client, Ms. F, entered with her family; I greeted them and asked them to have a seat. I further enquired
them about any difficulty they might face in finding the place. I offered them a glass of water. As the issue
was related to the whole family, family counseling was preferred.

Client’s Appearance: The clothes worn by her were neat and clean. But she looked confused and nervous.

Then Ms. F, started sharing the problem she was facing in her life.

Ms F shared that she completed her 11 th class with 38% marks and before passing 11 th class, she failed two
times. F. is interested in learning parlor related work. F’s mother has her own parlor and this is one of the
reasons behind her low score.

F., what do you exactly mean by ‘this is the reason’? (Probing)

F. shared that as her mother spent all her time in the parlor and many times F. also went to the parlor to help
her mother. “I lost interest in studies Now F’s interest was developed towards Parlor related work.

What does your mother wants from you? (Leading)

F’s mother shared that F. should join a Beauty Culture course in an institution at Vikaspuri. This course
duration is one year and the fee for the course is 1,25,000Rs. for one year. She added that after doing this
course, she and her daughter can spread their work together. Now-a-days the monthly earning from a good
parlor is 40-45,000 Rs.

What does your father want to you? (Leading)

“I want my daughter to complete her graduation and then find job at good place”. F’s mother is doing work
in parlor but not able to earn enough money. I don’t want my daughter work at such place where there is no
recognition of such job.

The family members shared their views one-by-one.

Problem from the counselor’s point of view: Miscommunication between family members.

It was told to F. and her mother that it’s your father’s dream for her daughter to complete graduation and it is
his aspiration to see your future in better way. You both should also understand his point of view.

The counselor said to F’s father that it is good that you want your daughter to complete graduation but as
you also know her percentage in class 11 th is very low. So, it’s very difficult to get admission in any college.
Another thing is that after completing graduation, she won’t be able to get job as no skills are taught in B.A.
So, if F. is interested in taking admission for beauty Culture Course, it is also a good option. After one year
she would be able to start her own parlor or can help her mother.

F., now you have an option that you can do both things together. From the Open Learning System, you can
complete your graduation. In Open Colleges you just have to go once a year to take exams. Rest of the time,
you can do your beauty culture course side-by-side. After one year, you will be able to earn money and in
spare time you can also prepare for your studies.

So I ended the interview in the following manner:

F. I think today we’ve discussed your problem you are facing all over and we also have tried out to find the
alternatives to solve it. Hopefully, now you as well as your parents are able to choose the right career option
for you.

My observation:

When the family was leaving, I found that they were looking relaxed and confident.

Plan of Action:

Continue the interview and gather more information about the dynamics underlying the various conflicts that
she has expressed. A session with the parents is required to tell him her problem which she is facing from a
long time.
Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started.

CASE – 7

CASE OF INTERNET ADDICTION

 INTAKE INFORMATION

Name: Mr. J.S.

Age: 17 Yrs

Gender: Male

Educational Qualification: XIIth

Marital status: Single

Whether client stays with parents: Yes

Whether have any siblings, if so how many: Yes

What is the position of the client in the family: Elder

Anyone in the family having conflicts: No

Anyone in the family is suffering/has suffered from any physical disorders: No

Presenting problem:-: “I use internet for long hours and now I have become habitual. But due to this habit
it was diagnosed as migraine.”

Precipitating Factor: No

Duration of problem: 1 year

Any counseling taken: No

How intense is the problem and how does it affect the client?

 Has to take leave from work place/school/college - Yes

 Cannot carry on even the routine work - No
 Does not want to do anything - Yes

Interview with family members/spouse/the concerned person : No

Relationship

Patient’s relationship with family members:

 With Mother - Good

 With Father - Good
 With Brother - N.A.
Educational history

 In School/College:
He does most of his work with the help of Internet.
 How is the client in studies and academic performance?
Average performance
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
No
 How has the performance been over the years?
Good
 Do they find there is sudden deterioration in studies and academic performance?
No

Establish Rapport

Appearance

 Age : 17 years
 Sex : Male
 Hygienic: Yes

Movement and Behavior

 Client’s gait : Normal

 Posture : He was seemed uneasy.
 Eye Contact : He was making eye contact.
 Facial expression : Calm

Speech

 The volume of the person’s voice : Average

 The rate or speed of speech : Slow
 The length of answers to questions : Keeping short
 The appropriateness of the answers : Appropriate
 Clarity of the answers and similar characteristics : Clear

Thought Content:

After establish rapport and observing the client’s appearance and all, I assess that the client was disturbed to
think about the problem of migraine.
 SESSION CONTENT

Client’s Name: Mr. J.S.

Interview No: 7 Date: 21/4/2023

Session No: 1 Time: 1 PM

Purpose of the Interview: To make sensible picture of the client’s problem

The client Mr. J.S. entered; I greeted and asked him to have a seat. I further enquired him about any
difficulty he might face in finding the place. I offered him a glass of water.

Client’s Appearance: The clothes worn by him were neat and clean. But he was looked disturbed.

I decided to make sure that the client is comfortable and told him that he can make himself at home here and
whatever he would tell, I will be kept completely confidential. A formal oath of confidentiality was taken by
me so that client becomes comfortable in sharing the problem and all the things related to problem.

Then Mr. J.S. started sharing about the problem he was facing in his life.

J.S. shared that he use internet almost whole day. He downloaded files, movies, software for him as well for
his friends also use emails e watching video on you tube, net surfing, searching not regarding assignment
gradually. The use of internet gradually increased. According to J.S.“why there is sleep and people should
not sleep”.J.S. sleeps around 3am, wakeup around 7:30am then go to the school and after returning from
school J.S. again start spending time on internet.

How much time you spend on internet on an average? (Leading)

“I spend 8-9 hours daily, sometimes I spend continuously 12 hours on internet for different project and
assignment.”In this way J.S. shared his problem.

Problem according to counselor point of view: Process Addiction

In this session, we’ll discuss about the strategic solution. According to Psychological Research, spending
more than 4 hours on internet considers as addiction and it is worldwide.

It was explained to J.S. that it is not a substance but it is process addiction, sometimes process also addicts
you. The process you are using, you get some thrill from them and also you are curious to know the things
so it’s an addiction to you. Now-a-days it is a lifestyle disease.
J.S. if you are aware about our brain system, it has different parts and each part has its different function.
Brain needs varieties for better processing. For your problem, we have to see the criteria of addiction, that it
affects our daily life or not.

According to psychological research process addiction can be DE addicted by time management. For this,
you have to set yours priorities to adhere the time. One who can’t adhere the time, he has to finish that work
at first which seems very important.

For explaining the flexibility of time and role of priorities I shared an example with J.S. Once I showed my
students a jug and put big stones in the jug and asked students, “Is it completely filled?”

Students replied, “Yes,

But I put small stones again and then asked students, “Is it filled now?”

Students replied “yes”

But this time I put sand and again asked the same question. Students were now confused and then I poured
honey and then flowers in the jug.

So, J.S., our time is like this jug which is flexible. It depends on us that how we can manage things for
doing our important work at first and then finishes small work according to priorities. (Self-disclosure)

For relief in migraine, some activities were suggested to J.S. which includes meditation, walk, exercise,
sleep. J.S. you have to fix your time for different works. You should shift your sleeping time from 3am to 12
‘o’clock.

J.S. was interested in gym so he was suggested to join gym. Through this the time which was only devoted
to cognitive activities, now it will be engaged in non-cognitive activities and in the mean time you can use
internet like before going gym, after coming from gym, before going college. Except this, make routine for
doing Bhramari Pranayama for 15 minutes daily. As process takes time, so for De addicting the habit,
things should relate to time. You can do meditation, walk, exercise to get relief from migraine.

So, I ended the interview in the following manner:

J.S., we have discussed your problem which you are facing from long time. Hope you have found the
solutions to your problems.

My Observation:

When the client left I found that he was looking relaxed and was happy that his problem could be put across
by him clearly to the counselor. Now he was able to choose the right solution to solve the issue.
Plan of action:
Continue the interview and gather more information about the dynamics underlying the various issues of his
life.

Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started.
 CASE 8
CASE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE
 INTAKE INFORMATION

Name: Mr. G
Age: 16 yrs
Gender: Male
Educational Qualification: XIth
Occupation: Student
Marital status: Single
Whether client stays with parents: Yes
Whether have any siblings, if so how many: One Younger brother.
What is the position of the client in the family: Eldest
Anyone in the family having conflicts: None
Anyone in the family is suffering/has suffered from any physical disorders: No
Any counseling taken: No
How intenseis the problem and how does it affect the client?

 Has to take leave from work place/school/college : No

 Cannot carry on even the routine work: Yes

 Does not want to do anything: Yes

Interview with family members/spouse/the concerned person:

Their view point in regard to all of the above
Relationship
Patient’s relationship with family members:
 With mother : Mother died in client early age
 Father: Not so healthy relationship
 Brother: Good
 With friends: how many friends does the patient have? How does the patient relate to them?
He has huge list of so called friends. He hardly get emotionally attached to any of his friends. He
used to keep things straightforward and develop relation only with people having great money
strength.
 With neighbors : Hardly Interact with anyone in the surrounding

Educational History
  In school/College:
Quite Student in school. In College pretty known for her notorious activity.
 How is the client in studies and academic performance?
Even though he is blessed with good amount of sense in his brain but he hardly used it in educational
field.
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
No
 How has the performance been over the years?
His performance has been good over the years.
 Do they find that there is sudden deterioration in studies and academic performance?
Yes.
 Have they received any complaints from the school authorities regarding the clients
performances?
Yes, Since near about six months his father was getting complain by school authorities about his
performance and behavior.
 Since when have they noted that the client is not the same in regard to academics as he/she
used to be?
Near about six months.
 Had they done anything about it so far? If so what?
Yes, His father and brother tried their best to understand him about his studies.
 After their efforts had there been any improvement?
There was no sign of improvement on client.

Establish Rapport
Appearance
 Age : 16yrs

 Sex : Male

 Hygienic : Yes

Movement and Behavior

 Client’s gait : Strut

 Posture: He was seemed restless and impulsive.

 Eye contact: Hesitant to make in the beginning but as the session progresses he was feeling
comfortable and started to make eye contact.

 Facial expression: Expression of Mortification could be seen on his face for all his past doing.
Speech
 The volume of the person’s voice: Brittle

 The rate or speed of speech: Low, Fumbling

 The length of answers to questions: He was feeling hesitant in telling but after a while he started to
complete his words and was not precluding hisself from completing his statement.

 The appropriateness of the answers: He was answering appropriately.

Thought content:
After establishing report it could be assess that the client is facing with grief and tension about his brother’s
life and started to take substance (Smoking). As it helps to reduce stress. He has the feelings of frustration to
accept the reality and anger about the lack of support.

Session Content

Client’s name: G
Interview No: 8 Date: 21 April 2023
Session No: 1 Time: 11.00 AM
Purpose of the interview:
The client was referred to me for taking a detailed case history.
The client MrG came in. I greeted him and asked him to please come in and take his seat. He ame with his
father. I offered him also a seat. However as the interview started I asked Mr G if it would be all right we
both talked alone.
The Client’s appearance: He was well dressed up .
I decided to make sure that the client is comfortable and told him that he can make himself at home here and
whatever he would tell, I will be kept completely confidential. Only that information, which we say can be
passed on to other family members, would be done so and he can feel free to convey whatever he wants.
Start of session:
Then MrG started to tell me about the problem which he was facing in his life. He was not able to cope up
with his situations (Smoking). He is feeling alone in his attempts to cope with his situations. He was feeling
hopeless for himself and for her brother as her mother died in early age and her father does not support or
care.
He also talked about his feelings of inadequacy and he feared about her brother’s future.
End of the session:

As the time allotted to the client is generally one hour, I ended the interview in following manner.
Mr. G, I think today we have discussed your problem. It has been possible to understand when your problem
started, what precipitated it and you have been handling the same. Your efforts are really appreciated.
However there are many things we need to discuss with each other. The client responded that he would like
to come next week for the next session. We both stood up , and shook hands, and the client took leave.

Problem:
“ I am not able to understand what to do? I am so afraid about my brother’s future so I started Smoking to
reduce my stress.”
My observation:
For instance the difficulty you are feeling in your life with family and the effect of this on your life, work
life and all.
Plan of action:
I’ll ask about his current stress, levels and what strategy he was feeling to combat. I’ll motivate him to join
rehabilitation and focused more on his goals and brothers future.

Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started
 CASE 9
CASE OF FAMILY COUNSELLING
 INTAKE INFORMATION

Name: Mr. S.S.

Age: 11Y
Gender: Male
Educational Qualification: 7TH
Marital status: Single
Whether client stays with parents: Yes
Whether have any siblings, if so how many: No
What is the position of the client in the family: Only child
Type of family: Lower middle class joint family
Anyone in the family having conflicts: No
Anyone in the family is suffering/has suffered from any physical disorders: No
Presenting problem: - According to client he does not like anyone interfering his life and blames his
mother for the issues of his life.
Duration of problem: 1 y
Any counseling taken: No
Interview with family members/spouse/the concerned person:
Interview of mother:-
Name: M
Age: 40
Sex: Female
Relationship: Mother
S.S.’s mother is 40 year old and is a housewife. Her education is only through high-school and hails from a
lower middle class business family. She conceived S.S. with lot of medical support at a later age. She
described herself as a witty lady & loves her son. Also she expects her share of love and affection from other
family members. There is no history of any conduct issue in her family and the level of education in her
family is max through diploma. She does not have any intention to work and wants to support her family in
times of need. She accepted few instance where S.S. failed to behave responsibly and also understands the
gravity of S.S.’s situation at school. She holds her family members responsible for S.S.’s misbehavior &
their disagreements with her. Also she blames her husband for not being responsible for his son and his wife.
She also said that her in-laws give wrong inputs to her son about her and that her husband is not supportive
in the family. He is a least interested person who prefers to continue his silence at all times. She is not happy
the way she is leading her life and does not see any scope of improvement. She loves her son but has lost all
her hope that things would ever improve between her and her son.
Interview of father:-

Name: K.P

Age: 45y

Sex: Male

Relationship: Father

S.S.’s father is 45 year old and is a businessman. He has one elder brother and one sister who stay in another
town. He is a graduate from commerce background and holds a secondary position in the family business.
The main controller in the family is his elder brother. According to him he is not interested in the finances as
he can anytime take out any amount of money from the family account and respects the decisions of elders.
He is not very aware of his son’s issues and thinks that his behavior is fine as per his age. According to him
children at this age show such tantrums and there is no need to be over concerned as they will learn
responsibility as time passes. He also showed his acceptance to the fact that his son is not interested in
studies much & blames the school authorities for not showing much concern towards S.S. to improve him
instead expects parents to do school’s tasks.

Relationship

Patient’s relationship with Family members:

 With mother: Not good, don’t like his mother

 With father: Normal
 With grandmother: Too good
 With grandfather: Too good

Educational History:

 In school/College:

Very naughty, like to disturb everyone in class.

 How is the client in studies and academic performance?

Average in studies. As per I.Q testing report.
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
No, even he comes in average students but do not want to concentrate on studies.
 How has the performance been over the years?
From last one year the performance is not good.
 Do they find that there is sudden deterioration in studies and academic performance?
Yes
  Have they received any complaints from the school authorities regarding the clients
performances?
Yes
 Since when have they noted that the client is not the same in regard to academics as he/she
used to be?
In his annual result
 Had they done anything about it so far?If so what? : No
Establish Rapport
Appearance
 Age: 11Y

 Sex: Male

 Hygienic: Yes

Movement and Behavior

 Client’s gait: Notorious

 Posture: Restless

 Eye contact: Was not making proper eye contact.

 Facial expression: Calm

Mood: He came into the room without a moment of hesitation.
Speech
 The volume of the person’s voice: Soft
 The rate or speed of speech: Slow
 The length of answers to questions: According to Question
 The appropriateness of the answers: He was answering the questions appropriately

Thought content:
After establish rapport and observing the client’s appearance and all, and taking the interview of parents I
assess that He is the only child to his parents who are quite elderly. So understanding issues can be seen in
the relationship. The mother is more concern which the client doesn’t like.
 SESSION CONTENT

Client’s Name: Mr. S.S.

Interview No.: 9 Date: 25 April 2023

Session No.: 1 Time: 11:00 AM

Purpose of the Interview: To make sensible picture of the client’s problem.

The client Mr.S.S.is entered with his parents. I greeted and asked them to have a seat. I further enquired
them about any difficulty they might face in finding the place. I offered them a glass of water.

Client’s Appearance: The clothes worn by him were neat and clean. But he was looked little nervous.

I decided to make sure that the client is comfortable and told him that he can make himself at home here and
whatever he would tell, I will be kept completely confidential. A formal oath of confidentiality was taken by
me so that client becomes comfortable in sharing the problem and all the things related to problem.

Then Mr.S.S.started sharing about the problem he was facing in his life.

S.S. described himself as a boy of his own likes and dislikes. He is an easy going person and is doing just
fine. According to him he does not like anyone interfering his life and blames his mother for the issues of his
life. As his mother keeps on interfering in everybody’s life and nobody in the family likes her very much.
He likes having money with himself so he can eat out in the street or party with his friends which results in
arguments often with his mother regarding his expenditure. He quoted his relationship with his grandparents
as a good one and loving. He spends more time at his grandparents place as there are no time limits, freedom
to watch television, play with his play station, go out with friends and come back late. Also he gets financial
support from his grandparents. According to him his father being a busy person is not seen much at home,
even at home he is busy in his own commitments. My client does not go for outings with his parents and
usually his outings are to his relative’s place nearby with his grandparents. In school he likes disturbing the
class and thinks it’s funny. He is not bothered about the punishments he gets. Academically he wants to
study but does not find it interesting because of which he is not able to sit for long hours and finish his tasks.
Also he does not feel any responsibility towards his studies or duties at home. It could be concluded that
there is no boundary with lot of penetration in each other’s roles and responsibilities.

End of the session:S.S.I think today we have discussed about your problems you were facing and we also
tried to find various alternatives to solve it. We will discuss more thinks in the next session to find out the
solution of the problem.
My Observation: This case study details a Family Therapy. It includes a case history of dysfunctional
parents in Family Therapy as a result of which the child was showing emotional and behavioral problems. A
review of the issues that pertain to their case including past issues and stress related to their marital life were
also dealt with.

Plan of Action: Strategic family therapy will be used as the main course of treatment and 12 to 15 sessions
of the therapy will be given to do conflict resolution and help them maintain new learned patterns of
communication. Next session will be the examined sessions focus on assessment and goals for the therapy,
conflict resolutions, psycho education and learning new patterns of behavior.

Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started.

Next session

The examined sessions focus on assessment and goals for the therapy, conflict resolutions, psycho education
and learning new patterns of behavior. The results of the therapy were discussed, as well as plans for future
sessions were discussed.

REFFERAL AND INTAKE

The identified client is S.S. who is 10 year old male studying in class 7 th. He hails from a lower middle class
joint family owning a small business of catering. He is the only child to his parents who are quite elderly.
Every couple in the family is provided with their own floors and stay separately along with their children
with grandparents staying on the ground floor. S.S. is quite close to his grandparents instead of his parents or
his uncle and does not hold high thoughts towards his mother. His cousins are quite elderly and do not
communicate much with S.S..

In school S.S. has been an average student but, since one year he has not been performing well because of
which he along with his parents were warned to detain him in the same class for not performing
satisfactorily. Along with his poor academics the child shows behavioral and conduct problems also which
includes misbehavior with teachers and classmates, not following the commands and abiding with the
decorum of the school. On discussing the issues with the parents they denied to accept any such behavior
about the child and did not accepted to go for counseling sessions initially. On giving multiple warnings by
the school parents finally agreed to come and visit the counselor. Hence, I was given the opportunity to
follow the case.

While establishing my rapport with the family I could enlighten myself about the family members, how they
relate with each other and the communication patterns being followed in the family specifically in relation to
the child as well as the distribution of roles and responsibilities of each family member.

It was established that parents did not had much knowledge about the illness as they were in denial and were
reluctant in accepting any behavioral issues with the child. But, it could be established through the interview
that child is not only having issues in the school but at home as well which could be a reason for his
disinterest in academics. Also the child blamed his mother for her lack of support towards him as well as
towards the family which has always impacted him as a child.

It could also be established through the interview that there were confusion in the roles and responsibilities
being assigned at family level and the physical, emotional, financial and household burdens were not well
distributed, although basic needs of the family were well met. The family as well as to the index patient
adequate social support was provided.

INTIAL PHASE

Before commencing with the treatment process formulation was done about the wrong behaviour patterns
being followed by the child and the reasons of its maintenance. To do so, an interview was done with the
child and the family individually. An, I.Q assessment was also done at the school level which showed a
score between ranges 85 to 90 which is an average intelligence..

Starting with establishing the family relations, the father being the younger son is not given opportunity in
the business and gets to hold a small share of the family business. As a result the freedom of financial
independence is restricted. Mother being outspoken was often argumentative about the financial aspects in
front of other family members as a result she was not appreciated in the house which was supported by the
fathers silence and hence the couple could not maintain a healthy relation with each other. This affected the
bringing up of the son. As S.S. being a spectator to his mother’s arguments which was not supported by the
family members and his father’s silence established a difference of opinion in his mind. Hence S.S. could
not consider his mother as a commanding authority in his life. Grandparents being able to fulfill his demands
came to be a source of love and affection. This was a result of father’s silence and not holding responsibility
towards financial issues or issues related to his wife and son. So it was realized that the family is in conflict
with the mother, mother is in conflict with the husband and in the process blames the family members to
inculcate negative feelings to her son about his mother. The family is split into son and grandparents mother
alone and father being a supporter to his parents.
In further session based in the understanding of the case it was decided to use various tasks which would
help in encouraging parents to move together. This would start by making them go through a preparation
stage into an action stage slowly as they develop strategies together to help change family dynamics.

So the primary focus was to improve the behavior patterns of the child and the secondary focus was to
improve the inter-relationships. Based on them therapeutic goals were decided with mutual consensus from
parents and the child

THERAPUTIC GOALS

 Short Term Goal:-- Building a therapeutic alliance, Psycho education about the nature of illness to
patient as well as family, building parental team, Helping patient acknowledge and accept his
problem ,Enhance motivation to mobilize the patient’s own change resources, Modifying
dysfunctional beliefs, helping child and the parents establish a healthy communication pattern, father
and mother will develop limit setting strict talk with son which would help in identifying his parents
as an authority & would diffuse most of his power, boundaries in the family as well as in the child’s
pattern of living was established, helping them understand roles and responsibilities attached to each
role.

• Long Term Goals- Management of unhealthy behavior patterns by the child, helping parents
maintain their relations in a healthy form, old alliances will be dismantled and new alliances between
father, mother and son will be formed, Enhancing academic, social and personal functioning
impaired by the family functioning and the patterns adopted , Improving coping skills, Relapse
prevention.

In the next few sessions rapport formation was done and on the basis of an I.Q assessment his weaker
subject/ topics were identified. The child and the parents were asked to vent out themselves assuring that
they would be listened to and addressed accordingly with empathy. The child and the parents were explained
in detail about the behavioral issues and how they can be related to the environment where child spends his
maximum time at i.e. at school and at home. Reassurance was also provided to the family that the issues can
be handled but, would require their support and that the child needs to be always under their shadow before
his new patterns of behavior are established fully. Also the child was asked to be accompanied with his
father so he also could be psycho educated about the issues related to the child and have a deeper
understanding of it. Any anxiety related to the child’s dismissal from the school was also addressed.

MIDDLE PHASE

Firstly steps were taken to identify his weaker topics and with the help of a special educator they were
handled. This task helped him develop an interest in his subjects. His identified behavior patterns which
were to be intervened were talked about individually with the child. He was asked to make a time table at
home which included a disciple about time spent in studies, watching T.V, going out for play and other
recreational activities along with time spent in meals. This way he started spending less time at grandparents
place and mother was able to spend more time with him. He was also becoming disciplined and responsible
about his activities.

He was explained about the cost involved in a particular activity and the benefit analysis of the same like, if
he eats everyday at the street vendor and spends all his pocket money than at the end of the month when he
could buy something useful for himself or a gift for his friend would not be possible. So to help him
establish a control on his expenditure he along with his parents agreed to fix a particular amount of pocket
money which would be kept with him in his pig bank and the access to it would be through his mother. The
reason to access it would also be noted in a diary which would be analyzed by the end of the month about if
any particular expenditure could be avoided. This task helped in multiple ways. Firstly he was able to
establish healthy communication pattern with his father while discussing about the expenditure being
provided to him also, he was able to establish communication with his mother while they were assessing if
the particular expenditure is required or not.

Next Task related to making a behavior maintenance chart. This seemed to be very helpful in establishing
correct behavior patterns in the child. As this chart helped him hold the responsibility of his own behaviors.
Reinforcements were also helpful in setting pace for his behaviors. As children have a liking for winning
this chart helped him regain his confidence about being able to succeed in tasks. Thus helping him find his
self esteem which he did not seemed to be aware of. After few sessions were done and improvement was
observed talks were done at school level and a request was made to resume his school. The child agreed and
was happy.

Strategic family therapy was used to initiate the process of treatment as during the interview it was
observable that father was taking least responsibility in the family affairs like he was not spending adequate
time at home. So, the aim was to involve father in small tasks so as to develop communication in family
structure specifically with his son. So he was asked to be a part of S.S.’s day to day life and hold
responsibility to his actions. Father was encouraged to lead the discussions related to his son by introducing
limits to his son.

In a separate session taken with father & mother discussion about their issues related to each other and the
family were taken up. Roles and responsibilities related to power, financial aspect, were explained against
each other, towards their son and the extended family members. Father was asked to be more firm in his
approach towards other and be able to share his point of view. He was asked to improve his communication
patterns. Also the mother was asked to be a listener instead of a speaker. To do so they were asked to go on
family outings and spend time together. Conflict resolution patterns were taught where any unfavorable
situation would be viewed with a focus to resolve it so healthy relations can be maintained. Parents were
also asked to use these tips in solving any issues related to extended family.
TERMINATION PHASE

At the time of intake they were at the stage of pre contemplation where they did not think they were having
a problem or needed counseling. Though the son was ready to accept the wrong dynamics at home front and
was ready to explore various reasons to help it change. Through the counseling procedure he was moved to a
contemplation stage, where he realized his parents concerns regarding his misbehavior and disinterest at
school which contributed to his present situation. He in the process learnt various coping strategies.

Child after resuming his school was doing well and the initial bullying response of his classmates was
conveyed to the school authorities and was tackled accordingly for future reference. With positive feedback
from the school and home I decided to terminate the sessions and continue them with longer gaps.

Child was guided to help maintain his new patterns and not recoil back to the same situation. He seemed
responsible for himself and was able to judge between right and wrong situations. His communication
patterns were improved with his family members. He was able to follow his new schedule and hold
responsibility for it. Though a close observation by his parents was always their. Seeing the child’s
improvement parents also was motivated for change in their own communication pattern which played a role
in pushing each other. Bonds between family members were established. In the last phase they were slowly
and carefully detachment procedure was started where the parents were helped in maintaining their roles for
the child and the responsibilities attached to it. Also they were guided to start taking decisions for their child
and hold responsibility for those decisions keeping the child in view. This process reassured him that his
parents understand him and would always take decisions which would benefit him. They were repeatedly
encouraged to make sure they maintain the new patterns and that their child follows a set discipline. They
were also guided about how their own way of conduct would affect their child and that for him his mentors
are his parents only. And to expect any change from their children it for parents to show them the change.
They were guided about the early signs of relapse and various fun activities as a family. Follow up sessions
were also recommended. The therapy showed a very positive feedback on the child and had a great impact
on his personal, social and family life.

FOLLOW UP

In the follow up sessions feedback was taken about S.S.’s performance at school and home which were quite
positive. S.S. himself seemed to be a very changed boy with lot of confidence and disciplined. He seemed
more responsible. And was able to relate well to his mother and father.

Even his parents were able to relate well to each other and their actions towards their son were more
responsible. Though they are continuing for couple sessions as they found the previous sessions quite
helpful and are looking forward towards improving their relationship.
 CASE-10

CASE OF DEPRESSION
 INTAKE INFORMATION

Name: Mr. A.S.

Age: 18 Yrs
Gender: Male
Educational Qualification: 12TH
Marital status: Single
Whether client stays with parents: Yes
Whether have any siblings, if so how many: No
What is the position of the client in the family: Only child
Type of family: Upper middle class nuclear urban family
Anyone in the family having conflicts: No
Anyone in the family is suffering/has suffered from any physical disorders: No
Presenting problem: “. The client claimed himself to be fun loving at times but, only with his old friends
who he misses a lot. They usually used to have technology related discussions and were involved in many
innovative researches. He misses all these opportunities in Delhi and also his group of friends.”
Duration of problem: 4-5 weeks
Any counseling taken: No
Interview with family members/spouse/the concerned person:
Interview of mother:-
Name: N
Age: 45 Y
Sex: Female
Relationship: Mother
A.S.’s mother is 45 year old professional lady but is not working since one year because of her son’s issues.
Mrs. Reddy explained herself as a very easy going person and has wanted things to be perfect at home. She
makes sure that the environment at home is always conducive and that nobody in the family is hurt. She
revealed about the over protective behavior of her towards her husband as he has always been emotionally
hurt now, she wants him to have all the happiness and in the course makes sure that nobody reaches to him
with any conflicting situation weather it is important or not. She handles every situation. She acceA.S.ed the
changes in her son’s attitude towards herself and other members of the family. Initially she wanted to handle
things in her own but, realized that issues are beyond her way of controlling. So decided to seek professional
help.

Relationship

Patient’s relationship with Family members:

 With mother: Good

 With father: Normal

Educational History:

 In school/College:

He does most of his work with the help of his old friends.

 How is the client in studies and academic performance?

Average in studies.
 Does the client come up to the expectations of parents and teachers?
Yes, before shifting
 How has the performance been over the years?
From last one year the performance is not good.
 Do they find that there is sudden deterioration in studies and academic performance?
Yes
 Have they received any complaints from the school authorities regarding the clients
performances?
No
 Since when have they noted that the client is not the same in regard to academics as he/she
used to be?
From last few weeks his behavior was not good.
 Had they done anything about it so far? If so what? :
No
Establish Rapport
Appearance
 Age: 18Yrs

 Sex: Male

 Hygienic: Yes

Movement and Behavior

  Client’s gait: Normal

 Posture: Restless

 Eye contact: Was not making proper eye contact.

 Facial expression: Calm

Mood: Sad, disturbed
Speech
 The volume of the person’s voice: Soft
 The rate or speed of speech: Slow
 The length of answers to questions: According to Question
 The appropriateness of the answers: He was answering the questions appropriately

Thought content:
After establish rapport and observing the client’s appearance and all, and taking the interview of parents I
assess that client wanted to shift his school but, parents were not satisfied by his reasons so asked him to
continue in the same school. A.S. still wants to shift his school but has lost all hope from his parents.
 SESSION CONTENT

Client’s Name: Mr. A.S.

Interview No.: 10 Date: 26 April 2023

Session No.: 1 Time: 11:00 AM

Purpose of the Interview:

To make sensible picture of the client’s problem.
The client Mr. A.S. is entered with his mother. I greeted and asked them to have a seat. I further enquired
them about any difficulty they might face in finding the place. I offered them a glass of water.

Client’s Appearance: The clothes worn by him were neat and clean.

I decided to make sure that the client is comfortable and told him that he can make himself at home here and
whatever he would tell, I will be keA.S. completely confidential. A formal oath of confidentiality was taken
by me so that client becomes comfortable in sharing the problem and all the things related to problem.

Then Mr. A.S. started sharing about the problem he was facing in his life.

A.S. is an 18 year old adolescent and is an introvert personality. He claimed himself to be fun loving at
times but, only with his old friends who he misses a lot. They usually used to have technology related
discussions and were involved in many innovative researches. He misses all these opportunities in Delhi and
also his group of friends. He claimed himself to be close to his family more to his mother as she is staying at
home whereas his father is usually out for work so he is shares only academic/work issues with him. He has
knowledge about his father’s past life as told by his mother and understands her feelings. Hence he also
makes sure his father gets best of things. He understands his responsibility as their son and abides with the
roles and regulations at home. At school he is going through mild adjustment issues and is not able to find
any solution to them so, want his parents to shift his school, so he can perform well. A.S. told about his poor
performance in academics and is quite disheartened by it as he has always been quite good at academics. He
has motivation to improve it but, is unable to find ways to improve it. And associated all his sorrows to his
new school as well as change in place. There were times when he felt heavy over his family structure with
lack of support and no elders in family apart his parents. Also there is no place to vent out him as he can
make everyone feel bad about situations. To conclude we can make out that he is not happy with his home
as well as school environment.

End of the session: A.S. I think today we have discussed about your problems you were facing and we also
tried to find various alternatives to solve it. We will discuss more thinks in the next session to find out the
solution of the problem.

My Observation: This case study details a Family Therapy. It includes a case history of an adolescent with
severe Depression. As families can have a significant effect on the mental health status of a child decision
was taken to understand the roots of family structure and a review of the issues that pertain to the case
including past issues and stress related to them were dealt with.

Plan of Action:Psychodynamic family therapy is chosen as the main course of treatment and 15 sessions of
the therapy were given to do conflict resolution and help the child understand and maintain new learned
patterns of communication.

Today’s session was able to achieve the purpose with which it started.

Next session: The examined sessions will focus on assessment and goals for the therapy, conflict
resolutions, psycho education and learning new patterns of behavior. The results of the therapy will be
discussed, as well as plans for future sessions will be discussed.

REFFERAL & INTAKE

The identified client is A.S. who is 18 year old class12th student hailing from an upper middle class nuclear
urban family. He is the only child to his parents and has shifted from Hyderabad to Delhi last year. He was
bought by his mother for referral as since few weeks he has been showing behavioural concerns.

Both his parents come from an upper socio-economic status typical south Indian family. His father had a
very struggling childhood. Presently his father is working at a descent position in a reputed firm and mother
is a professional but a housewife presently because of her son. As reported, his father is a man of his words
but very caring. He is a family oriented person and respects the culture and traditions being practiced in the
family. He is little rigid for changes in traditions being followed and makes sure the family values are passed
to the next generation. According to mother he is very understanding and always prefers taking the neutral
path in a contradictory situation. On the contrary his mother is quite submissive and non-assertive by nature
and abides with the changes easily. The decisions within the family are mostly been taken by his father
whose word would be the final say in whatever matter. The A.S. has always found this environment at home
inhibited and restricted in nature, so does not feel close to anyone with whom he can share his problems or
other issues in life. Extended family is not supportive in nature and the family works at their own level.
According to mother, father lost both his parents in a tragic incident when he was 14 year old and was given
the responsibility of his 3 elder sisters. The other members of the family were opportunistic and not very
helpful financially. So he had to start working at a very early age and married all his sisters. Patient’s mother
and her family were closely related and very well knew the situation of the father and decided to marry
them. According to mother her husband had been a very charming person but sudden losses in his family
and early responsibilities made him a very serious person. Till he got married he had not been a very social
person and would prefer to be on his own. As a result he has been very protective about his son and does not
feel like maintaining good relations with his extended family. There is lack of physical and mental support.

Initially as told by mother A.S. wanted to shift his school but, parents were not satisfied by his reasons so
asked him to continue in the same school. A.S. still wants to shift his school but has lost all hope from his
parents. Mother seems to be quite well aware of his symA.S.oms and has all hope to improve his feelings
which was quite positive for the therapy. She seemed quite motivated. . Roles of all the family members are
well defined. Father has not been involved in gaining the knowledge about their son’s problems as mother
felt it was not the right time to involve him.

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS (as inferred through interview)

The A.S. was maintaining adequately well till one year back since when he started to feel sad and
disinterested in social interaction and wanted to shift his school. One year back they shifted from Hyderabad
to Delhi and since then A.S. has been showing adjustment issues. Since few weeks back there is a sudden
decrease in his visits to school and low interaction at home. He remains irritable, feels low, lethargic, unable
to concentrate in his studies and there is loss of appetite. According to patient he does not have much friend
circle in Delhi so does not feel interested in social activities. He started to prefer solitude and most of the
time remained by himself. He was unable to have a sound sleep. According to mother the patient since few
months has been forcing them to shift his school but, they are not supporting his idea as they could not get
any justifiable reason to it. Since few weeks mother feels the patient wants to share something which he is
not able to open up. Patient revealed separately to therapist that there are adjustment issues in school.

The patient has been born and brought up in Hyderabad. He had been a very bright student and an ideal
child at home. Father having to shift his job in Delhi, the whole family decided to shift with him here one
and a half year back. As they thought it would be good for their son’s future. But the patient was unable to
adjust in his new environment and there seemed difficulty in making friends. As a result he started losing
interest in studies and his marks started going low. All this resulted in increased family pressure to perform
well. Father holds a major say in the family and patient does not feel himself close to his father compared to
his mother. Being the only child the patient did not had any siblings of his age to share his feelings with.
There was dearth of intimate friends or relatives around hence, he preferred to be alone but sometimes even
while having a little desire to share his problems with someone close who he expected and wanted to
understand his current state and also sympathize with him, he found difficulty in opening up with a selected
few which included his mother. These feelings started to disturb the A.S. and his mother more as although
for most part of the time his father would be busy at work and would not be very happy with his
performance at school. As a result he started distancing himself slowly from his father since one year.

His inability to adjust in school, pressure at home & low results keA.S. him more preoccupied and he started
feeling helpless. Inability of his father to relate reasonably with him increased the feelings of helplessness
and hopelessness in him. As a result there was lot of confusion in his thoughts. And gradually he began to
feel that he won’t be able to carve a good future for himself with so many unresolved issues at hand,
management of which seemed to him a distant reality. Crying spells increased in frequency during the bouts
of which excessive negative thoughts about current state of affairs, inability to pursue studies, lack of hope
regarding improving his relationship ever with his father, acquiring confidence and working upon his
crushed self esteem would keep the A.S. preoccupied and which worsened the situation. According to
mother the patient is hiding something which is the root cause of his situation and does not wants to share.
Mother had to pursue him a lot to seek a professional help. As the patient remained sad and seemed
uncomfortable. Seeing him the mother was restlessness and when thought that things are beyond her control,
she forced him to sought help.

50
44
yrs
yrs

Diagnostic formulation

Client is 18 year old unmarried male studying in class 12th. He comes from an upper middle class urban
south Indian nuclear family and is the only child to his parents. He came with chief complaints of sadness,
crying spells, decreased interaction socially & at home, poor academic performance, and decreased interest
in going to school. Past history suggested of sudden shift of places might have resulted in difficulty in
communication as a result their seems difficulty making friends. With poor communication at home
specifically with father. Higher mental function was normal with poor insight.

Provisional Diagnosis: Depressive episode [severe] with suicidal risk

INITIAL PHASE

The initial phase was to develop a repo with the patient and understand the case formulation. Understanding
about the symA.S.oms of the patient, how they progressed and were maintained for so long.

Starting with the socio-cultural background of the family it was revealed that the patient came from an urban
background hailing from the southern part of our country. It seemed that the patient was not very
comfortable with the national language that is “Hindi” though his English speaking was quite fluent.
According to mother he was coping quite well in communicating in the local language and did not had much
issue in it. It could also be elicited that the extended family was not very supportive and due to sudden shift
in places they were not very close to any friends or neighbors in the new place which would support them in
situations of distress and illness. Though they were financially quite sound and his father was performing
well professionally. While talking about the extended family it could be elicited that the father had a very
distressful and struggling childhood. Because of which he had early experiences of punitive parenting and
restricted home environment leading to the development of low self confidence, decreased self belief and
inhibited, reserved temperament. According to mother he had increase in his confidence and self belief only
when he got married and started a separate life for himself. Mother revealed that she has always been a
major pillar in her husband’s life. As soon as their son was born he got very protective and has always been
happy with his performance academically. There is lack of communication at home between father and other
members of the house. Which mother feels has been emotionally hurted him a lot since childhood and which
needs compassion & love. So as a rule nobody in family defies the orders of the father. And he holds the
power of decision making, problem solving & control in the family.

Inability to express his concerns to his parents specially his father has led to the formation of dysfunctional
thoughts like (I do not feel like going to school, nobody understands me, I do not have anyone close to me, I
am a loner, nobody wants to be friends with me). These were some of the assumA.S.ions which were found
to be underlying his thought process. These assumA.S.ions got activated when A.S. continued for some
more time in the same school. But not being able to adjust adequately and cope with the new environment
around negatively affected his academic performance. It could be inferred that these issues can be a result of
his lack of communication. When his father came to know of his academic performance, he became
extremely upset and scolded the A.S.. A.S. perceived this action of father as rejection and punishment,
which activated his negative automatic thoughts (my parents do not understand me and No one wants me to
be with me). A.S.’s inability to communicate with his parents and make them understand about why he is
not able to concentrate on studies further exacerbated these negative thoughts. These negative thoughts
further led to the development of depressive symA.S.oms.

In the initial session, this understanding of the case was communicated to the A.S.. on the basis of this a
problem list was created, which when tackled, would help in reduction of depressive symA.S.oms. The
significant problems being faced by the A.S. were not being able to concentrate, lack of communication with
his father, decreasing scores, being sensitive to criticism, social withdrawal and spending time alone in his
room and not having any interest in participating in any activity. On the basis of this, target symA.S.oms
were identified and A.S. and the therapist mutually decided upon both short and long term goals.
Therapeutic goals (short term) were – To decrease depressive symA.S.oms, to increase motivation for
studying, to increase A.S.’s communication with family members, to help him learn the local language so he
could communicate.

Therapeutic goals (long term) was – to improve communication pattern with his father, to understand any
other major area of concern.

The initial phase focused on building a therapeutic relationship with the A.S. and other members of the
family. A.S. and his mother were psycho educated about the possible psychological nature and maintaining
factors of his depressive symtoms. Both were reassured about the ways in which he can be helped through
psychological means. The collaborative nature of therapy was explained to them, emphasizing on his
responsibilities and need to carry out homework assignments. Need to carry out joint family session/
homework were also guided. It was conveyed that consistent motivation at home was very important. Patient
was asked to maintain a diary where he would write down all his thoughts with time and date and the
duration of these thoughts. Also he was asked to write how he managed to resolve these issued or if he is not
able to resolve them.

MIDDLE PHASE

The next phase began with pre treatment assessments. For objective assessment of severity of depression,
Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered. A.S. got a score of 30, which was indicative of severe
depression. While connecting with the patient he revealed that he is been bullied by his schoolmates here in
Delhi on his name. They feel that his name is quite long and associate different kinds of dirty meanings to it.
On further asking that if he has discussed it with the school authorities he revealed that they console him but
that is not helping his situation. He also suggested that he wants his name to be changed to a more shorted
form as in future he would be staying in other parts of the world and might face the same issue again. This
came as a major thing to be revealed by him. So with his permission these concerns were discussed with his
mother in the same session but in his absence. Mother was quite upset about the fact that why he could not
talk about it with his parents, on further discussion he revealed that he did not wanted to hurt their feelings.
Specially his father who is closely attached to the family values & would not agree. Also he would feel
disturbed.

On the basis of this revelation a new problem list was created and the therapeutic goals were modified on the
basis of which the major changes were done at the short term goals where priority was given to handle this
issue and long term goals were added with the task of infusing confidence in him about various ways to
handle such situation in future.

To counteract the inactivity and social withdrawal of the A.S., he was asked to record his daily activities on
an hourly basis to understand clearly as to how the A.S. was spending his day. A.S. was also asked to rate
each activity that he did in terms of accomplishment and pleasure derived from it. This was given as the
homework assignment to be recorded for a week.

Next on the basis of psychodynamic family therapy approach & understanding the dynamics of each family
member tasks were assigned to the family members based on their capabilities. Patient was asked to develop
a level of communication with his father. To do so, his mother was asked to accompany him and help him
initiate talks with his fathers. Patient was asked to spend more time in a common room so he would be in
front of other members. Mother was asked to take up the issue with the school authorities and without letting
the child and his friends know about it the teachers of his section were asked to keep a watch on the
interaction pattern of the class. School therapist was also involved suggesting to develop more healthy
patterns for classroom interaction by giving them joint assignments and allowing everyone to showcase the
importance of team work where emphasis would to understand the qualities of every individual in helping to
improve a specific task. Also mother was separately guided to discuss the issue with the father so he could
be more understanding towards the reactions of his son and not be very pushy towards him.

In the next session, feedback was taken from the A.S.. A.S. reported that he was able to go to school and
skipped only twice. He was praised for his efforts and motivated to increase the frequency. The activity
schedule prepared by the A.S. was analyzed and it was found that A.S. spent his majority of the time in his
room or working on computer. Few activities, including physical activities were suggested to the A.S.
according to the feasibility and means. Mother was asked to accompany him. Meanwhile it was also
discussed if the patient was able to open in front of his father and if he was able to start a level of
communication with him and also if it felt helpful to him. Mother was also asked separately about how the
patient was performing at home. And if the activities suggested were helpful. Any changes required were
also suggested.

Next when the A.S. was able to carry out the activity schedule and practice techniques to improve his
communication, he was explained about the inter relationship between his cognitions, emotions and
behavior. He was given examples of both positive and negative thinking, its effect on one’s emotions and on
subsequent behavior. The relationship and distinction between thoughts and feelings was elucidated by the
therapist with help of examples. This was primarily done so that when A.S. was asked to record his thoughts
and feelings, he would not get confused.

Along with all this, we continued with the behavioral techniques of activity scheduling, revising the
activities regularly. A.S. was also taught about the importance of good & healthy communication patters at
home. Meanwhile the father was called along with the mother in the absence of the patient and his concerns
as a father were handled. Also patterns of behavior and communication pattern at home were discussed. In
the process psycho education was given to the father about his patterns of behavior. Education about the
various biological changes in the adolescents and relation between these changes with the thought process
were discussed. While developing a repo with the father topics about his past life issues were discussed
which dealt with his present reactions of being over protective, over emphasis on academics and not
spending social time with son like going for fun activities or recreational activities. On the basis father was
helped in resolving his own issues and asked to spend quality time with the son. He was asked to go out with
son for outings just for fun and develop a father son relation.

Mother has known the past issues so have always been over conscious about the relationship so, she was
asked to give time to them and let them resolve their issues at their own. They should be able to find their
own ways.

In the next session the patient was asked about how he is coping up. And any changes in the level of activity
required were implemented. The subsequent sessions were devoted to challenging his negative automatic
thoughts. The main techniques employed were Socratic questioning, cost benefit analysis, identifying errors
in his thinking and then disputing them. Through Socratic dialogue, A.S. was encouraged to come up with
the evidence for and against his beliefs. One of the prominent thought of the A.S. was that because if his
name he is a mockery in the class and has lost his self belief and self esteem. To dispute this, he was asked
to cite evidence for and against his thought. A.S. was taught this method of challenging his thoughts and
then changing his thoughts on the basis of the evidence present. Home work assignments based on
challenging his negative thoughts to be carried out at home were planned. A.S. was also encouraged to look
for alternative views for his belief, say how he would have viewed the situation when he was not depressed.
Through regularly analyzing it was found that the patient was having an either- of thinking pattern. These
errors were explained to the A.S. and how they were leading to more negative thoughts, which was
eventually affecting the depressive symA.S.oms. A.S. was taught to challenge these errors. He was further
taught to evaluate his thinking in terms of its effects on him. Advantages and disadvantages of changing a
negative thought were discussed with the A.S. to help him in changing his viewpoint. Meanwhile he was
encouraged to convey his feelings to his father. On further support and encouragement the patient was able
to communicate with his parents and the father agreed to change of his name without any inconvenience.

TERMINAL PHASE

The terminal phase had reached when his father agreed to the change in his name and the family was able to
develop a healthy level communication pattern in between them. This was able to help them bond more
strongly emotionally and mentally. BDI was administered to assess the severity of depression. Positive
feedback about this was given to the A.S. and his family. He reported an overall of 80% - 85% improvement
subjectively in his depressive symA.S.oms. In this phase, A.S. was explained the interrelationship between
cognitions, emotions and behavior. Different techniques (eg, planning the day so that pleasure and mastery
are maximized, being tolerant with oneself, not engage in thinking errors, challenging them in case they
occur, using praise and encouragement rather than putting oneself down) were explained to A.S. and the
family members again to be used as first aid in case of relapse. Also techniques to be used in school in case
of any bullying were administered to the patient and for the parents required steps to be taken were guided.
School authorities were also asked to be more vigilant and do regular session in the school so as to make
sure a conducive environment is maintained for a healthy growth of the child. Patient was taught about
various techniques to help him maintain his self esteem.

Outcome/ Follow Up

A.S. reported of 80% - 85% improvement. Further, A.S. was able to concentrate on his studies and was
confident of appearing for exams. He also reported to have been feeling more confident about himself and
has enrolled himself for an tech fest which was being help at his school. A.S. is still coming for follow-up
fortnightly and social skills enhancement is being worked upon.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that “__________________” student of master’s in

counselling psychology at Indira Gandhi National Open University
has successfully completed their internship on for 240 hours, under the
guidance of “______________________”.
 

Student/ Learner Supervisor

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my profound gratitude to Mr./Mrs.___________________, of

___________________________ for their contributions to the completion of my internship.

Your useful advice and suggestions were helpful to me during the internship’s completion.
In this aspect, I am eternally grateful to you.

I would like to acknowledge that this internship report was completed entirely by me and not
by someone else.

Ms. Bhavya Anand