Structural use of aluminium Part 1: Code of practice for design NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW ——$_$—$————— Copyright by the Brish Standards Institution fed lil 0"This Bridsh Standard, nang ‘been prepared under the direcuon ofthe Chil Engineering ‘and ulang Structures ‘Standards Polley Commitee, was published under dhe authority of ‘he Standards Commatee and ‘comes into effet on ‘1 March 192 © BS1O7-1090 ‘The following BSI references relate tothe work on this andar ‘Commitee reference CSE/6 Draft for comment 8/1224 DC ISBN 0580 15209 1 Committees responsible for this British Standard ‘The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Civil Enginooring and Building Structures Standards Policy Committee (CSBY-) to Technical Committee ‘CSB/86, upon which the following bodies were represented: Aluminium Federation Association of Consulting Engineers Institution of Civil Engincers Institution of Structural Engineers ‘London Regional Transport Ministry of Defence Royal Institute of British Architects, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Welding Institute Amendments issued since publication ‘Amd.No. [Date ‘Comment. 10485 ‘July 1909 | Indicated by a side line Copyright by the Brish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 102535 2004Contents Committace responsible Foreword, Gode of practice Section 1. General La 12 13 Scope Definitions. Major symbols ‘Section 2. Properties and selection of materials 24 22 221 2.22 2.23 23 23.1 20h 272 2.78 274 2.75 2.16 Designation of materials Permitted materials Extrusions, sheet, plate, drawn tube, fongings and castings Boks and rivets Filler metals Strength, mechanical and physical properties Strength and mechanical properties Physical properties Durability and corrosion protection General ‘Durability of alloys Corrosion protection Fabrication and construction General Bonding and forming Welding Selection of materials Availability, Genera Stractual sections Tube Sheet, strip and plate Forgings Castings Page Inside front cover 10 10 ul 5 BENE AS BREISBRE Section 3. Design principles BA 32 324 3.2.2 32.8 324 Limit state design Loading General Nominal loading Factored loading Dynamic effects eegess © BSI OT1099 Copyright by the British Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 102535 200433 331 332 333 34 B41 B42 3.43 35 36 264 3.6.2 3.63 a7 Bas Static strength General Actioneffect under factored loading Factored resistance Deformation Recoverable elastic deformation Permanent inetastic deformation Distortion due to frequent assembly Durability Fatigue General Total collapse Stable crack growth Vibration Tesung Section 4. Static design of members 41 41d 412 413 414 42 43 43. 43.2 433 43.4 4AL 442 443 45 451 45.2 45.3 45.4 455 45.6 46 46.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 Introduction General Limit state of static strength Heataffected zones (HAZs) Advanced design Limit Section classification and local buckling General Slenderness parameter B Section ciassincation Local buckling HAZ softening adjacent to welds General Severity of softening Extent of HAZ Beams Introduction Uniaxial moment resistance of the section ‘Shear force resistance Combined moment and shear force Web bearing Lateral torsional buckling ‘Tension members General ‘Tension resistance Eccentrically connected ties 31 31 31 31 aL 31 2 BRRB BER SEP eeeregys 886 2B Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 102535 2004 © BSI 7.1000483 434 49 49.1 492 Section 5. Plates and plate girders BL 52 521 522 523 B24 525 5.2.6 53 5B BBR 53.3 a4 535 BA BAL Az 5A bad AS BAS BAT Compression members General Section classification for axial compression Resistance to overall buckling Column bucking ‘Torsional buckling ‘Strut curve selection Local squashing Hybrid sections Certain cases of ecventrically connected struts Bastened struts Bending with axial force and biaxial bending General Section classification and local buckling under combined actions Section check Overall buckling cheek Deformation (serviceability limit state) General Recoverable elastic deflection General Unotiffened plates General ‘Unsttfened plates under direct stress ‘Unsttfened plates under in-plane moment Longitudinal stress gradient on unstiffened plates Unstffened plates in shear Combined actions Multstiffened plating General Multistiffened plating under uniform compression Multistiffened plating under in-plane moment Longitudinal stress gradient on multistiffoned plates ‘Muti stiffened plating in shear Plate girders General ‘Moment resistance of transversely stiffened plate girders Shear resistance of transversely stiffened plate girders Longitudinally and transversely stiffened girders Web stiffeners and tongueplates Use of corrugated or elosely stiffened webs Girders under combined moment and shear 3388 eesaaagesanzssczane® (© BSI07-1009 Copyright by the British Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 102535 2004i Section 6. Static design of joints 61 62 62.1 62.2 623 624 63 63.1 63.2 633 634 635 63.6 03.7 63.8 63.9 64 General Riveted and bolted joints: design considerations General Groups of fasteners Bifect of crose-sectional areas of plies Long joints Riveted and bolted joints: geometrical and other general considerations Minimum spacing Maximum spacing Eage distance Hole clearance Packing Countersinking Long grip rivets ‘Washers and locking devices Inverseetions Factored resistance of individual rivets and bolts other than HSFG bolts complying with Britsh Standards Limiting stresses Shear ‘Axial tension Bearing Combined shear and tension High strength friction grip (HSPG) bolts General ‘Ultimate limit state (state strength) Fiction capacity Serviceabilty lit state (deformation) Press Slip factor Pinned joins General Solid pins Members connected by pins Welded joints General Effect of welding on static strength Effect of welding on fatigue strength Corrosion Edge preparations Distortion Information given to fabricator Butt welds Fillet welds SYSRLERSLERRFRRERAHLLLLE LHS SLABS BBRSRRRRRe Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 102535 2004 © RSI oT 10006.8 Design strength of welded joints 681 Gonoral 68.2 Groups of welds 6.8. _Liniting stress of weld metal 6.84 Limiting stress in the HAZ 6.9 Factored resistance of welds 6.9.1 But weld metal 69.2 Fillet weld metal 693. Heataffected zones (HAZs) 6.10 Bonded joints 6.10.1 General 6.10.2 Factored resistance 6.103 Tests Section 7. Fatigue TA Introduction TAA General 7.12 Influence of fatigue on design 713 Mechanism of failure 7.14 Potential sites for fatigue cracking 75 Conditions for fatigue susceptibility 7.2 Fatigue design criteria 72.1 Design philosophy 722 Fatigue failure erterion 73 Fatigue assessment procedure TA Fatigue loading 7.5 Stresaes 75.1 Derivation of stresses 752 Suess parameters 7.6 Derivation of stress spectra 76.1 Cycle counting 7.62. Derivation of stress spectrum 7.7 Classification of details 78 Fatigue strength data 78.1 Classified details 782 Unclassified details 7.83 Low endurance range 7.84 improvement techniques Workmanship 8 sessseeazanant 98 106 106 108 108 108 108 108 108 © BSI 71m Copyright by the Hriish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 102535 2004Section 8 Testing Page 8.1 General 13 Preparation for test 3 State tests 3 General 3 Application of loads 113, ‘Acceptance criteria, 14 Retests ud Ultimate resistance measurement 4 Acceptance testing for fatigue ud Objectives of test ud Derivation of loading data 4 84.3 Derivation of stress data 115, ‘84.4 Derivation of endurance data 116 845 Acceptance 16 8.5 Reporting uz Kppendices| ‘A Nomenclature of aluminium products 18 B Formal statement of safety factor format adopted in the code for static design resistance calculations 123 Typical values of design life 124 D Derivation of material limiting stresses for use in design 124 E —_Elasto-plastic moment calculation 125 F —_HAZs adjacent to welds 128 General formulae for the torsional properties of thin-walled open sections 133, H_ Lateral torsional buckling of beams 145 J Torsional buckling of struts: determination of slendemess parameter, 4 147 K Equations to design curves, 161 L___ Fatigue strength data 154 ‘Table 2.1 Heattreatable alloys 7 22 Nomheat-reatable alloys 19 23 Bolt and rivet material at 24 — Welding filer metals, z 2.5 Physical properties 2 2.6 General corrosion protection of aluminium structures B 2.7 Additional protection at metalto-metal contacts to combat crevice and galvanic effects Py 2.8 Selection of filler wires and rods for inert-gas welding a 2.9 Product form availability B 2.10 Range of sizes for extruded section complying with BS 1161 2» 3.1 Load factors (based on building structures) 0 3.2 Load factors for combined loads 31 3.3 Material factoro a 34 Limiting deflections 2 6 © BSI 07-1900 Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 102535 2004Page 4.1 Limiting stresses, heat-treatable alloys 35 4.2 Limiting stresses, non-heat-treatable alloys 36 43° Limiting values of 8 40 44 Curve selection for figure 45 (local buckling) 4 4.5 HAZ softening factor ky 4 4.6 Extent of HAZ, factor a 45 4.7 Lateral torsional buckling of beams, coetficients X and Y 52 48 Effective length factor K for struts Bt 4.9 Torsional buckling parameters for struts 59 4.10 Choice of strut curve diagram e 6.1 Limiting strese pr for aluminium fasteners 6% 62 Limiting stresses of weld metal py 9 6.3 Limiting stress Pay and Pye in the HAZ 9 TA Type 1 classifications: non-welded details 9 7.2 Type 2 classifications: welded details on surface of member 101 73 Type 3 classifications: welded details at end connections of member 103. 7A Values of Kp and m in figure 7.9 108 8.1 Fatigue test factor F uz A.L Nearest foreign equivalents to designated wrought and cast alloys complying with British Standards 121 CA Typical values of design life 124 Da Limiting stress for weld metal 1% FL Motified HAZ softening factor & F2 General determination of k, and 130 G.1 Specimen calculation: monosymmetric shape 138 G2 Specimen calculation: skew-symmetric shape 12 G3 Specimen calculation: asymmetric shape 143, H.1 Effective length {for beams of length Z 146 H2 Effective length ! for cantilever of length 146 K.1__ Equations to design curves 12 Figures 4.1 ‘Types of flat element 37 42 Flat elements under stress gradient, value of g 38 43° Buckling modes for flat reinforced elements 38 44° Reinforced elements, value of h 20 4.5. Local buckling factor hy, a 4.6 Extent of HAZ, definition of « 48 4.7 Typical heat-path measurement _ 46 4.8 Lateral torsional buckling, equivalent uniform moment if 60 4.9 Lateral torsional buckling of beams, buckling stress 7, 5 4.10 Column buckling stress py for struts 55 4.11 Torsional buckling of struts, interaction factor k 8 4.12 Torsional buckling stress p, for struts ot 5. Unstiffened plate © 5.2 Multistffened plate o 5.3 Plate girder o © st 07-1999 7 Copyright by the Hrish slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 102535 2004Blastc critical shear buckling factor 7 Basic tonsion fold shear buckling factor vy 76 Flange assisted tension field shear buckling factor vy 7 Shear buckling factor m, 7 Effective stiffener section 78 ‘Schematic interaction dlagrams for plate girders 81 Effective butt weld throats 87 Effective fillet weld throats 88 Failure planes for static welded joint checks 90 Butt weld design 91 Fillet weld design a1 Effective length of longitudinal fillet welds 9 ‘Thick adhered shear test 98 Thin sheet test specimens a4 Fatigue assessment procedure 7 Sess parameter for parent materi 105 Stresses in weld throats 105 Stress in lapped joints 106 Stresses in root of fillet 106 Reservoir eycle counting method 107 Simplified stress spectrum 108 ‘Tpical f--N relationship 10 Design fe-N curves (for variable amplitude stress histories) ut Mothod of identification of fatigue class of drawings 112 ‘Ultimate limit state criterion 13 Asoumed elasto-plastic stress pattems (now-ybrid) 127 Extent of HAZ, factor 132 “Typical hardness plot along a neat path from a weld 1m Torsion constant coefficients for certain filets and bulbs 1 Shear centre position (S) and warping factor (Ef) for certain thin-walled sections 135 G3 Monosymmetric section notation 137 GA Skew-symmetric section notation 139 G5 Asymmetric section notation 141 J.1 Sections which exhibit no interaction between the pure torsional and Aexural buckling modes 7 42 Monasymmetric section 148 J3 Asymmetric section 149 J Nomogram for solving cuble equation 23 — ar? + Ax - B= 0 150 K.1 _Buckiing strength at high slendemess 151 Ll Zone of greatest variation in effective ,—N curves 185 8 © pst ors Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 102535 2004—————— Foreword ‘This Part of BS 8118 has been prepared under the direction of the Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Policy Committee. BS 8118 is a document ‘combining a code of practice to cover the design and testing of aluminium structures (Part 1) and a specification for materials, fabrication and protection (Part 2), ‘This Part of BS 8118 gives recommendations for the design of the elements of framed, lattice and stiffened plate structures, using wrought aluminium alloy. Although BS 8118 is a revision of CP 118 itis written with a different design philosophy. Because of this CP 118 will not be withdrawn immediately so that a period of overlap in design procedures can be allowed, thas been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people and that ‘construction and supervision is carried out by capable and experienced organizations. ‘The fll list of organizations that have taken part in the work of the Technical Committee is given on the inside front cover. The Chairman of the Technical Committee is Dr PS Bulson CBE and the following people have made a particular contribution in the drafting of the code. Mr RJ Bartlett Mr MJ Bayley Mr PG Buxton Dr MSG Cullimore Mr J B Dwight Prof. HR Evans Mr K Ewing Mr W Ferguson. Mr RA Foulkes Mr JH Howlett Mr D Knight Mr W I Liddell Prof. DA Nethereot Dr MH Ogle MrJ.AThomton Mr PB Tindall Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages ‘This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages 1 t0 156, an Inside back cover and a back cover, ‘The BSI copyright notice displayed throughout this document indicates when the document was last issued. Sidelining in this document indicates the most recent changes by amendment. Copyright by the British Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.56 2004Section 1. General LL Scope ‘This Part of BS 8118 gives recommendations for the design of the elements of framed, lattice and stiffened plate structures, using wrought aluminium alloy. Where castings or forgings are used they should be ‘manufactured and designed in accordance with the appropriate British Standard and in close consultation with the specific manufacturer. The design recommendations are for a variety of aluminium alloys suitable for structural use, and apply to a range of structures subjected to normal atmospheric conditions such as bridges, buildings, towers, road and rail vehicles, maine cra, crares and offshore topside structures. ‘The reconumendations do not cover aerospace alloys, the detal design of castings, curved shell surctures or structures subjected to severe thermal or chemical ‘conditions. They are not intended to be used for the design of containment vessels, pipework, airborne structures or naval vessels, or for ary application for ‘hich specific alternative codes exist, ¢g. BS 5500 for presaure vessels and BS 5640 for lighting columns, NOTE. The ties ofthe publicstion refered to inthis standard sxe listed on the Inside othe Back cover 1.2 Definitions For the purpose of this Part of BS 8118 the following definitions apply. 12.1 compact cross-section A.crosssection that can develop the full plastic capacity, either in compression or bending, with no reduction due to local buckling of thin-walled elements, 1.2.2 design life ‘The period in which the structure or component is required to perform safely, with an accoptable probability that it will not require repair or withdrawal from service. 123 design spectrum A tabulation of the numbers of occurrences of all the stress ranges caused by loading events. 1.24 detall class ‘A rating given to a detail which indicates its level of fatigue resistance, 12.5 edge distance Distance from the centre of a fastener hole to the nearest edge of an element. 1.2.6 effective length Length between points of effective restraint of ‘member, multiplied by a factor to take account of end conditions and loading. 1.2.7 factored load ‘A nominal load mutiptied by the relevant para! oad factor. 1.28 factored life ‘The design life multiplied by the relevant partial life factor. 129 factored resistance ‘The resistance of a member divided by the relevant partial material factor. 1.2.10 fail safe ‘The ability of a structure to continue to be serviceable after the discovery and monitoring of fatigue cracks. 1.2.11 fatigue ‘The damage, by gradual cracking, to a structural member caused by repeated applications of a stress ‘that is insufficient to cause failure by a single pplication. 1.2.12 fusion boundary ‘The materia in a heataffected zone immediately adjacent to the leg of a weld 1.2.13 heat affected zone ‘A zone in which there is a reduction in strength of ‘material in the vicinity of welds in certain classes of aluminium alloy. 1.2.14 imposed load All oading on a structure other than dead or wind loading. 1.2.15 instability A loss of stiffness of a structure (usually sudden) that lunits its load-carrying capability and in certain Instances ean eanse catastrophic failure. 12.16 lateral torsional buckling ‘The buckling of a beam accompanied by ‘combination of lateral displacement and twisting. 1.2.17 lateral restraint Restraint that limits lateral mwoverent of the compression flange of a beam, 1.218 iit state Condition beyond which a structure is unfit for its Inrended use. 12.19 loading event ‘A defined loading cycle which, for design purposes, is assumed to repeat a given number of times 12.20 load spectrum ‘A tabulation showing the relative froquencios of loading events of different intensities on a structure. 10 Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.56 2004 © BSI 07.10901.221 local buckling Buckling of the thin walls of a component in compression, characterized by the formation of waves or fipples along the member. 1.2.22 Miner's summation ‘A cumulative fatigue damage summation based on a rule devised by Palmagren and Miner. 12.23 nominal toad ‘The load to which a structure may be expected to be subjected during normal service. 1.224 outstand element The element of a section, composed of fat or curved elements, which is supported along one longitudinal edge, free along the other. 1.2.25 reinforced element. ‘The element of a section which is stiffened by the introduction of longitudinal reinforcement, either along the edge of the element, or within its width. 1.2.26 resistance ‘The strength of a member based on calculations, using acceptable maximum values for material strength. 1227 safe life ‘A design against fatigue in which the calculated life is ‘many times longer than the life required in service. 1.2.28 sem!-compact cross-section A cross-section of a beam in which the stress in the extreme fibres i limited to the 0.2% proof stress, because local buckling of the compression elements ‘would prevent development of the full plastic moment capacity. 1.2.20 serviceability limit states ‘Those limit states which when exceeded can lead to the structure being unfit for its intended use, even though the structure has not collapsed. 1.2.0 slenderness ‘The effective length of a strut divided by the radius of gyration 1.231 stiffened elements ‘The element of a section, composed of flat or curved ‘elements, wiich is supported along both longitudinal edges 12.22 stress cycle {A patter of variation of stress at a point, which is. normally in the form of two opposing hai-waves. 12.38 stress history A record showing how the stress at a point varies uring loading. 1.2.34 stress range () The greatest algebraic difference between the prineipal stresses occurring on principal planes not ‘more than 45° apart in any stress cycle on a plate or element. (2) The algebraic or vector difference between the ‘sreatest and least vector sum of stresses in any one stress cycle on a weld. 1.235 stress spectrum ‘A tabulation of the numbers of occurrences of all the stress ranges of different magnitudes during a loading event, 1.236 torsional buckling Buckling of a strut accompanied by twisting, 1.237 torsionalfexural buckling Buckding of a strut accompanied by overall flexure as well as twisting. 1.2.88 ultimate limit states ‘Those limit states which when exceeded can cause ‘collapse of part or whole of a structure NOTE. Specific terms relating to limit state principles are defined in appendix B. 13 Major symbols A Area or Durability rating Ae Effective section area A; Effective shear area a Spacing of transverse stiffeners or Width of unstiffened plates B_ Overall width of multi-stiffened plate or Durability rating Bax — Factored resistance in bearing of a fastener > Width of flat element Effective width of web plate (plate girder) C Durability rating or Lip size D Diameter of round tube to mid-metal or Overall depth of web to outside flanges Depth of web betwoon Manges or Depth of unstiffened plates Nominal diameter of fastener or pin Modulus of elasticity Fatigue test factor Fusion boundary of heat-affected zone (HAZ) Friction capacity of high strength friction grip bolt (HSFG bolt) Res © BSI 07-1000 Copyright by the Briish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.56 2004 unJ Reduction factor applied to kz oo Constant amplitude cut-off stress Jor Variable amplitude cut-off stress Je ‘Design stress range Sy Untimate tensile stress (designated Ry in BS EN 1002-1) fox Minimum 02% tensile proof stress (designated on2 itt BS EN 1002-1) G Shear modulus 9 Stress gradient coefficient Throat of weld de ‘Leg length of weld Warping factor h Reinforced elements coefficient or Distance to a free edge Js Second moment of area of full section of effective stiffener (plate girder) Js Second moment of area of one sub-unit of plating (amult-stiffened plates) Jy Second moment of area about centroid axis J Torsion constant K Effective length factor for struts K, Coefficient in calculation of resistance of bolts Ky Constant in fatigue failure criterion hy, Local buckling coefficient ky Reduction factor on longitudinal resistance to take account of high shear Strength factor for HAZ material “Modified strength factor for HAZ, material Length between supports Effective length between lateral supports Effective length of butt weld Effective length of fillet weld Moment under factored loading Equivalent uniform moment Elastic critical uniform moment for lateral torsional buckling Fully compact value of Mgs Reduced value of Mg for flanges only Factored moment resistance of a section in the absence of shear Reduced factored moment resistance of a section to allow for shear RRIRS ET ORS a FEE = g Pag Pas, Pare. Pere Factored uniaxial moment resistance about ‘major axis (with allowance for shear) Factored uniaxial moment resistance about minor axis (with allowance for shear) Factored moment of resistance to lateral torsional buckling Semi-conppact value of Miss Uniasdal moment sbout major axis Equivalent uniform moment bout major axis Uniaxial moment about minor axis Equivalent uniform moment about minor axis Maximum factored moment Minimum factored moment Inverse slope of f; ~ N curve (fatigue) Shear buckling factors (plate girders) Number of webs Predicted cycles to failure endurance) Equivalent number of eycles of stress range (fatigue) Time in days between welding and loading Axial tensile or compressive force due to ‘actored loading Protection Basti eriticl load for torsional buckling Proof load for a bolt restress load Factored axial resistance based on overall column or torsional buckling Factored resistance of butt weld Factored resistance of fillet weld Factored resistance of HAZ adjacent to butt weld fusion boundary (direct normal tensile force) Factored resistance of HAZ adjacent to fillet weld fusion boundary (direct normal tensile force) Factored resistance of bonded joint Factored axial resistance (tensile or ‘compressive) Factored resistance of HAZ adjacent to butt ‘weld toe (direct normal tensile force) Factored resistance of HAZ, adjacent to fillet ‘weld toe (direct normal tensile force) Factored axial resistance to overall column Duekding about major axis 2 Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.56 2004 OBS OTMPry Factored axial resistance to overall column ~~ Thickness of thickest element connected by buckling about minor axis welding Poa, Factored resistance of HAZ under direct t _ Effective throat thickness loading & Flange thickness: Pa Limiting stress for local capacity (tension andy, Flange thickness com on) v ‘Shear fc \der factored loadin Pax Tiniting direct stress in HAZ Y _ Shear frwo der tore ating aes Fae ar resistance Hjacent to Pr Limiting stress for solid rivets and bolts Factored shear resist Po Limiting stress for bending and overall yielding iy Factored shear resistance of HAZ, adjacent 0 og Lamlung stress for ange matertat filet weld fusion boundary Pow Limiting stress for web material Vag Factored shear force resistance Ps Limiting stress for overall buckling stabllty Vera Factored shear resistance of HAZ adjacent to or Lateral torsional buckling stress ‘Dutt weld toe ‘or Buckling stress for web treated as a thin Vier — Factored shear resistance of HAZ adjacent to column between flanges fillet. weld toe x Weld penetration Vaw Reduced value of Ves by Limiting stress in shear Vag Factored resistance of HAZ in shear Pez ‘amiting shear stress in HAZ ty Tension field factor (plate girders) Py Limiting stress of weld metal m1 Elastic criuical shear buckling factor oi Stess asing at extreme edge of web due to % —_—Basic tension field shear buckling factor localized force % Flange assisted tension field shear buckling py2 Stress arising at mic-point of web due to factor localized force W Weld metal Pi ‘Stress axis value of p, in strut curve diagrams w_ Pitch of stiffeners in multi-stiffened plate or Value of pp for unwelded fully compact section y Distance from centre of muitistiffened plate to R Radius of curvature of curved interna centre of outermost stiffener element, to mid-metal Ye Distance from neutral axis to more heavily ry Minor axis radius of gyration ‘compressed edge S_Plastic section modulus of gross section, with Yo ‘Distance from neutral axis to less heavily no reduction for HAZ, local buelding, oF holes ‘compressed edge, of edge in tension Sas So External loading actions under factored tn _Distance from neutral axis to most severely S Plastic modulus of effective Mange section -«¥-~—_-~istance from neutral axis to the compression * (plate girder) flange element in a beam Sq Plastic modulus of net section Z% —_Blastic modulus of effective section ‘She Plastic modulus of net effective section %q Elastic modulus of net section s Factor on p; to allow for strut not meeting Zne Elastic modulus of net effective section tolerances of straightness oF twist = Distance the HAZ extends from a weld T ‘Toe of HAZ %> Basic value of z 6 Thickness «Ratio of minimum to maimam shear stess in ta Lesser of 0.5(tn + tc) and 15te ‘web (elastic stress distribution) ty Thickness of thinnest element connected by ‘or Modifying factor for extent of HAZ to allow welding for elevated temperature as Coefficient in calculation of bolt or rivet in single shear © stor. 1909 Copyright by the Brish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.56 2004 13B —Slenderess parameter Bo Semi-compact limiting value of By Fully compact limiting value of Ye Consequences of failure factor y%¢ Overall load factor Yrs Ye Partial load factors m. —Fatigue life factor Ym Material factor Yine Fatigue material factor y Coefficient in calculation of friction capacity 2 Constant (= rsp Slendemess parameter for column buckling, torsional buckling, and lateral torsional buekling Slendemess ratio of strut about minor axis ‘Modifying factor for extent of HAZ, to allow for increased heat build-up Elastic critical strese of element with, reinforcement Elastic critical stress of element without reinforcement Normal stress on weld under factored loading Shear stress perpendicular to weld axis Shear stress parallel to weld axis Slip factor u Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.56 2004 © pat 071998Section 2. Properties and selection of materials 2.1 Designation of materials “The designation of wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for general engineering purposes used in this standard is in accordance with the international +digit classification system. Details ofthis system are given in appendix A. Table A.1 in appendix A shows by cross reference the current and old British Standard designations together with the nearest equivalent ISO and other forelgn designations, ‘The designation for castings is in accordance with the system used In BS 1490 for aluminium alloy castings. The alloy temper designation used in this standard is generally in accordance with the 150 2107 ‘altemative’ temper designation system, Details of this system together with the former systam still sed for some alloys and forms of materials are given in appendix A. NOTE, To simoiy the text an to avoid confusion in sections four five and six the temper designations, , TF and TH are not sed. The equivalent temper designat respectively ae usd SF, T4, Wand Ts 2.2 Permitted materials 2.2.1 Extrusions, sheet, plate, drawn tube, forgings and castings 22.1.1 Standard materials 2211.1 Generat ‘This Part of BS 8118 covers the decign of structures fabricated from a range of aluminium alloys used in conditions and tempers listed in tables 2.1 and 2.2 and commonly supplied to the specifications given in BS 8118: Pan 2. ‘The alloys are in two categories, the first of heat-treatable alloys given in table 2.1 and described in 2.2.1.1.2 and the second of nomheat-treatable alloys in table 22 and deseribed in 2.2.1.1.3. ‘Castings chould only bo used in load bearing structures after both adequate testing and the setting up of quality control procedures for production of the castings tas bbeen performed to the approval of the engineer. The design rules of this standard should not be applied to ‘castings without close consultation with the manufacturers thereof, 22.112 Heat-treatable alloys ‘The following alloys derive strength from heat treatment. (a) Alloy 6082. The commonest of these alloys is ‘the mediura strength alloy, 6082, (AL SILMgM) of urabilty rating B (see 2.4.2) used usually in the fully heat-treated condition, 0, 6082-T6, and used in welded and non-welded structures ‘The choice of this alloy is based on a combination ‘of good physical properties and a good degree of resistance to corrosion. It is available in most forms; solid and hollow extrusions, plates, sheets, tubes and forgings. Care should be taken in design to account, {or loss of strength in welded joints in the hheat-affected zone (HAZ), (0) Alloy 6061. An alternative alloy to 6082 is 6061, (AIMgISiCu) of durability rating B which has very similar properties with slight improvement in formability and surface finish. It is available in extruded tabular form and mainly used for structures. (©) Alloy 6063. In applications where strength is not of paramount importance and has to be ‘compromised with appearance, the alloy 6003 (Al Mg0,7Si) of durability rating B is preferred, because it combines moderate strength with good durability and surface finish. It is particularly responsive to anodizing and similar patented finishing processes. Alloy 6063 has a lower strength than 6082, and like the latter there is a loss of strength in welded joints in the HAZ. It is available in extrusions, tubes and forgings and is particularly suitable for thin-walled and intricate extruded sections. It is used mainly for architectural applications such as curtain walling and window frames. (@) Alloy 7020. A further alloy which is readily weldable (although not restricted to welded struetures) isthe medium strength 7 & > series, alloy 7020 (AI 2n4,5Mg!) of durabliry rating C. 1 has better post-weld strength than the 6 3 3k series ddue to its natural ageing property. This material and ‘others in the 7 a series of alloys are however sensitive to environmental conditions and its ‘satisfactory performance is as dependent on correct ‘methods of manufacture and fabrication as on. control of composition and tensile properties. If material in the T6 condition is subjected to any operations which induce cold work, such as bending, shearing, punching, etc. the alloy may be made susceptible to stress corrosion cracking; it is essential therefore that there be direct collaboration between the engineer and the manufacturer on the intended use and the likely service conditions. This alloy is avallable normally only in rolled forms and simple extruded solid and hollow sections, though forgings can sometitnes be made to special order. (©) Alloy LM25, Alloy LM25 (AL Si7Mg) of durability rating B is a casting alloy with good foundry characteristics, comrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Its available in four conditions of heat treatment in both sand and chill castings, and is mainly used for arehitectaral and food manufacturing installations. Copyright by the British Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.56 2004 b22.1.1.3 Non-heat-treatable alloys. ‘The following alloys derive enhanced strength only by straln hardeting, They are normally produced in sheet and plate fons and occasionally in some simple fexirided forms (@) Alloy 1200, The alloy 1200 (A196) of durability rating A is ‘commercially pure’ aluminium with high ductility and a very good corrosion resistance. Its used for architectural work where components are not highly stressed and is availabe in sheet only. @) Alloy 3103. The alloy 3108 (AI Mn) of durability rating A is stronger and harder than ‘commercially pure alurnininm but with the sare high ductility and ‘ery good corrosion resistance, and is used extensively for building sheet and vehicle paneling eis available in sheet form. (6) Alloy 3105, The alloy 2105 (ALMin05Mg0.5) of durability rating Ais becoming more prevalent in the profiled building sheet market due to its superior properties over 3106 in hardness and strength. I also has an economic advantage, Available forms are limited to sheet. (@ Alloy 5083. The alloy 5083 (Al Mg4.5Mn0.7) of durability rating A is used for welded structures, plating ane tank work, because it welds readily ‘without significant loss of strength and has high ductility: The tensile strength of 5082 in the O and F conditions is lower than 6082-16 but sigificarly Ligher if the latter is welded. However, subjection to long exposure at teruperatures above 65°C, it can result in grain-boundary precipitation of imagnesiunvalnmirsum intemnetalie compounds ‘which corrode preferentially in some adverse environments. This effect is aggravated ifthe alloy is subjected to subsequent cold working operations. I is available in plate, sheet, simple extruded sections, drawn tube and forging. Apart from its easy welding and good formabilty properties, it also exhibits very good durability, especialy in marine environments. (@) Alloys 5251, 51544 and 5454. Alloys 5251 (Al Mg2), 51544 (Al Mg3,5(A)) and 5454 (Al Mg3Mn) all of durability rating A are available in sheet, plate and simple extrusions. 5154A and 5251 are also available as forgings. Magnestum is the main addition and as a result the alloys are ductile in the soft condition, but work harden rapidly. They have good weldabilty and very good resistance 0 corrosive attack, especially in a marine atmosphere For this reason they are used in paneling and ‘structures exposed to murine atshospheres, SIS4A, and 5454 are stronger than 5251. ‘The strongest 5 + + series alloy which offers immunity to stress corrosion when exposed to elevated temperature is 5454. The 5 ¥ # 38 series alloys with greater than 3% Mg may be rendered susceptible to stress corrosion when oxposod to. elevated temperatures. (Alloy 5251 in seam welded tube. Seam welded tubes are prodiiced from 5251 strip (Al Mg2) giving a durability rating B to the tube, which has been further strengthened by work hardening through Forming and finishing rolls. Its main uses are in general engineering such as garden furniture, handrails and ladders. (®) Alloy LMS. Alloy LMB (Al Mg6Si1) of durability, rating A 1s a medium strength casting alloy possessing excellent finishing properties where it maintains a surface of high polish, but is only suitable for simple shapes. Itis mainly used for sand castings for architectural and decorative purposes and where anodizing is required, (i) Alloy LM, Alloy LM6 (AISHZ) of durability rating B is a further medium strength casting alloy which has excollent foundry charucteristies, high ductility and irmpact strength, together with good comosion resistance. [tis suitable for both sand and chill castings and for a wide range of uses in ‘general, marine and electrical applications and in castings of above average complexity and size. 22.12 Materials in other thicknesses and alloys with other standard and non-standard properties ‘The alloys listed in tables 2.1 and 2.2 are sometimes cused in other thicknesses and in other standard and non-standard tempers and conditions. Guaranteed ‘minimam properties for auch materials may be used if agreed between designer and client. 22.18 Other attoys Other alioys are available which offer higher strengths, © 20148 and/or better post-weld strengttes, ex, 7019, Dut these strengths may be achieved to the detriment of other properties. The engineer is therefore, advised ‘against sing any of these alloys without careful ‘consideration, and in full consultation with a reputable ‘manufacturer: Properties to be considered include durability, weldabity, resistance to crack propagation, fand behaviour in service. Other alloys in the 7 so series having higher proof strengths such as 7019 will require particular control on manufacturing processes, for example control of micro structure, residual stress and cold working, see 22.1.1. (4) 2.2.2 Bolts and rivets Bolt and rivet materials tagether with their durability ratings are given in table 2:3, Guidance on the selection of bolt and rivet materials is given in 2.4.3.2. 16 Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.56 2004 © pet 07.190900a 96'S2:01 20 Int PoM uonransoyspurpurys StL A Eon worn 80 a [Taickmess ‘Minimum | Elongation (see | Approximate [Durability | Related [Old BS ‘150 designation oem [St feel [ise [ay ea ee Se [son ome oras cn |e pois sy omy Samy om | mm Wimnt | % x 1% oss fre earasina” | | 0 wo |e |7_{o |» asuza fun Jat maiscu rts | brawn feo 06 [Yo 1S aT Tube io fio 5] foe oo |_| racies | _|160 ia fis] a fo 3 asa fe ara [Drawn abo [10 ine fe —]169To rar Forings = [150 140 16 -__[o [Bs 1472 | Ga Exrusome | —*(26 10, 150 8 7 25 laa rte [Barusew | [160 [1e0 [es Ts [7 [0 isa fie [brown abo [= 00 | [a [oo0 as 71 Fouings = 185 10 50, BS 1472 wad |e Extrusions = 190 i |i fo B Bs 1474/30 “AL Signin ‘Sheet 62 200 |- fis fo BS 1470 Pise fa 200 }@—— [is fo Ff rawa abe is [iT Yo as io ie lie | Pain 5 fas fis a rr Cr ws | Yo ara 20 | 310 8 = 50 Set cz ws |e foo sO Pte z0 en oe Oe ‘Drawn tube = 6.0 266 (310) we 7 [60 [Bs 1471 0/10 240, (310) oo 3 [60 Fomine = [120 [255 285 3 = ‘50 BS 1472 7000 [te Extrusions = [a6 190 300) 10 iz fo le Bs .1N (1 2101 308) re (arstoo) av ) (1 avou 298) ‘ain Joy uoneoypeds prepumg Ysng WAla uanup 304 20 prog} Isat Pv } reas ssoquRg 08e ws a ‘UAAUP PIOD ad} me = 440.0 vaaup 204 40 ploy (cvou0s sedan 962 w= OL] SL UT (HaAUp PIod ad 00 a > AL 808 92 | seam soy curt Se “= za vvaaup preg 1 payor 2 ssani puma Areiuidoxd uv 912 | St ssans joord 9 70. So A400] vaAup y JO plod] vrais _PUE S}OAET POS, (zu 098) reas poor aa 20} woReoyfonds PrmpuNERS YS MANADO 325 Passos we ae aH cavowa We as &L 1309 wz] a-9 siauarsey popeany age os OL 2909} Annaudoad pur siyjog ann uu vwanns sooxd x0 | _sovowma | oon w sod, — fo aaa, [epopeu oA PUR VOM EZ OTTRL a Previous page is blank © BSIO7190 Copyright by the Brish Slandards Institution Wed Jul 07 1025597 2004‘These materials may also be used for special proprietary rivet and bolt products, including thread inserts, Special head shapes may be necessary for the larger diameter rivets, see BS 19741), 2.2.3 Filler metals Filler metals for tungsten inert-gas (TIG) welding and metal inert-gas (MIG) welding, are given in table 24 together with their durability ratings, Guidance on the selection of filler metals is given in 2.5.3.2, 23 Strength, mechanical and physical properties 2.3.1 Strength and mechanical properties ‘The range of the standard alloys together with their available forms, temper conditions and mechanical properties are shown in tables 2.1 and 22 ‘The mechanical properties for wrought materials for the tempers and conditions of the alloys given in tables 2.1 and 2.2 have been used to determine the limiting streaooe given in table 4.1. Where alloye are welded the approximate percentage reduction in ‘strength of the alloy is given for each temper. These ssrergihs in the HAZ may not be achieved until after a period of natural or artificial ageing, see notes to lable 2.1 ror dewlls, ‘The strength of bolt and rivet material is given in table 23. Tile 2 Welding filler metals Filler BS alloy — 180 alloy Dari ‘metal | designation’) | designation) —_| rating row Type 1 | T080K AOS x 10504. A190,5 Bpea_[aine Al Mni x Type 4 | 40434 Al Si6 (A) B 4047A®) AISII2 (A) Types | BBB AIM 5956 aumgscxay | a 556A ALMe52MnCe 6183 Al Mg4,5Mn. Te TS 201: Pan Br onl ongesvon Or nearest equivalent. 2 4o4Ta specie we preven weld mei cnn Jung iting hi aon an mg reson In os ass ths ptr Obsolescent standard ‘The mechanical propettes of the alloys vary with temperature and those given in tables 2.1, 2.2 and 23 should be applied to the design of structures over & temperature range ~50 °C to 70°C except for 5083 (Gee 2.2.1.1. (A). The 02% proof stress and tensile strength improve at lower temperatures, bot at higher temperatures are reduced. For properties outside the temperatnre range given, the manufactarer should be consulted. The alloy will melt within the range 550 °C 0 660°C, with the precise range dependent on the alloy. 2.3.2 Physical propertios ‘The physical properties for the standard alloys although varying slightly may be taken as constant and are listed in table 25. In critical structures the engineer may wish to use the exact value which should be blained from a reputable manufacturer ‘Table 25 Physieal properties Property ~~ Tratue Density 2 710 kg/m Modulus of elasticity 70.000 Nim Modulus of rigidity 26600 Ninn? Coefficient of thermal 23% 10-8 perc expansion 24 Durability and corrosion protection 2.4.1 General In many instances the standard muaterials listed in tables 2.1 to 2.4 can be used in the millHfinish, as_ extruded or as welded condition without the need for surface protection. ‘The good corrasion resistance of aluminium and its alloys is attributable to the protective oxide film which forms on the surface of the metal immediately on exposure to air. This film is normally invisible, relatively inert and as it forms naturally on exposure to fir or oxygen, and in many complex environments containing oxygen; the protective film is thus seltseaing In mild environments an aluminium surface will retain its original appearance for years, and no protection is needed for most alloys. In moderate industrial environments there will be a darkening and roughening of the surface. As the atmosphere becomes more aggressive such as in certain strongly acidic or strongly Aline environments; Ue surtace diecoloration and roughening will worsen with visible white powdery surface oxides and the oxide film may’ itself be soluble. ‘The metal ceases to be fully protected and added protection is necessary. These conditions may also ‘ecur in erevices due to high local cia or alkaline conditions, but agents having this extreme effect are relatively few in number. 2 Copyright by the British Slandards Institution Wed Jul 07 1025597 2004 © BSI o7-1000In coastal and marine environments the surface will roughen and acquire a grey, stonelike, appearance, and protection of some alloys is necessary, Whore aluminium is immersed in water special precautions may be necessary, Where surface attack does occur corrusionime curves for aluminium and aluminium alloys usually follow an exponential form, with a fairly rapid intial loss of reflectivity ater slight weathering. After this there is very little further change over very extensive pertods, On atmospheric exposure, the initial stage may be a few months or 2 to 3 years, followed by ltt, if any, further change over periods of 10, 30 or even 80 years. Such behaviour is consistent for all extemal freely exposed conditions and for all internal or shielded conditions, except where extremes of acidity or alkalinity can develop. Tropical environments are in ‘general no more harmful to aluminium than temperate environments, although certain alloys (s00 BS 5500) are affected by long exposure to high ambient temperatures, panicularly when in a marine environment. 2.4.2 Durability of alloys ‘The alloys listed in tables 2.1, 2.2, 23 and 24 are categorized into three durability ratings A, B and C in descending order of durability. These ratings are used to determine the need and degree of protection required. In constructions employing more than one alloy, including filler metals in welded construction, the protection should be in accordance with the lowest of ‘their durability ratings. 2.4.3 Corrosion protection 243.1 Overall corrosion protection ‘The need to provide overall corrosion protection to structures constructed from the alloys oF combination of alloys listed in tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 when. exposed to different environments (see PD 6484) is Biven in table 2.6. The methods of providing corrosion protection in these environments are detailed in BS S112: Part 2 In selecting the appropriate column of table 26 for an atmospheric environment there may be localities ‘within a region that have ‘microclimates’ vastly different from the environmental characteristics of the region as a whole. A region designated ‘rural’ may have local environments more closely resembling an industrial atmosphere at sites close to and down wind of factories. Similarly, a site near the sea but close to shore installations may, with the appropriate prevailing ‘winds, have the characteristics of an industrial, rather than marine, atmosphere. The environment is not necessarily the same for a structure inside a building as for one outside. Because of these factors, localized conditions of, increased severity may result, It is advisable to study the precise conditions prevailing at the acoual site before deciding on the appropriate environment ccolumun of table 2.6, Where hollow sections are employed consideration should be given to the need to protect the intemal void to prevent corrosion arising from the ingress of corrosive agents. Because of the difficulty of painting such sections, chemical conversion coatings may be beneficial. Where the internal void is sealed effectively, internal protection is not necessary. ‘Table 2.6 General corrosion protection of aluminium structures ‘Alloy | Material Protection needed according to environment duraty | ttenmess [Atmospheric Tmmersed mm Rural — [Industriavurban | Marine Fresh water | Sea water Moderate [Severe [Non | Moderate [Severe industrial a All None [None _[P None [None _|P None None B 3 None [P P P P P P P 23 None [None [P None [None _|P P P c All None [Pi P P P P Pe NR Key P Protection needed (see BS 8118: Part 2) PD Requires only local corsion protection to Weld and HAZ in urban non-industrial enircnments 1 proveeon not recommend fof welded constuction [NR Immersion in sea waler isnot recommended. © Bstor-1999 2 Copyright by the Brish Slandardstnstitution Wed Jul 07 1025597 20042432 Metalto-mmetat contacts including joints Consideration should also be given to contacting surfaces in crevices and contact with certain metals or vwashings from certain metals which may’ cause electrochemical attack of aluminium (see FD 6181). Such conditions ean occur within a structure at joints. Contact surfaces and joints of aluminium to aluminium for to other metals and contact surfaces in bolted, riveted, welded and high strength friction grip (ISFG) bolted joints should be given additional protection to that required by table 26 as defined in table 27. Details of the corrosion protection procedure required are given in BS S118: Pare2 2.4.8.8 Contact with other non-metallic materiale 2438.1 Contact with concrete, masonry or plaster ‘Aluminium in contact with dense compact concrete, masonry or plaster in a dry unpolluted or mild environment should be coated on the contacting surface with a coat of bituminous paint, see BS8118: Part 2. In an industrial or marine environment the contacting surface of the aluminiurs should be coated with atleast two coats of heavy duty bituminous paint; the surface of the contacting material should preferably be similarly painted. Submerged contact between aluminium and such materials is not recommended, but if unavoidable separation of the materials is recommended by the use ofa sultable mastic or a heavy duty damp course layer. Lightweight concrete and similar products require additional consideration when water or rising damp ‘ean extract a steady supply of aggressive alkall from the cement. The alkall water can then attack aluminium surfaces other than the direct contact curfaces. 2433.2 Embedment in concrete ‘The aluminium surfaces before emibedment in concrete should be protected with at least two coats of biuminous paint or hot bitumen, see BS 8118 : Part 2, and the coats should extend at least 75 mm above the concrete surface after embedment. ‘Where the concrete contains chlorides e.g as additives co due to the use of seadredged a al least two coats of plasticized coaltar pitch should be applied in accordance with BS 8118 : Part 2 and the fished assembly should be overpainted locally with ‘the same material, after the concrete has fully set, to seal the surface. Care should be taken where metallic contact occurs between the embedded aluminium parts ‘and any steel reinforcement. 24333 Contact with timber Tm an industrial, damp or marine environment the timber should be primed and painted tn accordance with good practice Some wood preservatives may be harmful 10 aluminium. As a general guide the following preservatives have been agroed between the ‘Aluminium Federation, the British Wood Preserving Association and Damp-proofing Association to be safe for use with aluinium without speetal precautions: a) coal tar creosote; ) coal tar oil; ©) chlorinated napthalenes; ) zine napthanates; ©) pentachlorophenok; 1) ongano-in oxides; #) onthophenyiphenol ‘Where timber, treated with the following preservatives, fs used in damp situations the aluminium surface in contact with the treated timber should have a substantial application of sealant: 1) copper napthanate; 2) copporchrome-arsenate; 3) boraxboric acid ‘Other preservatives should not be used in association with aluminium. Reference may be made to CP 143: Past 16 ak, chestnut and westem red cedar, unless well seasoned, are likely to be harmful to aluminium. 2ABBA Contact with soils ‘The surface of the metal in contact with soil should be protected with a least two coats of bituminous paint, hot bitumen, oF plasticized coal-tar pitch, ace BS 8118 Part 2. Additional wrapping-apes may be used to prevent mechanical damage to the coating. 2433.5 Immersion in water Where aluminium parts are inumersed in freshwater or ‘sea water including contaminated water, the aluminium should preferably be of durability rating A. with fastenings of aluminium or corrosion-resisting steel or fastened by welding. Tables 2.6 and 2.7 give the protection needed for fresh water and sea water immersion, In adaition the engineer should obtain corupetent advice on the oxygen content, pH nuniber, chemical or metallic, particularly copper, content and the amount of movement of the water as these factors may affect. the degree of protection required 24 Copyright by the Brish Slandards Institution Wed Jul 07 1025597 2004 © Rst 071000sie pee sq aun pam 20 Bune AAUP Jo 94 PRES LIN fe zaldoo a soddoo v1 wnqujnyeyo doo pa aN OT OF BHO PT SAN ep en ALN 19 4 sad 30 I EIU ¢ ¢ ¢ $ ¢ ¢ | a O]__foipe seddoo ‘atte aN any aN aN an] _aN[ aN] aN o RATT (ieddog pars ¢ $ ® * 5 4 fn 1 peat ‘wos 2 ¢ ¢ € € € € e[ 0 0 TUM | ons ssopuES TONS pas ssorures oars pomuEares 8 ‘ ¥ £ ¥ ¥ es] ot 1] 20 pomuumpe teas ems ¢ @ z z z z zo 0 por ou 40 our ns ssopurers 120m paztusayes $ s ¥ € ¥ ¥ s| ot 1] 20 poztumune Yous @ 0 @ 0 @ z of 0 0 Com uumnmamry pomnodim arog | amzopor | mi ‘ea seve ws | saree yout ean SOT Tne passa spawivomny reate Gea Bite Sa 998) JuDuTNONAID GH Baypioase popiow wonOrONT eau wats 30108, ‘Si2a}j9 ojuvayeR pu aajAas9 swyUOD O1 STSRUOD [wIaUL-oF PHAW Fe uOPDayoAd [HUONIPPY LZ ATRL © BSIOT1000 Copyright by the Brish Slandards Institution Wed Jul 07 1025597 2004243.36 Contact with chemients used in the duilding industry Fungicides and mould repellents may contain metal compounds based on copper, mercury, tin and lead which, under wet or damp conditions could cause corrosion of the aluminium. The harmful effects may be countered by protecting the contacting surfaces ‘which may be subject to washing or seepage from the chemicals Some cleaning materials can affect the surface of the aluminium, Where such chemicals are used to clean aluminium or other materials in the structure, care should be taken to ensure that the effects will not be detrimental to the aluminium. Often quick and adequate water rinsing will suffice, while in other Situations temporary measures may be necessary to ‘Protect the aluminium from contact with the cleaners. 243.3.7 Coniaet with insulating materials used in the building industry Products such as glass fibre, polyurethane and various insulation products may contain corrosive agents ‘which can be extracted under moist conditions to the detriment of the aluminium. Insulating materials should be tested for compatibility with aluminium under damp and saline conditions. Where there is doubt, a sealant as described in BS 8118 ; Part 2 should be applied to the associated aluminium surfaces, 2.5 Fabrication and construction 2.5.1 General ‘The fabrication and construction requirements to be fy slender (b) elements in struts (axial resistance): BS fo compact > Bi slender where fy and f are as given in table 43. ‘Table 43 Limiting values of f Elements Bo. Ay Unwelded | Welded | Unwelded | Welded| ‘Outstand Te ee [ee Be elements Internal Re Ie | 18e be elements NOTE I. The quantity « should generally be taken as follows (except far certain Mange elements in bears, see 43.3.3) = Q50p,)” where "Bois the limiting stros (in Nina’ (see tables 4.1 and 4.2). [NOTE 2. An element is considered as welded if it contains welding at an edge or at any point in its width. Whee the Stability ofa particular cross section of a member i evaluated, however, tis pemissble to consider an element as unwelded it Iconains no welding at that section, even though i i welded elsewhere along its length. [NOTE 0, tn @ welded clement the elasiiceton i indrpement | the extent ofthe HAZ 43.3.5 Understressed flange elements ‘A more favourable classification may if desired be taken for flange elements in members under bending, or bending with axial force, that are both: 2) parallel to the axis of bending: and ») less highly stressed than the most severely stressed fibres in the section. For these it is permissible, in using table 43, to take a ‘modified value of ¢ as follows: = (50/70) * where yy and yp are the distances from the neutral axis of the gross section to the most severely stressed fibres and to the element respectively. They should generally be measured from the clastic netral axis, although in checking whether a section is fully compact itis pemnissible to use the plastic one. 4.34 Local buekling 434.1 General ‘The possibilty of local buckling in members classified as slender is genorally allowed for by replacing the ‘tue section by an effective one. The effective section is obtained by employing a local buckling coefficient 2, to factor down the thickness, this being applied to ally uniform thickness slender element that is wholly ‘or partly in compression. Blaments that are not uniform in thickness require special study 43.42 Determination of ky, The coefficient k, which is found separately for different elements of the section, is read from the appropriate curve in figure 4.5 selected in accordance with fable 44. In order to select the correct curve the value of Ave should be determined as follows: Bis found as in 43.2; © = (2504) generally (but see note 3 of 45.2.3 {or beam compression flanges); 40 Copyright by the British Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.59 2004 © BSI oTA900where 2 i the limiting stress for material (in Nan), regardless of HAZ effets ‘Table 44 Curve selection for figure 45 (local buekling) Elemente Uawolded [Welded Flat outstand eurve A curve B olements Intemal elements | curve © curve D (Mat oF curved) Round tubes Lower of | Lower of ourves Cand | curves D and E E ROPE, Ge nete ro tae 4 In order to decide whether an element should count as lunwelded or welded in table 44, refer to note 2 to table 43, In the case of reinforced fat elements its important to consider both possible modes of buckling (see figure 43) and take the more critical. In the case of mode | buckling the factor hy, should be applied to the area of the reivoreemet as well as to the basic pate kes, 43.4.3 Sections subject to combined actions For the determination of fy, in sections required to carry biaxial bending, or simultaneous bending with axial force, see 4.8.2.2 4.4 HAZ softening adjacent to welds 44.1 General Its necessary in design to allow for the softening that usually occurs in the vicinity of welds. The region worst affected extends immediately around the Weld, beyond which the material properties rapidly improve to thetr full parent values, The softening affects the 0.2% proof stress more severely than the tensile srongth For design purposes it is acceptable to approximate to the tme condition by assuming that around each wold there is a zone, the HAZ, in which strength properties are reduced by a constant factor ky. Ontside this zone itis assumed thatthe full parent properties apply. The severity of the softening in the HAZ, as defined by k, is covered in 44.2 The extent of the HAZ, defined by a distance 2 from the weld, is considered in 4.4.3. Its sometimes possible to mitigate the effects of HAZ softening by means of artificial ageing applied after welding (see appendix F). 4.4.2 Severity of softening 4.4.2.1 HAZ softening factor ‘The factor k, should normally be taken from table 45, For certain éalculations it is permissible instead t0 use a more favourable value as explained in appendix F This applies when the resistance of a member is governed by Pe Of py rather than po. To find k, for Ihaterials not covered in table 4.5 see appendix F 4422 7020 materiat The altemative k, values given in table 4.5 for 7020 material should normally be applied as follows, according to the nature of the stress acting on the HAZ material: {@) value (A); tensile stress acting transversely to the axis of a butt or fillet weld; () value (B): any other stress condition, ie. Tongitudinal stress, transverse compression, shear Its sometimes permissible to increase value (A) to a figire above that in the table, depending on the degree ‘of thermal control exercised during fabrication (see appendix F) 4423 Recovery time for heat-treated alloys The k, values given in table 4.5 are valid from the following times after welding, provided the mater has been held at a temperature not less than 15 (2) 6 +4 seseries alloys (0) 7 series alloys 3 days; 20 days. In determining the resistance of components that are to be loaded sooner than this, but not less than 24 after welding, the value of k, should be reduced by a {actor f found as follows C)6ee*e f= 09+01[(m- 12)" series alloys Qikee f=08+02 lm — 1329)" series alloys where ris the time (in days) between welding and loading. If the material is held at a temperature below 15°C after welding, the recovery time will be prolonged and ave should be sought. 44.3 Extent of HAZ 443.1 Definition of = ‘The HAZ is assumed to extend a distance = in any direction from a weld, measured as follows: (D transversely from the centreine of an in-ine Dutt weld (see figure 4.68); 2) at filet welds, transversely from the point of Intersection of the welded surfaces (see figures 4.6(e),(0),(g) and (h)); (@) at butt welds used in corer, tee or cruciform Joints, transversely from the point of intersection of the welded surfaces (see figures 4.6(b), (¢) and @); @) in any radial direction trom the end of a weld (see figures 4.6()) and @). © Bsi 7109 Copyright by the British slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.59 2004 aLCurve A: outstands, unsold ‘Carve B: outsands, wesced. (@) Foe at outstand elements Figure 4.5 Local buckling factor ky, ‘The HAZ boundaries should generally be taken as straight lines normal to the metal surface, as shown in figure 4.6. However, itis permissible instead to assume ‘a curved boundary of radius z as shown at B (in place ‘of A) in figure 4.6(1) This will tend to be advantageous ‘when surface welding is applied to thick material. 4432 Basic formula for = ‘The following expression should generally be used for estimating =: 22 an where 25 is the basic value (see 4.4.3.3), and are modifying factors, which may be found from 4.43.4 and 4.4.3.5, or alternatively using appendix F ‘The use of appendix F will tend to be favourable when the interpass temperature during fabrication is held ‘below the normal value requ BS 8118: Part 2 4433 Determination of 2 The basic value zo, which would relate to an isolated veld laid on unheated material with complete interpass cooling, should be taken as the lower of the ‘wo values given by (1) and (i!) (in mm) (depending on the parent material) as follows: 42 Copyright by the Brish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.59 2004 () intine burt welds: (1) 7 s seseries alloys: @ 0 = 80+ ty Gi) 29 = 45g @) othor alloys: © 29 = 20+ ty W 40 ~ ta (b) All other types of butt weld and all types of filet wold: (0) 7 # series alloys: 29 = 90+ We Gi) % = 45t5°/ty ©) other alloys: © %0= 204 3 Gi) 20 = Silty, where ta is the lesser of O.5(tp + tc) and 1.5tp; uy tc are the thickness of the thinnest and thickest elements connected by welding respectively. © BSI 07-1990)Curve €: intemal elements, unwell Cure D: internal element, welded (Carve E round tubes NOTE. See note 3 to table 42 (©) For intemal slomeonte and round ts Figure 4.5 Local buckling factor k, (concluded) 44.34 Determination of ‘The factor a in 4.4.3.2 provides for the possibility of the material at the start of deposition of a weld pass being at an elevated temperature, due elther 10 preheat, or to the laying of a previous pass or weld in the same joint. Its value may be taken from table 4.6, which is valid provided fabrication complies BS 8118: Part 2 (altematively see appendix F). 44.3.5 Determination of ‘The factor 7 in 4.4.3.2 covers the possibility of increased heat build-up due to the following: (@) proximity of a free edge or edges; or () other welding in the same vicinity. ‘The value of 7 may be found as in (1) oF (2) as follows, provided fabrication satisfies BS 8118: Part 2. Altematively refer to appendix F (Q) For a joint away from which there are at least ‘two valid heat-paths: net a valid heat-path being one for which h = fy where hs the distance to a free edge, or half the distance to a nearby weld (see note), Ny 4Bazy for 7 % + series alloys, or = Bae for other alloys. When a weld is located too close to the free edge of an outstand, such that hy, it should be assumed that the entire width of the outstand is subject to the factor ky, NOTE, The stance h should be measured from te point of ‘ference in the weld considered (see figure 46) and along {he Felovant heat pach trough the metal at mhidehickness. ‘The heat path follows the profile of the section and nee! not necessary be sualght (se figure 47) (2) For a joint from which there is only one valid eat-path: fe =25 mm fe>25 mum n= 150 n= 133 © Bst 07-1900 Copyright by the British Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 1025.59 2004 4B‘Table 4.5 HAZ softening factor kz ‘Alloy Condition Product & (600 note 1) Nom heat treatable 1200 Hu 013 3108 HI 018 ms 013 [3105 Hit 017 HIG 015 HIS 033 5083 OF 1.00 cy 045 BIBAA OF 1.00 Hea 040 Hea 029 5251 F 020 F 1.00 Hee, 035 Ho oa aa OF ESP 1.00 2 s 0.35 HA 8 030 Heatireatable 6061 7 E,DT 050 6055 Te B 100 ™ pr 065 TH F 0.80 5 E 05 T BF 050 Ts pr os 6082 ov ESPDEF 1.00 TS ES, RDLE 050 7020 TE ESP (0.80(A) 1.0008) 6 BSP 0.60(A) 0.8008) (see note 2) (NOTE nthe pout column DT, WT and Fer spnctely oexronSbewt late, awe a weed abe a NOTE? For 0 mel eet 4A23 frhe sRyo A sed D ao a Copyright by the British Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 10:28.00 2004 © BSI 07.1800o Figure 4.6 Extent of HAZ, definition of 2 @ ‘Table 4.6 Extent of HAZ, factor @ ‘Case | Joint configuration Vane ofa Substantially srg continuous weld igure (ove figures AO(@), ©, (©) and (®)) P total deposit area = 50 mn 10 15 Q total deposit area > 50 mm? 15 [20° R Substantially straight continuous joint containing two oF more [13 20 adjacent welds (see figures 4.6 (0), (d), (D and (1) 8 Localized irregular joint 15 20 (a) memberommentber joints in trusses; () welds connecting tranaverse stiffeners in beams ard plategirders, (c) welds used to connect lugs and other attachments. pst ozi909 Copyright by the Hriish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 10:28.00 2004Figure 4.7 Typical heat-path measurement 44.3.6 Overlapping HAZs ‘When two joints are located so that their respective HAZs (determined as in 4.43) overlap, it may be assumed that the extent of the HAZ on the outer side of each joint is unaltered by the proximity. In calculating whether HAZs overlap, the possibility of clevated temperatures should be taken into account by using the formula for 2 from 44.3.2. 443.7 Experimental determination of z ‘As an alternative to estimating the extent of the HAZ by calculation, itis permitted instead to determine it experimentally. This may be done by conducting a hardness survey on a representative specimen (see appendix F), 45 Beams 4.5.1 Introduetion 4.5.1.1 Generat ‘The following checks should generally be carried ont cn all beams (including plate girders). (a) Moment check. At any cross-section the moment M under factored loading should not exceed the factored moment resistance Mas of that section, as found from 4.5.2 (or altematively appendix E). Mag should be suitably reduced to allow for coincident shear when necessary (see 4.5.4), (©) Shear check. At any cross-section the shear force V under factored loading should not exceed the factored shear force resistance Vas (See 4.5.3). For some cases itis also necessary to make one or both of the following checks: (G) web bearing check (see 4.5.5); © lateral torsional buckling check (see 4.5.6). 45.1.2 Plate girders Plate ginders having slender stiffened webs should preferably be designed using 5.4. It is permiseible to design them as beams, but with probable loss of ‘economy. 45.13 Bending with axial load For the design of beans required to carry load, in addition to moment, reference should be made to 4.8, 4.5.4.4 Biaxial bending Beams subjected to simultaneous bending about both principal axes should also be checked using 4.8 4.5.2 Uniaxial moment resistance of the section 45.2.1 Section classification for moment resistance Its first necessary to classify the section as fully compact, semi-compact, or slender, the classification being based on that of the least favourable of its component elements. This should be carried out in accordance with 4.2.3. In the case of a reinforced outstand element, forming part or all of the compression flange, the presence of reinforcement in the form of an outwardly facing lip should be ignored in classifying the section. 4522 Basic calculation ‘The factored moment resistance Mys at a given section, in the absence of shear should generally be found as follows: (2) unwelded, fully compact Mas = BoSi/Y (b) unwelded, semi-compact — Ms = Pods! (©) welded, fully compact Mps = DoSnelVmni (@) welded, semi-compact Mps = PoZrelYmi (©) unwelded, slender Mes = Pobelym OF Polnirn, whichever is the smaller (O) welded, slender Mas = PoZel¥m OF PoZaclim whichever is the smaller, where ‘Sy and Zy are the plastic modal respectively of the net section; Sye and Zye are the plastic and elastic moduli respectively for the net effective section; e Is the elastic moduins of effective section; Po is the limiting stress (see tables 4.1 and 4.2); Ym fs the material factor (see table 33). NOTE. For sem-compact and slender sections i is permissible if found hevourable to take & moment resistance base) on an elasto paste stress patiem as set out in append B, instead of ting the exprossions in 46.2.2. When this s done, note 5 04.23 fe iweb. 46 Copyright by the Hriish Slandards Institution Wed Tul 07 10:28.00 2004 © BSI 07.19045.23 Aaoumed section ‘The terminology used in 4.5.2.2 Is as follows: @ net section includes the deduction for holes only; (b) net effective section includes the reduced thickness taken in the VielniTy of Welds, to allow for HAZ softening, together with deduction for holes, (© effective section includes the reduced thicknesses taken to allow for HAZ softening and local buckling, but with no deduetion for holes. In items (b) and (c) the reduced thicknesses should ‘generally be taken as follows for different elements in a section (but see notes 1 105). 2) Slender element free of HAZ effects, A thickness hy is taken for the whole element, where hy, is found as in 4.3.4. (2) Nonssiender elements subject to HAZ effects, A thickness of itis taken in the softened parts of the element, where k, and the extent of the softening are as given in 44.2 and 4.4.3 () Slender element with HAZ effects, The reduced thickness is taken as the lesser of kt and ky in the softened part, and as ki in the rest of the element. NOTE 1. When a hole Is located in aretuced thickness region, the ‘deuctin for that hole may be based on the reduced thickness. [NOTE2.n the case of reinforced elements, should be applisd to the area of the reinforcement an ell othe base Pate Uickness. NOTE 3. In considering a slender Nange element that lies nearer to she neutral aes than does the extreme bre tentle materi, it is pormissibe to tke & more favourable value for ky. This is done by using a modified value of in figure 45 Gnstead of dhe neal ‘Value, see 34.2) a8 flows tn)" were ya yo are the distances from the elastic neural axis of the gross section to the extreme Mies and ta the element ‘corsidered, respectively. This relaxation only aii 1 the ‘lerent is Substantially parallel to the as of bering NOTE 4, Fora reinforced element forming pat oF all of the ‘compression Nange of m ender section, which the Feinforeement takes the form ofan cutwrardly facing ip, the presence ofthe lip shuld he ignored n determining the moment NOTE 5, Fora welded element ina semi-compact or slender eguon a me favourable assumed thickness maybe taken as (2) HA2 softening is ignored in any materi les than ky from {he clate neutral ani of the grows Seetion, wire yy iv he distance therefrom to te furthest extreme bres ofthe Section () For HAZ material, at a distance y (kz) from the neutral xis Kz may be replaced by a value ly determined as follows Igy =k 1 — uty 4.5.2.4 Hybrid sections ‘The moment, capacity of a hybrid section, containing parent materials of different strengths, may be safely based on the lowest value of py within the section Altematively, the following more arivantageous procedure may be used. (@) Each element is classified according to its particular value of Zo (b) For a fully compact section Mgs is found using conventional plastic bending theory, allowing for the valuo of py in each oloment, and again using the net effective section in the case of welded members. © For other sections My is found from expression (b), (4) or (e) in 4.5.2.2 as appropriate, basing py and Z on the point in the section giving the lowest values of Mpg. 45.2.5 Semi-compact sections For these it is permitted, if desired, to take an improved value of Ms which may be obtained by interpolation as follows: Mas = My + BB a4, BoB HM) where: ‘M; and Mg are the fully compact ‘and cemi-compact values of ‘Mps found from 4.5.2.2; a is the value of f for the most critical element in the section; Bj and fio are the fully and semi-compact limiting values of f for that same table element (see table 4.3). 4.53 Shear force resistance 453.1 Section classification Ikis first necessary to classify the section as compact, or slender in terms of its resistance to shear force as follows: (@) a compact section is unaffected by buckling; (b) a slender section should be checked for Duekting. The sections are classified as follows: ) sections containing shear webs orientated in the plane of loading, without tongue-plates: M=49¢ compact a4>496 slender where a is tho cloar depth of web between flanges (measured on the slope in the case of inclined webs); t {s the web thickness; . = (250/po)* = (160%p,)"%; Po and py ae the limiting stress (in N/mm?) (co tables 4.1 and 4.2); @) sections as in (1), but with tongue-plates: see 4.5.3.5; () solid bar: compact; @) round tube: same classification as for axial compression (see 4.3.2.5 and 4.3.3.4(b)), © BSI07-1000 Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution ved Jul 07 10-2801 2004 a4222 Compact ssctone Th tactre en fore eistance Va Scion in Basen of ements maybe found ng Be ioe Seu Vas = PA Ym woe ye nln sess (ne ables an 42) Ay, is the effective shear area; ‘hs the meal factor Ge abl | rae shar area a Tolows (e) For sections conaring shear webs woot Oe te path on HAE salen, A, oeBertined dom the folowing equa ‘Ay = 0.8 NDt where Dis the over depth of web measured to oer Sata ot Hangs rit we dress Nise mabe of webs ‘The presence of small holes may be ignored, reds To hey oss ey ors an 20% ae ee He paces ees (b) For sections as in (a), but with webs affected by On ect oma wine coon Ay = MO.ADt — (1 — ha)etath wee atthe toa depth of HAZ nate occuring ahaha deb opdv ote nc Seencon sae ees ky ts the softening factor (see 4.4.2), For a web welded over its full depth, or continuously welded longitudinally at any point in its depth, Vas should be taken as k, times the unwelded value. (© For a solid bar, Ay = O84 oF 084,. (@) For a compact round tube, Ay = 0.64 or 064, where . A ie the section area (in tho ahsonce of HAZ. softening); Ae le the effective section area (when HAZ softening is present), found by taking an effective thickness of k, times the true thickness for HAZ materia. In the case of sections containing shear webs, the methods provided for the calculation of Vigs for plate sirders may be used (see 5.4.3.2 and 5.4.3.5). 4533 Slender sections ‘The factored shear forve resistance Vpg in the absence ‘of moment for sections containing slender shear webs ‘without tongue plates, orientated in the plane of loading, should be taken as the lesser of the two ‘values obtained from (a) and (b) as follows: (@) Fielding check. The resistance is calculated as. for a compact section, using 4.5.3.2 (a) of (b) as appropriate. (b) Buckling check. Vas, in kN, is obtained from the following expression: Vas = S40N/7 where 1s the clear depth of web berween flanges (s1ut); tis the web thickness (mm); [Nis the number of webs; Yin is the material factor (see table 32). 4.534 Inclined shear webs The expressions covering compact sections in 4.5.9.2 (a) and (b) remain valid for inclined webs, provided D is still measured normal to the neutral axis. But in checking slender inclined webs (see 4.5.3.3) the expression in (b) should be factored by cos 6, where & is the angle between the web and the plane of the applied leading. 45.35 Use of tongue plates ‘The shear force resistance of sections containing shear webs with tongue-plates may safely be found generally using the treatment given in 5.4.8.1 to 5.4.3.5, but with the factors taken as follows: vy is the elastic critical shear buckling factor and is determined as given in 5.4.8.3; vw is the tension field factor and is equal to zero. ‘This treatment is valid only if the tongue-plates comply with 5.45. 4.54 Combined moment and shear force 45.4.1 Moment with low shear At any section it may be assumed that the factored ‘moment resistance Myg is unaffected by a coincident shear force V (under factored loading) less than half the factored shear force resistance Vigs found in45.33, 45.4.2 Moment with high shear If V exceeds 0.5 Vas, a reduced value for the factored ‘moment resistance iifggo should be found as follows: (@) For sections with shear webs, connected to flanges at both longitudinal edges: Mpso = Mes (1+ (1 ~ aX0.0 ~ 12 V7¥as)) (©) For other sections: Mpso = Mas (1.0 ~ 12V/Vps) where ‘Mps is the factored moment resistance of the section in the absence of shear (see 4.5.2); @ isthe rato of minimum to maxinura shear stress in the web, assuming an clastic stress distribution. For sections classified as slender for bending, or affected by HAZ softening, a should be based on the assumed section used in the determination of Mps, (see 4.5.2.3). 48 Copyright by the Hrish Slandards Institution ved Jul 07 10-2801 2004 © Bot o7-1090