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The document discusses cardiovascular physiology, including the classification of blood vessels, types of capillaries, the cardiac cycle, blood supply and nerve supply of the heart, physics of blood flow, the jugular venous pulse, heart sounds, and cardiac action potential. It provides details on the pacemaker cells in the heart including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and ectopic pacemakers. It explains what happens during different types of heart block and the potential complications.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
43 views31 pages

Downloadfile 28

The document discusses cardiovascular physiology, including the classification of blood vessels, types of capillaries, the cardiac cycle, blood supply and nerve supply of the heart, physics of blood flow, the jugular venous pulse, heart sounds, and cardiac action potential. It provides details on the pacemaker cells in the heart including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and ectopic pacemakers. It explains what happens during different types of heart block and the potential complications.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CVS

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PHYSIOLOGY
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DR. BODRUN NAHAR BITHI


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MBBS,FCPS PART1 (MEDICINE)

Moderator of FCPS PART 1 (MEDICINE) GROUP


 Classification of blood vessels:
I. Windkessel/ distribution vessel: Aorta,arch of
aorta,large vessels
II. Resistance Vessels: small arteries, arterioles
III. Capacitance vessels: vein , venules

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IV. Exchange vessels: Capillaries, meta arterioles,
postcapillary venules
V. Sphincter vessel : terminal segments of some
arterioles
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VI. Shunt vessels: arterio-venous anastomosis
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 Types of capillaries:
I. Continuous/ somatic: connective tissue,
muscle, nervous tissue,exocrine gland
II. Fenestrated/ visceral: brain ,intestine,

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kidney,endocrine glands,pancreas (BIKE-P )

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III. Sinusoidal: Bone marrow,Adrenal gland,liver
,spleen (BALiS )
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 Cardiac cycle:
A. Atrial systole:(0.1sec )
 Dynamic phase>>0.05sec & adynamic
phase>> 0.05 sec
 AV valve open, SV valve closed
 4th heart sound produced
 ECG:P- wave,JVP: a-wave ☆☆☆☆

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 Corresponds to last rapid filling phase of

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ventricular
diastole
B.Ventricular systole: (0.3sec)
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o Isovolumetric contraction:
 AV valve will close, SV valve remains
close>>acts as close cavity
 1st heart sound produced due to AV valve
closure
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 ECG:QRS wave, JVP: c-wave> X- descent


o Rapid ejection:
 AV Valve close, SV valve open>> blood
passes from ventricles to aorta & pulmonary
trunk
o Slow ejection:
 AV valve close, SV valve remains open

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 ECG:T-wave

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C. Ventricular diastole :( 0.5sec )
o Proto-diastolic phase:
 AV valve remains close, sudden closure of
SV valve
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 2nd heart sound produced
o Isovolumetric relaxation:
 AV Valve close, SV valve close>>acts as
D

close cavity
 Dichotic notch and wave in pulse wave
 JVP: v-wave
o 1st rapid filling phase :
 AV valve will open, SV valve remains closed
 3rd heart sound produced
 JVP: y-descent
o Slow filling phase :
 AV valve open, SV valve closed
  Aortic & pulmonary pre

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o Last rapid filling phase:
 Corresponds to atrial contraction
 4th heart sound produced
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D. Atrial diastole :(0.7sec)
 Atrium receieves blood
 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively
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during this phase.


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 Blood supply of heart:
 Left ant. Descending artery :
I. Ant. Part of interventricular septum
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II. Anterior , lateral & apical margin of left


venricle
 Marginal branches of LCX artery:
I. Lateral,posterior& inferior margin of LV
 Right coronary artery:
I. SA node 60%
II. AV node 90%

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 Nerve supply of heart:


 β 1 adrenoceptor: +VE ionotropic effect , +VE
chronotropic effect
 β 2 adrenoceptor: Vasodialation
 Parasympathetic : Vagus nerve
 SA node & AV node supplied by Muscarinic
( M2 ) receptorof cholinergic nerve fiber

 In resting condition: Vagal inhibitory activity


predominates

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Slow heart rate

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 Sympathetic stimulation in coronary arteries :
vasodilation
 Parasympathetic stimulation also causes
vasodilation
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FCPS part1 (Medicine ) group
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 Physics of blood flow


i. v = Q / A
ii. Q = ΔP/R
iii. R = 8 L η/π r4
[ v=velocity, Q=blood flow,A= cross sectional area,
ΔP=pressure gradient,R= resistance, η=Viscosity,
l= length , r4 =( radius of blood vessel)4 ]

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 Blood flow α Velocity,cross sectional area,
pressure gradient,(radius)4, elasticity of vessel
wall
 Blood flow 1/α viscosity, length
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 Total peripheral resistance α velocity, viscosity
of blood
 TPR 1/α elasticity of arterial walls,lumen of
blood vessel
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 Velocity of blood is higher in ……..


i. Arteries than arterioles
ii. Arterioles than capillaries
iii. Veins than venules
iv. Venules than capillaries

 Arterioles have higher resistance than arteries


 Capillaris have lower resistance than arterioles

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 Blood pressure drop from arteries to arterioles

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due to parallel and series arrangement
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 Annulus fibrosus :
i. Separates atria & ventricle
ii. Forms skeleton of AV valve
iii. Electrically insulate atria from ventricle

 Left cardiac silhouette is formed by…….


Lt aortic arch, Lt pulmonary trunk,L t atrial

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appendages,Lt ventricle

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 Right cardiac silhouette is formed by…….
RA,SVC,IVC
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 JVP:
 Height of JVP reflects Right atrial pressure
 Sinus rythm: a -wave:atrial systole.
☆Prominent/large "a wave" = 》TS,p.HTN,PS
☆Cannon "a wave"=》CHB,Atrial flutter
☆Absent "a wave"=》AF

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 C-wave:closure of tricuspid valve
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 V-wave:ventricular systole
☆large/giant "v wave"= 》TR
 X-descent:atrial relaxation
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☆x descent= Chronic constrictive
pericarditis,Cardiac temponade
 Y-descent: atrial emptying early in diastole
》TS
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☆slow y descent=
o JVP raised in....

☆ Pericardial effusion/Cardiac temponade


☆Chronic constrictive pericarditis
☆Rt ventricular infarction
☆Rt heart failure (corpulmonale)
☆Restrictive cardiomyopathy
☆SVCO(non-pulsatile)

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 Murmur:
☆Systolic murmur:
Ejection systolic murmur:
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AS,PS,TOF,Aortic/pulmonary flow murmur
 Pansystolic murmur:MR,TR,VSD
Late systolic murmur:mitral valve prolapse
Mid-systolic murmur:AS,Benign/ innocent
murmur
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☆ Diastolic murmer:
Early-diastolic:AR,PR
Mid-diastolic: MS,TS,Mitral/tricuspid flow
murmur
☆Continuous/machinery murmur: PDA
☆innocent /benign murmer:
 Soft,mid-systolic,heared at Lt sternal
angle,doesn't radiate,
 Not associated with other cardiac
abnormalities

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 Pathological when radiate/associate with thrill
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FCPS part1 (Medicine ) group

 Action potential of Cardiac muscle:



Phase-0: Depolarization= influx of Na+

Phase-1:Slow repolarization = gradual
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Na+channel inactivation & Increase Ca++


influx, K+ efflux

Phase-2: Plateau= increase Ca++influx,
decrase K+efflux

Phase-3:Rapid Repolarization = decrase
Na+& Ca++ influx , increase K+efflux
Phase-4:Resting membrane potential

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 Junctinal tissues of the heart:
 Pacemaker of the heart: SA node
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 Location of the SA node: junction of SVC &RA


 Fastest rate of generation of impulse: SA node
 Fastest rate of conduction of impulse:
purkinjee fibers
 Reserve pacemaker:AV node
 Ectopic pacemaker:AV Node,bundle of His,
purkinjee fiber.
 Total AV nodal delay is 0.10 to 0.13sec

🔘 Pacemaker
🔘 Ectopic pacemaker
🔘 Stokes adam syndrome

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SA node impulse তির ক র ব লই আমা দর heart
beating ক র আর আমরা Heart থ ক Blood প য়
বঁ চ আিছ। SA node ➡সাধারণত 70-80 impulse
িমিন ট তির ক র। তারপর Impulse িকছটা দূবল হ য়
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➡ AV node এ 60 Impulse / Min..
এভা ব ---
➡A-V bundle - 30-36
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➡Bundle of his - 30-36


➡Purkinje Fibers- 15-40
➡Ventricle muscle - 20-40
( এখা ন একট বিশ হয় কারণ এই Electric stimuli ঘু র
এ স Muscle ক contraction কর ত হয়)
SA node ক Pacemaker of heart বলা হয় তা আমরা
াচীনকাল থ ক জািন। কান কার ন SA node Impulse
তির না কর ল আমরা িক ম র যায়?
অবশ ই না। তখন আমা দর AV node impulse তির
কর ব এবং Heart এর কায ম সচল রাখ ব। SA node
ছাড়া যিদ impulse অন কান জায়গা থ ক তির হয়

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তাহ ল তাহ ল এই নতন pacemaker ক Ectopic

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pacemaker বলা হয়। িক Abnormal pacemaker
আমা দর heart contraction এ abnormal sequence
তির কর ব িবিভ parts এ। তাই significant disability
তির হয়। এজন SA node এ সমস া হ ল আমা দর
rB
বাই র থ ক সা পাট িদ ত হয়, না হ ল Ectopic িদ য়ই
কাজ হ য় য তা।

SA node block হ ল ািয় হা ত ত ল নয় AV node..


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এখন AV node block হ য় গ ল ািয় নয় - নতন


Ectopic pacemaker Purkinje System..
তখন 15-40 beats per min এ ventricle muscle ক
drive কর ব।
িক কথা হ -- Purkinje fibers এ তাটা খারাপ না য
জামাই মরার সা থ সা থ ভ ল যা ব।
তাই AV block হ য় গ লও purkinje system িকছ সময়
AV node থ ক য drive( ৃিত) প য় থা ক তা িদ য়
চল ত থা ক। িক 4-5 sec এর মাথায় এই drive ক ম
যায় COও ক ম যায়। তাই brain এ blood flow ক ম
রাগী Faint হ য় যায়। তারপর 5-20 secs পর স িন জ
থ ক বঁাচ ত( Produce impulse Own self) িশ খ আর
বা াকা া ( ventricular muscle) ক বঁািচ য় রা খ। এই
সামিয়ক Heart beat এর Delayed pick-up ক Strokes

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- Adam- syndrome ব ল।

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If the Period is too long, it can lead to death..
🖋Dr Raghib Asfak
rB
FCPS part1 (Medicine ) group

 Heart sound:
☆1st heart sound:

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 Onset of systole= due to closure of AV


Valve(mitral&tricuspid)
 Single/narrowly split
 Loud: MS,pregnancy,Thyrotoxicosis
 Soft:HF,MR
☆2nd heart sound:

 End of systole= due to closure of Semilunar
valve(aortic&pulmonary).A2>P2
 Split during inspiration and single during
expiration

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☆3rd Heart sound:
 Onset of diastole>just after S2
 Low pitch/gallop
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 Ventricular wall:sudden cessation of rapid


filling
 Found in :physiological >young,pregnancy &
pathological >MR,HF.
☆4th heart sound:
 End of diastole,just before S1
 Low pitch, ventricular origin
 Absent in AF
 Feature of severe LVH, HOCM
☆Systolic click:

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 Early/ mid systolic

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 High pitch,brief
 AS,PS, Floppy mitral valve, prosthetic heart
sound,from opening and closing of normally
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functioning mechanical valve
☆Opening snap:
 Early in diastole
 Mitral stenosis, prosthetic H/S, Maybe absent
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in calcific MS
☆Mid-systolic click: mitral valve prolapse

🔘 Local tissue blood flow


এর িহ স ব িত 100gm tissue wt এ সব চ য় বিশ
400ml/min/100gm blood flow হয় Kidney ত।
🎲Highest blood flow in :
★ Kidney : 400ml/min/100gm
★ Adrenal gland : 300ml/min/100gm
★ thyroid gland : 160ml/min/100gm

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🔘 Percentage of CO in different
organs:
Cardiac output এর সব চ য় বিশ যায় - Liver এ।
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★Hepatic circulation ( Liver)-27%( 1350ml/min)


★ Renal circulation ( kidney) -22%, (1100ml/min)
★ Cerebral circulation ( brain) -14%(700ml/min)
🖋Dr Raghib
🌼🌼 Blood pressure Regulatory
systems :
1) short term regulation of blood pressure :
🎲➡➡➡➡➡ CBC
🔘 Baroreceptor Feedback mechanism.
🔘 chemoreceptor feedback mechanism.
🔘 CNS ischaemic mechanism.

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2) Intermediate term regulation of blood pressure :
🎲➡➡➡➡➡CVS
🔘 Capillary fluid shift mechanism.
rB
🔘 Vasoconstrictor mechanisms ( Renin
angiotensin vasoconstrictor mechanism).
🔘 Stress relaxation of the vasculature.
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3) Long term regulation of blood pressure :


🎲➡➡➡➡➡ RR(2R)
🔘 Renal body fluid mechanism.
🔘Renin-angiotensin aldosterone mechanism.
⭐Valsalva manoeuvre:

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“ চৗধুরী সা হব আমরা গরীব হ ত পাির িক ছাট লাক না”


💢💢 Contraction of skeletal muscle :
আজ কর ছিবর নায়ক জিসম আর নািয়কা শাবনূর।
পিরচয়পব :
১) জিসম( Hero) = Myosin ( মাটা নায়ক)
২) শাবনূর ( Heroine) : Actin ( slim নািয়কা)
৩) আহ মদ শরীফ ( Heroine Father's) : Tropomysin
৪) িদলারা জামান ( Heroine Mother’s) : Troponin

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৫) নািয়কার বা বী : Ca++
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কািহনী : নায়ক নািয়কা( Actin+ myosin) সব সময় কা ছ
আস ত চাই ব। আর যখনই কা ছ আস ব তখন
Contraction হ ব।
rB
গরী বর ছ ল Myosin এর ম প ড় যায় ধনীর দুলা ল
Actin..
গরী বর ছ ল Myosin ম ন ম ন ভা লাবা স Actin ক।
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এ তা ভা লাবাসার প রও তারা কা ছ আস ত পা র না দু ু
বাবা আহ মদ শরী ফর জন (Tromyosin) ।

নািয়কার বা বী Ca ++ চায় তা দর এক ক র িদ ত। স
চিপচিপ নািয়কার মা ( Troponin) ক সব ব ল।
Ca ++ এর influence এ নািয়কার মা( Troponin) এর
সাহায নায়কনািয়কা Actin- myosin এক হ য় যায়। খুব
কাছাকািছ আ স (contraction) ... ( Muscle
contraction)
তা দর এই গাপন সা াৎ এর কথা দু ু বাবার কা ন
যায়।িতিন ( Tropomysin) এ স জসীম (Myosin) ক
বল বন - ছাট লাক গরীব, বামন হ য় চঁ া দর িদ ক হাত
বাড়াস। তার এই হাত আিম ক ট ফল বা।

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জসীম উ র িদ লা : চৗধুরী সা হব আমরা গরীব হ ত
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পাির িক ছাট লাক না ( ম ন ম ন বল বা আিম আবার
আস বা তামার ম য়র কা ছ এখন একট Relax থা কা
🤪)
আপাতত Relax হ লন চৗধুরী সা হব। (muscle
rB
relaxation)
িবষয় ভা লা ক র বুঝ ত হ ল ভা লা ক র পড় ত হ ব।
এ পড়া নয়। এ এক বাংলা চল ।
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🖋Dr Raghib
FCPS part1 (Medicine ) group

⭐Properties of Cardiac muscle:


CARE
C-Conductivity,Contractility
A-Autorhythmicity
R-Rerfractory period
E-Excitability

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★Inotropic drugs: Digoxin dobutamin
inotropic( ⬆FOC)
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★ Chronotropic.. Atropine, alpha agonist,
epinephrine, dopamine( ⬆HR)
CRIC
Chronotropic = Rate
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Inotropic = Contraction

⭐Factors affecting heart rate:


☆Heart rate accelarated by:
 ⬇ed activity of baroreceptor in the
arteries,Left ventricle,pulmonary circulation
 ⬆ed activity of atrial stretch receptor
 Inspiration
 Excitement,anger
 Most painful stimuli

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 Hypoxia

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 Exercise
 Epinephrine
 Thyroid hormone
rB
 Fever
 Bainbridge reflex
☆Heart rate is slowed by...
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 Fear,grief,
 ⬆ed activity of baroreceptor in the arteries,
left ventricle,pulmonary circulation
 ⬆ed ICP
 NE
 Sleep
 Cushing reflex(⬆ed ICP)
CO=STROKEofVOLUME
 Stimulation pain fiber×HEART RATEnerve
in trigeminal
stimulation of parasympatheic nerve

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⭐Cardiac Output:
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☆Factors regulating CO:
 Sympathetic stimulation ➡⬆Force of
rB
contraction ➡⬆SV,⬆HR➡⬆CO
 Parasympatheic stimulation Vice versa
☆⬆CO:⬆ (preload,VR,HR,SV,FoC)
D

☆⬇CO:⬆ ( TPR, afterload,arterial pressure)

☆Factors influencing CO:


Physiological:
 Age:⬆with age
 Sex:10-20%less in female
 Surface area:⬆SA➡⬆CO
 Greater in sitting &lying posture than erect
posture
 Exercise ⬆CO upto 700%
 Pregnancy:⬆CO

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 Food intake:⬆CO

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 No change during sleep
☆Pathological:
⬆CO in:
rB
 Hyperthyroidism,Anemia,Fever,hypoxia,paget's
disease,Fibrillation &flutter,Arteriovenous
fistula
⬇CO in:
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 Hypothyroidism,hemorrhage,CCF,Shock,AF,
incomplete heart block
Thank you
FCPS PART1 (MEDICINE)GROUP

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rB
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