Is It Time To Reformulate The Partial Differential Equations of Poisson and Laplace?
Is It Time To Reformulate The Partial Differential Equations of Poisson and Laplace?
Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Is it Time to Reformulate the Partial Differential
Equations of Poisson and Laplace?
Dr. Ismail Abbas
Senior Lecturer at MTC, Cairo University
Abstract:- I. INTRODUCTION
The question of whether it is time to reformulate
the time-independent partial differential equations of The question of whether it is time to reformulate the
Poisson and Laplace is no longer a matter of debate but time-independent partial differential equations of Poisson
rather an urgency and a principle of decision. and Laplace is no longer a matter of debate but rather an
urgency and a principle of decision.
The Poisson partial differential equation PPDE
subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions which is Many mathematicians and physicists still believe that
currently expressed as, these PDE equations are currently valid and do not need to
be changed.
L.U=s
Moreover, they argue that despite constant criticism,
Should it be rephrased as: the Poisson and Laplace equations remain widely used in
dU/dt)partial = D. LU +S physics and mathematics.
And the Laplace partial differential equation LPDE These equations are relatively simple to understand
subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions which is and can be used to solve a wide variety of problems.
currently expressed as, Moreover, the equations were found to be correct in many
LU=0 cases, suggesting that these equations are not outdated and
Should it be rephrased as: can accurately describe the physical world.
dU/dt)partial = D. LU
But the question arises; how important is the time-
Where L is the Laplacian operator and S is the dependent PPDE and Laplace's time-dependent PDE when
source term. we live happily without it?
It is quite surprising that the solution of time- First, but not last, the moment we reformulate the
dependent PPDEs and LPDEs is more accessible than LPDE and PPDE equations into time-dependent equations,
that of time-independent solutions. the world is turned upside down and life becomes more
comfortable.
We apply chains of B matrices in a revolutionary
step to solve Laplace and Poisson PDEs numerically. The Poisson partial differential equation PPDE which
is currently expressed as,
We present two applications of solving PPDE and
LPDE via the time-dependent model using the B-matrix L.U=s . . . .(1)
chain statistical technique.
Should it be rephrased as:
The numerical results of the proposed model are
accurate and fast and superior to classical solutions dU/dt)partial = D. LU +S . . . . . .(1")
using the finite difference technique. And the Laplace partial differential equation LPDE
We have shown theoretically via the time- which is currently expressed as,
dependent statistical model and experimentally by a LU=0 ....(2)
rigorous experimental technique that the supposed
mathematical singularity at the center of the solid sphere Should it be rephrased as:
of the energy density field has no physical existence.
dU/dt)partial = D. LU . . . . . .(2")
Where L is the Laplacian operator and S is the source
term.
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Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Obviously, PPDEs and LPDEs should be subject to the derivation of the normal/ Gaussian distribution law via
Dirichlet boundary conditions or another suitable BC. the statistical B-matrix chains.
In a way, the classical time-independent equations The statement 2 that mathematics is the language of
only hold because the speed of their energy transfer is close physics always was a given and widely accepted, but the
to that of light and therefore equilibrium is reached almost idea that the reverse could be true is quite unexpected.
instantaneously.
However, in a revolutionary technique, chains of B
All physical laws should contain time and therefore we matrices are used to numerically solve PDEs, double and
assume the claims of keeping PDE independent of time as it triple integrals as well as the general case of time-dependent
is neither physically nor mathematically correct. 3D partial differential equations with arbitrary Dirichlet
boundary conditions and conditions arbitrary initials.
On the other hand, there are a large number of reasons
why the Poisson-Laplace PDE should be reformulated as a II. THEORY
function of time, the sooner the better because:
The basis of the present numerical statistical theory is
The two equations become similar to the heat equation the following recurrence relation:
and all three are self-solving nature equations i.e. they do
not need much math to solve them like the need FDM U(x,y,z,t+dt)= B. U(x,y,z,t) . . . . . (3)
techniques or even the PDE itself. Life becomes more
comfortable. or equivalently in matrix notation,
Additionally, time-dependent PPDEs and LPDEs can Ul,m,n,k+1=B. Ul,m,n,k . . . . .(3")
reveal many interesting facts and absence rules such as: Obviously,
Many mathematicians introduce "a time step dt" as the
only way to get the time in the image only as a tool where x=l dx , y= m dy, z= n dz and t= k dt.
dt is the successive overrelaxation iteration step.
Unfortunately they mistakenly think that dt is not real The recurrence relation in equation 3 is the cornerstone
time and time is not a variable in the equation itself. of the matrix chain model B introduced to show how nature
Proposed time-dependent PPDEs and LPDEs can be works in the 4D x-t unit space [9].
successfully used to solve the energy density distribution
of the electric potential field as well as the thermal energy The nature itself is known to be linear, binary and
in its most general time-dependent three-dimensional symmetrical.
situation [3,4].
Consequently a proper statistical transition matrix that
The proposed time-dependent PPDEs and LPDEs have satisfy linearity, binarity and symmetry such as the B-matrix
already been successfully used to solve finite double and or any other adequate statistical transition matrix would be
triple integrations and produce Sympson-like formulas for able to model the nature behavioue through time chains.
any number of nodes never found before[5].
The proposed time-dependent PPDEs have already been the B-transition matrix itself is well defined through
successfully used to solve the most general case of time- the following four conditions:
dependent PPDEs in 3D geometry with arbitrary initial
conditions, arbitrary boundary conditions and arbitrary For Cartesian coordinates in 1,2 and 3D space, the
source term[6]. entries of the transition matrix B (B i , j corresponds to the
It allows the description of the so-called Non-Local binary transition probability ) respect or are subject to the
Poisson equation in the sense that there is a type of following conditions:
interaction at a distance.: The non-local Poisson equation
is a generalization of the Poisson equation which uses a B i , j = 1/2-RO/2,1/4-RO/4 and 1/6-RO/6 in 1D, 2D and
non-local kernel. The nonlocal Poisson equation can be 3D for i adjacent to j and B i, j = 0 otherwise. Condition
used to describe systems that exhibit nonlocal interactions (i) translates an equal a priori probability of all directions
[7,8]. in space, ie no preferred direction.
This is because the equation involves integral B i, i = RO, i.e. the main diagonal consists of equal or
operators from the boundary conditions. constant entries RO .
In conclusion, RO can take any value in the interval [0,1].
It is important to understand that mathematics is only a
Condition (ii) corresponds to the assumption of an
tool for quantitatively describing physical phenomena, it
equal residue after each jump or time step dt for all the free
cannot replace physical understanding.
elementary nodes.
It is claimed that mathematics is the language of physics,
but the reverse is also true, physics can be the language of For emw in free space RO=0 and for a perfect
mathematics as in the case of numerical integration and insulator in the heat diffusion/conduction equation RO=1.
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Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
For heat diffusion/conduction PDE RO is equal to a Two questions arise:
specified value between 0 and 1 depending on the thermal Why are statistical numerical integration solutions faster,
diffusivity and the size of the body concerned. more stable and more accurate than mathematical
formulas?
B i, j = B j, i, for all i, j. ii-Why the numerical solution of the B matrix chain is
unbeatable and unstoppable even in the "seemingly" most
Matrix B is symmetrical to conform to nature's
complicated situations like double and triple integration,
symmetry and physical principles of reciprocity and detailed
with or without singularities, as well as solving 3D
balance.
geometry PPDE, LPDE in as a function of time as well as
The sum of B i, j = 1 for all rows (or columns) away from the heat diffusion/conduction equations
borders and the sum B i, j < 1 for all rows connected to The answer to these questions is explained via
borders. illustrative applications and their numerical results section II
The condition iv means that the probability of the III. APPLICATIONS AND NUMERICAL RESULTS
whole space = 1.
From the moment we reformulate the LPDE and PPDE
Obviously, the statistical matrix B is very different equation into time-dependent equations, the world is turned
from the mathematical Laplacian matrix and the upside down.
mathematical statistical matrix of the Markov transition
probability. The two equations become similar to the heat equation
and all three are self-solving nature equations i.e. they do
The physical nature of B is clear and briefly explained not need mathematics to solve them.
above through its four conditions i-iv which support the
hypothesis of being an accurate model of nature itself. It is obvious that the solutions via the B-Matrix chain
technique, called Cairo technique, do not need to implement
Note that n which represents the number of rows or the FDM finite difference methods or even the PDE itself as
columns in the nxn square matrix B should not be confused it was followed in the previous conventional methods. [3,4] .
with N which is the number of iterations or the number of .
time steps dt.
The numerical solution of this type of PDE belongs to
It can be shown that the B-statistical transition matrix the type of statistical numerical solution of chains of B-
which satisfies conditions i-iv above would generate the transition matrices where nature works in the 4D unit space
solution of PPDE with Dirichlet boundary conditions as a according to the recurrence relation,
simple map [3,4,6],
U(x,y,z,t+dt)= B.U(x,y,z,t) . . . . . . . (3)
U(x,y,z,t)= D(N).(b+S). . . . . . (4)
The transition matrix B is well defined via the four
where b is the Dirichlet boundary condition vector and conditions i-iv.
S is the source term vector.
Below, we provide illustrative numerical solutions for
The boundary conditions b are no longer problematic PPDEs and heat conduction/diffusion PDEs in 2D and 3D
but rather a source of simplified solutions. geometries that validate the accuracy of the B-matrix
The transfer matrix D(N) is defined as the matrix statistical chains and its superiority over classical
power series, mathematical solutions.
D(N)= B + B^2 +B^3+.....+B^N . . . . (5)
Which gives the transitory solution dependent on time
at time t=N dt.
For sufficiently large values of N, it can be shown that,
D(N)=E(N)-I . . . . . (6)
which gives the time-independent stationary solution.
Notice that,
E(N)=(I-B)^-1 . . . . (7)
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Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
A. CASE A
Two-dimensional energy density field subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions Fig1.
Fig. 1: A 2D rectangular domain with 9 equidistant free nodes
Consider the simple case of a rectangular domain with and arrived at the solution vector:
9 equidistant free nodes, u1, u2, u3, ... u9 subject to 12 U=[55,7143,43,2143,27,1429,79,6429,70,0000,45,3571,112
Dirichlet boundary conditions BC1 to BC12 as shown in ,357,111,786,84,2857]T.... (9)
Figure 1.
Alternatively, the vector BC for the proposed
The 12 boundary conditions can be reduced to 9 BC statistical solution of the matrix B corresponding to (1)
for the 9 free nodes as follows, reduces to
BC1 = BC1X + BC1Y
BC2 = BC2X + BC2Y b=[100/4, 20/4, 20/4, 20/4, 80/4, 0, 0.260/4, 180/4,
................ 180/ 4 ] T. . . (10)
BC9 = BC9X + BC9Y .
Further, the calculated transfer matrix D=E-I can be
The construction Now of the transition matrix B 9x9 multiplied by the vector BC(b) of and we get the statistical
fulfills the i-iv conditions for RO = 0 and therefore the solution which is,
corresponding matrix E can be calculated.
U=[55.7132187 43.2126846 27.1417885 79.6412506
Now just multiply the matrix D=E-I (E and D are not a 69.9978638 45.3555412112.856079 111.784111
function of BC) by any arbitrary vector BC(b) to get the 84.2846451]T. . . (11)
required solution for the electrostatic voltage distribution V
or equivalently the distribution of temperature T c. If we compare the proposed statistical solution (11)
with the mathematical solution of Mathews (9), we find a
J. Mathews [3] classically solved the resulting system striking simplicity, rapidity and precision.
of 9 linear algebraic equations using the Gaussian
elimination method in a more efficient scheme by extending B. CASE B
the tridiagonal algorithm to the more sophisticated Below we present the 3D numerical statistical solution
pentadiagonal algorithm for its vector BC(b) arbitrarily for the transient heating curve (or equivalently the Poisson
chosen, transient voltage distribution) inside a cube (shown in
Figure 2) initially at 0c (or equivalent to zero voltage)
b = [100,20,20,80,0,0,260,180,180] T.. . . . . (8) suddenly placed in a 76 c container (or equivalent to a 76
volt unit voltage container "Dirichlet BC Equipotential
Container")
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Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Fig. 2: A 3D cuboid domain with 27 equidistant free nodes
Consider the more complicated case of a cuboid which corresponds to the diffusion of heat in the perfect
domain with 27 equidistant free nodes, u1, u2, u3, ... u27 conductor and the distribution of voltage in bounded free
subject to 54 Dirichlet boundary conditions BC1 to BC54 as space.
shown in Figure 2.
The results of the numerical calculation for the 27 free
The 54 boundary conditions can be reduced to 27 BC nodes are the following:
for the 27 free nodes in a procedure *RO is set equal to zero
time=dt
30.400 20.270 30.400 20.270 10.133 20.270 30.400 20.270 30.400
20.270 10.133 20.270 10.133 0.000 10.133 20.270 10.133 20.270
30.400 20.270 30.400 20.270 10.133 20.270 30.400 20.270 30.400
time= 2 dt
44.587 35.129 44.587 35.129 22.969 35.129 44.587 35.129 44.587
35.129 22.969 35.129 22.969 8.107 22.969 35.129 22.969 35.129
44.587 35.129 44.587 35.129 22.969 35.129 44.587 35.129 44.587
time= 3 dt
53.369 45.307 53.369 45.307 34.543 45.307 53.369 45.307 53.369
45.307 34.543 45.307 34.543 19.996 34.543 45.307 34.543 45.307
53.369 45.307 53.369 45.307 34.543 45.307 53.369 45.307 53.369
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Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
time= 4 dt
59.197 52.771 59.197 52.771 43.872 52.771 59.197 52.771 59.197
52.771 43.872 52.771 43.872 31.634 43.872 52.771 43.872 52.771
59.197 52.771 59.197 52.771 43.872 52.771 59.197 52.771 59.197
time= 5 dt
63.348 58.306 63.348 58.306 51.270 58.306 63.348 58.306 63.348
58.306 51.270 58.306 51.270 41.424 51.270 58.306 51.270 58.306
63.348 58.306 63.348 58.306 51.270 58.306 63.348 58.306 63.348.
time= 6 dt
66.392 62.493 66.392 62.493 57.007 62.493 66.392 62.493 66.392
62.493 57.007 62.493 57.007 49.301 57.007 62.493 57.007 62.493
66.392 62.493 66.392 62.493 57.007 62.493 66.392 62.493 66.392 .......
etc..
Another interesting physical situation is the case where
the same cube in Figure 2 heats up (OR equivalently the 5.79 3.50 1.32 3.50 2.65 1.15 1.32 1.15 0.54
Poisson voltage distribution builds up) when held in a
reservoir of 0c and heated by a source of 100 units placed at Time = 16 dt
node 1. (OR equivalently the Poisson voltage distribution 138.95 27.96 5.814 27.96 11.63 3.54 5.81 3.54 1.35
builds up when a source of 100 units of voltage is placed at
node 1). 27.96 11.63 3.54 11.63 7.09 2.705 3.54 2.70 1.18
The 3D solution as a function of time is represented 5.81 3.54 1.35 3.54 2.70 1.18 1.35 1.18 0.567
for the 27 free nodes by the following transient
heating/voltage rise curve, Time = 19 dt
time = dt 139.0 28.0 5.87 28.0 11.73 3.62 5.87 3.62 1.40
120.0 13.3 0.00 13.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.0 11.7 3.6 11.7 7.23 2.80 3.617 2.80 1.25
13.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.87 3.62 1.40 3.62 2.80 1.25 1.40 1.25 0.615
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00. Note that the time-independent stationary equilibrium
is almost reached on the 27 free nodes after 19 time steps.
Time = 4 dt
The same model can provide examples of cooling
133.3 22.16 2.84 22.16 5.69 0.711 2.84 0.711 0.0 curves for different metals where the RO value is between
zero and 1 depending on the size and thermal diffusivity of
22.16 5.69 0.71 5.69 1.42 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00000000 the object under consideration.
In B-Matrix strings, dt is imperial and real time is
2.84 0.71 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00. completely lost.
Time = 7 dt It should be mentioned that the B-matrix strings are
137.5 26.2 4.73 26.17 9.45 2.23 4.73 2.23 0.577 relativistic invariant as they should be.
26.17 9.45 2.23 9.45 4.47 1.15 2.23 1.15 0.278 C. CASE C
4.73 2.23 0.577 2.23 1.15 0.278 0.577 0.278 5.057E-02 Irremovable Singularity
It is true that the heat conduction/diffusion equation and
Time = 15 dt the voltage energy density distribution as a function of time
in the solid sphere have no mathematical solution.
138.9 27.9 5.79 27.9 11.6 3.50 5.79 3.50 1.32
27.9 11.6 3.50 11.6 7.01 2.65 3.50 2.65 1.15
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Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
To our knowledge, the conduction/diffusion of heat as The minimum value of the V/A ratio of a body of 3D
a function of time in the solid sphere has never been solved geometry is equal to 1/6 and is satisfied by cubic
mathematically, neither analytically nor numerically. geometric shapes.
Two three-dimensional bodies of different shapes and of
Neither in specific articles nor in respectable reference the same materials can only have the same mass m if they
works suggested by mathematicians and theoretical both have exactly the same volume V and the same area
physicists. A.
In other words the solution does ont exist, or it exists Sabine's imperial formula for the reverberation time Tr in
but mathematically inaccessible due to the existence of an sound rooms:
immovable singularity at the center of the sphere r=0 where Tr= constant * V/S. A.
Nabla^2 r tends towards infinity.
is deduced in a regular way via the equation BC which
Moreover, it is quite difficult to prove the existence or is a product of the chains of the matrix B
non-existence of such a solution.
The BC equation itself can be validated through
Einstein and some other notable scientists of the time transient cooling curve experiments as well as through
once said that nature does not care about our mathematical statistical techniques.
difficulties.
The experimental results validating the BC equation
It integrates experimentally. are presented via the following four tables:
The proposed reformulation of time-dependent PPDEs These experiments are subjected to the initial
and LPDEs suggests a simple and elegant form for the time- temperature T0=76°C and the temperature of the cooling
dependent temperature/voltage at center of mass cooling tank Ts is kept constant Ts=4°C [10,11].
curve c for a material body of any shape [including solid
spheres]: Table I, Cooling curve for a 2.5 kg aluminum cube
with a side of 10 cm
Tc(t)-T(S)=[Tc(0)-T(S)] . Exp(-C1.t.A/V) . . . (11)
t(s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360 420
T(S) is the ambient temperature assumed to be uniform 480 540 600
in space and constant in time (t).
temp(c) 76 45 33 26.5 23 20 17.2 15.6 13.8 11.7 9.9
The pre-imposed condition of T(S) corresponds to the 8.8 7.9 7.4 6.95
Dirichlet boundary conditions for the considered object.
Table II, Cooling curve for a 2.5 kg aluminum cylinder
C1 is a constant function of the body's diffusivity with a diameter of 14.0 cm and a length of 6.5 cm
(alpha) where A and V are its area and volume, respectively.
t(s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360 420 480
For simplicity, the thermal conductivity and therefore 540 600
the diffusivity are assumed to be an isotropic scalar quantity.
temp(c) 76 44 32 26.23 20 17.2 15.6 13.8 11.6 9.8 8.6
It is surprising that Eq 11 accurately describes the
experimental and theoretical statistical dependence of 7.9 7.4 6.
temperature on time.
Table III, Cooling curve for a 6.2 kg aluminum
Equation 11, which we call the BC equation for pyramid with a 20 cm square base and a height of 19 cm.
distinction, is an elegant time-dependent solution to the heat
diffusion/conduction equation for a three-dimensional object t(s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360 420 480
of any shape. 540 600
temp(c) 76 49 37.5 28 26 22.6 18.3 16.8 15, 13.5 12.6
The BC equation produces some interesting rules:
two 3D bodies of different shapes cannot have the same 12 11.3 9
volume to area ratio unless both have exactly the same Table IV, Cooling curve for a 2.9 kg solid aluminum
volume and area, sphere, 13 cm in diameter.
This physical rule produced by the laws of nature has t(s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360
exceptions, but only when applied outside its scope. 420 480 540 600
However, these exceptions confirm the rule rather than temp(c) 76 49 37. 32 28.5 25 22.2 20 18.6 16 14.3
deny it. 13.3 12.3 11.7 11.2
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ISSN No:-2456-2165
It should be noted that; t(s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360
The temporal evolution of the temperature in the center of 420 480 540 600
the of 3D geometriy shapes follow precisely the BC
equation. temp(c) 76 49 37. 32 28.5 25 22.2 20 18.6 16 14.3
The temporal evolution of the temperature in the center of 13.3 12.3 11.7 11.2
the solid sphere is continuous, smooth and regular. It
It should be noted that;
follows precisely the BC equation in a similar way to that
The temporal evolution of the temperature in the center of
of other 3d shapes of similar A/V ratio..
the of 3D geometriy shapes follow precisely the BC
Conclusion is that the mathematical singularity at r=0 equation.
does not exist physically. The temporal evolution of the temperature in the center of
the solid sphere is continuous, smooth and regular. It
Table I , Cooling curve for a 2.5 kg aluminum cube follows precisely the BC equation in a similar way to that
with a side of 10 cm of other 3d shapes of similar A/V ratio.
t(s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360 420 480 Conclusion is that tha mathematical singularity at r=0
540 600 does not exist physically
temp(c) 76 45 33 26.5 23 20 17.2 15.6 13.8 11.7 9.9 IV. CONCLUSION
8.8 7.9 7.4 6.95
The Poisson partial differential equation PPDE subject
Table 2, Cooling curve for a 2.5 kg aluminum cylinder to Dirichlet boundary conditions which is currently
with a diameter of 14.0 cm and a length of 6.5 cm expressed as,
t(s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360 420 480 LU=s
540 600
Should be rephrased as follows:
temp(c) 76 44 32 26.23 20 17.2 15.6 13.8 11.6 9.8 8.6
dU/dt)partial = D. LU +S
7.9 7.4 6.
And the Laplace partial differential equation LPDE
Table 3, Cooling curve for a 6.2 kg aluminum pyramid subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions which is currently
with a 20 cm square base and a height of 19 cm. expressed as,
t(s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360 420 480 LU=0
540 600
Should be rephrased as follows:
temp(c) 76 49 37.5 28 26 22.6 18.3 16.8 15, 13.5 12.6
dU/dt)partial = D.LU
--- 12 11.3 9
Where L is the Laplacian operator and S is the source
Table 4, Cooling curve for a 2.9 kg solid aluminum term.
sphere, 13 cm in diameter.
It is quite surprising that the solution of time-
t(s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360 dependent PPDEs and LPDEs is more accessible than that of
420 480 540 600 time-independent solutions.
temp(c) 76 49 37. 32 28.5 25 22.2 20 18.6 16 14.3 We apply chains of B matrices in a revolutionary step
13.3 12.3 11.7 11.2 to solve Laplace and Poisson PDEs numerically.
It should be noted that; We present two applications of solving PPDE and
The temporal evolution of the temperature in the center of LPDE via the time-dependent model using the B-matrix
the of 3D geometriy shapes follow precisely the BC chain statistical technique.
equation.
The temporal evolution of the temperature in the center of The numerical results of the proposed model are
the solid sphere is continuous, smooth and regular. It accurate and fast and superior to classical solutions using the
follows precisely the BC equation in a similar way to that finite difference technique.
of other 3d shapes of similar A/V ratio.
Moreover, we have shown theoretically via the time-
Conclusion is that tha mathematical singularity at r=0 dependent statistical model and experimentally by a rigorous
does not exist physic experimental technique that the supposed mathematical
singularity at the center of the solid sphere of the energy
Table 4, Cooling curve for a 2.9 kg solid aluminum density field has no physical existence.
sphere, 13 cm in diameter.
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Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
NB. All calculations in this article were produced
using the author's double-precision algorithm to ensure
maximum accuracy, as follows by ref. 12 for example.
REFERENCES
[1.] John H. Mathews, Numerical methods for
Mathematics, ScienceandEngineering,1994, pp. 346-
399.
[2.] Mona Rahmani, UBC, Numerical Methods for
Solving the Heat Equation, Wave Equation and
Laplace Equation (Finite Difference Methods,
January 2019
[3.] I.Abbas, IJISRT review, A Numerical Statistical
Solution to the Laplace and Poisson
PartialDifferential Equations, Volume 5, Issue 11,
November – 2020
[4.] I.M.Abbas, IJISRT, Time Dependent Numerical
Statistical Solutionof the Partial Differential Heat
Diffusion Equation, Volume 6, Issue1, January –
2021
[5.] I. Abbas, Research gate, November 22, Effective
Unconventional Approach to Statistical
Differentiation and Statistical Integration
[6.] I.Abbas, Research gate, sep 2020,In Laplace's
problem of boundary values and initial conditions, to
what extent is the 4D numerical method more
powerful.
[7.] I.Abbas, Research gate, Oct 22, A rigorous
experimental technique to measure the thermal
diffusivity of metals in different 3D forms
[8.] I.Abbas, Thermal diffusivity of different shapes
[9.] Abbas, Research gate, May 23, How Nature Works in
Four-Dimensional Space: The Untold Complex Story
[10.] I. Abbas, IJISRT review/researchgate, August 2022,
A rigorous experimental technique for measuring the
thermal diffusivity of metals.
[11.] I. Abbas, IJISRT review/researchgate, Oct 022, A
Rigorous Experimental Technique to Measure the
Thermal Diffusivity of Metals in Different 3D Forms
[12.] I.M.Abbas,IEEE.1996,Pseudo-discharge spark.
PlasmaScienceTransactions24(3):1106 - 1119, DOI:
1109/27.533119
