Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6

Dr. Tariq Talha

College of EME, NUST.

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

Concept of Trap in Closed Feed Water Heater
The condensed steam coming out of closed feed water heater is either
1 pumped to the feedwater line towards mixing chamber.
or
2 routed to another heater or to the condenser through a device called a trap.
A trap allows the liquid to be throttled to a lower pressure region but traps
the vapor. The enthalpy of steam remains constant during this throttling
process.

No extra pump required, more heat loss.

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST
Assignment No:1

Assignment 1 Problems : 10-46, 10-47, 10-50, 10-51.

Text Book : Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, Cengel/Boles, Fifth

Edition.

Submission Deadline: 28/03/2023.

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

Gas Power Cycles: Introduction

Applications:

1 Jet propulsion/Aircraft: produces just enough power to drive the

compressor and a small generator to power the auxiliary equipment

2 Power generation: use gas turbines to generate electricity, very efficient; as

stand-alone units or in conjunction with steam power plants.

3 Marine applications: large ships.

Types of gas power cycles:

1 The Otto Cycle: used in Petrol Engines.

2 The Diesel Cycle: used in Diesel Engines.

3 The Brayton Cycle: used in gas turbines.

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

Analysis of Gas Power Cycles: Assumptions
Air-standard assumptions:
1 Working fluid is air which circulates in a closed cycle and behaves as an
ideal gas.
2 All processes are internally reversible unless stated otherwise.
3 Combustion process is replaced by a heat addition process from an external
source.
4 Exhaust process is replaced by a heat rejection process that restores air to
initial state.

Constant specific heat approach (cold-air standard): for approximate

analysis only

where c p , cv are evaluated at 25◦C, 1 atm.

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST
Reciprocating Engines: Types
The Reciprocating Engines has two major types:
1 Spark-Ignition (SI) Engines: the combustion of the air-fuel mixture is
initiated by a spark plug.
2 Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: the air-fuel mixture is self-ignited as a
result of compressing the mixture above its self-ignition temperature.

The simplest models for both SI and CI engines are air-standard models.
Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST
Reciprocating Engines: Terminology

Top Dead Center (TDC): The position of the piston when it forms the
smallest volume in the cylinder.
Bottom Dead Center (BDC): The position of the piston when it forms
the largest volume in the cylinder.
Stroke: The distances between the TDC and the BDC is the largest
distance that the piston can travel in one direction, and it is called the
stroke of the engine.
Bore: The diameter of the piston is called the bore.
Intake Valve: The air or air-fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder
through the intake valve.
Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST
Reciprocating Engines: Terminology

Exhaust valve: The combustion products are expelled from the cylinder
through the exhaust valve.
Clearance Volume: The minimum cylinder volume is called the clearance
volume (i.e. VT DC ).
Displacement Volume: The volume displaced by the piston as it moves
between TDC and BDC is called the displacement volume.
Vdisp = VBDC −VT DC
Compression Ratio (r): The ratio of the maximum volume formed in the
cylinder to the minimum (clearance) volume is called the compression
Vmax VBDC
ratio of the engine. r =Dr. Tariq =
Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST
Reciprocating Engines: Terminology
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP): It is a fictitious pressure that, if it
acted on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the
same amount of net work as that produced during the actual cycle.

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

Gas Power Cycles: The Otto Cycle

The ideal cycle for spark-ignition (SI) reciprocating engines. It includes

isentropic compression/expansion and heat addition/rejection at constant
volume.

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

The Air-Standard Otto Cycle

The Air-Standard Otto cycle is the ideal cycle that approximates the
spark-ignition combustion engine. It consists of four processes
1 Process 1-2: Isentropic compression.
2 Process 2-3: Constant volume heat addition.
3 Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion.
4 Process 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection
Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST
The Air-Standard Otto Cycle
Thermal Efficiency of the Otto cycle:

Calculation of Qin : Apply first law of thermodynamics for closed system

to constant volume process 2-3:

For constant specific heats:

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

The Air-Standard Otto Cycle

Calculation of Qout : Apply first law of thermodynamics for closed system

to constant volume process 4-1:

Thus, for constant specific heats:

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

The Air-Standard Otto Cycle

The thermal efficiency becomes:

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

The Air-Standard Otto Cycle

As processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic:

Since V3 = V2 and V4 = V1 :

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

The Air-Standard Otto Cycle

The Otto cycle efficiency becomes:

Since process 1-2 is isentropic:

where the compression ratio is r = υ1 /υ2 and

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

The Air-Standard Otto Cycle

Increasing the compression ratio increases the thermal efficiency. Air-fuel

mixtures under high temperature resulting from high compression ratios
will prematurely ignite, causing knock.

Effect of changing the specific heat ratio??

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

The Air-Standard Otto Cycle
Auto Ignition or Engine Knock: When high compression ratios are used,
the temperature of the air-fuel mixture rises above the auto ignition
temperature of the fuel (the temperature at which the fuel ignites with out
the help of a spark) during the combustion process, causing an early and
rapid burn of the fuel at some point or points ahead of the spark trigger,
followed by almost instantaneous inflammation of the air-fuel mixture
during the compression stroke. This premature ignition of the fuel, called
auto ignition, produces an audible noise, which is called engine knock.

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST

The Air-Standard Otto Cycle

The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the

isentropic compression process, the air is at 100 kPa, 35◦C, and 600 cm3 . The
temperature at the end of the isentropic expansion process is 800 K. Using
specific heat values [c p = 1.005 kJ/kg, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K,
k = 1.4] at room temperature, determine

(a) the highest temperature and pressure in the cycle.

(b) the amount of heat transferred in, in kJ.

(c) the thermal efficiency.

(d) the mean effective pressure.

Homework Problems: 9-34, 9-36, 9-38, 9-41

Text Book : Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, Cengel/Boles, Fifth
Edition.

Dr. Tariq Talha Thermodynamics-II, Lecture-6: College of EME, NUST