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Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a standard for high-speed digital communications developed in the 1990s. It uses fixed-length cells to support real-time voice and video as well as non-real-time data over integrated broadband networks. ATM uses virtual circuits and paths to transfer data between end users and network entities. It supports various service categories with different quality of service levels for real-time and non-real-time applications.

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Tamilarasan Deenathayalan
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85 views11 pages

Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a standard for high-speed digital communications developed in the 1990s. It uses fixed-length cells to support real-time voice and video as well as non-real-time data over integrated broadband networks. ATM uses virtual circuits and paths to transfer data between end users and network entities. It supports various service categories with different quality of service levels for real-time and non-real-time applications.

Uploaded by

Tamilarasan Deenathayalan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)


1990s/00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network architecture Goal: integrated, end-end transport of carry voice,

video, data
meeting timing/QoS requirements of voice, video (versus Internet best-effort model) next generation telephony: technical roots in telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets, called cells) using virtual circuits

ATM architecture

Protocol Architecture
Similarities between ATM and packet switching
Transfer of data in discrete chunks Multiple logical connections over single physical interface

adaptation layer: only at edge of ATM network data segmentation/reassembly roughly analogous to Internet transport layer ATM layer: network layer cell switching, routing physical layer

In ATM flow on each logical connection is in fixed sized packets called cells Minimal error and flow control
Reduced overhead

Data rates (physical layer) 25.6Mbps to 622.08Mbps

Protocol Architecture (diag)

Reference Model Planes


User plane
Provides for user information transfer

Control plane
Call and connection control

Management plane
Plane management
whole system functions

Layer management
Resources and parameters in protocol entities

ATM Logical Connections


Virtual channel connections (VCC) Basic unit of switching Between two end users Full duplex Fixed size cells Data, user-network exchange (control) and network-network exchange (network management and routing) Virtual path connection (VPC)
Bundle of VCC with same end points

ATM Connection Relationships

Advantages of Virtual Paths


Simplified network architecture Increased network performance and reliability Reduced processing Short connection setup time Enhanced network services

Virtual Channel Connection Uses


Between end users
End to end user data Control signals VPC provides overall capacity
VCC organization done by users

Between end user and network


Control signaling

Between network entities


Network traffic management Routing

VP/VC Characteristics
Quality of service Switched and semi-permanent channel connections Call sequence integrity Traffic parameter negotiation and usage monitoring VPC only
Virtual channel identifier restriction within VPC

Control Signaling - VCC


Done on separate connection Semi-permanent VCC Meta-signaling channel
Used as permanent control signal channel

User to network signaling virtual channel


For control signaling Used to set up VCCs to carry user data

User to user signaling virtual channel


Within pre-established VPC Used by two end users without network intervention to establish and release user to user VCC

ATM Cells
Fixed size 5 octet header 48 octet information field Small cells reduce queuing delay for high priority cells Small cells can be switched more efficiently Easier to implement switching of small cells in hardware

ATM Cell Format

Header Format
Generic flow control
Only at user to network interface Controls flow only at this point

Generic Flow Control (GFC)


Control traffic flow at user to network interface (UNI) to alleviate short term overload Two sets of procedures
Uncontrolled transmission Controlled transmission

Virtual path identifier Virtual channel identifier Payload type


e.g. user info or network management

Cell loss priority Header error control

Every connection either subject to flow control or not Subject to flow control
May be one group (A) default May be two groups (A and B)

Flow control is from subscriber to network


Controlled by network side

Header Error Control


8 bit error control field Calculated on remaining 32 bits of header Allows some error correction

Impact of Random Bit Errors

Transmission of ATM Cells


622.08Mbps 155.52Mbps 51.84Mbps 25.6Mbps Cell Based physical layer SDH based physical layer

Cell Based Physical Layer


No framing imposed Continuous stream of 53 octet cells Cell delineation based on header error control field

SDH Based Physical Layer


Imposes structure on ATM stream e.g. for 155.52Mbps Use STM-1 (STS-3) frame Can carry ATM and STM payloads Specific connections can be circuit switched using SDH channel SDH multiplexing techniques can combine several ATM streams

STM-1 Payload for SDH-Based ATM Cell Transmission

ATM Service Categories


Real time
Constant bit rate (CBR) Real time variable bit rate (rt-VBR)

Real Time Services


Amount of delay Variation of delay (jitter)

Non-real time
Non-real time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR) Available bit rate (ABR) Unspecified bit rate (UBR)

CBR
Fixed data rate continuously available Tight upper bound on delay Uncompressed audio and video
Video conferencing Interactive audio A/V distribution and retrieval

rt-VBR
Time sensitive application
Tightly constrained delay and delay variation

rt-VBR applications transmit at a rate that varies with time e.g. compressed video
Produces varying sized image frames Original (uncompressed) frame rate constant So compressed data rate varies

Can statistically multiplex connections

nrt-VBR
May be able to characterize expected traffic flow Improve QoS in loss and delay End system specifies:
Peak cell rate Sustainable or average rate Measure of how bursty traffic is

UBR
May be additional capacity over and above that used by CBR and VBR traffic
Not all resources dedicated Bursty nature of VBR

For application that can tolerate some cell loss or variable delays
e.g. TCP based traffic

e.g. Airline reservations, banking transactions

Cells forwarded on FIFO basis Best efforts service

ABR
Application specifies peak cell rate (PCR) and minimum cell rate (MCR) Resources allocated to give at least MCR Spare capacity shared among all ARB sources e.g. LAN interconnection

ATM Bit Rate Services

ATM Adaptation Layer


Support for information transfer protocol not based on ATM PCM (voice)
Assemble bits into cells Re-assemble into constant flow

Adaptation Layer Services


Handle transmission errors Segmentation and re-assembly Handle lost and misinserted cells Flow control and timing

IP
Map IP packets onto ATM cells Fragment IP packets Use LAPF over ATM to retain all IP infrastructure

Supported Application types


Circuit emulation VBR voice and video General data service IP over ATM Multiprotocol encapsulation over ATM (MPOA)
IPX, AppleTalk, DECNET)

AAL Protocols
Convergence sublayer (CS)
Support for specific applications AAL user attaches at SAP

Segmentation and re-assembly sublayer (SAR)


Packages and unpacks info received from CS into cells

LAN emulation

Four types
Type Type Type Type 1 2 3/4 5

AAL Protocols

Segmentation and Reassembly PDU

AAL Type 1
CBR source SAR packs and unpacks bits Block accompanied by sequence number

AAL Type 2
VBR Analog applications

AAL Type 3/4


Connectionless or connected Message mode or stream mode

AAL Type 5
Streamlined transport for connection oriented higher layer protocols

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User Data Transfer


One frame type
User data No control frame

ATM: network or link layer?


Vision: end-to-end transport: ATM from desktop to desktop ATM is a network technology Reality: used to connect IP backbone routers IP over ATM ATM as switched link layer, connecting IP routers

No inband signaling No sequence numbers


No flow nor error control

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