Signals & Systems

MT - 252
Lecture # 2: Signals (Power and Energy)

Dr. Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman

[email protected]

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Air University, Islamabad
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Signal Power and Energy

◼ Energy and Power

Energy
◼ Generally, the Power can be defined as Power =
Time

◼ In many, but not all, applications, the signals are directly related to physical quantities
capturing power and energy in a physical system.
◼ For example, if 𝒗 𝒕 and 𝒊 𝒕 are, respectively, the voltage and current across a
resistor with resistance 𝑹 , then the Instantaneous power is
p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) , or
1 2
p (t ) = v ( t ) , or
R
p ( t ) = Ri 2 ( t ) .
◼ Normalized Power
➢ If 𝑹 = 1, it is known as Normalized Power.
p ( t ) = v 2 ( t ) , or
p ( t ) = i 2 ( t ) , or
p ( t ) = x 2 ( t ) , [in general]
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Signal Power and Energy (CT)

◼ Energy and Power (Continuous Time)

◼ The total energy expanded over the time internal 𝑡1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡2 is
t2 t2 2 t
1 2
E =  p ( t ) dt =  v ( t ) dt =  Ri 2 ( t ) dt
t1 t1
R t1

t2

E =  x ( t ) dt
2

t1 because 𝑥(𝑡) is a complex signal.

◼ The average power over this time interval is
t t t
1 2 1 21 2 1 2 2
P=  p ( t ) dt =  v ( t ) dt =  Ri ( t ) dt
t2 − t1 t1 t2 − t1 t1 R t2 − t1 t1

t
1 2
( )
t2 − t1 t1
2
P= x t dt
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Signal Power and Energy (CT)

◼ Total/Average Energy and Power (Continuous Time)

◼ Mostly, we need to find out the power and energy in a signal over an infinite
time interval, i.e., for −∞ < 𝒕 < +∞.
T

 x ( t ) dt
2
E lim t2
T →
E =  x ( t ) dt
2
−T


 x (t )
2 t1
E = dt
−
t
1 2
( )
t2 − t1 t1
2
◼ Total Average Power: P= x t dt

T
T 2 T
1 1 1
 x ( t ) dt = lim  x ( t ) dt = lim  x ( t ) dt
2 2 2
P lim
T → 2T T → T T → T
−T −T 2
0

( means equal by definition ) *

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Signal Power and Energy (DT)

◼ Energy and Power (Discrete Time)

◼ Similarly, the energy in a discrete-time signal 𝒙 𝒏 over the time interval 𝑛1 ≤
𝑛 ≤ 𝑛2 is defined as
n2
E =  x  n
2

n = n1

◼ The average power over the interval in this case is given by

n2
1
 x  n
2
P=
n2 − n1 + 1 n = n1
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Signal Power and Energy (DT)

◼ Total/Average Energy and Power (Discrete Time)

◼ In these cases, the total energy and power carried out by the signal are given
by:-
➢ Total Energy

N 

 x  n  x n
2 2
E lim =
N →
n =− N n =−

➢ Total Average Power:

N + N2
1 1 1 N
 x  n  = lim  x  n  = lim  x n
2 2 2
P lim
N → 2 N + 1 N → N + 1 N → N + 1
n =− N n =− N2 n=0
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Power and Energy signal

◼ Energy Signal
◼ Signals with finite total energy, i.e., 𝑬∞ < ∞.

◼ [Power Signals]
◼ Signals with finite average power, i.e., 𝑷∞ < ∞.

◼ [Neither Energy nor Power Signals]

◼ Signals with neither 𝑬∞ nor 𝑷∞ finite.
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Power and Energy signal

◼ Energy Signal
◼ Signals with finite total energy, i.e., 𝑬∞ < ∞

➢ Such a signal must have zero average power.

➢ For example, in continuous case, if 𝐸∞ < ∞, then
E 
P = lim   0

T → 2T


➢ An example (below) of a finite-energy signal is a signal that takes on the

value of 1 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1 and 0 otherwise.


 x (t )
2
E = dt
−
1
E =  1 dt  1
2

➢ In this case, 𝐸∞ = 1 and 𝑃∞ = 0.

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Power and Energy signal

◼ Power Signals
◼ Signals with finite average power, i.e., 𝑷∞ < ∞:

➢ For example, consider the constant signal where 𝒙[𝒏] = 𝟒.

N 

 x  n  
2
E = lim 4 = + 16 + 16 + 16 +
2

N →
n =− N n =−

➢ This signal has infinite energy. However, the total average power is finite,
N N
1 1
 x  n  = lim 
2 2
P lim 4
N → 2 N + 1 N → 2 N + 1
n =− N n =− N

 1 N

P = 16  lim  1 ,
 N → 2 N + 1 n =− N 
 ( 2 N + 1)  , b
P = 16  lim
N → 2 N + 1
 1 = ( b − a ) + 1
  n=a

P = 16
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Power and Energy signal

◼ Neither Energy nor Power Signals

◼ Signals with neither 𝑬∞ nor 𝑷∞ finite.
◼ A simple example of such a case could be 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 for 𝑡 > 0.

◼ In this case, both 𝐸∞ and 𝑃∞ are infinite.

◼ Unbounded signals are neither energy nor power signals.
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Power and Energy signal (Summary)

◼ Energy Signals
◼ Signals with finite energy (0 < 𝑬𝐓 < ∞) is called energy signals.
◼ Energy signals have zero power.
◼ Generally, energy signals are finite duration signals and with finite magnitude.
◼ If the signal exist for infinite duration, it must be decaying signals (i.e., their
amplitude → 0 as t → ∞ ).
◼ Periodic signal are not energy signals.
◼ Power Signals
◼ If the Signal has finite power (0 < 𝑷𝐓 < ∞), it is called power signals.
◼ Power signals has infinite energy.
◼ All periodic signals are power signals, but the converse is not true (i.e., some
aperiodic signals also power signals, e.g., unit step function).
◼ If the magnitude of the signals is not approaches to infinity but not decaying
(remain constant), such type of signals also power signals.
Important Results

1
(a) = a 1
n
(i) ,
n =0 1− a
N
1 − a N +1
(a) = a 1
n
(ii) ,
n =0 1− a
N
a N +1 − 1
(a) = a 1
n
(iii) ,
n =0 a −1
N

 (1) = N +1
n
(iv)
n =0
N
N ( N + 1)
(v) n =
n =0 2
b
(vi) 1 = ( b − a ) + 1
n=a
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Assignment Questions

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Acknowledgement
◼ The slides are prepared based on the following textbook:
◼ Chapter #1 (Art. 1.1.2), signals & systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, S.
Hamid Nawab, 2nd edition, Pearson education - prentice hall