AIMS Mathematics, 8(5): 10978–10996.

DOI: 10.3934/math.2023556
Received: 07 December 2022
Revised: 16 February 2023
Accepted: 21 February 2023
http://www.aimspress.com/journal/Math Published: 07 March 2023

Research article

On a coupled system of generalized hybrid pantograph equations involving

fractional deformable derivatives

Souad Ayadi1 , Ozgur Ege2, * and Manuel De la Sen3

1
Science Department of Matter, Faculty of Science, Djilali Bounaama University, Khemis Miliana,
Algeria
2
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
3
Institute of Research and Development of Processes, Department of Electricity and Electronics,
University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain

* Correspondence: Email: [email protected].

Abstract: The goal of this work is to study the existence of a unique solution and the Ulam-Hyers
stability of a coupled system of generalized hybrid pantograph equations with fractional deformable
derivatives. Our main tool is Banach’s contraction principle. The paper ends with an example to
support our results.

Keywords: deformable derivative; pantograph equations; Banach contraction principle; hybrid

coupled system; Ulam-Hyers stability
Mathematics Subject Classification: 35J25, 46C15, 46E35, 47H10

1. Introduction

Grünwad, Letnikov, Riemann, and Liouville are the famous mathematicians who dealt with
fractional derivatives whose concept dates from 1695. Since then, fractional calculus has proven its
effectiveness as a relevant tool in the study of differential equations [1] and systems of equations
involving fractional derivatives, whether from a theoretical point of view or in the modeling of several
phenomena in different disciplines such as engineering, control theory, image processing, quantum
mechanics, solid-state physics, optical physics, chemical engineering, population dynamics, control
systems, fractional multi-pantograph systems, diffusion models and astronomy [2–4]. New progress
in the field of fractional calculus and the remarkable evolution of different types of fractional
derivatives (conformable derivatives [5], M-conformable fractional derivatives [6] and deformable
fractional derivatives [7]), widened the field of research to address several problems in different
 10979

disciplines especially since the maximum information on the phenomena under study will be
incorporated in the mathematical models more realistically.
The deformable derivative was developed in [7] to remedy the lack of the conformable derivative
designed by R. Khalil in [5] and which does not include zero and negative numbers. Although the
deformable derivative is defined by a limit-based approach to the ordinary derivative, but the difference
lies in the fact that the range of the parameters varies over a unit interval which makes it lose the
notion of locality. Fundamental notions and results of existence and uniqueness concerning deformable
derivatives can be consulted in [5, 7–10] and the references therein. Delay differential equations are
powerful mathematical tools for modeling many delay phenomena in physics and engineering and
other fields of science since the present depended on past history. Pantograph is an articulated device
that allows an electric locomotive or tram or other electric self-propelled system to pick up current by
friction on a catenary. The pantograph differential equation is a mathematical model used to describe
the behavior of the mechanical system with a pantograph linkage, such as in trains or trams. It can also
be used to model the dynamic behavior of mechanical systems and provide valuable information about
the performance of such systems. Its origin comes from the work of Ockendon and Tayler [11] on the
dynamics of a current collection system for an electric locomotive. This kind of equation appears in
many domains of science where authors used them to model several problems [12–19].
Many scientists have investigated the pantograph equations with fractional order considering
various aspects and different derivative operators [20–25]. The existence results for the solution of the
hybrid pantograph equation with fractional order were studied in [24]. Later, Karimov et al. have
established existence results for a generalized hybrid type pantograph equation with
Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative in [26]. Afterwards, existence results were explored for a
coupled system of fractional order differential equation with ψ-Hilfer derivative in [27]. Recently
in 2020, using degree theory and some tools from nonlinear analysis, Ahmad et al. [28] have
established existence and stabilities results for a coupled system of pantograph fractional differential
equation involving Caputo fractional derivatives. In 2022, a more general coupled system of
pantograph problem with three sequential fractional derivatives was considered in the work of George
et al. [29]. Using the Leray-Schauder and Banach fixed point theorems and positive contraction-type
inequalities, two results on the uniqueness and existence were proved. In recent papers [30, 31], and
also in most of the works mentioned above, fixed point theorems are the basic tool for retrieving
existence results. Unfortunately, even if the solution exists, its analytical calculation is not obvious in
most cases, it is the researchers are generally content with an approximate solution to the problem
under study. But, when we have to deal with approximate solutions, the problems of convergence
towards the exact solution and the reduction of the calculation error appear. A technique to avoid the
problem of convergence is to study stability. In the last two decades, the stability of fractional
differential equation and systems have been considered in many work, see for
example [28, 29, 32–36]. In 2020, Derakhshan [37] has investigated Ulam-Hyers stability results of a
time-fractional linear differential equation arising in fluid mechanics and involving Caputo fractional
derivative. Very recent work in 2023 goes to Kahouli et al. [38] who have proven the Ulam-Hyers
stability for a class of Itô-Doob Stochastic integral equations with Hadamard fractional derivative.
We point out that the stability of a coupled system was respectively in 2019, 2020, 2022 in the
respective works: Zada et al. [39], Ahmad et al. [28], and George et al. [29]. The concept of stability
forms part of the quality aspect of dynamic systems. The Ulam and Ulam-Hyers are two types of

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10980

stabilities which have contributed a great when we deal with the approximate solution of differential
equations. Indeed if an equation is Ulam or Ulam-Hyers stable then for each approximate solution
there is an exact solution that satisfies certain criteria. In fact, this replaces in a way the study of the
convergence of the approximate solution toward the exact solution.
Motivated by the large source of works on deformable fractional derivatives and their applications
associated with the works mentioned above on coupled systems of pantograph fractional differential
equation and combined with the notion of generalized hybrid-type pantograph equation, the study
of a coupled system of two generalized hybrid type pantograph equations involving deformable is
investigated. Our contribution is to prove the existence of a unique solution and the Ulam-Hyers
stability of the following system

υ1
 !
τ
 
= υ υ ,

D (x) f x, (x), (g (x))


1 1 2 2
h1 (., υ1 (.), υ2 (g1 (.)))












υ2


 !
τ
 
= υ υ ,

D (x) f x, (x), (g (x))

 2 1 2 2
h2 (., υ1 (.), υ2 (g1 (.)))


(1.1)








x ∈ I = [a, b] ,














υ1 (a) = υ2 (a) = λ1 , υ2 (g1 (a)) = λ2 , υ = (υ1 υ2 ) , 0 < a < b, λi > 0, i = 1, 2,



where Dτ is the deformable fractional derivative of order τ with τ + α = 1, 0 ≤ τ ≤ 1, and α > 0. The
functions hi , fi , gi , i = 1, 2 will be defined later.
This article is composed of three sections, the second section is devoted to mathematical tools that
we will need in the sequel and the last section is intended for our existence and stability results and of
course an example to close the work.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we present the most relevant notions concerning deformable fractional derivatives
by referring to [5, 7–10, 40].
Let C = C ([a, b] , R) denote the Banach space of continuous functions from [a, b] into R endowed
with the norm
kukC = sup |u(x)|.
x∈[a, b]

Definition 2.1. [7, 8] Let u : [a, b] → R be a continuous function and τ, α positive numbers with 0 ≤
τ ≤ 1 and τ + α = 1. The deformable derivative of u of order τ at x ∈ I = [a, b] is defined by

(1 + εα) u (x + ετ) − u(x)

(Dτ u) (x) = lim . (2.1)
ε→0 ε
If the limit exists, u is τ−differentiable at x. If τ = 1, then α = 0, we recover the usual derivative.
Therefore, the deformable derivative is more general than the usual derivative.

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10981

Definition 2.2. [7, 8] For τ ∈ (0, 1] , the τ−integral of the function u ∈ L1 ([a, b] , R+ ) is defined by

1 − ατ x x ατ t
Z
τ

Ia u (x) = e e u(t) dt, x ∈ [a, b] , (2.2)
τ a

where τ + α = 1. When a = 0, we write (I τ u) instead of writing I0τ u .

 

The following theorem gathers the most important properties of the operators Dτ , Iaτ which can be
useful in the paper.
Theorem 2.3. [7] Let τ, τ1 , τ2 ∈ (0, 1] be such that τ + α = 1 and τi + αi = 1 for i = 1, 2. Then
(1) The operators Dτ and Iaτ are linear.
(2) The operators Dτ and Iaτ are commutative.
(3) Dτ (σ) = ασ for all constant σ ∈ R.
(4) Dτ (uv) = (Dτ u) v + τhDv.
(5) Let u be continuous function on [a, b]. Then Iaτ u is τ−differentiable in (a, b) and we have

Dτ Iaτ u (x) = u(x),

(2.3)
α
Iaτ (Dτ u) (x) = u(t) − e τ (a−x) u(a). (2.4)
Lemma 2.4. [12] Let τ ∈ (0, 1]. The differential equation (Dτ u) (x) = 0 has solutions
α
u(x) = σe− τ t ,

where σ ∈ R is a constant.

3. Main results

3.1. Existence results

Lemma 3.1. Let f ∈ C ([a, b] , R) and h ∈ C ([a, b] , R∗ ) . The function u ∈ C ([a, b] , R), such that
h λ α 1 α
Z x
α
i
u(x) = h(x) eτ (a−x)
+ e τ− x
e τ t f (t) dt ,
h(a) τ a

is a solution of the fractional initial value problem

 u
τ
D (x) = f (x), x ∈ [a, b]



 h
u(a) = λ > 0,



where Dτ is the deformable fractional derivative of order τ with τ + α = 1, 0 ≤ τ ≤ 1, and α , 0.

u u
Proof. Since is continuous on [a, b] and f is a continuous anti-τ-derivative of over [a, b] , we have
h h
   u 
Iaτ+ Dτ (x) = Iaτ+ f (x).


h

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10982

Using (2.4), we obtain Z x

u u(a) ατ (a−x) 1 − ατ x α
(x) − e = e e τ s f (t)dt,
g h(a) τ a

Z x
u(a) ατ (a−x) 1 − ατ x α
u(x) = e h(x) + h(x)e e τ s f (t) dt
h(a) τ
Za x
λ ατ (a−x) 1 α α
= e h(x) + h(x)e− τ x e τ s f (t) dt.
h(a) τ a

The proof is completed. 

Now, we will reconsider our initial coupled system (1.1), where

     
hi ∈ C [0, 1] × R × R, R − {0} , fi ∈ C [a, b] × R × R, R and gi ∈ C [a, b], [a, b] . (3.1)

Let Σ be the Banach space defined by

Σ = {υ = (υ1 , υ2 ) ∈ C × C / υ1 , υ2 ∈ C}

endowed with the norm

kυkΣ = kυ1 kC + kυ2 kC .
Λ denotes the following space
υi
!
τ
Λ = {υ = (υ1 , υ2 ) ∈ Σ / υ1 , υ2 ∈ C, with D ∈ C, i = 1, 2}
hi
with Dτ is the deformable fractional derivative, τ ∈ (0, 1) satisfies α + τ = 1 for some α > 0.
Definition 3.2. υ = (υ1 , υ2 ) ∈ Λ is called a solution of the coupled system (1.1) if υ1 , υ2 ∈ C,
respectively are solutions of the hybrid nonlinear fractional pantograph equations of the coupled
system (1.1).
T 1 , T 2 , T are three operators defined as follows:

T i : C −→ C T i υi : [a, b] −→ R
υi 7−→ T i υi x 7−→ T i υi (x)
h λi α
T i υi (x) =hi (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))) e τ (a−x)
hi (a, υ1 (a), υ2 (g1 (a)))
Z x (3.2)
1 α α
  i
+ e− τ x e τ t fi t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt , i = 1, 2,
τ a
and
T : Λ −→ Λ T (υ1 , υ2 ) : [a, b] −→ R×R
(υ1 , υ2 ) 7−→ T (υ1 , υ2 ) = (T 1 υ1 , T 2 υ2 ) x 7−→ T (υ1 , υ2 ) (x)

T (υ1 , υ2 ) (x) = (T 1 (υ1 (x), υ2 (x)) , T 2 (υ1 (x), υ2 (x))) (3.3)

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10983

with
T 1 (υ1 (x), υ2 (x)) = T 1 υ1 (x),





T 2 (υ1 (x), υ2 (x)) = T 2 υ2 (x),





υ = (υ1 , υ2 ) .



In order to carry out existence results for the coupled system (1.1), additional assumptions are made
on hi , fi , gi for i = 1, 2. Let δi > 0 be positive numbers satisfying

δi = sup |hi (x, 0, 0) |

x∈[a, b]

and assume
(P1 ) ∃ki > 0, such that

 
|h1 (x, x1 , x2 ) − h1 (x, y1 , y2 ) | ≤ k1 |x1 − y1 | + |x2 − y2 | ,
 
|h2 (x, x1 , x2 ) − h2 (x, y1 , y2 ) | ≤ k2 |x1 − y1 | + |x2 − y2 | ,

for all x ∈ [0, 1] and x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ R.

(P2 ) ∃θ > 2λ1 > 0, such that

|hi (a, λ1 , λ2 ) | ≥ θ, i = 1, 2.

(P3 ) ∃qi > 0, such that

 
| f1 (x, x1 , x2 ) − f1 (x, y1 , y2 ) | ≤ q1 |x1 − y1 | + |x2 − y2 | ,
 
| f2 (x, x1 , x2 ) − f2 (x, y1 , y2 ) | ≤ q2 |x1 − y1 | + |x2 − y2 | ,

for all x ∈ [0, 1] and x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ R.

(P4 ) ∃κi > 0, such that

sup | f1 (x, 0, 0) | ≤ κ1 , and sup | f2 (x, 0, 0) | ≤ κ2 , ∀x ∈ [a, b] .

x∈[a, b] x∈[a, b]

(P5 ) ∃Mi > 0, Mi∗ > 0, such that

k fi k ≤ Mi and khi k ≤ Mi∗ , i = 1, 2.

To make the computation simple, we use the following notations

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10984

1  α (b−a)
 
Θ = e − 1 ,

 τ
α











Ai = qi Θ,












λ1



= κ Θ + ,


 Bi i
θ













 X2

ξ = (ki Bi + δi Ai ) ,






 i=1 (3.4)






2



 X
γ= ki Ai ,








 i=1


 2
 X
ν= δi Bi ,








 i=1

σ = νγ,













Xi = ki Mi + qi M ∗ , i = 1, 2.


i

Lemma 3.3. The operator T defined on Λ by (3.3) is well defined.

T 1 υ1 τ T 2 υ2
! !
τ
Proof. We will prove that T 1 and T 1 are well defined on C, moreover D and D also
h1 h2
must be in C. For any υ1 , υ2 ∈ C and for x ∈ [a, b], we have

T 1 υ1 = (ϕ1 υ1 ) (ψ1 υ1 ) , T 2 υ2 = (ϕ2 υ2 ) (ψ2 υ2 ) (3.5)

where
 
ϕ υ = υ υ



 i i (x) h i x, 1 (x), 2 (g 1 (x))
λi 1 − α x x ατ t 

 Z
α
 
ψi υi (x) = 


e τ (a−x)
+ e τ e f i t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g 2 (t)) dt,
τ

h a, υ (a), υ (g (a))



 i 1 2 1 a


i = 1, 2.



Let (xn ) a sequence in [a, b] which converges to x0 ∈ [a, b] when n → +∞. For any υ1 ∈ C, we have

      
ϕ1 υ1 (xn ) − ϕ1 υ1 (x0 ) = h1 xn , υ1 (xn ), υ2 (g1 (xn )) − h1 x0 , υ1 (x0 ), υ2 (g1 (x0 ))  −→ 0. (3.6)
n→+∞

It yields that ϕ1 υ1 is continuous on [a, b] . On the other hand, taking into consideration that xn ≥ x0 , we
have

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10985
  
ψ1 υ1 (xn ) − ψ1 υ1 (x0 ) ≤   λ1 α λ1 α

 e τ (a−xn ) −  e τ (a−x0 ) 
h1 a, υ1 (a), υ2 (g1 (a)) h1 a, υ1 (a), υ2 (g1 (a))
 1 α Z xn α   1 α
Z x0
α
  
− x
 e τ n e f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt − e
τ t − τ x 0
e f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt,
τ t
τ a τ a

ψ1 υ1 (xn ) − ψ1 υ1 (x0 ) ≤ λ1 e ατ (a−xn ) − e ατ (a−x0 ) 

   
θ
 1 α Z xn α 1 α
Z xn
α

+  e τ− xn
e τ f1 (t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t))) dt − e τ
s − x 0
e τ t f1 (t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t))) dt
τ a τ a
 1 α Z xn α 1 α
Z x0
α

+ e − τ x0
e τ f1 (t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t))) dt − e τ
t − x 0
e τ s f1 (t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t))) dt,
τ a τ a

ψ1 υ1 (xn ) − ψ1 υ1 (x0 ) ≤ λ1 e ατ (a−xn ) − e ατ (a−x0 ) 

   
θ
1  − ατ xn  Z xn α  
− ατ x0
+ e −e e τ t  f1 (t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)))  dt
τ a
1 − ατ x0 xn ατ t 
Z 
+ e e  f1 (t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)))  dt,
τ x0

by (P5 ), we obtain
   α  λ α M1 ατ (a−x0 )  ατ (xn −a)  M α 
ψ1 υ1 (xn ) − ψ1 υ1 (x0 ) ≤ 1 1
e τ (x0 −xn ) − 1 e
 τ (a−x0 )
+ e e − 1 − e τ (xn −x0 ) −→ 0.
θ α α n→+∞

Then, ψ1 υ1 is continuous on [a, b] . 

Besides, since T 1 υ1 (a) = λ, it can be easily checked that
 
 T υ 
Dτ  
1 1
 
  (x) = f1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g2 (x)) , x ∈ [a, b] ,
h1 ., υ1 (.), υ2 (g1 (.))
 
 T υ 
which means that Dτ  
1 1
  is continuous on [a, b].
h1 ., υ1 (.), υ2 (g1 (.))
 

τ T 2 υ12 
In a same way, we prove that T 2 υ2 , and D      are in C. Therefore T is well
h2 ., υ1 (.), υ2 (g1 (.))
defined on Λ. The following theorem is devoted to our existence result.
Theorem 3.4. If (P1 ) − (P5 ) are hold and if
√ 1
0 < ξ ≤ 1 − 2 σ, with 0 < σ < (3.7)
4
and
1
0 < X1 + X2 <
(θ − 2λ1 ) , (3.8)
Θθ
then, the coupled system (1.1) has a unique solution.

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10986

Our tool for the proof is Banach’s contraction principle.

Proof. The proof is done in two steps.
(1) T maps bounded sets into bounded sets in Λ.
1−ξ ν
Proof. r2 , r1 are two real numbers satisfying r1 + r2 = , and r1 r2 = . Regarding (3.7), it’s
γ γ
obvious that r1 > 0 and r2 > 0. We assume that r2 > r1 and we consider the set

Bρ = {υ ∈ Λ/kυkΛ ≤ ρ}
 
where ρ is a positive real number such that ρ ∈ [r1 , r2 ] . We claim that T Bρ ⊂ ρ. Indeed, for any
υ ∈ Bρ , we have
kT υkΛ = kT 1 υ1 kc + kT 2 υ2 kc , with υ = (υ1 , υ2 ) .
For any x ∈ [a, b] and υ1 , υ2 ∈ C, we have
λ1 x
Z
   
T 1 υ1 (x) = h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x)))  α 1 α α
  
e τ (a−x) + e− τ x e τ t f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt
h1 (a, υ1 (a), υ2 (g1 (a))) τ a

    
h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x)))  ≤ h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))) − h1 (x, 0, 0))  + h1 (x, 0, 0)) 
   
≤ k1 |υ1 | + |υ2 | + h1 (x, 0, 0)) 

then,
     
sup h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x)))  = k1 sup
 υ1 (x) + υ2 (g1 (x)) + sup |h1 (x, 0, 0) |
x∈[a, b] x∈[a, b] x∈[a, b]

since for any x ∈ [a, b] it yields that g1 (x) ∈ [a, b], we have
   
sup υ1 (x) + υ2 (g1 (x)) = kυ1 kC + kυ2 kC = kυkΛ ,
x∈[a, b]

hence,  
sup h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x)))  ≤ k1 kυkΛ + δ1
x∈[a, b]
 λ1 α
 λ
1
sup  e τ (a−x)  ≤
x∈[a, b] h1 υ1 (a), υ2 (g1 (a)))
(a, θ

Z x α    Z x α      Z x  
α 

 e τ t f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt ≤ e  f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) − f1 t, 0, 0)  dt+ e τ t  f1 t, 0, 0)  dt
τ t 
a a a

and using (P4 ), we have

 1 α Z x α    q1  ατ (b−a)  κ1  ατ (b−a) 
sup  e− τ x e τ t f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt ≤ e − 1 kυkΛ + e −1
x∈[a, b] τ a α α

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10987

  λ1 q1  ατ (b−a)  κ1  ατ (b−a) !
kT 1 υ1 k ≤ k1 kυkΛ + δ1 + e − 1 kυkΛ + e −1 .
θ α α
In a similar way, we obtain

  λ1 q2  ατ (b−a)  κ2  ατ (b−a) !
kT 2 υ2 k ≤ k2 kυkΛ + δ2 + e − 1 kυkΛ + e −1 .
θ α α

kT υkΛ ≤ kT 1 υ1 kC + kT 2 υ2 kC ,
≤ γkυk2Λ + ξkυkΛ + ν,
≤ γρ2 + ξρ + ν,
≤ ρ,

where we have used (3.7) with the fact that ρ ∈ [r1 , r2 ] to deduce that

γρ2 + ξρ + ν ≤ ρ.
 
Then the proof T Bρ ⊂ Bρ is achieved. 
(2) Now, we show that T is a contraction.
 
Proof. Let υ = (υ1 , υ2 ) , υ∗ = υ∗1 , υ∗2 ∈ Λ, with υ1 , υ2 , υ∗1 , υ∗2 ∈ C. For any x ∈ [a, b], we have

λ1
!
α
T 1 υ1 (x) − T 1 υ1 (x) = h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x)))
∗
e τ (a−x)
h1 (a, υ1 (a), υ2 (g1 (a)))
1 − ατ x x ατ t   !
Z
+h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))) e e f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt
τ a
 
 λ1 α

−h1 x, υ∗1 (x), υ∗2 (g1 (x))    e τ (a−x) 


h1 a, υ∗1 (a), υ∗2 (g1 (a))

1 −α x x αt  ∗  !
Z
−h1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))
∗ ∗
e τ e τ f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt
∗
τ a

λ1 λ1
  !!

 α

sup h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))) − h1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x)) 
∗ ∗ (a−x)
≤ υ − υ∗ (3.9)

eτ
x∈[a, b]   h1 (a, λ1 , λ2 ) θ Λ

Z x  !
1 α α

h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))) e− τ x e f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt
τt
τ a

1 −α x x αt  ∗  !
Z
− h1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))
∗ ∗
e τ e f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt
τ ∗
τ a

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10988

1 − ατ x x ατ t   !
Z
+ h1 x, υ∗1 (x), υ∗2 (g1 (x)) e f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt


e
τ a

1 −α x x αt   !
Z
− h1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))
∗ ∗
e τ e τ f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt =
τ a

 1 −α x x αt   !
 Z
h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))) − h1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))
∗ ∗
e τ e f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt
τ
τ a

1 −α x x αt h  i !
Z  
+ h1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))
∗ ∗
e τ e τ f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) − f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt . (3.10)
∗ ∗
τ a

By (P1 ), (P3 ), and (P5 ), we find

 

 1 −α x x αt   ! 
Z
sup h1 (x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))) − h1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))
∗ ∗
e τ f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt 

e τ
x∈[a, b]  τ a 
k1 M1  ατ (b−a) 
≤ e − 1 kυ − υ∗ kΛ , (3.11)
α

 

1 −α x x αt h  i ! 
Z  
sup h1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g1 (x))
∗ ∗
e τ f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) − f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt 
∗ ∗

e τ
x∈[a, b]  τ a 
M ∗ q1  α (b−a) 
≤ 1 eτ − 1 kυ − υ∗ kΛ . (3.12)
α
From (3.9),(3.11),(3.12), we obtain

λ1 k1 M1  ατ (b−a)  M ∗ q1  α (b−a) 
kT 1 υ1 − T 1 υ1 kC ≤ υ − υ Λ +
∗
e − 1 kυ − υ∗ kΛ + 1 eτ − 1 kυ − υ∗ kΛ ,
θ α α
λ1 k1 M1 ατ (b−a)
  M ∗
1 1q  α !
≤ + e −1 + eτ (b−a)
− 1 kυ − υ∗ kΛ . (3.13)
θ α α
Therefore,

λ1 k2 M2  ατ (b−a)  M2∗ q2  α !
kT 2 υ2 − T 2 υ∗2 kC ≤ + e −1 + eτ (b−a)
− 1 kυ − υ∗ kΛ . (3.14)
θ α α
On the other hand, using the above inequalities (3.13) and (3.14), we get

kT υ − T υ∗ kΛ = kT 1 υ1 − T 1 υ∗1 kC + kT 2 υ2 − T 2 υ∗2 kC ,
λ1 k1 M1  ατ (b−a)  M1∗ q1  α !
≤ + e −1 + eτ (b−a)
− 1 kυ − υ∗ kΛ
θ α α
λ1 k2 M2 ατ (b−a)
  M2∗ q2  α (b−a) !
+ + e −1 + eτ − 1 kυ − υ∗ kΛ
θ α α
λ1 k1 M1  ατ (b−a)
" 
≤ + e −1 +
θ α

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10989

M1∗ q1  α (b−a) ! λ1 k 2 M2
 α  M2∗ q2  α  !#
eτ −1 + + eτ (b−a)
−1 + eτ (b−a)
− 1 kυ − υ∗ kΛ , (3.15)
α θ α α

 2λ1 
kT υ − T υ∗ kΛ ≤ + (X1 + X2 ) Θ kυ − υ∗ kΛ ,
θ
≤ βkυ − υ∗ kΛ ,
2λ1
with 0 < β = + (X1 + X2 ) Θ < 1, where we have used (3.8) for this deduction. Hence T is a
θ
contraction and Banach fixed point theorem ensures the existence of a unique solution of the coupled
system (1.1) in Bρ . 

Remark 3.5. We can prove that T maps bounded sets into bounded sets even if (P4 ) is not carried out
and we have the theorem below.
By Y1 and Y2 , we denote the following real numbers
λ1 λ1
Y1 = + M1 Θ, Y2 = + M2 Θ.
θ θ
Theorem 3.6. If (P1 ), (P2 ), (P3 ), (P5 ) and (3.8) are satisfied and if

0 < k1 Y1 + k2 Y2 < 1 (3.16)

then, the Problem (1.1) has a unique solution.

In fact, the condition (P4 ) has not intervened in the demonstration that T is a contraction.
Let us consider the bounded set BR = {υ ∈ Λ/kυk ≤ R}, where R is a real positive number selected
as follows: λ  λ 
1 1
δ1 + M1 Θ + δ2 + M2 Θ
θ θ
R≥ λ  λ  !.
1 1
1 − k1 + M1 Θ + k2 + M2 Θ
θ θ
Therefore, we have to prove that T (BR ) ⊂ R without using assumption (P4 ). Indeed, using (P5 ) and
taking υ = (υ1 , υ2 ) ∈ BR , it yields:
 1 α Z x α   
sup  e− τ x e τ t f1 t, υ1 (t), υ2 (g2 (t)) dt ≤ M1 Θ, (3.17)
x∈[a, b] τ a

  λ1 !
kT 1 υ1 k ≤ k1 kυkΛ + δ1 + M1 Θ . (3.18)
θ
In the same manner, we get
  λ1 !
kT 2 υ2 k ≤ k2 kυkΛ + δ2 + M2 Θ . (3.19)
θ

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10990

By summing (3.18) and (3.19), we obtain

kT υkΛ ≤ kT 1 υ1 kC + kT 2 υ2 kC ,
   
≤ R k1 Y1 + k2 Y2 + δ1 Y1 + δ2 Y2 ,
≤ R.
This last result is valid thanks to (3.16) and the selection of R. Since, the operator T remains a
contraction even if we delete (P4 ), then Theorem 3.6 ensures the existence of a unique solution of the
coupled system (1.1) in the bounded set BR .

3.2. Ulam-Hyers stability

Definition 3.7. The fractional boundary value problem (1.1) is generalized Ulam-Hyers stable if there
exists Υ( f1 , f2 ) ∈ C(R+ , R+ ), Υ( f1 , f2 ) (0) = 0, such that for each % > 0 and for each solution ω = (ω1 , ω2 ) ∈
Λ of the inequality
υ
 ! 
τ i

D (x) − fi x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g2 (x))  ≤ %, x ∈ I, i = 1, 2,
hi (., υ1 (.), υ2 (g1 (.)))
there exists a solution υ = (υ1 , υ2 ) ∈ Λ of the fractional boundary value problem (1.1) with
kω − υk ≤ Υ( f1 , f2 ) (%) , x ∈ I.
If Υ( f1 , f2 ) (%) = ν% with ν > 0, then the fractional boundary value problem (1.1) is Ulam-Hyers stable.
Theorem 3.8. If all assumptions of Theorems 3.4 or 3.6 are hold, then the Problem (1.1) is Ulam-Hyers
stable.
Proof. Let % be a real positive number and υ = (υ1 , υ2 ) the unique solution of the Problem (1.1) in Λ.
Let ω = (ω1 , ω2 ) ∈ Λ be a solution of the coupled system of inequalities

ω1
 ! 
 τ 
(x) − f1 x, υω1 (x), ω2 (g2 (x))  ≤ %,

D


ω ω

h (., (.), (g (.)))




 1 1 2 1






ω2

 ! 
τ
 
ω ω  ≤ %,


  D (x) − f2 x, 1 (x), 2 (g 2 (x))
ω ω

h (., (.), (g (.)))
 
2 1 2 1



(3.20)





x ∈ I = [a, b] ,













ω1 (a) = ω2 (a) = υ1 (a) = λ1 , ω2 (g1 (a)) = υ2 (g1 (a)) = λ2 ,







ω = (ω1 , ω2 ) , 0 < a < b, λi > 0, i = 1, 2.



By integrating the inequalities in the coupled system (3.20), we obtain

ω1 (x) ω1 (a)
 

− Iaτ f1 x, ω1 (x), ω2 (g2 (x))  ≤ Iaτ (%) ,

   
 −
ω ω ω ω

(x, (a,

h (x), (g (x))) h (a), (g (a)))
 


 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 

(3.21)



ω ω
  
(x) (a)

 
τ τ
2 2
 
 h2 (x, ω1 (x), ω2 (g1 (x))) − h2 (a, ω1 (a), ω2 (g1 (a))) − Ia f2 x, ω1 (x), ω2 (g2 (x))  ≤ Ia (%) ,


 
 



AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10991

and using the fact that υ1 (a) = ω1 (a) = ω2 (a) = λ1 , υ2 (g1 (a)) = ω2 (g1 (a)) = λ2 , ω = (ω1 , ω2 ) , we
get:
   
ω1 (x) − T 1 ω1 (x) ≤ % I τ (1)h1 (x, ω1 (x), ω2 (g1 (x))) ,
a

   
ω2 (x) − T 2 ω2 (x) ≤ % I τ+ (1)h2 (x, ω1 (x), ω2 (g1 (x))) ,
a

ω1 (x) − T 1 ω1 (x) ≤ % 1 1 − e ατ (b−a) h1 (x, ω1 (x), ω2 (g1 (x))) ,

    
α

ω2 (x) − T 2 ω2 (x) ≤ % 1 − e ατ (b−a) h2 (x, ω1 (x), ω2 (g1 (x))) ,

    
α
ω1 − T 1 ω1 ≤ % 1 M ∗ ,

(3.22)
C α 1
and
ω2 − T 2 ω2 ≤ % M ∗ .

(3.23)
C α 2
Summing (3.22) and (3.23), we have

ω − T ω ≤ % M ∗ + M ∗
.

(3.24)
Λ α 1 2

On the other hand, since υ is the unique solution of the coupled system (1.1) and T is a contraction, it
2λ1
yields that for ω in Λ satisfying the system of inequalities and for 0 < β = + (X1 + X2 ) Θ < 1, we
θ
have
T ω − T υ ≤ β ω − υ . (3.25)
Λ Λ
Therefore,

ω − υ ≤ ω − T ω + T ω − υ ,
Λ
≤ ω − T ω + T ω − T υ ,
% ∗
M1 + M2∗ + β ω − υ


≤
α Λ

It yields   %
1 − β ω − υ ≤ M1∗ + M2∗ ,


(3.26)
Λ α
hence
ω − υ ≤ M1 + M2 %.
∗ ∗

(3.27)
Λ
α 1−β
That is
ω − υ ≤ Υ( f , f ) (%), (3.28)
1 2
Λ

M1∗ + M2∗


where Υ( f1 , f2 ) (%) =   %. Then the coupled system (1.1) is Ulam-Hyers stable. 
α 1−β

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10992

4. An Example

Let us consider the following coupled system

υ1
 !
1
 
(x) = f1 x, υ1 (x), υ2 (g2 (x)) ,

D4


h1 (., υ1 (.), υ2 (g1 (.)))












υ


 !
1 2
 
= υ υ ,

D (x) f x, (x), (g (x))

 4
2 1 2 2
h2 (., υ1 (.), υ2 (g1 (.)))


(4.1)








x ∈ I = [0, 1] ,














υ1 (a) = υ2 (a) = λ1 , υ2 (g1 (a)) = λ2 , υ = (υ1 υ2 ) ,



where x ∈ [0 1] , y, z ∈ R,
e−3x
f1 (x, y, z) = (y + z − 0.05)
100
y2 z2
!
sin(x)
f2 (x, y, z) = 2 + − 0.02
x + 100 y2 + 1 z2 + 1
y + 0.01 ze−x
h1 (x, y, z) = +
2 ln(x + 1) + 200 x + 200
1
h2 (x, y, z) = x sin(y) + z + 0.035 ,


x2 + 200
|x|
g1 (x) =
|x| + 1
g2 (x) = e−x .
For all x ∈ [0 1] and for all y, y , z, z ∈ R, we have:
0 0

(P1 )  
 0 0   1  0 0
 1
, + , then k1 = ,

 1 h (x, y, z) − f1 x, y z  ≤ |y − y | |z − z |
200 200

 
 0 0   1  0 0
 1
, + , then k2 = ,

h
 2 (x, y, z) − f1 x, y z  ≤ |y − y | |z − z |
200 200


λ1
(P2 ) For 0 < λ1 ≤ 0.035 and λ2 = 400λ1 , there exists θ = 2λ1 + such that
200
 
h1 (0, λ1 , λ2 )  ≥ θ ≥ 2λ1
 

and  
h2 (0, λ1 , λ2 )  ≥ θ ≥ 2λ1
 

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10993

(P3 )  
 0 0   1  0 0
 1
 f1 (x, y, z) − f1 x, y , z  ≤ |y − y | + |z − z | , then q1 = ,

100 100
 
 0 0   1  0 0
 1
 f2 (x, y, z) − f2 x, y , z  ≤ |y − y | + |z − z | , then q2 = ,

25 25

0.01 0.035
δ1 = , δ2 = ,
200 200
(P4 )
0.05 0.02
κ1 = , κ2 = .
100 100
 1 3 λ1

τ = , α = , Θ = 25.20, A1 = 0.252, A2 = 1.008, = 0.49,
θ



 4 4
B1 = 0.502, B2 = 0.495, ξ = 0.00516, γ = 0.0063, ν = 0.000111,



θ − 2λ1

1 √


σ = 6.99 × 10−7 < , 1 − 2 σ = 0.998, = 9.89 × 10−5 , X1 = 0.000004, X2 = 0.00000925.



4 Θθ
Hence
√
0<ξ ≤1−2 σ
and
θ − 2λ1
X1 + X2 = 1.32 × 10−5 ≤ .
Θθ
Therefore, all assumptions of Theorem 3.4 are satisfied which implies that the coupled system (1.1)
has a unique solution and it is Ulam-Hyers stable.

Remark 4.1. Since for all x ∈ [0 1], we have fi (x, 0, 0) , 0. Then, the unique solution of the coupled
system (1.1) is nontrivial.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of solution for a particular coupled system,
namely, coupled system of two generalized hybrid-type pantograph equations involving deformable.
The novelty of the manuscript lies in the fact that it combines three notions in the same problem: A
coupled system, generalized hybrid pantograph equation, and deformable derivative. The study of the
existence and uniqueness of solutions and Ulam stability for such problems has not been mentioned
before. We use the Banach contraction principle to prove our results.

Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to the anonymous referees for their helpful suggestions and
corrections. The authors thank the Basque Government for its support of this work through Grant
IT1207-19.

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10994

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

1. I. Podlubny, Fractional Differential Equations, San Diego: Academic Press, 1999.

2. I. Podlubny, Geometric and physical interpretation of fractional integration and fractional
differentiation, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 5 (2002), 367–386.
3. C. Thaiprayoon, W. Sudsutad, J. Alzabut, S. Etamed, S. Rezapour, On the qualitative analysis of
the fractional boundary value problem describing thermostat control model via ψ-Hilfer fractional
operator, Adv. Difference Equ., 2021 (2021), 201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-021-03359-z
4. G. M. Selvam, J. Alzabut, D. Vignesh, J. M. Jonnalagadda, K. Abodayeh, Existence and stability
of nonlinear discrete fractional initial value problems with application to vibrating eardrum, Math.
Biosci. Eng., 18 (2021), 3907–3921. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2021195
5. R. Khalil, M. A. Horani, A. Yousef, M. Sababheh, A new definition of fractional derivative, J.
Comput. Appl. Math., 264 (2014), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2014.01.002
6. C. V. da J. Sousa, E. C. de Oliveira, A new truncated M-fractional derivative type unifying
some fractional derivative types with classical properties, Int. J. Anal. Appl., 16 (2018), 83–96.
https://doi.org/10.28924/2291-8639-16-2018-83
7. P. Ahuja, F. Zulfeqarr, A. Ujlayan, Deformable fractional derivative and its applications, AIP Conf.
Proc., 1897 (2017), 020008. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5008687
8. F. Zulfeqarr, A. Ujlayan, P. Ahuja, A new fractional derivative and its fractional integral with some
applications, arXiv, 2017. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1705.00962
9. M. Etefa, G. M. N’Guèrèkata, M. Benchohra, Existence and uniqueness of solutions to
impulsive fractional differential equations via the deformable derivative, Appl. Anal., 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036811.2021.1979224
10. M. Mebrat, G. M. N’Guèrèkata, A Cauchy problem for some fractional differential equation via
deformable derivatives, J. Nonlinear Evol. Equ. Appl., 4 (2020), 1–9.
11. J. R. Ockendon, A. B. Tayler, The dynamics of a current collection system for an electric
locomotive, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 322 (1971), 447–468.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1971.0078
12. W. G. Ajello, H. I. Freedman, J. Wu, Analysis of a model representing stage-structured
population growth with state-dependent time delay, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 52 (1992), 855–869.
https://doi.org/10.1137/0152048
13. M. Buhmann, A. Iserles, Stability of the discretized pantograph differential equation, Math.
Comput., 60 (1993), 575–589. https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1993-1176707-2
14. L. Fox, D. F. Mayers, J. A. Ockendon, A. B. Tayler, On a functional differential equation, IMA J.
Appl. Math., 8 (1971), 271–307. https://doi.org/10.1093/imamat/8.3.271

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10995

15. C. M. Pappalardo, M. C. De Simone, D. Guida, Multibody modeling and nonlinear

control of the pantograph/catenary system, Arch. Appl. Mech., 89 (2019), 1589–1626.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-019-01530-3
16. L. Bogachev, G. Derfel, S. Molchanov, J. Ochendon, On bounded solutions of the balanced
generalized pantograph equation, In: Topics in Stochastic Analysis and Nonparametric Estimation,
New York: Springer, 145 (2008), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75111-5 3
17. D. Li, M. Z. Liu, Runge-Kutta methods for the multi-pantograph delay equation, Appl. Math.
Comput., 163 (2005), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2004.02.013
18. M. Z. Liu, D. Li, Properties of analytic solution and numerical solution of multi-pantograph
equation, Appl. Math. Comput., 155 (2004), 853–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2003.07.017
19. A. Iserles, On the generalized pantograph functional differential equation, European J. Appl. Math.,
4 (1993), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956792500000966
20. K. Balachandran, S. Kiruthika, J. J. Trujillo, Existence of solutions of nonlinear fractional
pantograph equations, Acta Math. Sci., 33 (2013), 712–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0252-
9602(13)60032-6
21. Y. Yang, Y. Huang, Spectral-collocation methods for fractional pantograph
delay-integro differential equations, Adv. Math. Phys., 2013 (2013), 821327.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/821327
22. E. Yusufoglu, An efficient algorithm for solving generalized pantograph equations
with linear functional argument, Appl. Math. Comput., 217 (2010), 3591–3595.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2010.09.005
23. A. Wongcharoen, S. K. Ntouyas, J. Tariboon, Nonlocal boundary value problems for Hilfer type
pantograph fractional differential equations and inclusions, Adv. Differ. Equ., 2020 (2020), 279.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02747-1
24. M. A. Darwish, K. Sadarangani, Existence of solutions for hybrid fractional pantograph equations,
Appl. Anal. Discrete Math., 9 (2015), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.2298/AADM150126002D
25. J. Alzabut, A. G. M. Selvam, R. A. El-Nabulsi, D. Vignesh, M. E. Samei, Asymptotic stability of
nonlinear discrete fractional pantograph equations with non-local initial conditions, Symmetry, 13
(2021), 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13030473
26. E. T. Karimov, B. Lopez, K. Sadarangani, About the existence of solutions for a hybrid
nonlinear generalized fractional pantograph equation, Fract. Differ. Calc., 6 (2016), 95–110.
https://doi.org/10.7153/fdc-06-06
27. S. Harikrishnan, K. Shah, K. Kanagarajan, Existence theory of fractional coupled diferential
equation via ψ-Hilfer fractional derivative, Random Oper. Stoch. Equ., 27 (2019), 207–212.
https://doi.org/10.1515/rose-2019-2018
28. I. Ahmad, J. J. Nieto, Gh. U. Rahman, K. Shah, Existence and stability for fractional order
pantograph equations with nonlocal conditions, Electron. J. Differ. Eq., 2020 (2020).
29. R. George, M. Houas, M. Ghaderi, S. Rezapour, S. K. Elagan, On a coupled system of pantograph
problem with three sequential fractional derivatives by using positive contraction-type inequalities,
Results Phys., 39 (2022), 105687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2022.105687

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.

 10996

30. N. Singh, Application of fixed point theorems to solution of operator equations in Banach spaces,
3C TIC, 11 (2022), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2022.112.72-79
31. J. Sebastian, S. Pulickakunnel, Fixed point theorems for Suzuki nonexpansive mappings in Banach
spaces, 3C TIC, 11 (2022), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2022.112.15-24
32. Z. Ali, A. Zada, K. Shah, On Ulam’s stability for a coupled systems of nonlinear implicit
fractional differential equations, Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc., 42 (2018), 2681–2699.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40840-018-0625-x
33. K. Shah, C. Tunc, Existence theory and stability analysis to a system of boundary value problem,
J. Taibah Univ. Sci., 11 (2017), 1330–1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.06.002
34. J. Wang, L. Lv, W. Zhou, Ulam stability and data dependence for fractional differential
equations with Caputo derivative, Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ., 63 (2011), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.14232/ejqtde.2011.1.63
35. J. Wang, K. Shah, A. Ali, Existence and Hyers-Ulam stability of fractional nonlinear impulsive
switched coupled evolution evolution equations, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 41 (2018), 2392–2402.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.4748
36. J. V. da C. Sousa, E. C. de Oliveira, Ulam-Hyers stability of a nonlinear
fractional Volterra integro-differential equation, Appl. Math. Lett., 81 (2018), 50–56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2018.01.016
37. M. H. Derakhshan, Existence, uniqueness, Ulam-Hyers stability and numerical simulationof
solutions for variable order fractional differential equations in fluid mechanics, J. Appl. Math.
Comput., 68 (2022), 403–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-021-01537-6
38. O. Kahouli, A. B. Makhlouf, L. Mchiri, H. Rguigui, Hyers-Ulam stability for a class of Hadamard
fractional Itô-doob stochastic integral equations, Chaos Soliton Fract., 166 (2023), 112918.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112918
39. A. Zada, S. Fatima, Z. Ali, J. Xu, Y. Cui, Stability results for a coupled
system of impulsive fractional differential equations, Mathematics, 7 (2019), 927.
https://doi.org/10.3390/math7100927
40. A. M. Mathai, H. J. Haubold, An Introduction to Fractional Calculus, Mathematics Research
Developments, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2017.

© 2023 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This

is an open access article distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

AIMS Mathematics Volume 8, Issue 5, 10978–10996.