~ commodore

COMPUTER
DISCLAIMER

Neither the Handic Software AB nor its distributors, make any

warranty, either expressly or implied, with respect to the pro
gram described herein, its quality, performance, merchantabili
ty, or fitness for any particular purpose. This program is sold
"as is". The risk as to its quality and performance is with the
buyer. Should the program prove defective following its pur
chase, the buyer (and not the creator of the program, Handic
Software Ab, their distributors or their retailers) must assume
the cost of any necessary servicing, repair or correction and
any incidental or consequential damages resulting from any
defect in the program even if the creator of the program has
been advised of the possibility of such damages.

COPYRIGHT
The computer software program EASYCALC and the manual
describing its operation are copyright (C) 1983 Handic Soft
ware Ab, Sweden. No part of it, the program disk, data record
ed on rom, or this manual, may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the original copyright holder.
Copies of program disks may only be made by the original pur
chaser in order to perform the functions described in the
manual for his personal use and benefit.

HELP
If you have any comments about the contents of the
EASYCALC manual, or the program itself, please write to your
national distributor. Whilst Handic Software Ab have made
every effort to ensure the accuracy of the manual, and the
operation of the program itself, any errors noticed by users will
be corrected as quickly as possible. Your help in this respect
will be greatly appreciated by other users.

Copyright 1983, Commodore Electronics, Ltd.

COPYRIGHT
This software product is copyrighted and all rights reserved by
Commodore Electronics, Ltd. The distribution and sale of this
product are intended for the use of the original purchaser only.
Lawful users of this program are hereby licensed only to read
the program, from its medium into memory of a computer,
solely for the purpose of executing the program. Duplicating,
copying, selling, or otherwise distributing this product is a
violation of the law.
This manual is copyrighted and all rights are reserved. This
document may not, in whole or in part, be copied,
photocopied, reproduced, translated or reduced to any elec
tronic medium or machine readable form without prior con
sent, in writing, from Commodore Business Machines (CBM).

DISCLAIMER
COMMODORE ELECTRONICS, LTD. ('-COMMODORE")
MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
WITH RESPECT TO THE PROGRAM DESCRIBED HEREIN, ITS
QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR
FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE THIS PROGRAM
IS SOLD "AS IS". THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY AND
PERFORMANCE IS WITH THE BUYER. SHOULD THE PRO
GRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE FOLLOWING ITS PURCHASE,
THE BUYER (AND NOT THE CREATOR OF THE PROGRAM,
COMMODORE, THEIR DISTRIBUTORS OR THEIR
RETAILERS) ASSUMES THE ENTIRE COST OF ALL
NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION AND
ANY INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. IN NO
EVENT WILL COMMODORE BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT, IN
DIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE PROGRAM EVEN IF
IT HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES. SOME LAWS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION
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FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE
ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY.
PREFACE

EASYCALC is a business software package that will speed up

all your financial calculations; with EASYCALC and your Com
modore 64, complex jobs will be easy! EASYCALC uses a work
sheet that can be changed to suit your requirements and
presents results in a clear bar chart for you.
You can divide the work sheet into rows and columns; the in
tersections between the rows and columns create thousands
of positions or coordinates. You can enter numbers, words, or
formulas in every one of these coordinates to calculate the in
formation you need. You can give each coordinate an in
dividual format using format commands.
EASYCALC lets you change, insert, and erase text, formulas,
and values. The program's original appearance is very easy to
change to allow for new rows and columns.
EASYCALC will sum, calculate the mean value, and manipu
late the rows, columns, or coordinates you choose. Formulas
are interpreted according to normal mathematical rules.
EASYCALC records the formulas you use and protects them
when working through a problem. If you change any given
value, all other related values will be automatically
recalculated, letting you correct errors or vary values to study
different solutions.

USER CONVENTIONS
The Commodore 64 keyboard looks like a regular typewriter
with a few extra keys; it is very simple to use. Here is a brief
description of some of the conventions you should know to
run EASYCALC 64.
RETURN Pressing this key transmits information to the
computer's memory.
SHIFT This key is like the SHIFT key on a typewriter;
pressing it lets you enter the top characters
on double-character keys.
F7 This is the EASYCALC command key. Press
ing this key gives you access to EASYCALC
commands and functions. You can stop a
function you have chosen by pressing this
key during a program's run. The program will
return to where it was before the function
keys were used; if your printer is printing, it
will stop.
CLR After you press the F7 key, pressing this key
will clear the current work sheet.

F3 After you press the F7 key, pressing this key

will move the cursor to a particular position.
F3 is GO TO; for example:

1. Press F3.
2. Enter "BK150".
3. Press RETURN.
4. The cursor will go to position BK150.

F6 After you press the F7 key, pressing this key

will cause the printer to print what is currently
on the screen. The printer will print out all but
the top three lines of the screen.

INST/DEL You can change information you have keyed

in before you press RETURN by using the
INST/DEL key.
INST stands for INSERT. You can add
characters on a line by following these steps:
1. Position the cursor over the space where
you want to begin adding characters.

2. Press the SHIFT key.

3. While holding down the SHIFT key, press
the INST/DEL key.

4. You will see a new space provided on the

screen for you to insert a character; if you
wish to insert more than one character,
simply hold the SHIFT and INST/DEL keys
down. Spaces will continue to appear on
your screen. Release the keys when there
is enough room on the screen to insert the
characters you need.
5. Insert the characters and continue with the
program.

DEL stands for DELETE. You can delete

characters on a line by following these steps:
1. Look at the cursor. The character im
mediately preceding its position will be the
first character deleted when you press the
INST/DEL key.
2. Press the INST/DEL key.
3. You will see the cursor move back one
space and the character there will be
erased.
 4. If you wish to erase more than one
character on a line, hold the INST/DEL key
down and you will see characters deleted
one at a time on your screen.

5. Continue on with the program.

HOME When you press this key, the cursor moves to
the upper left corner of the screen. If you
press the key twice, the cursor will be in posi
tion A1.

SPACE BAR Press the space bar before you enter a label;
everything you enter will be treated as a value
or formula if you do not precede the entry
with a space. If you hold the SHIFT key while
you press the space bar, you can change an
earlier entry from a label to a value or a value
to a label.

t (up arrow) Pressing this key will tell EASYCALC you

would like a recalculation.

F8 When you press this key, you can edit the

input line.
In this manual, any character surrounded by
single quotes (') denotes a single key to be
pressed.
'n' Double quotes (") indicate that you must
enter more than one character.
The following symbols are used in calculations:
+ addition
- subtraction
/ division
multiplication
t exponentiation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section I Tutorial
1.1. Getting Started 1
1.2. Cursor Movement 4
1.3. Screening Scrolling 4
1.4. Automatic Cursor Movement 5
1.5. Faster Cursor Movement 5
1.6. Correcting Errors 6
1.7. Writing on the Work Sheet 7
1.8. Using Formulas and Recalculation 9
1.9. Labels and Values 10
1.10. Formulas Through Cursor Movement 11
1.11. Saving Information on Disk or Tape 12
1.12. Editing the Input Line 13
1.13. How EASYCALC Handles Data 14

Section II Using EASYCALC

2.1. Getting Data From Disk or Tape 15

2.2. Interest Rate Calculation 16
2.3. Replicating a Formula 18
2.4. Replicating a Chain of Formulas 21
2.5. Screen Formatting 22
2.6. Fixing Titles 23
2.7. Fast Recalculation 24
2.8. Adjusting the Column Width 24

Section III EASYCALC Features

3.1. Formula Repetition 25
3.2. Replicating Values and Texts 27
3.3. Replicating a Column 27
3.4. Replicating a Column Several Times 29
3.5. Sum Function 29
3.6. Formatting a Single Coordinate 30
3.7. Replicating a Format 32
3.8. Replicate a Function for Copying a Row or
Column 33
3.9. NA{Not Available) Function 34
3.10. Inserting and Erasing Rows and Columns 35
3.11. Moving Matrices with the Move Function 36
3.12. Recalculation Order 37
3.13. Reference Order for Formulas 38
Section IV Work Sheet Capabilities

4.1. More About Formats and Values 39

4.2. Large and Small Values 40
4.3. Mathematical Priority 41
4.4. A Small Matrix 42
4.5. Formatted Printouts 43
4.6. Minimum and Maximum Values 44
4.7. Count and Mean Functions 44
4.8. Absolute and Integer Functions 45
4.9. IF-THEN-ELSE Function 45
4.10. True and False Statements 46
4.11. Random Function 47
4.12. Percent Function 47
4.13. Manual and Automatic Recalculation 48
4.14. Graphics on the Screen and Printer 48

Section V Commands and Functions

5.1. Screen Structure 50

5.2. System Command: BEFGLOTR- 52
5.3. Transport Command: LS 52
5.4. Edit Command: CDGIMPRT 52
5.5. Format Command: C G M I $ L R 52
5.6. Global Command: C F 52
5.7. Save a File on Disk/Tape 53
5.8. Get a File From Disk/Tape 53
5.9. Formatting 53
5.10. Column Width 54
5.11. Formatting Functions (Local) 54
5.12. Color Format 54
5.13. Global Format 55
5.14. Maximum Precision Format 55
5.15. Integer Format 55
5.16. Two Decimal Format 55
5.17. Left Adjusting 56
5.18. Right Adjusting 56
5.19. Graphics on the Screen 56
5.20. Graphics Printed 56
5.21. Moving the Cursor 56
5.22. Moving the Cursor Toward A1 57
5.23. GO TO 57
5.24. Order of Priority 58
5.25. All the Mathematical Functions 59
5.26. Automatic Character Repeat 60
5.27. Blanking a Coordinate 60
5.28. Moving a Coordinate 60
5.29. Copying a Coordinate 60
5.30. Repeating a Coordinate 60
5.31. Self References in a Coordinate 61
5.32. Moving an Area (Matrix) 61
5.33. Copying an Area (Matrix) 62
5.34. Replicating an Area 62
5.35. Inserting a Row or Column 63
5.36. Deleting a Row or Column 63
5.37. Setting aTitle 64
5.38. Automatic/Manual Recalculation 64
5.39. Recalculation by Row/Column 65
5.40. Undertaking Recalculation 65
5.41. Undertaking Multiple Recalculations 65

Section VI Printout Functions

6.1. Hardcopy 66
6.2. Direct Printout 66
6.3. Formatted Printout 66

Section VII Formula References

7.1. Moving Relative References 67

7.2. Copying Absolute References 69
7.3. Replicating References 70

APPENDIX: ERROR MESSAGES 71

INDEX 72
Section 1 Tutorial
1.1. Getting Started
1. Insert the EASYCALC cartridge in your Commodore 64.
NOTE:
The Commodore 64 must be turned off before you insert or
remove the cartridge or the cartridge may be destroyed.
2. Turn on your Commodore 64.
3. Turn on your printer and align the paper.
NOTE:
If you are using a 1515/1525 printer, the device number
must be set to 5. See the appropriate printer manual for in
structions.

4. Turn on your disk drive.

After the Commodore 64 has loaded EASYCALC, you will see
the EASYCALC screen displayed. Press the 'F7' key on the
right side of your keyboard and then press 'CLR' by pressing
the SHIFT and CLR/HOME keys. Next, press 'Y'. This function
clears the complete work sheet of data. Then, you will see this
screen:

■; i
Now, press the 'F7' key again. Look at the previous screen; it is
divided into numbered rows and lettered columns. At every
intersection between a column and a row, there is a coordinate.
For example, A1, C5, and J11 are all input positions. You can
enter a word, number, or formula at every coordinate.

There are three lines which make up the control panel:

Line 1:
This is the command line; it shows the EASYCALC commands
and the cursor coordinates.
Line 2:
This line shows the three functions which always follow the
command choices on Line 1. The functions are:
• F3
GOTO. This moves the cursor to a specified coordinate.
• F6
HARDCOPY. The printer copies all but the command lines.
• CLR
CLEAR. This clears the current work sheet.
Line 2 is also used for:
• answering EASYCALC's questions, except for printer func
tions answered by one single character
• together with the input line will display any instructions
connected with editing printouts
• to the left it shows what type of information is in the cursor
position
• either VALUE (values or formulas) or LABEL (texts).
Line 3:

This is the input line. On this line the characters that you have
written for a particular coordinate will be shown while the cur
sor is in that coordinate. It is also used for accepting input.
See Section 3.1 for a detailed description of the format of the
EASYCALC screen.
1.2. Cursor Movement

At the coordinate A1, which is at the upper left hand corner of

the work sheet, you will see a bar called the cursor. The writing
on the screen is done along with the cursor coordinate.
The cursor can be moved using the CRSR keys and the shift
key.
Press the '-*' key once. The cursor has now moved to the posi
tion immediately to the right, column B, row 1. The coordinate
reference in the control line has changed to B1.

Now press the '*-' key; the cursor moves back to column A,
row 1. Pressing the ' i ' key moves the cursor down to column
A, row 2. Pressing the ' t ' key the cursor moves back to its
original position A1.
The cursor can move across the current work sheet to column
BK (63 columns), and down as far as line 254.

1.3. Screen Scrolling

When EASYCALC is loaded you will see two axes, one horizon
tal and one vertical. There are four columns and twenty-one
rows on the screen.
By pressing the ' -*' key several times you will come to the last
column (D). Now press the '-*' key again and you will notice
that column A disappears through the left edge out off the
screen, while the last column on the screen is now column E. If
you continue to press the '■*' key, more columns will disap
pear out through the left edge of the screen while an equal
number of columns will appear on the right hand side of the
screen.

This effect is called scrolling since it gives the effect of rolling

up or out a sheet of paper. If you press the ' i' key, the same
effect will be seen with the movement of the rows. To get back
to A1 you use the same keys but SHIFTED.
1.4. Automatic Cursor Movement
To speed up scrolling you use the same CRSR keys but, by
keeping the key depressed, the cursor continues to move
automatically in that directon. If you continue to press the ' * '
key you will get to position A254 which is the bottom line of
the electronic work sheet. Now press the '-*■' key until you
come to position BK254. This is the bottom corner of the work
sheet. This gives a total of 63 columns and 254 rows on each
work sheet.
As you can see the EASYCALC electronic work sheet is much
larger than it appears at first.

1.5. Faster Cursor Movement

Even with the automatic repeat function it takes some time to
get to the last position on the work sheet. There is a much
quicker way to move the cursor to the desired position. Press
the control key, 'F7\ to get the system command.
The key 'F3' is the command for GO TO. Press this. The text
GO TO appears on the INPUT LINE.
Type 'A! once.

The letter "A" appears on the input line.

Now press the number '1' key followed by 'RETURN' to go to
coordinate A1.

The whole screen changes to the upper left hand corner of the
work sheet and the cursor is at positon A1. Try some other
coordinates and check that the cursor moves to the chosen
positions.
The fast cursor movement works in all directions, but to move
quickly to the top left of your screen you can use the HOME
function.
Start by moving the cursor to coordinate M125 by using the
method just described. Now if you press the 'HOME' key (not
SHIFTed) the cursor moves to the upper left corner of the cur
rent screen. By pressing 'HOME' once more the cursor is
returned to coordinate A1. Irrespective of where the cursor is
on the screen you need only to press the HOME key twice to
move it to A1.
1.6. Correcting Errors
EASYCALC has a number of features which let you correct
errors; one of these is the DEL key. Suppose you type the coor
dinates for the movement of the cursor to A12 and you write
A122 by mistake. This is one '2' too many. Just press the DEL
key once and the extra 2 will disappear. Every time you press
the DEL key, you will move the cursor back one position eras
ing any character in that position.
To negate a chosen command you can use the F7 key, which
aborts the command and you return to the previous cursor
position.
1.7. Writing on the Work Sheet
As we have seen, moving the cursor to different parts of the
work sheet on the screen is very easy. Writing on the work
sheet is equally straightforward.
EASYCALC must be able to differentiate between the different
kinds of inputs since they can be values, labels and formulas.
To do this all labels start with a depression of the SPACE key.
All inputs which have not been initiated with SPACE are
regarded by EASYCALC as either value or formula.
If you wish your labels to be all in capitals you can treat them
as values by not pressing the space bar, then changing them to
LABELS by pressing SHIFT SPACE. We are now going to con
struct the example shown in the following picture.
Now, you will write on the work sheet. Just to make sure that
you have not left old data on the sheet, start by pressing
(F7' 'CLR' {this is the shifted home key) and T
The screen will blank and the cursor will be placed at A1. Move
the cursor to A2, then type:
'SPACE' (this is the space bar) "GROSS INCOME"
On the middle line the text Label appears. This means an
alphanumeric input is required and this input will not be used
in calculations. Remember, if you make a mistake while typing,
use the DEL key to back up to the position you wish to correct.

When you are ready press ' ■+ '

On the input line the text GROSS INCOME disappears. The
cursor has moved to the coordinate B2 and the words "GROSS
IN" appear at A2.

Do not worry about the coordinate not containing the complete

label — this will be explained further on.
Now type "7000"
Notice that on the middle line the word Value appears. The
numeric input and this input can be used in calculations. By
pressing the

'DEL' key four times you remove the figure 7000.

Now type:

"5000 + 2000"'RETURN'
If you entered all information correctly, EASYCALC will display
"7000" at coordinate B2.
When you press 'RETURN' the cursor remains at B2, but if after
making an input you press the ' ■* ' key the value will also be
accepted, and the cursor moves directly to C2.
All the 'CRSR1 keys work in the same way and can help to
make the input of data quicker.
1.8. Using Formulas and Recalculation
Move the cursor to A4 and then type:
'SPACE' "COSTS" ' - '
The words COSTS should now be at A4 and the cursor at B4.
We will now write a different kind of formula.
We want expenses to be 40% of the value of income. We could
write ".4"B2" — the sign * represents multiplication — but it
is easier to use EASYCALC percent-function (%). It works like
this: if you want to express 10 percent you just write %(10). In
our example then it will be %(40).
Type the following at B4:
"%(40)*B2"'RETURN'
In B4 the sum 2800 should be dsplayed and on the command
line the formula %40*B2.
Move the cursor to coordinate B2 and try to type:

"8000" 'RETURN'
As you can see the screen flashes red and an ERROR message
appears. EASYCALC will not let you write over an existing for
mula (5000 + 2000). You must first empty the position or alter
nately edit the formula. Blanking the position can be done with
the function F7 B and editing on the input line with F8. This
editing function will be explained later. We will blank the for
mula.
At positon B2 type:
'F7' 'B'

Now type "8000" 'RETURN'

You have now inserted a new value at position B2 (8000) but B4
has also been changed (3200). The value in B4 is still 40% of
the GROSS INCOME. This demonstrates EASYCALC's
recalculation feature.
1.9. Labels and Values
Type the following to take you to A6.

'F7"F3'"A6"'RETURN'
Now, write a formula to calculate the difference between in
come and expenditure. Type:
'SPACE'
After pressing SPACE we see the text LABEL on the command
line. EASYCALC looks at this first input to determine whether
this is alphanumeric (LABEL) or numeric (VALUE) input. Type:
"NET INCOME" ' - '
We are now ready to calculate net income which equals gross
income less costs. Type:
"B2-B4"'RETURN'
The answer 4800 is at B6. On the command line the formula
B2- B4 will be shown.

10
1.10. Formulas Through Cursor Movement
You already know how to move the cursor into different posi
tions, write messages or titles, a number or numbers and for
mulas which refer to other positions. You will by now realize
that hanging the values in B2, B4 or both will lead to new
values in B6, thanks to the recalculation function. When you
were writing the formula for Income minus Expenditure, you
most probably checked to see that income was at B2 and Ex
penditure at B4. If you are writing a number of formulas you
would have to keep careful track of positions. Due to the scroll
ing function, columns will disappear off the left edge of the
screen.

EASYCALC has a solution to this problem. You write the for

mula and let EASYCALC fill in the coordinates for you. To try,
first blank B6 by typing:
'F7' *F3' "B6" 'RETURN' 'F7' 'B'
Now type:
'B2-"
Move the cursor to B4 and press:
'RETURN'
You will see the formula completed. You can even get the first
coordinate using the cursor.
With the cursor at B6, blank the position again and type:

'+'
Move the cursor to B2 press:

Move the cursor to B4 and press:

'RETURN'
As you can see, you only have to type the arithmetic operation
symbols +, - , /, * and t after positioning the cursor.

This technique of cursor movement between coordinates may

seem a little strange at first but does let you omit typing the
actual coordinate positions.

11
1.11. Saving Information on Disk or Tape
When you have your DISK/TAPE inserted press:

'F7' T (T for transport).

On the command line DISK, TAPE will be displayed.

12
Choose unit by either pressing;
'D' or T

NOTE:
A disk must be formatted before it can be used by EASYCALC.
The command line will display LOAD, SAVE.
Press 'S' for save.
We will call our example TESTEX. Enter
"TESTEX" and then press 'RETURN'
If you are using a tape recorder you will be instructed to press
RECORD and PLAY.
NOTE:
When using a tape recorder the operating system in Com
modore 64 will turn off the screen. It turns on again after the
saving or loading is finished. The save/load procedure takes
about 9 minutes.
NOTE:
The maximum number of files that can be stored on a disk is
nine.

When your file is stored, the screen will return your work. If you
want to erase the work sheet, use the F7 CLR function.

1.12. Editing the Input Line

The F8 key lets you correct information on the input line. When
editing the following keys can be used «-,-»-, INST, DEL,
CLR and HOME.

To demonstrate this, type the following: THIS IS A LONG

STATEMENT at coordinate A1. Press:
'HOME' 'HOME' 'SPACE' and "THIS IS A LONG STATEMENT"
'RETURN'

We will now change this to: THIS IS A VERY LONG STATE

MENT. You could use the DEL key and retype, but using F8 is
quicker. Type:
'F8'
Move to the L in LONG using the -*■ key and then use the
INST key to create space for the word VERY (five spaces are
needed). Type:

"VERY" and 'RETURN'

The text is now THIS IS A VERY LONG STATEMENT.

Now change the text to THIS IS A VERY VERY LONG STATE
MENT, before you go on.

13
1.13. How EASYCALC Handles Data
EASYCALC uses two places for storing data:
• When working with EASYCALC your data is sent to the com
puter's internal memory, RAM. This memory is sufficient for
storing about 1000 memory positions — that is room for a
coordinate formula or a piece of text. This memory for stor
ing data will normally be enough but if this is not enough
you can easily store your work sheet on disk or on tape.
• When you have finished your work you can store the work
sheet, or part of it, on the disk/tape. There you store the
work sheet with reference to a file name. Of course you can
call it back for further use.
Section II Using EASYCALC

2.1. Getting Data From Disk or Tape

Start by loading EASYCALC. If you already have the program
loaded, press
(F7' 'CLRJ and 'Y' to clear the screen.
First, take a quick look at the TRANSPORT COMMAND. Press:

'F7' T
On the command line DISK, TAPE will be seen. Press either:
'D' or T
On command line appears LOAD, SAVE.
Press 'L'
Name the file to be loaded by typing:
"TESTEX."

15
Press:'RETURN'

Now, the TESTEX file will be fetched and the data placed in the
computer memory.

You can now see that your data is once again on the screen.
Before we continue, clear the screen using:
'F71 'CLR' T

2.2. Interest Rate Calculation

Clear the screen.

Suppose you want to see how much money you will have
accumulated after one year if you save 500 with an interest of
15 percent.

WI-I-] ■ :■:

-VEflR 1983 1384 1985

^INTEREST PERCEHTftG 15.88 15.56 16.68

^CAPITAL 5866. 18758 17416
■■AttOUMT OP INTEREST 758.8

16
Move the cursor to A2 and press:
'SPACE' "YEAR" ' -* ' "1983" 'RETURN' 'F7' 'F' 'I'
Continue to A4 and press:
'SPACE' "INTEREST PERCENTAGE" ' - ' "15" 'RETURN'
Move the cursor to A6. Press:
'SPACE' "CAPITAL" ' ■* ' "5000" 'RETURN'
Now calculate the interest. First place the text AMOUNT OF
INTEREST in coordinate A8. Move the cursor to coordinate A8
and then type:

'SPACE' "AMOUNT OF INTEREST" ' - '

The formula that calculates the interest amount is B6*B4/100.
Type:

"B6*B4/100"'RETURN'
Saving 5000 at an interest rate of 15% makes at the end of the
first year, in this example, an interest amount of 750.

17
2.3. Replicating a Formula
Your screen should look like this:

!■)

Now calculate total interest over a ten year period: Every year
the capital will be increased by 5000 and the interest rate will
increase by half a percent each year.
Start by placing the cursor at coordinate C2 and type:
"B2 + 1" 'RETURN' 'F7"F'T
Repeat this formula to give values over ten years. The function
doing this is in the Edit command. Take a look. Press:
'F7' and 'E'
On the command line you will see EDIT; C D G I M P R T. To ex
plain this, take a look at section 5.4.
The function that you are looking for is REPLICATE. When you
know which function to use, just press the character.
Choose REPLICATE by pressing:
'R'

18
On the screen REPLICATE will be seen on the command line
and on the middle input line SOURCE RANGE C2 TO...
TARGET RANGE..TO...
Press:

'RETURN' 'RETURN'

What you have done so far is to state that you want to repeat
the formula in position C2. EASYCALC now wants to know
where the formula is to be repeated (target range). You intend
to expand our calculations for 10 years. The first year is B2, the
second is C2 and the tenth will be K2. As we want to copy the
formula in C2 to D2 continuing up to K2 type:

"D2" 'RETURN' and 'K2'

An alternate way to do this would be to move the cursor to D2
and, press:

'RETURN'
and then move the cursor to K2 and press:

'RETURN'
When you are ready, the input line will look like this: SOURCE
RANGE C2 TO C2 TARGET RANGE D2 TO K2. Press:
'RETURN'
On the middle line you will now see: ABS. OR REL.
EASYCALC is asking if we want the same formula — B2 + 1 —
in all coordinates — ABSolute — or if the formula is to be
made — RELative — to the other coordinates. In our example
we want to increase by one each year, so the formula will be B2
+ 1 then C2 + 1 etc. Press:
'R' for relative
Numbers will fill the coordinates D2, E2, F2 etc. If you move
the cursor to the last coordinate K2 you will see 1992.
Go to C4. Now increase the interest by 0.5% per year.

Do this with the formula "B4 + 0.5" and then replicate this
across to column K4.
When done correctly the interest at K4 should be 19.5.

19
To recap, to repeat a formula:

1. Place the cursor on the formula you want to repeat, then:

2. Press 'F7' 'E' 'R'

3. Give the SOURCE RANGE...TO...by moving the cursor to
the coordinate that you want to repeat and then pressing
RETURN twice {once for FROM and once for TO).
If you want to repeat an interval of coordinates, first move
the cursor to the first coordinate, press RETURN, and then
move the cursor to the last coordinate in the interval and
press RETURN.
4. Give the TARGET RANGE...TO...that is, the range of coor
dinates over which you want the formula repeated.

5. State if the coordinates within the formula are unchanged

(ABS.) or relative (REL)
If you make a mistake just press the DEL key and start again.

20
2.4. Replicating a Chain of Formulas
To complete the calculation of interest over ten years you need
two more formulas. The first formula will calculate the capital
increase each year (B6 + 5000) plus the interest of the year
before (B8). This formula is to go at C6. Press:
'F7' 'F3' "C6" 'RETURN' "B6 + 5000 + B8" 'RETURN'
The answer in C6 should be 10750. The second formula will
calculate the yearly interest which will be C6*C4/100.
Cursor to C8, type:
"C6*C4/100" 'RETURN'
The answer in C8 should be 1666.25. Now you have all the
formulas to complete the calculations. Start by moving the cur
sor to C6 and then use the replicating function (REPLICATE).
Press:
'F7' lE' and 'R'

On the middle/input line REPLICATE: SOURCE RANGE C6

TO...TARGET RANGE..TO...will be seen. If you press RETURN,
RETURN like last time only the formula in C6 will be replicated.
This time C8 is to be included. Press:
'RETURN'{for C6)
then move to C8 and press:
'RETURN'

On the middle/input line SOURCE RANGE C6 TO C8 TARGET

RANGE C8 TO...will be seen. Our replicating interval is be
tween D6 and K6.
Move the cursor to D6 and press:
'RETURN'
Now give the end coordinate for the TARGET RANGE by
typing:

"K6"'RETURN'
State if the formula is unchanged or relative. In our case it is
relative. You will have to press R for every coordinate. Press:
'R' 'R' lR' and 'R'

You will now see all the formulas and values in all these coor
dinates. Check that in K6 you have 114700. and in K8 22366.5.
By now EASYCALC has done quite a lot of work for you, but
some of the figures are a little difficult to read. We can improve
this by reformatting the screen.

21
2.5. Screen Formatting
Type:
'F7' 'G' 'P '$'
The letters mean GLOBAL FORMAT and $ means two decimal
places. This is explained in detail further on in the manual.
Press:
(F7"F3'"B8" 'RETURN'
Now take a look at the following picture.

Mi ■MM
WmIF
g
MB MM*mi

pVEAR 1983 198-4 1985

^INTEREST 15 88 15 58 16.88

'^CAPITAL 5888 88 1675E .8 17416.3

i'amoukt oi 16SG 25 278G.68

1
i
?

I
[■I i Mm m Mill!

EASVCALC has rounded off the values, where there is place

enough, to two decimals. This does not mean that the values
used to calculate in the memory are rounded up; they are still
computed with twelve digits. You will see that the figures in
row 2 are unchanged. This is because the individual formats
always keep a higher priority than the global one.
Before going any further, reset the format to global to show the
values as they were to begin with. Press:
■F7' 'G' 'P 'G'
Then change the screen back to a two decimal format.

22
2.6. Fixing Titles
Move the cursor to B1.
The values for each year are easily seen but not the titles. To
improve this, press:
'F7' and 'G'
On the command line GLOBAL: C F will be seen. Press:
'C to change the column width.
Now COLUMN WIDTH will be seen on the command line and
EASYCALC is waiting for a WIDTH on the input line. Choose
18 for width. Type:
"18" and 'RETURN'
The texts, except for interest percentage, are now visible in
full.
Use 'HOME' 'HOME' to go to A1, then press:

'F7' and 'E'

on the command line EDIT: C D G I M P R T will be seen.
Choose T for TITLES. Press:
T
This function fixes a column on the left hand edge of the
screen. To remove the additional A column use the -* to
move E onto the screen. For this title function to work, the
column to be fixed must be at the left hand edge of the screen.
As you can see EASYCALC readjusts the rest of the columns
irrespective of the title width making sure there will always be
three columns shown on the screen. Now readjust the column
widths (B and so on). Go to B1 and type:
'F7' 'G' 'C '6' and 'RETURN'

Try moving the cursor on the screen. As you see you cannot
move the cursor to the fixed A column.
You can write on the second A column, however, and values or
texts inserted there will be reproduced in the fixed A column
also. You can quickly move the cursor to the unfixed A column
by using the HOME function.
Before proceeding remove the TITLES function and set normal
column width. Type:

'F7"L"F7"G"C"8"RETURN'

23
2.7. Fast Recalculation

With the help of the replicating function, you have written a

number of formulas and values. How are these related to each
other?

First go to B2, B4 or B6. There is only a value in each of these

coordinates. If you go to B8 or any other coordinate you will
see that these are dependent on one or several other,
positions. This means that if you go to B4 and change tne in
terest rate all the values that are related to B4 will also change.
Try changing B4 to 20 and see what happens.
Move the cursor to B4 and type:

"20" 'RETURN'
EASYCALC will recalculate all the other values.
Change B4 back to 15 before you go on.

2.8. Adjusting the Column Width

This is a function that can help avoiding the need to scroll the
screen when you are using only a few columns. Move the
cursor to A1 (use the HOME function). When you are ready
press:

'F7"G"C"6'and 'RETURN'
As you can see, you now have more columns on the screen
since every column is smaller.

You can use this Global command whenever you want to, and
choose a working size between 5 and 18 characters per
column.

When you have only 6 characters per column you will see that
the text entries lose some characters. If you move the cursor to
positions A4 or A8 you will see on the command line that all
the words are still there, even though they are not shown on
the screen. All the texts are available as written, and if you
wish you can format the screen to get to see it all.

24
Section III EASYCALC Features
3.1. Formula Repetition
Start by loading EASYCALC. Press:
*F71 'CLR' 'Y' to clear the screen, then change the column
width to 7.

In this example we will create a table which contains ten

columns and ten rows like this picture.

i. : ■ ■ ::

riLIJMN

ROW 2 200 200 .■MM 3608 3666

"'(?0U -4 468 466 468 466 466

i^ROW 6 688 600 666 666 686

fiR0H 8 866 ■">"' 888 888 868

'-'ROW 10 1808 I860 1080 1806 1680

3 . ^__

r
■;SUM- 3600 3666 3666 5880 5808

JPERCEKT 6 6 6 12 1?

TOTfiL
: 49G88
1 49C,Hfl

First mark out the ten columns which start at column B1. One
way is starting in column B with 1, inserting 2 for column C
etc., but this is unnecessary. You can do it using the replicate
function.

Write COLUMN in A1 and 1 in B1 by moving the cursor to

coordinate A1 and then press:

'SPACE' "COLUMN" ' - 'T

Move cursor to C1. Now write a formula which can be
replicated. Enter the formula 1 + B1 in Ct. Type:
"1 + B1" 'RETURN'

25
In C1 the figure should be 2, but on the command line you see
1 + B1. Now we have created a formula to use. Next, press:
'F7' 'F 'R' (for Replicate)
Since just C1 is to be replicated you press:
lRETURN"RETURN" - '

Now you give the TARGET RANGE by pressing:

'RETURN' 'K1" and 'RETURN'

Here you are asked if the formula is ABSolute or RELative. It is

relative. Press:
'R'

To draw a line under the column numbers, move the cursor to

A2 and press:

You have now underlined the A column. By replicating this it

can go over the entire table. Press:
'F7"E"R"RETURN"RETURN' ' -* '
'RETURN' "K2" and 'RETURN'

If you have it right your sheet should look like this.

26
3.2. Replicating Values and Texts
Move the cursor to A4 and then type:
'SPACE' "ROW 2" ' ' "150" and 'RETURN'
Fill all the columns in ROW 2 with 150 by using the replicate
function. Press:

'F7' 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN'

"C4" 'RETURN' "K4" and 'RETURN'
Is this the best way if you later want to change the figure in
every column? No, because if you want to change all the
columns you will have to use the replicate function each time.
It is much easier to let the values relate to each other from the
beginning. This is done as follows:
'F7' 'F3' "C4" 'RETURN' "B4" 'RETURN'
'FT 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN'

"D4" 'RETURN' "K4" and 'RETURN' 'R'

It still shows 150 but if you move to D4 you will see C4 on the
command line. If you continue to the right, you will notice that
the coordinate is related to the coordinate before. This means
that you can change one value and all the dependent
coordinates will have that new value as well.

'F7' 'F3' "B4" 'RETURN' "1000" 'RETURN'

Now, change coordinate E4 to K4 to the value 3000. This is
done the same way as before. Enter 3000 in coordinate E4 and
the rest is done by EASYCALC. Remember that the coordinate
is protected and you have to use the Blank function. Look at
the command line where 3000 is seen and then go to F4. Do
you see E4 written here? As you can see, E4 is a start value for
the coordinates to K4.
What happens if a new value is placed in coordinate B4? Try
with 200:
'F7' 'F3' "B4" 'RETURN' "200" and 'RETURN'

27
Only coordinates B4 to D4 are changed. This is because E4 is
not related to D4. If you wanted all the values to be changed,
you would have to first of all place D4 in coordinate E4, but do
not do this in this example.
Now place more values in the table.
Move the cursor to A6 and press:
'SPACE' "ROW 4" * •+ ' "400"
Move the cursor to A8 and press:

'SPACE' "ROW 6" ' -» ' "600"

Move the cursor to A10 and press:

'SPACE' "ROW 8" ' - ' "800"

Move the cursor to A12 and press:
'SPACE' "ROW 10" ' ■* 'and "1000" 'RETURN'
Move the cursor to C4.
At this stage your screen should look like this:

Now replicate the rest of the values in the remaining nine

columns with the value in column B.

28
3.3. Replicating a Column
Staying at coordinate C4, you will see B4 on the command line.
Relatively C4 is connected to B4 as C6 is to B6 etc. Write the
following at C4:
'F7' 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN'
"C6" 'RETURN' "C12" 'RETURN' and 'R1
If you have followed the instructions correctly you will have the
same values in COLUMN 2 as in COLUMN 1.
The NA message stands for Not Available. Erase those posi
tions which contain NA.

3.4. Replicating a Column Several Times

Now you have formulas for every ROW. The next step is to
replicate these formulas over the rest of the table. This time,
give the whole interval which will be copied as the Source
Range.

Move the cursor to C6 and then type the following:

.F7> <E, lR. 'RETURN' «C12" 'RETURN'

"D6" 'RETURN' "K6" 'RETURN'

'R' 'R' 'R' and 'R'

29
3.5. Sum Function
This function will total all the values in every COLUMN. First,
separate the total line from the values by underlining ROW 10
in the table.
Move the cursor to A13 and press:

'F7' 'P 'R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN' ' - ' 'RETURN'

"K13"and 'RETURN'
Enter the text SUM: in coordinate A15 by writing:
'F7' 'F3' "A15" 'RETURN' 'SPACE' "SUM:" and ' - '
First total COLUMN 1. As you have seen, you can easily
replicate the formula later to the other columns. The cursor
should be in coordinate B15. Type:

"SUM(B4:B12)" 'RETURN'
Within the parentheses, the coordinates are to be totalled.
Now the sum for COLUMN 1 — 3000 — is shown. The rest of
the totals are obtained by replicating. Stay in coordinate B15
and type:

'FT 'E' (R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN' ' - ' 'RETURN'

"K15" 'RETURN' 'R' 'R'
All the COLUMNS have individual totals and your screen
should look like this:

30
Now, create a sum total. Type:
'F7' 'F3' "A19" 'RETURN' 'SPACE' "TOTAL"
( * "'SUM(B15:K15)" and'RETURN'
In coordinate A20 you will now see 49600. It is as easy to get
the sum total of these numbers without first producing a row
of totals which are themselves added together. EASYCALC
can sum an area — in this example the matrix with the top left
corner B4 and the bottom right hand corner K12. Try this
method.
Move the cursor to A21 and type:
"SUM(B4:K12)" 'RETURN'
You should now have the same answer as in A20. Now, show
every SUM as a percentage of this TOTAL.
Move the cursor to coordinate A17 and type:
'SPACE' "PERCENT" ' - ' "B15/A21" and 'RETURN'
In COLUMN 1 the answer is 0.0605, ie approximately 6%.

31
3.6. Formatting a Single Coordinate
The value at B17 — 0.0605 — is difficult to read; so many
decimal places are unnecessary. The usual format for
EASYCALC is maximum precision (M), but integer format is
best here. First, multiply the formulas at B17 by 100 and then
format it to an integer value. Move the cursor to B17 and type:
(F8'
Then, edit the formula to read "B15/A21*100"
When ready, type:
'RETURN' 'F7' 'P T

There should now be a 6 in B17. The title TOTAL is not directly

over its values because EASYCALC normally positions text on
the left and numeric values to the right. You can adjust TOTAL
to its values by formatting it.
Move the cursor to A19 and type:
lF7' 'F 'R'

■" ! ;..

ROW 2 288 3686

ROW A 488 468
0W 6 688 688
RGH 8 868 886
IR0H 18 1898 1888

32
3.7. Replicating a Format
Move the cursor to B17. We will now replicate the formula for
SUM as a percent of TOTAL. Write:
(F7"E"R"RETURN"RETURN" - '
'RETURN' "K17" and 'RETURN'
To answer the question ABSolute OR RELative, think of how
you want to treat the formula B15/A2T100. The first value at
B15 must change as you require different sums each time, but
A21 (total) remains the same. Press:
'R' (for relative at B15) and 'A' (for absolute at A21)
You should now have percentage values in the rest of the col
umns. As you can see, the formatting to integer value has also
been replicated.

3.8. Replicate Function for Copying a Row or Column

Move the cursor to A13.
Now, draw a line under the percentage values. This time you
will use a different method. Press:
'F7' 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' "K13" 'RETURN'
"A18" 'RETURN' "A18" 'RETURN'
This uses the replicate function when a row needs to be
copied. It works the same way when copying a column.

33
3.9. NA (Not Available) Function

Suppose coordinate B4 is for the time being, unknown. You

can make use of the NA function — Not Available.
Move the cursor to B4 and type:
'F7' 'B'
You will see a red NA in all the coordinates which are related to
B4.

Now erase B4 with the BLANK function.

Place the following formula at B4:

"1/0" and 'RETURN'

Now you get a red ERROR instead of NA. ERROR means

exactly that — in this case a division by zero error has been
done.
When a formula contains references to one or more
coordinates which have a value of zero, an ERROR answer is
given. If the formula contains references to another coordinate
which is a LABEL, then NA will be shown. NOTE that these
messages are red.

Now, blank B4 and place a value there.

34
3.10. Inserting and Erasing Rows and Columns.
If you want to insert an extra row in your table, eg ROW 12, first
move to A13. Type:
'F7' 'E' T 'R'
I is for insert and R is for row. This creates an empty row at row
13. All the rows under 13 are moved one row down.
Do this insertion once again.
Now you have a place for ROW 12. Move the cursor to A14 and
type:

'SPACE' "ROW 12" 'RETURN'

To remove the line you have inserted and to restore the table to
its original appearance, move the cursor to A13 and press:
'F7' 'E' 'D' 'R'

After WORKING message is erased, press:

'FT 'E' 'D' 'R'
D stands for DELETE. Using these functions you can either
insert or delete both columns and rows. If you insert a column
all the other columns are moved one step to the right.
The formulas that are affected by insertion of deletion are
adjusted. When deleting a row or column all formulas that
contain references to the deleted row or column become
LABELS. Those coordinates that then refer to these LABELS
will show NA. You can then edit these coordinates using the
edit function, F8.

35
3.11. Moving Matrices With the Move Function
You are now going to move the matrix which contains the 2nd,
3rd and 4th values in ROW 6 and ROW 8. Move the cursor to
coordinate C8 and press:
'F7' 'E' 'M' 'RETURN'
You will see MOVE on the command line and FROM C8 to C8
on the input line.
The matrix to be moved is defined by the coordinates C8 and
E10, the upper left hand edge and bottom right hand corner,
respectively. Continue by giving the bottom corner coordinate.
Type:
"E10" 'RETURN'
Now give the coordinate to which the whole matrix is to be
moved. With the cursor at C19 press 'RETURN'

8 ■HMH wm-ym

m H'9B ■MM ■

1 c 3 4
1
ROM 2 288 288 288 3888

1 ROM 4 486 468 488 468

1 ROM

ROM 8
6 688

886

ROM 18 1688 1889 1888 1686

|
If :
;SUH: 3688 1668 1688 4488

jPERCENT 7 4 4 18

I TOTftL ■ ■■:. 686 686

1966B
454B8 868 888 888

Change the value in B8 or B10. As you can see, EASYCALC

calculates the matrix just as if it is in the TABLE.
Before continuing, try moving some other matrices. This
method works just as well as moving single rows and columns.

36
3.12. Recalculation Order
On many occasions now you have seen EASYCALC
recalculate values after every new input, for instance when you
change the values in the TABLE. Recalculation in EASYCALC
works by starting with the upper left corner and then
calculating down toward the lower right corner.
Each formula is calculated once only, unless you order a
second recalculation by pressing the up arrow key. This means
that coordinate A1 cannot be a formula that refers to other
coordinates. Formulas must be stored from the upper left hand
corner right down across the screen till you reach the bottom
right corner.
EASYCALC can look at the formulas either column by column
or row by row. In the right corner on the command line a C is
displayed. This is the RECALCULATION INDICATOR and
indicates the order of calculation — C for column or R for row.
Normally EASYCALC's recalculation is by column and
calculates A1, A2, A3...B1, B2, B3...etc.
In most circumstances this has no effect on the results of
recalculations, but there are instances when the correct result
is dependent on the direction of the recalculation and it is
important to know when this arises.

At this time, save yourTABLE on a disk or tape before clearing

the screen. Refer to sections 1.11. and 5.7.
When the example has been saved type the following:
'F7"CLR"Y'"10" ' ■* '"10 + A1"'RETURN'
TT 'E' (R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN'
"C1" 'RETURN' "D1" 'RETURN' 'R'
'F7' 'F3' "A3" 'RETURN' "2*D1"
When you write formulas think of how the coordinates are
dependent of each other. You will most probably see that this
must be calculated row by row.
Test this by entering in A1 a value of 2. Press:
'HOME' '2' and 'RETURN'
Try pressing the ' t ' key once and study the screen.
This key depression will order recalculation and now A3 is
correct.

If you change the recalculation order by pressing:

'F7 'O' (R'
and place the value "10" in A1 you can see that it will calculate
properly this time.

37
The conclusion from this experience is that you should
construct models so that they either lie in rows or columns
but, if possible, not in both directions. If you are uncertain type
t several times just to be sure your model has no "forward"
or "circular" references.

3.13. Reference Order for Formulas

The formula in A3 is an example of "Forward Reference"
because it refers to the coordinate which "normally" is
calculated before B1.
In some case the "Forward Reference" is built on others; to
get the result press the t key several times.
"Circular references" are impossible to calculate no matter
how many recalculations done.

Before continuing, reset recalculation order to columns.

Clear the screen.
Now we will place the formula, 10+ D2, in coordinates B2 and
D2. With the cursor at B2 type:
"10+D2"'RETURN'
As a reference to an empty coordinate the answer is NA. This
is to help you to avoid and discover eventual mistakes. Type:
<-*'<-♦ ' "O"'RETURN'"10 + D2" and'RETURN'

This kind of formula is called a self-reference. You should

always insert a value — even if it is zero — at a coordinate
before creating a self-reference formula, otherwise the answer
will always be shown as NA.
Each time you undertake a further calculation — each time the
' t ' key is pressed — a new value will be shown.

38
Section IV Worksheet Capabilities
4.1. More About Formats and Values
Load EASYCALC. If you have not already done so, clear the
screen.

Write the following:

'F7' 'F3' "B10" 'RETURN'

"54.456" 'RETURN'
'F7' 'E' lR' 'RETURN' 'RETURN'

" - " 'RETURN' " - " and 'RETURN'

You now have the same values in the three coordinates B10,
C10 and D10 and as you have not given any format command
all three coordinates have the normal global format. Move the
cursor to B10 and press:
'F7' 'F 'I'

'F7' 'F '$'

lF7' 'P 'LT

You have now formatted B10 to integers, positioned on the
left, and C10 to 2 decimal places, also positioned to the left.
Alongside VALUE on the middle line you will see "$L" for the
format of the coordinate in the current cursor position. The
dollar sign $ represents two decimal places and L the left hand
positioning. EASYCALC always leaves an empty position at
the beginning of each column to leave a vertical space
between them.

Now press;
'F7' 'G' 'F and T
to change the global format to whole numbers — integer. The
only coordinate which was affected was D1 because the
others were individually formatted. Local formats always take
priority over global ones. At the right hand edge of the Com
mand line you will see "I" indicating the Global Format for the
current work sheet.

With the cursor in B10 press:

'F7' 'F and 'M'

39
This has deleted the integer value and returns it to its original
form — you have the value 54.456 again. The Maximum Preci
sion format does not affect the left adjustment — M format is
only concerned with the way a number is rounded, not its posi
tion. Now do the same for C10. Move the cursor to C10 press:
'F7' 'F and 'NT
Change the global format back to normal format by pressing:

'F7' 'G' 'F and 'G'

How the numbers are presented depends on the current
column width. Type:

'F7' 4G' 'C '6' 'RETURN'

You have the value 54.46 in all the coordinates. EASYCALC
always leaves a blank position to the left while showing as
many numbers as possible within the column width.

4.2. Large and Small Values

Clear the screen. Note that earlier global commands are
erased, giving normal column width (8).

Enter 9999999 (seven 9's) in A1. Press:

"9999999" 'RETURN'
This is the largest value to be shown in an 8 character wide
column.

Place the formula 1 + A1 in coordinate B1. Go to B1 and press:

"1+A1" 'RETURN'
The value 10000000 is written as 1E7 instead, which is 1 times
10 to the power of 7.

Place .0000001 in C1. Move the cursor to C1 and press:

".0000001"'RETURN'

Here the value 1E- 7 means 1 times 10 to the power of - 7.

When a value is given, the column width is taken into
consideration. If it is too small or too large the value is shown.
Try to increase the column width. Type:
T7' 'G' 'C "11" and 'RETURN'
As you see the values are now shown in full.

40
4.3. Mathematical Priority
So far we have had relatively simple formulas in our examples.
If a formula contains more than one function you must under
stand in which order the formula will be calculated.
EASYCALC always calculates according to normal
mathematical laws. In the following list, 1 has the highest
priority, 11 the lowest.

1 Higher mathematical function references such as MIN,

MAX, ABSand INT
2 Functions and characters within parentheses
3 Exponent
4 Multiplication and division * and /
5 Addition and subtraction + and -
6 Less than and greater than < and >
Not equal to and equal to < > and =
Equal to or greater than = >
Equal to or less than = <
Greater than or equal ta > =
Less than or equal to < =
7 NOT
8 AND
9 OR
10 THEN and ELSE
11 IF

In general, the higher mathematical functions are followed by

parentheses containing the range of the expression. The colon
character is used to describe the areas and each expression
within the parentheses is differentiated with a comma.

41
4.4. A Small Matrix

Start by clearing the screen. Now put in a series of different

values which you can use in the tests which follow of the
higher mathematical functions and priorities.
Move the cursor to B5; type:

"20"' - ' "2.25+ B5"'RETURN'

'F7' 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN' ' - ' 'RETURN'
"F5" 'RETURN' 'R'

Move the cursor to B5; type:

'F7' 'E' 'C 'RETURN' "F5" 'RETURN' "B10" 'RETURN'

Move the cursor to D5; type:
'F7' 'E' 'C 'RETURN' "F5" 'RETURN' "B6" 'RETURN'
Move the cursor to B7; type:
"500" ' * ' "50" 'RETURN'
Move the cursor to B5; type:
'F7' 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' "B8" 'RETURN' "E6" 'RETURN'
"F6" 'RETURN' 'A'

Move the cursor to E8; type:

'F7' 'E' 'C 'RETURN' "F10" 'RETURN' "C7" 'RETURN'
Move the cursor to B9; type:

T 'RETURN' 'F7' 'G' 'C '6' 'RETURN'

Your screen should look like this:

42
4.5. Formatted Printouts
Format a printout for this work sheet. Press:
lF7' 'E' 'P'

P is for PRINTING. Here you will choose between formatted

and direct printing.

• Direct printing lets you choose a part of the work sheet or

the entire work sheet to be printed in the same format as
shown on the screen.

• Formatted printing lets you decide the number of rows and

the width of each of the columns varying between 1 to 255
characters wide.
Choose formatted printout; press:
'F'

Ail the lines of a work sheet — 254 lines — can be printed, but
as this example contains only 10 write this:
T 'RETURN' "10" 'RETURN'
Now, decide which columns to print. Press:
(C"RETURN'"10" 'RETURN'

For the other four columns you can have varying widths.
Remember the smallest width allowed is 1 character wide.
After entering all the column widths (do not forget the B
column) press RETURN once again, this tells EASYCALC it
can start the printout.

When ready, the work sheet will be printed according to your

format. Make sure your printer is connected, switched on, and
has paper!

Note that the columns are in the exact order as they were
entered in the FORMAT command.

43
4.6. Minimum and Maximum Values
Start by searching for the smallest value in column E. Move the
cursor with the 'HOME' key to A1 and then type:
■MIN(E1:E10)" and 'RETURN'
In A1 '20' is seen, and it is easy to check that this is the
column's smallest value. The colon is used to split the start
and end values for the area which is to be searched. The blank
coordinates within E1 and E4 created no problems.
Now we look for the largest value within the matrix. Type:
' •* ' "MAX(B5:B10,C5:C10,D5:D10,E5:E10,F5:F10)"
'RETURN'
Here you see how the comma is used to separate the different
expressions.

4.7. Count and Mean Functions

The COUNT function counts the number of coordinates
containing values or valid formulas within the row/column or
area.

Move the cursor to A5 and press:

"COUNT(B1:B10)" and 'RETURN'

The answer is 7.
The MEAN function calculates the average value of the given
row/column or given area.
Move the cursor to A7 and press:

l(MEAN(F5:F9)" 'RETURN'
The mean of 29, 20, 24.5, 500 and 50 should be 124.7. You can
check this by moving to A8 and typing:

"SUM(F5:F9)/5" 'RETURN'
This answer is also 124.7.

44
4.8. Absolute and Integer Functions
The ABSOLUTE function, ABS, works with an expression, and
gives the value's absolute value. To get the absolute value of
-150 write:
"ABS<-150)"
The answer is 150.

The INTEGER function works like the ABS with expression.

INT function gives the integer part of a value. If we have 26.75
in C6 and 500 in C7 we could have the integer sum in A20 as
follows:
Move the cursor to A20 and type:
"INT(C6 + C7)" 'RETURN'
The answer will be 526. The INT function does not round off
the numbers compared to the formatting function F7 F1 which
does.

4.9. IF-THEN-ELSE Function

IF is always followed by ELSE. With this function the following
tests can be accomplished.
IF the value in coordinate B5 is larger than the value in coor
dinate F10 THEN 1 is placed in coordinate A3 or ELSE the
value at B5 will be placed in A3.
Move the cursor to A3 and type:
"IF(B5 > F10) THEN (1) ELSE (B5)"'RETURN'
Since the value in B5 is less than the value in F10, the answer
is 20 as this is the value in B5.
NOTE:
When using this function and some of the conditions are not
available, NA, the answer will be NA even if the true condition
in itself is correct.

45
4.10. True and False Statements
These are expressions which impose certain conditions that
must be passed and cleared before further calculation can be
undertaken. This can be useful, for example, in a calculation of
interest which is dependent on the amount saved when 1000
will attract 11% while 2000 will get 13% and so on. By using
the IF...THEN...ELSE... structure, you can place conditions on
coordinate values.

(IF A1 = 1 THEN C1 ELSE 2)* D1

In the example above we see that if A1 is equal to 1 then D1 will
be multiplied by C1. If A1 is not equal to 1 then D1 will be
multiplied by 2. When the statement is true then the value or
expression after THEN will be taken as this represents truth,
while a false statement will be given the section after ELSE.
You could also have a condition within the condition e.g.:
F1*(IF A1 = 1 THEN 1 ELSE (IF A1 = 2 THEN 2 ELSE 3))
This shows that if A1 is equal to 1 then F1 will be multiplied by
1 otherwise it will be tested by the next condition. You must
always have the ELSE at the end otherwise EASYCALC will
show that an error has been made. Write the following:
IF A1 THEN 2*3/A2 (true) ELSE 3+ B2 (false)

Now if A1 is blank or is a text, it will have the value NA so as to

indicate that there is not value in it. But, if A1 had the value 0
then it will do 3+ B2 as the statement is false. All other values
will lead to a true statement.
If you should get FORMULA TOO COMPLEX as a reply, then
you will have to break up your expression as EASYCALC
cannot calculate it. Within the IF..THEN...ELSE structure you
can use AND, OR, and NOT to change the conditions. NOT will
change the true/false statement so that it will be false/true
instead.
When using AND both expressions must be true to make the
statement true:

IF A1 = 1 AND B1 = 10THEN 100 ELSE 5

A1 = 1 T T F F (T = TRUE F= FALSE)
B1 = 10 T F T F
Result 100 5 5 5

When using OR both or one of the expressions must be true to

make the statement true:
IF A1 = 1 OR B1 = 10 THEN 100 ELSE 5
A1 = 1 T T F F
B1 = 10 T F T F
Result 100 100 100 5
NOT, AND, OR are the lowest in the mathematical priority.
NOT is higher than AND while AND is higher than OR.

46
4.11. Random Function
The RND random number function is used to produce random
numbers. If you want a random number which lies between
zero and 100 in coordinate G20, type:
'F7' lF3' "G20" 'RETURN' "RND(100)" 'RETURN'
The random value will stay in the coordinate until you place
another value there.
If you need a random number between 1 and 100 that changes
each time a recalculation is done then use the function
referring to a coordinate like this: in G19 type
"99" 'RETURN'

Cursor to G20, blank the old formula and insert the new one by
typing:

'F7"B'"1 + RND(G19)"' - '

Each time a recalculation is undertaken a new value for the
random number between 1 and 100 will be given at G20. Try
this several times using the t key for the recalculation.

4.12. Percent Function

This function is useful to easily express percentage values, eg
to express 15% you could write 0.15 but, with the percent
function you just write "%(15)".
To get the percentage of a formula eg F5+ F6, type:
"%(F5 + F6)"'RETURN'
In the first example you do not need the parentheses — you
could just write %15. In the other you have to have them;
otherwise, the function will only operate on the first value.

47
4.13. Manual and Automatic Recalculation
As you most probably noticed in a number of your earlier
examples, EASYCALC takes time when recalculating a value.
Every value is calculated to up to twelve positions and it can
take a number of seconds to recalculate many values over a
large sheet. Often, you do not need a recalculation for every
new value when you make an entry, but only when all the
values have been entered.
EASYCALC lets you choose between automatic and manual
recalculation. Automatic recalculation is set when you start up
EASYCALC.
If you want to avoid recalculation during every new input,
press:

'F7' 'R' lM'

You can enter as many new inputs as you want without being
interrupted by recalculations. After you have changed a
number of values in the matrix you can do a recalculation by
pressing the up arrow key. When you have finished all your
inputs, go back to Automatic Recalculation by pressing:

•FT 'R' 'A'

As you see a recalculation is done.

4.14. Graphics on the Screen and Printer

EASYCALC's graphic function gives you a bar chart which you
specify.
The graphic function works in such a way that the row or
column which is to be represented is determined by the
current cursor coordinate.
Start by moving the cursor to A17 and then type:
"90"' - '"100"' - '"115"' - "'SUM(A17:C17)"
Now give each of these four coordinates a color:
Move the cursor to A17 and type:
'F71 'E' 'G' 'R'

EASYCALC now clears the screen and asks for LOWER and
UPPER LIMIT. This is the scale interval within which the bars
will lie. Since your values are 90,100,115 and 305 a range 0 to
500 will be fine. Type:
'0' 'RETURN' "500" 'RETURN'

48
You will now be asked to title your bar chart with a maximum
of 39 characters. Then press:
'RETURN'
To print press:
'F6'
Now you will be given the option of adding two more rows of
text to the printed version of the chart. When you have input
the data for the first you can move to the second line with the
'RETURN' key.

When you have completed titling your chart press:

'RETURN'
and the printout will start.

49
Section V Commands and Functions
5.1. Screen Structure
EASYCALC's screen contains not only the information that
you enter for your work, but also a number of different texts,
characters and values to tell you what commands or functions
you are using or have selected. What these symbols on the
screen mean will be explained here.

I Jl !

I
m (45
■

E 6546

Command line. On this line, commands, contents of the

position of the cursor and functions can be seen.
Middle line. Here the three functions, 'F3' for GO TO, 'F6'
for HARDCOPY and 'CLR' for CLEAR are shown when the
command key — F7 — has been pressed.
EASYCALC also uses this line to ask questions and
indicate the answer to be given. Except for printout
editing, all these answers can be given with one key
depression. A small cursor shows where the input should
be.
Input line. Here the characters which are being input are
shown. Questions which need several key depressions to
answer are also shown here. A small cursor is displayed
after a character is entered. This shows where the input
will be.

50
4 Error codes. One character is used for User errors and
three for Formula input errors (See Appendix).
5 AC, AR, MC and MR gives type of recalculation. For
example, AC indicates automatic column-wise
recalculation, MR manual row-wise.

6 Shows available memory space by indicating the number

of memory positions remaining to use. A value uses a max
imum of one position, but the number of memory positions
used for formulas and labels depends on their length.

7 Shows the current cursor coordinate.

8 Here is shown the type of coordinate at the current cursor

position: either LABEL (letters) or VALUE.

9 These characters tell you the format of the current coor

dinate position: M for maximum precision, I for integer, $
for two decimal places, R for right adjusted and L for left
adjusted. The current format remains with the coordinate
until changed or erased.
10 The same characters as above indicate the global format
for the current work sheet. Like the local format it remains
with the current work sheet until it is changed or erased.

11 X-axis shows the columns labeled alphabetically from A to

BK (63 columns).

12 Y-axis shows the rows numbered from 1 to 254.

51
5.2. SYSTEM Command: BEFGLOTR-
B:Blank Cancel contents of cell under cursor
E:Edit command For screen and printer
FrFormat command .... Individual cell
G:Global command .... Global format and column width
L: Leave Title
O:Order Of recalculation
T:Transport command .. For Disk/Tape communication
R:Recalculate Automatic or manual
-; Automatic repetition of characters
at cell under cursor

5.3. TRANSPORT Command: L S

L:DISK/TAPE Load File to computer
S:DISK/TAPESave File on disk/tape

5.4. EDIT Command: C D G I M P R T

C:Copy Data area to another area
D:Delete Row or column
G:Graphic Bar chart
l:lnseri Row or column
M:Move Data area to another area
P:Print Worksheet or user-defined format
R:Replicate Data area to other areas
T:Title Protects a title in the left column

5.5. FORMAT Command: C G M I S L R

C:Color Select color

G:Global.. . Cell Sets global format
Global .... Sets normal format
M:Maximum Sets maximum precision display
mode
hlnteger Sets integer display mode
$: Sets 2 decimal display mode
LLeft Left-justifies field
R:Right Right-justifies field

5.6. GLOBAL Command: C F

C:Column width Sets global width in all columns
except in protected title-column
F:Format Sets given format in all ceils

52
5.7. Save a File on Disk/Tape
This function is used to store work on the disk/tape. The total
contents of the work sheet are stored, under its specific name,
on the disk/tape.
The contents of the RAM are still left intact after the file has
been saved so that you can continue working with it.

To save your file, start by typing:

'F7' T"D'(or'T')'S'

Enter the file name with a maximum 12 characters not

including '":;,#$*?
Then press'RETURN'
If, when you have successfully saved your file and you are
going to start a new project, you might need to clear the work
sheet, then use the Clear function — F7 CLR —.
NOTE:
The maximum number of files that can be stored on a disk is
limited to nine.

5.8. Get a File from Disk/Tape

To get a file containing a work sheet type:
'F7' T 'D' (or T) (U
Enter the file name; press 'RETURN'.

5.9. Formatting (GLOBAL)

Also see FORMATTING (LOCAL). All positions (coordinates)
within the current work sheet, except those title protected, are
set to the format which is given.

Note that 'F7' 'G' 'F' 'G' resets all previous global formats. If,
for example, left adjusted integer format has been chosen
earlier, then both these formats will be deleted. The color
format is not changed.

53
5.10. Column Width
The column width can vary between 5 and 18 characters. When
EASYCALC starts, the column width is set to 8.
To change the column width, type:
'F7' 'G1 'C
Give the column width and then press 'RETURN'
All the positions (coordinates) within the current work sheet
are set to the given width.
Note that title protected columns are not influenced by this
aid.

5.11. Formatting Functions (LOCAL)

It is possible in both global and local functions to combine two

formats, eg left adjustment and integer.

Note that all local formats except GLOBAL FORMAT have the
same effect as the corresponding global format except that
they only affect one coordinate instead of the whole work
sheet. Used locally, however, the GLOBAL FORMAT does not
have the same meaning as it does when used globally.

5.12. Color Format

Changes the color on the current coordinate.
Place the cursor at the coordinate which is to be colored. Type:
'F7' 'F' IC and choose color key with either the CTRL key or
the Commodore key as follows:
The color keys are the following:

Together with the Together with the

CTRL key Commodore key
1 = Black 1 = Orange
2= White 2= Brown
3= Red 3= Light red
4= Cyan 4= Grey 1
5= Purple 5= Grey 2
6= Green 6= Light green
7= Blue 7= Light blue
8= Yellow 8= Grey 3

54
5.13. Global Format

Locally:

Changes the format of the current coordinate to the global

format set up earlier — this will be the 'start-up1 format if the
Global Format has not been changed. The color format is NOT
changed.

Place the cursor at the coordinate which is to be formatted.

Type:

*F7' 'F' 'G'

Globally:
Resets all coordinates at the current work sheet to
EASYCALC's normal format, that is labels are left adjusted,
values right adjusted and with maximum precision {decimals
are shown if there is enough room). All earlier global formats
are overridden. The color format is NOT changed.

5.14. Maximum Precision Format

Changes format at current coordinate to maximum precision,

decimals are shown if there is enough space. This function
only affects integer and two decimal place functions; other
local formats are not changed.
Place the cursor at current coordinate. Type:
'F7' 'F' lM'

5.15. Integer Format

Sets integer format at current coordinate. Any decimals are not
rounded mathematically; they are just not shown in the
display. This function oniy affects maximum precision and two
decimal place formats, other local formats are not changed.
Place the cursor in the position which is to be changed. Type:

■F7' 'F T

5.16. Two Decimal Format

Presents the value at current coordinate to two decimal
places. This function only affects maximum precision and
integer formats. Other local formats are not changed.
Place the cursor in the coordinate which is to be changed.
Type:
'F7' (P T

55
5.17. Left Adjusting

Changes from right adjusted to left adjusted at the current

position (coordinate). This function only affects right adjusted
formats. Other formats are not changed.
Place the cursor at the coordinate which is to be changed.
Type:

'F7' 'F"L'

5.18. Right Adjusting

Changes left adjustment to right adjustment at the current

position (coordinate). This function only affects left adjusted
formats. Other formats are not changed.
Place the cursor at the coordinate which is to be changed.
Type:

'F7' lF 'R'

5.19. Graphics on the Screen

Move the cursor to the current start coordinate and then type:

'F7' 'E' (G'

if a row is to be represented, press 'R'. Otherwise press 'C for
column.

Give the lower and upper limits of the scale for the bars of the
chart. Provide a title, maximum 39 characters.
The function ends by pressing 'F7'

5.20. Graphics Printed

All graphics can be printed by using the hardcopy function.

'F6\
You are also able to include two further lines of titling for
printed graphic output which can be used to label the bars of
the chart. After each of these two lines press:
'RETURN'
When ready the printout will start.

5.21. Moving the Cursor

Movement of the cursor is controlled by the two CRSR keys

together with SHIFT.

56
5.22. Moving the Cursor Toward A1
The HOME key is used for fast cursor movements towards
coordinate A1.

One press of HOME results in the cursor being moved to the

upper left corner of the current screen.
A second press of HOME makes the cursor, no matter where it
is positioned on the work sheet, go to coordinate A1 of that
work sheet.

5.23. GO TO

The cursor can be moved to any coordinate on the current

work sheet by typing

'F7' 'F3'
Then enter the coordinate to which the cursor is to be moved
and then press 'RETURN'

57
5.24. Order of Priority
EASYCALC always calculates according to normal
mathematical laws. In the following list 1 has the highest
priority, 11 the lowest.
NOTE:
The EASYCALC corrects formulas before saving them —
unnecessary brackets are removed, double minus signs are
changed to positive and when a number of plus signs are
written, only one remains.
1 Higher mathematical function references such as MIN,
MAX, ABSand INT
2 Functions and characters within parentheses
3 Exponent
4 Multiplication and division * and /
5 Addition and subtraction + and -
6 Less than and greater than < and >
Not equal to and equal to <> and =
Equal to or greater than = >
Equal to or less than = <
Greater than or equal to < =
Less than or equal to > =

7 NOT

8 AND

9 OR
10 THEN and ELSE
11 IF
In general, the higher mathematical functions are followed by
parentheses containing the range of the expression. The colon
character is used to describe the areas and each expression
within the parenthesis is differentiated with a comma.
NOTE:
That in the IF THEN ELSE function if any of the coordinates
give NA then the result will be given as NA even if the
condition is true.

58
5.25. All the Mathematical Functions
All the functions are presented here in groups within which
they all have the same structure. An example is given for each
group.

GROUP 1
COUNT Gives the number of coordinates containing a
constant or valid formula (without NA or error)
MAX Chooses the largest value within a given area
MIN Chooses the smallest value within a given area
MEAN Gives average value for a certain area
STDDEV Calculates the standard deviation of a given area
SUM Calculates the sum of a given area
Structure: FUNCTION (argument, argument, argument...)
Example: MEAN (A1:A5,B1:B5)

GROUP 2

NPV To calculate the next present value

Structure: FUNCTION (precent, argument: argument)
Example: NPV(.10,C1:G15)

GROUP 3

NA Shows that the coordinate represents a value or a formula

that refers to an invalid coordinate
Structure: FUNCTION

Example: SPACE NA

GROUP 4

ABS, EXP, FRAC, INT, LN LOG10 SQRT and RND

Structure: FUNCTION (expression)

Example: ABS(A1 + 1*2.5/B7)

GROUP 5
IF THEN ELSE

Structure: IF expression THEN expression ELSE expression

Example: IF A1 = 10 THEN B1 + 2 ELSE 5

GROUP 6

OR, AND and NOT

Structure: FUNCTION within IF THEN ELSE

Example: IF A1 = 10 OR C1 = 5 THEN B1 + 2 ELSE 5

59
5.26. Automatic Character Repeat
Used to repeat a character in a given coordinate.
If you want to fill a coordinate with, for example, equal signs,
type:
'F7' ' — ' ' = '

The current coordinate will be filled, irrespective of the column

width, with equal signs.

5.27. Blanking a Coordinate

Used to empty a coordinate.
Place the cursor at the current coordinate and type:
'F7' lB'

5.28. Moving a Coordinate

Place the cursor at current coordinate and type:

(F7' 'E' (M' 'RETURN' 'RETURN'

Give the coordinate to which coordinate contents are to be
moved. Then type:

'RETURN'

5.29. Copying a Coordinate

Place the cursor at the required coordinate and type:

'F7' 'E' 'C 'RETURN' 'RETURN1

Give the coordinate where the copy is to be placed. Then type:

'RETURN'

5.30. Repeating a Coordinate

Place the cursor at the coordinate and type:

'F7' 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN'

Provide the target range over which the selected coordinates
are to be repeated, ending each entry with 'RETURN'. The
entries can be made by cursor movements or by direct input of
the coordinate positions.

50
5.31. Self References in a Coordinate
This is used for creating new values at every calculation. To
create, for example, a counter at A1 go to A1 and type:
'F7' 'R' 'M' " - 1" 'RETURN' "A1 + 1" 'RETURN'
There will now be a zero in A1 with the formula on the
command line. Everytime the t key is pressed for a
recalculation the value at A1 is increased by one. If you return
to automatic recalculation the value will increase each time an
input is made. You can also test this with the automatic
recalculation feature and recalculate a number of times.

Note:
Because of the way EASYCALC works it will always calculate
your self-reference as it is input — this is why we used minus
one for the starting value. When the formula was accepted
EASYCALC calculated the value to be zero.

5.32. Moving an Area (Matrix)

A specified area can be moved within the current work sheet.
As an example move the area between A1 until C5 to J1.

Fill in the area A1 - C5 with some characters and values.

Place the cursor at the coordinate which is the start position
(here A1). Type:

'F7' 'E' lM' 'RETURN'

Give the last coordinate position of the area you want to move
to either through cursor movement or direct entrance of the
coordinate (here C5). Then press
'RETURN'

Now input the starting coordinate of the area to receive the

moved area — press
"JV'RETURN'
The original positions A1 to C5 are now empty. Move the
cursor to J1 (use GO TO) to check that the movement has been
made.

61
5.33. Copying an Area (Matrix)
A specified area can be copied within the current work sheet.
As an example move the area between A1 until C5 to J1.

Fill in the area A1 - C5 with some characters and values.

Place the cursor at the coordinate which is the start position

(here A1). Type:

'F7' 'E"C"RETURN'

Give the last coordinate position of the area you want to copy
either through cursor movement or direct entrance of the
coordinate (here C5). Then press
'RETURN'
Now input the starting coordinate of the area to receive the
copied area — press

"J1" 'RETURN'

Move the cursor to J1 (use GO TO) to check that the copy has
been made.

5.34. Replicating an Area

This function is used to copy the content of several positions
to various different places on the current screen. While it is
possible to copy a single position, row or column, it is not pos
sible to copy a row to a column or vice versa, or to replicate a
matrix.
As an example of this function place rows of stars over the
whole work sheet. Start by filling A1 and A2 with stars. Place
the cursor at A1. Press
t py! i 11*71 ' 'F7l ' ' **' ' '

These stars will now be replicated to row 10. Press

'F7' 'E' 'R'

Give the origin of the area of the asterisks you are going to
replicate.

'RETURN" + "RETURN'
Now input the area they are to fill by typing

"A10" 'RETURN' "110" 'RETURN'

Having given both SOURCE RANGE and TARGET RANGE,

when there is a reference to another position, the question
ABSolute OR RELative will be asked. You have to decide if the
positions are RELATIVE or not. Answer the question with'A' or
'R'

62
5.35. Inserting a Row or Column
This function inserts an empty row or column at any place on
the screen. To insert a row, type:

Everything at and below the current row is moved downwards

one step.

If a column is to be inserted, type:

'FT (E' T 'C

Everything at and to the right of the current column is moved
one step to the right.
The formulas that are affected by the movement are adjusted
to the new positions or changed to NA.
Note that it is not possible to insert a column if there is any
data in the last column (BK), without first moving the contents
of or blanking out the BK column. The same qualification is
true when trying to insert rows if row 254 has been used.

5.36. Deleting a Row or Column

This function lets you remove a row/column from any position

on the screen.

To create an example write the label "A1" at A1,"B1" at B1 and

so on to fill the area as far as C5. We will now erase row 3.
Place the cursor at any position on row 3 and type:

'F7' 'E' 'D' 'R1

Everything below the cursor is moved up one step; this means

that row 4 has replaced row 3. Thus row 3 has been deleted,

To delete a column, place the cursor at any position on column

B and type:

'FT1 'E' 'D' 'C

Everything to the right of the cursor is moved one column to
the left and the original contents of column B are erased.
NOTE:
That formulas which contain references to a deleted row or
column will be changed to LABELS and any references to
them will become NA.

NOTE:
That the last used column/row can NOT be deleted. Here you
can replicate or move a blank column/row instead.

63
5.37. Setting a Title
In the first column of the screen it is useful to be able to
display text titles with a different column width to the rest of
the screen. It is also helpful for this column to be fixed in posi
tion when scrolling the work sheet.
To create a title column, scroll the work sheet until the column
is at the left edge of the screen and then type:

'F7' 'E' T
The title is removed by typing 'F7' (L'

5.38. Automatic/Manual Recalculation

When EASYCALC is started, automatic recalculation begins as
well as all positions that are relative to each other will be
calculated. A recalculation will be undertaken each time a for
mula is entered or changed.
To change from automatic to manual recalculation type:

lF7' lR' 'M'

When this function is chosen recalculation will take place only
at the position of the cursor. This is useful when you are going
to change several values on a work sheet and every change af
fects other positions. After all the changes have been made
you can change BACK to automatic recalculation to see the
new results. Type

'F7' (R' 'A'

Note that the calculation order remains with the current work
sheet until it is changed.

64
5.39. Recalculation by Row/Column

When EASYCALC is started it will calculate columnwise. If you

want to change that type:

'F7' 'O' 'R'

and it will now calculate row by row (starting from A1).
When you want to change it back to columnwise again, type:
(F7" 'O' 'C1
Note that the calculation order remains with the work sheet
until it is changed.

5.40. Undertaking Recalculation

You can undertake recalculation at any time by pressing the

' t ' key.

5.41. Undertaking Multiple Recalculations

To undertake a number of recalculations type:
'F7' 'R' 'N'

Give the number of recalculations you require {1 — 999). If, for

example, you want 25 type

"25"'RETURN'

These recalculations can be stopped by pressing the 'F7' key.

65
Section VI Printout Functions

Depending on your needs you can choose between three dif

ferent types of printout of EASYCALC data. Check that your
printer is connected and has an adequate supply of paper. If
you create a format wider than the selected paper width the
rows will 'wrap around'.

NOTE:
When using VIC 1515/1525 you have to change their device
number to 5; see their printer manuals.

6.1. Hardcopy
This function gives you a screen dump of everything except
the first three lines of the screen. Position the data you want to
print on the screen and press:

'F7' 'F6'

Note that when printing graphics you only need to press 'F6'
without using the F7 key.

6.2. Direct Printout

Direct printout lets you choose a part of the current work sheet
to print with the same format as the global format for that work
sheet. Press:

'F7' 'E' *P' (D'

Now give the area to be printed by inputting the coordinate

that is the upper left corner of the area (FROM), press
'RETURN' and then, in the same way, the lower right (TO).

6.3. Formatted Printout

Formatted printout gives you extensive control over the output

of the data from the work sheet. You can define the number of
rows that the printout will include and the width of the col
umns to be included. The width of the columns can vary be
tween 1 and 255 characters. Press:

'F7' 'E' 'P' 'P

Input the letter of first column of the printout, for instance A,

press 'RETURN', give its column width followed by 'RETURN'.

Repeat this for each column that the printout is to include. End
with'RETURN'.

66
Section VII Formula References
7.1. Moving Relative References

Clear the screen and then input some formulas containing

references.
Move the cursor to A1 and type:

'1" - '"A1 + 1"'RETURN'

'FT 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN' ' - ' 'RETURN' "D1"
'RETURN"R'

There is now a row where all the values are dependent on the
value at A1, they are relative. What will happen to these
references if the formulas are moved to other coordinates?
Try by moving B1 and C1 to B5 and C5 respectively. With the
cursor at B1 type:

'F7' 'E' 'M' 'RETURN' ' - ' 'RETURN' "B5" 'RETURN'

When you move the cursor to the new coordinates you will see
that the formula at B5 still refers to A1 but the formula at C5
has been changed, it now refers to B5. If you move the cursor
to D1 you will see that the formula there has also been chang
ed, it now refers to C5.

Move the cursor to C5 and press:

'F7' 'E' 'NT 'RETURN' 'RETURN' "D5" 'RETURN'
The formula at D5 is unchanged but at D1 you will find that the
formula there now refers to D5.

67
 4 10 5 6

This works in the same way when moving formulas which con
tains absolute references. It is not possible to move a row to a
column or vice versa.
7.2. Copying Absolute References

Clear the screen, move the cursor to A1 and type:

"1000"
Now move the cursor to C1 and type:

"A1-100"'RETURN'
Repeat this formula from C1 to C10 by typing:

'F7' 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' 'RETURN'

' 'RETURN' "C10" 'RETURN' 'A'

When you look at the formulas you will see that they all referto
A1, they are absolute.

See what happens if a part of the column is copied to another

column.

Move the cursor to C4 and type:

'F7' 'E' 'C 'RETURN' "C8" 'RETURN' "D15" 'RETURN*

When you examine the D column you will see that the formulas
look the same, they all refer to A1.

,*

566

969
966

968

989
988

986

'..

Note that it works the same way when copying formulas which
contain relative references. It is not possible to copy a row to a
column or vice versa.

69
7.3. Replicating References
The two earlier reference examples showed how to use the
REPLICATE function for replicating formulas with relative or
absolute references. This example show how it works when
both relative and absolute references are involved.
Clear the screen and type:
»10"' -♦ '»20"( *- '• * ' "A1 + 10 + B1" 'RETURN'
'F7"E"R"RETURN"RETURN" * "RETURN'
"A10" 'RETURN' 'R' 'A'
When you have examined the formulas you will find that the A
coordinate is relative and the B coordinate absolute. Now we
shall replicate a part of this column.
Move the cursor to A6 and type:

'F7' 'E' 'R' 'RETURN' "A10" 'RETURN'

"A14" 'RETURN' "C14" 'RETURN'
As A5 is the start value for all columns being replicated it must
be absolute. B1 on the other hand is absolute all the time.
Type: 'A' 'A'
The following A references will be relative, type:
'R' 'A' 'R' 'A' 'R' 'A' 'R' 'A'

■ H

Move the cursor to A14. As you can see, the formula there is
similar to the one at A6(A5+10+B1); it is absolute. If you
move the cursor to B14 and C14you will seethe same formula.
You will notice the difference when you examine the others.
Here the A reference has been related to its surrounding coor
dinates.

70
APPENDIX
Error Messages
1 User Errors

Error Code Cause Remedy

1 Illegal position Refer to REPLICATE
2 Illegal position range See above
3 Input of an illegal Change to valid
position, eg AO or position, A1 - BK254
B1D12, when using
the GO TO function
4-9 Unused error codes

2 FORMULA ERRORS
Error Code Cause Remedy
100 Attempting to over Write the formula in
write an earlier input another position or
formula (All formulas delete the current
are protected formula
101 Formula expressed in Put the formula in
too complicated a several positions if it
manner uses IF THEN ELSE
try to use OR, AND
and NOT
102 Syntax error eg THEN Correct the syntax in
argument IF argument this example to:
ELSE argument IF..THEN...ELSE
103 Too many arguments Put the formula in
in a multiple (max 8) several positions
104 Attempting to mix Here it should be:
areas with arguments (A1:C5)+12
eg(A1:C5+12)
105 Attempting to insert a Erase the inner
multiple argument as multiple argument
an argument within function
another argument
function eg SUM
(A1:E3,MIN(B1:D2))
106 NPV is short of Input missing
arguments (must have argument
at least two)

107 First argument within Change the first

NPV is wrong (Should argument to valid
be percent, like .13 percentage value.
for 13%)

71
INDEX

A
absolute functions 31
absolute references, copying 50
adjusting, left 40
adjusting, right 40
adjusting the column width 20
area, copying an 45
area, moving an 45
area, replicating an 46
arrow, up 5
automatic character repeat 43
automatic cursor movement 10
automatic recalculation 34
A1 41
A1, moving the cursor toward 41

B
bar, space 5
BEFGLOTR37
beginning the program 8
blanking a coordinate 43

C
calculation, interest rate 16
calculation symbols 5
CDGIMPRT37
CF37
CGMISLR37
chain of formulas, replicating a 23
character repeat, automatic 23
CLR3
clear screen 3
color format 39
column, deleting a 47
column, inserting a 46
column, recalculation by 48
column, replicating a 23
column width 38
column width, adjusting the 20
columns, erasing 25
columns, inserting 25
command, edit 37
command, format 37
command key 3
command, system 37
command, transport 37
conventions, user 3
coordinate, blanking a 43

72
coordinate, copying a 44
coordinate, moving a 44
coordinate, repeating a 44
coordinate, self references in a 44
copying an area 45
correcting errors 10
count functions 31
cursor movement 9, 41
cursor movement, automatic 10
cursor movement, formulas through 13
cursor, moving the 9, 41

D
data handling 15
delete 4, 47
deleting a column 47
deleting a row 47
direct printout 49
disk, get a file from 15
disk, getting data from 15
disk, save a file on 13
disk, saving information on 13

E
edit 14
edit command 37
editing the input line 14
erasing rows and columns 25
error messages 51
errors, correcting 10
errors, formula 51
errors, user 51

F
F3 4
F6 4
F7 3
F8 5
false statements 32
fast recalculation 20
faster cursor movement 10
fixing titles 19
format, color 39
format command 37
format, integer 40
format, maximum precision 40
format, replicating a 24
format, two decimal 40
formats 28, 38

73
formatted printout 49
formatting 38
formatting a single coordinate 24
formatting functions 38, 39
formatting, screen 36
formula repetition 21
formula replication 16
formulas, chain of 18
formulas, reference order for 27
formulas through cursor movement 13
formulas, using 12
function, percent 34
function, random 33
function, not available 25
function, sum 23
functions, absolute 31
functions, count 31
functions, formatting 39
functions, mathematical 42

G
getting data from disk 15
getting data from tape 15
global command 37
global format 39
GO TO 41
graphics on the printer 41
graphics on the screen 41

H
hardcopy 48
home 4

IF-THEN-ELSE32
input line, editing 14
inserting a column 25
inserting a row 25
inserting and erasing rows and columns 25
INST/DEL4
integer format 40

L
labels 12
large values 29
left adjusting 40
LS37
M
manual recalculation 34
mathematical functions 42
mathematical priority 42
matrix, small 30
maximum precision format 40
maximum values 31
mean functions 31
messages, error 51
minimum values 31
move cursor 10, 41
move function, moving matrices with the 45
moving a coordinate 44
moving an area 45
moving cursor 10, 41
moving cursor toward A1 41
moving relative references 49
moving matrices with the move function 45
multiple recalculations 48
N
NA25
not available function 25

0
order, recalculation 26
order, reference 27
P
percent function 34
printer, graphics on the 41
printouts, formatted 49
priority, mathematical 42
program start 8

R
random function 33
rate, interest 16
recalculation 12
recalculation, fast 20
recalculation, manual 34
recalculation order 26
reference order for formulas 27
repetition, formula 21
replicate a function 16
replicating a chain of formulas 18
replicating a column 23
replicating a format 24
replicating a formula 16
replicating values and texts 22
RETURN 3
rows, erasing 25
rows, inserting 25

75
s
save, disk 13
save, tape 13
saving information on disk 13
saving information on tape 13
screen formatting 19
screen, graphics on the 41
screen scrolling 9
screen structure 36
scrolling screen 9
SHIFT 3
single coordinate, formatting a 24
small matrix 30
small values 29
space bar 5
starting program 8
statements, false 32
statements, true 32
structure, screen 36
sum function 23
symbols, calculation 5
system command 37

T
tape, get a file from 15
tape, getting data from 15
tape, saving information on 13
texts, replicating 22
title, setting a 47
titles, fixing 19
transport command 37
true statements 32

U
up arrow 5
user conventions 3
user errors 51
using formulas 12

V
values 22, 28
values, maximum 31
values, minimum 31
values, replicating 22
values, small 29

W
width, column 20
work sheet, writing on the 11
writing on the work sheet 11

76
■

t commodore
COMPUTER
Commodore Business Machines. Inc.
1200 Wilson Drive • West Chester, PA 19380

Commodore Business Machines, Limited

3370 Pharmacy Avenue • Agincourt, Ontario, Ml W 2K4

Printed in Hong Kong