A (OI'Ie-r coaste r !S a"l odve-t.,~c.

;s
amusemern nee that crn o -0vs a
form of elevated ra '/r-oad trade
designed wd-1 t sht tL rr.s ar d s:eecI
f
s100es. T'1e,e are c.1,·o types c/
roller coaste rs-ste e 1 ro!fer coaste rs
and wooden roller coas:ers. \V:" ·!e
designing roller coasters, po!yrom;a/s
are used to find ~ e he;ght of a ro!.'er
coaster.

' tl'e t-e,ght of t+-e coaste• 'er ~ : ~ • :-s

o' the nde can be oetery,, neo b\ Essential Question
li(t = 0.4t' - 2t=~ 10t wt-ere t s tt-e t ....,e ~
seconds and h .s rt>e "e,g~t o7 tt'e coaste·
1
n-"'I ,io v,,-. '~:u,~ 11l-3t-~,~;,,.
n metre, then s there a!'l) cor-,mor aco, ~ 4'l(f:l~J ,,~;
in eacr term of the po!rom aJ? • -
'-·-- •

.r. r. and ,i arc l'illkd tit('r /ll num hN-... N ,·ari!lti k:-.
\\ H \T) Ol .\LR[ .\DY h:\0\ \
JS the~ l"..'l n ra~c , ·;in(,u:s nu :11cn l·;1l , :ilt,t:s.
fn class VH, we learnt about addition and
Trrms: Pa1h ,)( :rn ~1l~..-hra1,: ,', pn.-:-::--ii,n s-:-par,11 ,,,1
subtraction of algebraic expressions. In rhis
b) the ➔ ()r s1f11 arc c<1lled it~ trn m,
chapter, we \\ill stud) the multiplic.1ti0n. di,·ision.
and factorisation of algebraic expressions. Bur Fl,r c,ampk. :,,1h;1s {,nt' 1c1111 :h;H 1~. '.'i1
before proceeding fun.her. ler us recall wllJt we 1s . _; r j11.i -
Jr ~- 7 hast\\'() tcm1s- that
have learn! so far.
Algebraic expres sions: A combinarion of
constanrs and variables connected by fundamental and t -1').
operations- that is. T, - . x. and ~ signs. is known
T~ prs of .1lgd1r nk <'\ J)n'i.,ion, : J'l-:-p,'nd i~,,n
as an algebra ic expression.
the numht'r 1..1f tmn:s. ;"1 3 l~d,;-ai..' C\~k' Jn i'M
For example. Sa. 3.r + 7. and 5.r' .J.. 3r - 8 are
bt' cafl'~l,1i ~,'d a:- mon()nu~l. hin~miil. h"i"n(lfflia\
algebraic expressions. and ~,, tm
Here the numbers 5. 3. 8. and 7 are called
constants as they ha\'e a fixed numerical ,·alue. and
\~) :\ \\\\'l\l )lnia\ expression has only ont: h.'n\\. AthlUlon 1nd subtnal·tlon of nl~dn 'nk
t'\prt•sslons: !-'{)r mldition nr suhtrnction of
L'
n\\' t\mnp \ c, 6x, --4 , and 7. al~~hrnic expressions, we group like h:rms and
3
\\\) A ~ith)miul expression has hH\ t"'""~· r~)r th:'n tldd or suhtrnd them . Unlike tcm,s cannnt he
~,"mp\c. 3a + 2b and .r -.,:., group"',\ to mld or suhtrnct.
\~) A trinomial expression has. thf\~ h.'Ol\$. for \'.\Mnph.' I: Add lr.! + 4y - 3, - 5.\~ - 8y + 5 and
~xamp\e, r-
2\.\' + _\.: at\d w+ 7!:> ~- i ). +\' - l.
"
\ J) An algebraic exp~~'-'n h,wmg \)11\' ,)r m,~rc Soh1tion: By using horizontal method:
tcnns is calkd a pol~uomial. fuwi\.k\\ tha\ (2-r + 4y - 3) + (- Sr - Sy + 5) + (.\~ + y - l)
the powers of its 'iartabks a!'-" n,)f.t-n~gatiw
:: 2\.2 + 4v - 3 - 5x2 - Sy + 5 +.r + Y - 1
integers. For exampk, .,~\ + 3.x\· + >-\>.2 + l is a
po\ynomi;u.
= 2\.2 - s·.~ + x2 + 4y - Sy +y - 3 + 5 - l
Degrtt of 1& ,tg~br~ e,pr ~ion~ lf an algebraic = - 2\.2 - 3y + l
expression h.\S \~· '-lll~ ,:ll:iabk. . then the highesi By using column method:
power of th.it 'iariabk is 1.",~lkd th~ d~rt t of tht 2x2 + 4y - 3
algebnuc npl'\."S...~ '-'A. - 5.r - Sy+ 5
lf an atgcl,r.iic e~'-1 '.)ll. h$ two \"artables, then its x2 + y- l
~~ is.~ hig. ~ powt-r of the tcnn obtained -2r - 3y+ l
by
addi ng~ powm (exponents) of the variables.
Example 2: Subtract 4p2 - 8p + l l from
Here are two examples.
-6p2 +3p -7.
• The <kg:ree of the expression x3- 3.r + 4x + 7 is 3. Solution: By using horizontal method:
• The degree of the expression x3y3 - 8x2y2 + 7xy (-6p2 + 3p - 7) - (4p2 - Sp + 11)
is 3 + 3 = 6.
= -6p2 + 3p - 7 - 4p2 + 8p - 11
RaTk!fflber that the degree of a constant is always zero.
= -6p2 - 4p2 + 3p + 8p - 1 - 11
Like and unlike terms: Tenns having the same = -1 Op2 + l\p - 18
literal factors are called like terms, otherwise
By using column method:
they are unlike terms.
-6p2 + 3p - 7
For example. 6.r and 7£· are like terms because they
4p2 - 8p + 11
baYe the same literal factor :t.2. But ?xy and 3x are unlike
tenns as they have different literal factors (xy and x).
(-) (+) (-)
- 10p2 + llp -18

RECAP EXERCISE

I. ~rite do\,n the degrees of the given algebraic expressions

:
(a) 7.r-2 .r + 8 (b) 1- 8p3 + 5p-6 p2 (c) 4m 5 - 3m2 + 6m- 7
2. Select the like tenns in the given set of algebraic expressions
:
(a) 44.ry. -3yr , 5.ry, 12y3.r (b) ~ p2q3, ~ <rp2 ~ JH/ 't..w
17 8 , 9 ""!I",
•
J. Classify the given polynomials as monomial, binomial, or trinom
ial.
(a) ~ ry - 8xy (b) 6x3y + 4.zyl - 7.l)' (c) l OOOm:?,rz5

~) Algebraic Expressions and Factorisation - - - -

- - -- --
 -4. .,d.~ thi' tlllk-~••fl.':
111' ,4w.~r... ~i,w.::._ . . .~. ..:~
(~) .. 1)·'~ -4:r:- .. ~V" · -1. ~t_. ... ~l"- ..:.v•"" ~ ,<l• -~"' ~,.,.- ,; .... ,,,.--: _.....,.-.,,
~- SuNTik'.'l tM foll.-.·t~
"(&l ~-:!_,-.. ~fr(\m1' ~.-,, (l\• .it) ~: • "'· :f'!',,.,... ~- . ,- ~ •.

"\U l llU'I ~CA - (l, . (l'- ,.

I ~ P RI ~~tO"\:~
Ftlr th(- mulupli..'.atk,n <'f.:V.•c- .aL~~.hr-~i.:- ~'-!'~"''<"K
! -..,e \l"ill ma!..:(' l ~ ()f tN- 1:,11~·,ns ri,k~ ("l '.·~ ~I: -'N'l
I the la~'.S ~,f CXf""l~n~:

I (a) The r,rt)('.fu,'.t (lftwt"I numh..",~ -..i1h Jil :.."~~~

rs ~ iriw an<l th,-i_,.c, -.itl-1unlil ,t ~~~ r.-
ncgativ~.
Thus .:! x 3 :i: ~ ( <---~1 .,._ l'I..
.,:) ,

( --1) " 3 t - -{\ JIM ~ , < .e. 1 -. ~ )~ n"1Jl1:'~ t. 3'l"<'ln'~ ~ ~. m,,~,om.._it .._,
., ~ >- h •- a}, '"'-''''N •,~~ 1,· "t:,...f :~ PI ,._, ~-:_ , ,.,~ ,°'
.. (-.a) )< ( __,,) * .0'1 r,~1!r1~h,•~f'M
.. ( ..a) ('+-},) ~ 1~1t-) ' ' \f- ~ '"', . ' ' t:: ·, ' . .'
. ' '-~'
)<

• (,._~) )< ( - }) JI: ·"(✓11') •'\:' '~ ' ") :-

... . . .. ' '
(h) ff x is 8ny , ·a N hk .cind m smd r. ,m~. r-~irM· t,\. l ~ • '_ • ~ • •
inr~cr.s.. th('n x"'). .\.. ~ , .... ".
Thus :r xx~ .. ,-~· ' • \·" ' t~-:.- "' ~ ··,
x ·"' xx· .. x ~ · ·,. , ., .._,

For multiplicari~)n <)f >'l'l\m,,nHjtk \\rt tm11◄1{':~

("onstan~ .ts WC' mu lti~l~ rsri(,nal num1'..'t.'I ~n.i
mulli.ply ~he- AAnlC , -.,.riahl~ f'\~ u~i~ tht ls."~ ,'\f'
C'.\f'<'IOClltS.
fa... n'; ,, 3: Multiply -~.,~~ ~x\. An.:i -~·r\\
Sohu;,-,.11: 3/ x tn\ x (- 1,/r ~)
• fJ x 6 ),(. (- :)1 , (X~ x \'~) , l''~ ' .\" ' tl
1
<:< (--J6) ')( X' • : X _,.:- . I •

• ~J6x)"
I•.,ump,,. ,.;
.. .', 1u
, Itip
. lv -~ - , ..r
. ..
l. ·'"' ' ,'\I'. . '
i ~ ··-
{1\ J-
• \
l
~ '
'
t, ., ·' r . l1 ,
i '., . ~ 11 ·:f', h , _.,,, ,\~, ~-
, , -, ,,, . • , . }:\ ,

Solucl,111: !-i) >. (- ; l l•·' , _,-'1 , 1,.• q ·J

' ; , , , , \\'1i \i

l,, n~,;.1,'f\ "''''"'~\nH~

\ \ .':,,, \\\' H~' , , ,
~' ~ t:,,,.,.~w1
,:,;i.-~,, 1'<i f'\~' ' ;\\
,, , ~,,
 l
4, A1l1I 1111, l11ll11wlllll:
(II) 41'1 111, ,\11m' 1 ]111 111 (It) '\ I " • 24 I 7. 1, I I
(d 1., 1 • 4/1' ' 2,,, - I. " ' t 2,, 1 (cl) /111 1111 • H111 ffl
1
, ,,, t l I I, 7 1 1
I 2/111 11 I , 111
1
/11
~. S11ht11u:I 1h11 111ll11WI
III( ,
(11) 2.1' 1, ' 1111111 H .h 1 (11) 40 l/,' I 7p lrulll H/i
1• I l/1 ~0

!\It 11: J fl 'l .I< .A l'IO

N O F Af.( I 1-'.UHt\
I( .
1 Xl'IU SSH >NS
For the multipli~:11111
111 of 1wo ul~chraic cx
we will nrnkc use of prc1111iow1,
th e fi,llowing rule !!
of 11ign uud
the h1W Mof cx pnnc11
111:
(u) The product of
lWO n111nbcni w
iMposi1ive and tlm liC ith like 11i!,(II II
with unlike Mign!I i11
nC"g11tivc . M,,111'1.1, ""o" 01• ,, u,, 0,11 ,1'"
Th llk 2 x 3 • (,; (
· 2) )( ( 3) • 6; :\ lo ,o \11 ,1 .
.,
( 2) x3 - <,a11d2
,< ( 3) • 6. To multiply a hinu
• a x h .. oh miul by u n10110111ia
vice versa , wt.: use th l or
e di stributiv e proper
• ( u) x ( h) • ah ty of
multiplication.
• ( -(.I) x ( •·h) •• (a A x (B + C ) .,. /\ ><
h) B 1- /\ >< C
• ( 1a) x ( h) .. or (B + C) )( /\ ,.
-{a h) J B >< A + C " I\
(h) If x iKany variu
hlc and m und n urc
integers, then X"' xx positive Ex11mplt- ~: Multip 7
" • x'" ' n, ly 4y: 2 hy (3/ : t 4/ : ).
Thus x2 x x1 • x2 ~oh1lion : 4y: 1 x (3
•' .. x~ yz + 4 /zl)
x" xx ' • x 6 ' 7 • x' • "" 4yz1 )( 3/ % + 4yz2 1
x )( 4/ :
• J2(y ' 1)(t 1 ' 1)+
16(Y ' 1)(z J• l )
1\ -fr r:111•1. I( i\'I 10 ,. 12y' z' + I6,v'.t
T wo M o" - O '\H AL~
N 0 1·
For multiplication of
monomials, we mul
constants as we mul
tiply rational nu
tiply Ex:uuplc (1 : Multiply I ' h' 3 /1
( 2a + 4t1
4) hy I , ,
multiply the sume va mbcr!4 and 2aIr.
riables by using the
exponents.
Exampl e J : Multip
law s of Soiullon: (½u'b'+ ~ub') x 12,i'h'
ly 3 /, 6x 1y, und - 2x 2
y1. ""' ! a1h' x I2, i/,2 ➔ I a/14 x I2a1
Solution: 3/ x 6x',Y 2
x (- 2x y1 ) 2 h:
== (3 x 6 x (-·2)) 4
x (x 1 x .x2) x (/ xy xy
# (- 36) xx 1 ' 2 x/ •
') '"' -I x 12(a2 ' 2)( b 1 2
1 ' ) + -3 x 12 2
♦, 2 (o ' ' )(/l 'z )
:11 - 36 x'y' 4
== 6t th 1 + 9a 'b6
. ( 3 l
Example 4: Mulup ly Y' r
b ( 16 l 21 l) Mt u1 1•u < ,1 to "i o r ,,
4 x Y [ 9 x Y) · T ,u . . . 0 , 11 ,1 . »Y A
Solution: [-i) X (- ~J] X (y' X y' ) X (x'x x')
M o , o \1 1,1 .
.
To multiply a monom
ial hy a lrinomial or
vice
versa, we use the follo
wing proper ty:

~
• Algebraic E><pres
sions and Fa~
 F , ..
• ulllp l~ 24 • }:, ,
So lu (i .
. uc to ns e: Im - /)(J +
ou : Im - 1,q + I qi ·- pm . he
Case l. W n a+ == 1- t hat is, the trino m ial is of the
""' I m + I q - pm 2 bx + c.
q - pq - pm
-= l(m + q) - p( q +
fonn X
. · of th e fonn
r
+ bx + c.
m) Factorisation
of the tri no m ial x 2 +
== (/ - P) (m + q) Let two linear factor
s bx + c be
Th us th e fr
. (x + l)(x + m) , then
1:.xampk• ac to rs ar e( / _ p) an d
25 · F (m + q) . r + bx + C == (x + I)
x (x + m )
, .
• ac to ns e: l Opa -
Solu tio n: l Opa - Sp 5p b - 12 a + 6b ==x(x + m) + l(x + m)
b - 12 a + 6b
== Sp (2 a - b) - 6( 2a
- b) == xx x + xm + Ix + Im
== (S p - 6) (2 a - b) == r + (/ + m)x + Im
Th us th e fa ct or s ar . . to two fac tors (say
c (S p - 6) an d (2 a -
b) . Now we have to f1actonse c 10 / and
. od uc t-t hat is, Im •
m) in such a way that thetr pr 1s c,
F\ cr on rs l\T 10 ~ nv . -t ha t is / + m is . b the coeffici.ent of
Ust'.\G lnE:'liTr ru:s and therr sum , x.
So fa r w e ha ve stu Ex am pl e 26 : Facto ns '. b tit tin g th e m id dl e ter
di ed on ly th e fo llo wi e y sp rn
id en tit ie s: ng three
of p2 + l lp + · .18
(x + y)i = xi + 2xy + we have to factorise
y2 Solution: Here c is 18 18 into
· ~o and the produc
(X - y)l = x2 - 2x y tw o factors, whos
e sum IS 11 t is 18 .
+ _y2 18
(x + y) (x - y) = x2 Let us find all possib
- y2 le factors of .
Si nc e fa ct or isa tio n
is th e re ve rs e pr oc es 18 - 9 x 2
- su m_- 11 product = 18
m ul tip lic at io n, w e s of == 18 x l _
ca n re ga rd th es e sta su m - 19 pr od uc t= 18
id en tit ie s as a sp ec nd ar d .
ia l ca se of fa cto ris ati = 6x3 su m - 9 _ product = l 8
Th us on . .
x2 + 2x y + y2 = (x + so we ch oo se on IY th e co m binatio
y)2
9 an d 2 be ca us e th
n of fa cto rs
x2 - 2x y+ y2 = (x -
y)2 ei r su m is 11 an d pr d t
is 18. o uc
x 2 - y2 = (x + y) (x - y )
Fa ct or s of x2 + 2x
y+ y2 ar e (x + y) an d
So pi + ll p+ 18== p2+
(x + y) .
9p + 2p + 18
Fa ct or s of x2 - 2x == p(p + 9) + 2( p + 9)
y + y2 ar e (x - y ) an d
Fa ct or s of x2 - y (x - y) .
ar e (x + y ) an d (x - = (p + 2) (p + 9)
N ot e: Fo r fa ct or isa tio y ). Th us p2 + li p + 18
== (p + 2) (p + 9 ): .
n, fir st of all we m Ca se 2: W he n a* I-
ou t w ha te ve r is co us t ta ke th at is, the tri noffilal
m m on th ro ug ho ut fo rm ax2 + bx + c. is of the
th e te rm s ei th er in an d ar ra ng e
as ce nd in g or de sc Fa cto ris ati on of form
of th e po w er of th en di ng or de r ax2 + bx + c
e va ria bl es . Th en we Le t ax2 + bx + c = (p
fo llo w in g tw o co nd ch ec k th e x+
iti on s: q)(rx + s)
(a ) Th e fir st an d la = px(rx + s) + q(rx + s)
st te rm s m us t be th
so m e m on om ia ls . e sq ua re s of = prx2 + psx + qrx + qs
(b ) Th e m id dl e
te rm m us t be tw ic
= prx2 + (ps + qr)x + qs
th es e m on om ia ls , e th e pr od uc t of Co m pa rin g th e coeff
w ho se sq ua re s ar e icients, we ha ve
an d th e la st te rm s. th e first a= pr, b = qr + ps , an
d c = qs
No w ac = (pr)(qs ) =
_F.,\CTORISA'I IO
(ps)(qr)
N BY SPLn HN = Im , where / = ps an
G TH E M ID DL E
TJ :.R I\I O F TR IN d m = qr.
OM IA L ax 2 + bx + c An d b = qr + ps = /
+m
Factorisation of ax2 +
bx + c ca n be di vi de d So we ha ve to fa cto
ris e the pr od uct ac in
cases: into tw o to two
fa cto rs in su ch a wa
y th at th ei r su m is b
pr od uc t is ac . an d
~ ) Algebraic Ex pr
es sio ns an d Fa cto
risat ion
 I\ ;, ( 1.J . ( .
, Q ., .·-+· l) ) .., A x
vr f, 13 ·t- ( , + lJ H +A x (: + A x D Enulf i •t 1~,: MuJtiply: (.1 • 3rJ by O x - 4n.
l ,I>' A :::. B >- A . :,oluti1, x .- 3y
. , a,nllll• : . M I . + C A A ◄· I) x A ;

, · · u ltply (7,xl + 3 F-~---------

3._:.~u.-)·'
•.•ulm .,., 1• '7 .. .t ·- 4) by 3x.
. , .. 1i ' 111• l>\• ',
l1
. , .t· -I· 3x - 4) x 3x 3i .-2· ,
...1.
7,. I . • I

- (7.r! x 3x) ➔ (3
- 4xy ·· 12/ l· 11 1 ;!1·p!:, 1,:, /.'.
_ _ · x Y. 3x) - (4 x 3x) ----------·--,- · ,. ) '
Jx: + 5.l)' - l 2y-
- ( f _,,))>')"' 'I, (3
.:: .., I ,,..1 _; 9
X 3) X x l • l _ (4
~ X 3) X X
-- ., .. X' - 12x
ExH~'TvJe 11 : Multiply (Zr_- 3xy + 4>r ) by (3x - 2~;
'.\~.. I.I !VU• '""''- 1t•J·
• '\ ( JI- 'f • l ( '!..)
and verify the result by talong x ::: 2 and y - ·-2.
. ' J J <.,i;~ i'\(J MJ.'\U;
To m ult ip ly tw I r;vltJt' on:
tht: krm s v f on~ po ynomi_als, we multiply 2xz - Jxy + 4y2
t h\: <Jth c r ol no p~lynom ial by the terms of 3x - 2y
p d . p Y m ia l one by one and add the
. ro u ct!.-> to get the final product. 6x - 9x:y + l 2xl
3

• • ~ . •1! ~: Multiply (3a - 4b) by (4a + 5h).

- 4x2y + 6x/ - 8/
:-;u,1 • ' r; ·. (3a - 4b) x ("-.,-- + 5b) 6x3 - 13x2y + J8xy2 - 8y
l~dd th. ti.:r •~:•., '-.fl·. ,! ;) J
= 3a(4<J + 5b) - 4b<4a + 5b)
We have. (Zr - 3xy + 4y2) x (3x - 2y)
~. 3a / 4" -t- 3a / 5b - 4b .x 4a - 4h x 5h
=6x:l - J3ry + 18xy2- 8y3
.: l Za~ ➔ 15ab - l Gab - 20/r
Now we put x = 2 and y = - 2 on both sides of the
~ 12,r - ab - 2 (Jb2
above result.
L . a •• ,/ . 9 : Multiply (3p 2 + 4q2J by (2p _ 3q). LH.S = (2x2 - 3xy + 4y2) x (3x - 2y )
:-)O~ltt·, •: (3p : -r 4q2) / (2p - 3q ) = (2(2)2 - 3(2)(- 2) + 4(- 2)2]
::-. 3p 1_2p - 3q ) + 4q~(2p _ 3q) x [(3)(2) - U-2)]
• 3p'/ 2p -- 3p' ,<. 3q + 4q2 X 2p - 4<1 y 3q = [(2)(4) + 12 + (4)(4)] X [6 + 4]
"' (3 ,;< 2 )p> 1
- (3 A 3),rq + (4 X 2)q2p = [8 + )2 + 16] X }Q
- (4 /- 3)c/ I =36 x JO= 360
- 6p' - 9y'q ➔ 8q1p - J2q3 R.H.S =6x' - 13ry + t 8xy2 - 8y3
=6(2)3-13(2)2(-2) + I8(2)(-2f - 8(- 2)3
,r .,r~:.I '\1 , 1i· 1 n<JI) J tJ}( r,'f: J J !¥Li I'~<., J\HJ
= 6(8) - 13(4)(- 2) + 18(2)(4) - 8(- 8)
) '< .r l. ! -.,,,J'\ ll \ L~
= 48 + 104 + 144 + 64
A ~ ~e m ultipl y t v. o number~ in columns, we ::::360
._an wultip ly l .,.. o poly nom iab io the same
n~nnc.r. l·o r ca~~. \.\C :,tart multiplying from left L.H.S:::: R.H.S
lv ngl,t. Thus the result is verified for x = 2 and y = - 2.

,.,,... fl , ; , rJ I fl r,
- r•,,1 star .~....:,r<;l form o ta ptJlyr,vrn1a! i~ wr,tten in the descending order of the exponent of a variable .
., 1-'f,.,d ,.,_• .,._,f tw<.1 mr..)(ivmials .. (Produ<.t of their coefficients) >< (Product of their variables)
~ i,_., noHf.itf o rn(X lOfl',ial by a tnnom1al or vi<e versa, we vse the foliow•ng property:
/.. / (b + (. ... 0) ,., A )' 6 + A/. C + A :x O or (B + C + D) ;. A ,. B x A + C x A + D " A
, !(., 111 J• ~•[.iif 1,,N,., f;Qlyr,vrr1tcjls, ~ach term of the mult1plic..and is rnul~plioo by each term of the multiplier and th en
,.·.r;· ,, ,. _,., ~~-d to obt.a,r, thE: fina l pr<;>duet.
f.l·•,r'.,.J .. · -- ... . ... •
 .2
EXERCISE 5 _ ,,
I
owing :
1. Divide the foll /
by (- ~p q r)
3 by Smn / (bJ 48/iq't '
(a) - 2Smn 2' hy
(d ) $~x'y by
1
1 ) by (- 7 fm 2 n )
n2
(c) (- 210/4m ,. 2
owing ; a2 ,.. J' ,q ,,. l'J f,v 511
.2. Divide the foll {t,J lf k l - ll
y (x - 2 ;
3
+ 2 0 tr - 28a by 4a ) (d J x' + 4. r • 4x - J6 b
(a) 12a (x + y - 2z
4 z1 + 2xy - 4yz - 4xz by llow ing:
(~) r + y2 +_ each o f !he fo y fn r - IJ
ents and remainders in 4m: + m2 - 6 b
'-
3. Find the quoti3 + 1) {bJ 2nl - 3111
7b y (p
6 + 8p2 - 4p +
(a! . P ' - Sp rify the results: .x - 5 b y (x
1 •x - lJ
D 1v 1de an d ve {b ) x l+ J x 2 -J
4. x - 1,
3
5r - 1Jx - 3 b y
(x - 3J
(:t o r o f h '
- 3..&4 - J,xi .. 6. the tripJe ,,rU
- J /!
(a ) 3 x -
et ho d if r - 2 ii a (a
d oo b k o f (x ... J'J b y
long division
m multiply the
5. Check by t w ill be th e produe,1 if you
Tb inking Wha
6. Critical

en
Let ..r =2. th
(2 + Jf = {2
f f 6X 2+9
IDENTITIES one 9 = 4 + 12
+9
lin ear equations in
hile so lv in g
have only one which ii true,
In class VII , w ea r eq u ations 25 =25,
w that lin r a particular va
lue en
variable, we sa tru e o n ly fo Lct X = - 5, th +9
t is, it is ue for ) 2 + 6 x (- 5 J
solution-tha r ex a m p le , 2 r + 7 = 15 is tr {- 5 + 3 f = ( - 5
. Fo
o f the variable (- 2f = 25 -
3() + 9
y 2, then ,
x=4.
ce x b y so m e o th er number, sa 4 =4, which i5 true, ns to rhe alxwe
I f we repla I5, th e so lu tio
= JI and J1 # d x =- 5 are
+ 7 = 4 + 7 ation Th us x =2 an
2x2
e so lu tion o f the equ
2 is n o t th equation. this
Therefore x = re va lu es o f x , " e " ·ill fi n d
is
I f we tr y so
me mo es o fx, and there
2 r + 7 = 15. tion, e for aIJ th e a
,- lu
s c o n sider an equa eq uation is tru
Again , Jet u ttached to it.
+ 3)( x + 3) no condition a wn as an iden aJJ
tity-
(x + 3) = (x
2
3 re k no
x 3 +3 xx+3 x Su ch type o f e
qu a ti on s a
true for
=x x x + x
on d itio na l eq uation that is
= x2 + 3x + 3
x+9 that is, an unc ariable,
the values o f
its ,,
2
+ 6x + 9
or (x + 3) =x
2

e v alue o f x for which the

d out th + 9, is true.
Now let us fin + 3Y =x + 6x
2
at is , (x
statement- th

oo ( ~ ~,
F~
lg e b ra ic &pressions and
A
----
~-- -----
_ __ _...
 In algebra ti
Used · ' 1C.'rc .ire lllnn , i • . .
· + ·v2
l lkntil y 2 : (x - Y )2· -- · x 2 - 2.xv
ficlll quite Otlcn. Solllc C)f~ ldcn11_t1cs and they arc
ows •· · t 1csc
. I<IClll1t1cs
· · 11rc HS
(.r y)2 ,..; (.r -- y )(x - y )
l . (x + v) ~ ::-::- .:
2 · _\ 1- l n· + .i - x (x - y) · y (x -- y )
. (.r - 1•) 1 - - ' . ·'
) .: - , - _\" · - 2_ \ \ ' · j .l ~ . __, X X X -· X X y .y X X +y X y
. (.>. - v- ) =-- ( .
Id · . ., _l'){.r + , ·) """ x i xy yx + ;r
entuv l·(r + )' ·
· • · -" • ""' x -' + 2.n · -1 , __. = x2 - 2xy + Y
(x -+ , ·): =: ( . ♦
. ., . y )(x + y) •
Thus (x - y ) = x ~- 2xy + Y 2
2
·.::. x(x + y) + Jt,· + J')
Let us verify this identity geometr ically by
= .\', )( ·,. + ·'... xy+ y x x + yxy perform ing an activity.
~ .r + -~ 1 · + yx + ,,i
= x:i ➔ 2xy+y.2 .
Thus(., ·+ yf = x : + 2¥v + v2 ACTIVI TY 2 :
\\'c.:can vcrifyt h · - ~ Draw a square ABCD of side x units and d!vide it
• . ts propert y geometr ically by
~rfonn mg the followi ng activity : into four parts-P, 0, R, and 5-as shown in the
follow ing figure:

ACTIV ITY 1: '

'
X - --
D ~ x- - - - . - - - - r - - - - -
c
r
Draw a_ square A BC D o f le ngt h (x + y) unit s and •
divide 1t into fou r p arts-P, 0, R, and S-as sho wn p X Q X
in the followin g f igu re :
D X-4-y - - ... C
l
t-'-x

~-----~-~·
~
f-------L----+------t
ty
I
p X 0
r A-x
s
- ---- r-B
R

l
Area of square ABCD = Area o f sq u are P + Area of
~ rectang le O + Area of recta ngle S + A rea of squa re
ty R
s
B•
R
x2 = (x - y)(x - y) + y(x - y) + (x - y)y + y >< y
A- x - --- y- x = (x - y) 2 + yx - y- + xy - y- + y-
2

A rea of the square A BCD = AB x BC x2 = (x - y) 2 + 2xy - y-

= (x + y)(x + y)
x2 - 2xy + y- = (x - y)2
+ yV
- (x
Square ABCD is divid ed into fo ur parts-P, 0, R,
Thus (x - y) 2
=x 2 -
2xy + y-
ard S
Area of square ABCD "" Area of pquare P + A rea of
Id enti ty 3: (x + y)(x - y) = x 2 -y2
rectang le Q + Are a of rectang le S + Area of square R
( X + _yf ""' X Y X + y ,< X + X X y + y >< y (x +y)(x - y) = x(x - y )+y(x - y)
- x 7 ~ yx + xy + y = xxx - xxy+ yxx -yxy
a x:'+ 2 xy + y'
= x 2 - xy + yx - y 2 = x2 - y ~
Thus (x + y)' "" x✓ + 2xy + y .

0 ) ) Algebra i c Express ions and Factoris ation

 We can ~erify this identity geometrically by
performing this activity. (b) We know that (x - yf = x1 -· 2ry 4 I
Herc x = 2x and y = 6
(2x - 6) 2 = (2x)1 - 2(2.x)(6) + (6)2
AalVITY 3: 2
'= 4x - 24x t- 36
'I
Dr.aw a square ABCD of side x units and Thus (2.x •- 6) 2 = 4x2 - 24x + 36.
d1VJde it into three parts-P, 0 , and R-as shown in.
the following figure: (c) We know that (x + y)(x - y) = x2 - I
0.-----.----,c 3
Here x = a and y = - b

1 a
L
1 (· -H( H
5

a+ =(a)'- nb J
)

l ,,~ r
x P
9
= a2- -bi
25

A i
. _ _ x -y --M-y_.B
* Thus ( a-ib )(a+ ib) = a 2
- ;
5
2
b•

In the g iven figure, there are two rectangles, P and Example 18: Evaluate the following without actual
0 , and one square, R. Remove the sma ller square multiplication:
R from the figure .
(a) 99 x 101 (b) (102)2
Then the area of the remaining figure
= Area of square ABCD -Area of square R
Solution : (a) 99 = 100- I and 101 = 100 + 1
= X X X - y X y = x2 - y2 ... (1) Now 99 x 101 = (100- 1) x (100 + I)
Now arrange the remaining = (100)2- 12
--x-y ---
figure having rectangles P and
[using (a - h )( a + h) :: c/ -· h·I
0 as shown in the following i
y a
figure : = 10,000- 1
Area of figure comprising
rectangles
P and 0 = (x - y)(x + y)
From (1) and (2), we get
... (2)
l~
i
(b) (102)2=(100+2) 2
= 9,999

= (100)2 + 2( I00)(2) + (2) 2

X p [using (a + h)2 = a1 + 2ah - h~j
x2 - y2 = (x - y)(x + y) .

j_ - - x-y ---
= 10,000 + 400 + 4
= 10,404
1
Example 19: If x + - = 5, then find the value of:
X

Example 17: Simplify the following: l 1

(a) x2 + - (b) x4 + 4
(a) (p+3q) 2 (b) (2x-6) 2 x2 X

(c) ( a-ib )(a+ ib) ~

Solution: ( x + )' = (5)2
2
. 1 l l
Solution: (a) We know that (x + y)2 = + 2xy + y2 x2 or ( X + - ) = x2 + 2 X X X - + 2
X X X
Here x = p and y = 3q
(p + 3q) 2 =p 2 + 2(p)(3q) + (3q) 2 Substituting the value ( x + ~) = 5, we get
= p2+ 6pq + 9q2
l
Thus (p + 3q) 2 = p2+ 6pq + 9q 2• (5)2 = x 2 + 2 + -
x2

-..__
\
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Algebraic Expressions and Factorisation ( (~
 I
529 - 2 ., X
'+I-
I
25 - 2 • ♦ ..!_
s21 • l +7
.\" l
x1
+y .. 8 an
d xy is s, then find the
E, nmp k 20: If x
2) • (.\" l +?) value of x-"+ J,l· 2 + y + 2,xy
1
~olutioo : (x +Y> • x, +y + 2.XY
(b) 1lcrc we lw,c 23 .. ( x 1 + .:: ) fmm pan (S)1 ~x- ,·n'' thi.: value of x + y · 8J 0
(a) fsub,lllll I e
64 =r+2xr+I
(23 )1
• (x+; J 64 =x2+ 2 )(sf:;ub
+/ -.tillltin g the , aIuc o f .9 · -- 5J
1
529 • x4 + 2 >< .rl >< )
1 + ( 1I ) 64 - r+ io+I
X X
64 _,o ==r+f
$29 • 2 + X ◄ + 4I s4 =r + I
X

f'~f";"f'TP"' 111_• .. I. I ... I

• An uncond1tion11I equation which II true
for all the values of its vanable is know 85
n an identity.
• Some imporiant 1lgeb,11c ldontit,es
are:
(x + y)1 • ,t1 + 2xy + y
(x - )'f • _.: - 2xy + I
(.w' - y) • (x - y)(x + y)

-
-

EXERCISE 63 !

1. E,J'llnd 1hc following usinlJ sui1.11l,lc idcntitic:!

i:
(11) (<1 -+ 7/,)l (b) (Sp - 2~ (c) (4x-f yr (d) (sm+¼n)
1

2. Use idc:nt1tirs to find the products of the follu

wmg :
(a) ( ~m - ~ )(6m + ~) (h) (2r + 9y)(2x - 9y)

J. Find the squares of e11ch of the following :

(a) b --I
4
(b) 2.t+ 3 (c) m+Sn Cd) r +J
~- Ev11IW1tc the following without actual mult
iplic11tion:
(a) (96)? (b) (105)1 (c) 48 X 52 (d) 97 x 103
5. lf(x +y) .. 11 and .ry .. 2, then find the valu
e of.r + / .
6. If (x - y) .. 13 anJ -t:Y • - 5, then find the valu
e of (.r + /). j
7. If ( x -¾)• I5, then find the value of (x + :i). 1

1
' ~) Algebraic Expressions and Factoris
ation - - - - - - - •-• -• ~• _
-=_=_=~= _=_=_=
_• - - - - -
 If ( '

lj 11 1
{_ ~) • J\, '""" fln,I 11t11 \-.1 11.,, 111 ( 1 1 1 } , )••"' ( ,' , : , )

111 I \·1lu1lr, 11111/IH' II 1111r1 11 ,.1l v,

~ 1 1 , l11 ••-• 11 1t1• fut llte1 \11h11•, 111111111.. d •~,un,t ,.,,., h tl( 1htm
t. 1I "'lff
1
.,I ~I t ,. l l11f /1 '- )
(hi \1 1 ~,>• l1 11111,, ~ .l
I i\C- l OIU~A 110!\l
~h·t• l : Now Ji~1tk• thl' 1'•wn e,fl\.·,,ron hy _..,,,.
I ho p111u.'"' 111• Wflllll1t 1u1 ,ilud,, ,11 , . ...
' .. ,. p,,·11!111111 ,,~
..,,,• · I~p' t .1 ~I' l..,,,
. -~,, ~..---. --
r,
~fl' , ..,, ,~
the l)H'411u;t pf twn or mn,,• ulul'lu,,,·,.
1;alkil r1,·1t11 l,11111111 .
i=. ~ t'!I.Ph' lllihlllfl l•
..,, ,,, .~,
I· 011111k: .l lh 7y 2 • 3.,, 5 ;1 \ • .\,. ) ' • p1 . .,,, t 7
lkrcl, ,\ . ~, 1, ., J, nml1'urc 1to111i: uf1llcli ·t
• 1·1Wll' Iore .l<h i
,.,1 I-"''·
r ~h'p .\: 1 he c:ommon muhiphcr 11nJ the 1-1111111,·nt
ll " " "
y Ii, 1:11 urtly tli vi111ht,., by 2 3 ohtilllll'd arc: the: farttlf\ of lhi: iiivc:n
S, .,. 1u11l y_ Ali.~1 the prudurl of tl,cNc funor, w,lj I~ Cll.prt:~'1100.
u foL·tor of JOr'y.
Nutt: Tht' 1111111hl'r I i11 u fol'lor of every ull!tdmuc
~JI' - 15,,i • 3..," . ~,•v" Jp • 7)
ti:rn1. So I i1i ul110 a fol'.lor of ](h 1y, Dividmg 5/" - I~,, + 3~/' hy ~,,, we ~d 1hc 4uotic:nt
WI li,llow,c
M,·thodwof' fuctori wution of' un 1tlKchrnic C)(JllC:'i!lion
ttrt lt9' followN: Thuic the: fo(IOOI 1irc: ~,, and (Jr . )p t 7).
I. htclori11uti11n hy takinl( out o common liu:tor C'oe 2: When a rol)'nnmrnl i, 11 common
2. htrtori1tatio11 hy w,i111& iilcntit,e i, multiphcr of carh tt'nn of the given ciqm;1'sinn,
3. F1tclorii.a ti11n hy Nplilling the middle term of u we lake out the common mull1plter nnd use the
4uudra1ic c"'prcs!lion of the form ar1 + hx , c. di~rrihuti\'C property.
lM H JUl',1', 111)'1, ll'r '1.\1, I'\(; o, I \ ( ·0 ,11\1(1', l. 1,1111ph 22. Fuctomc : 6r(u )/,) t ,1~,, - 3h).
I•: 1 '0,' "iolution- On ohi.l'rving the given cxprc'i11i1m we 1

( ·•\r I: When each term of' u p.ivcn expression

find that (u - 3h) i~common in hoth the tcm1i1.
contain, 11 co11uno11 monomial factor, we lake out Cu(a 3/i) + y(" 3h)
the common multiplier und use the distrihutivc:
property. ~ Rk~f~

l.u1,11•I• · 21 : Factorii,c: Sp' I 5p' + 3~p Taking out (a - 3h) from both the tcm1s, we get
Solutio11 : 6.\'(,, - JI,) +y(u - 3h) • (a - 3h)(6x +y).
Thus the factors arc (a - 3h) and (nx + y).
Sh:p I: Find the grcalc!it common factor of thi:
terms of the given cxprclision. r,.11n11k 2-': Factorise : 5x(2a - 7b) - 3(2a - 1b)1.

r
Numcfllll ~•M!lll,1t111,
Comm'j lll(t,,r . ~ l
'-\11luti1111: (2a - 71,) iii the common factor in both
the terms.
Sp' ~ ISr f 35p llcnce 5x(2u - 7h) - 3(2a - 7h)2
L V1111hlc,
( HfllOl'-)lt
_J
1111:1.0f " /'
.,. (2a - 7b)l5x - 3(2u - 7b)]
"Ilic ll/'8kit tom11111n l11Cton .. 1p .. (2a - 7h)(5x - 6a + 2th)
We find that 5p is the greatest comrnon factor of the Thus the factors arc (2a - 7h) and (5.\' - 6.1 -+ 21h).
t.crms of the cxpre!i!iion.
1... : : : . - - - - - - - - - . . -. . . . . . . . . .lllill=i. . . ~~---ta:;=== ., Algebraic Expressions cmd Factor,sat,on (G:91
t. (
b .n rnplc 27: Fuctorisc: 2x2 ~ I Lt , 15
Solution : Herc a -= 2 and c ~ f 5, tl,crcfw c
ac ~ 2 "' 15 r. 10
So we have to factorise 30 into two fnct11t, in guch
a way that the sum of those factors ls 11 and the
product is 30. All possible factors ate:
30 = 30 x I 11um :-=: 31 product "' J(J
"' 15 x 2 sum "" 17 product = 30
= 10 x 3 sum "' 13 product ~ 30
=6xS sum -= 11 product = 30
We choose only the combination of factor~6 and 5
because their sum is 11 and product is 30, E hirrJlk 2'Jl h1d11tiite; IIJfJ..t ._ ZZIJ// ' l:LI/,
So 2x2 + 11x + 15 == 2x2 + 6x + 5x + 15 f10Ju1i,,,,: f lr11t tttm - I f.1'Ji - 0 fJ.i'f
1

= 2x(x + 3) + 5(x +j J Lactt term ~ 12 II - (I Il .r

+ 5)(x + 3)
== (2x
Middle term "' 220.t'y- 2 1 ftJ,4 1 I 11/
Thus 2x2 + I Ix+ 15 = (2x + 5)(x + 3).
IIJO.t ·f 22'1.t1y -1- 121/
Example 28: Factorise using identities: ., ,w.<r+ 2 11 b 1 1 111 • " '1 f
:1.
(a) m2 - 64 (b) 25p2 + IOp + I (H1x2 + llyf luc;rr,gd ➔ LLlh . 11 - ,,, . hfj
C

.I =- ( I /Jxl-f ll y'J( ltJx1 • lly')

(c) 9x2 - 3xy + - y2
4 Thu, IOIJ.t+22,,.x1_,y14 121/ - (111" 1 i 11/ Jil'>x'
Solution: +- lly ),
(a) m2 - 64
=(m)2 - (8)2[usinga2 - b2 = (a +b)(a - h)] t:xu mph: JIJ: f'acti,riM!: 3JI ~- I 2p • 12
= (m + 8)(m - 8) Soluli1111: 3(p1 •· 4p ~ 4) jtaki,,g ,,ut 3 a, C',,,,,,,,,,,J
(b) 25p2 + 1Op + 1 ::e 3l(pf - 2 Ip I 2 ♦ (2r'J

= (5p)2+2xSp x I +( 1)2
f<w~irig '" -hi "" d' 2ab • liJJ
=(Sp+ Jf [using (a+bf =a2 +2ab +lr] = 3(p - 2)2
=(Sp+ 1)(5p + I) ,,. 3(p - 2)(p - 2)
Thuidp1 - I 2p + 12 - J(p -· 2Jlp -- 2J,

CONCEPT H I G H LI G HT s
• The process of writing an al9.ebraic expression as the product of two or mors slgP.bralc. 0Aprei1~I!J11~ ,, ral!~d
factorisation.
• An algebraic expression can be factorised using the following mothods:
~ Factorisation by taking out a common factor: When eac.h term c,f a given oxr,ro11~Iori cont,ur,, a
common monomial factor, we take out the common multiplier and u,e tf,e d11J1ribut1ve i:,roper1y_
"' Factorisation by using identities:
(x + y)2 • x1 + 2xy + f
(x - y)2 • x1 - 2xy + I
(.><1 - y) - (x - y) (x + y)
 •~ ·¥ \j
In I 1,rrr r I f,) 1~.. , I IIJ tktil t'd
..J::.l,M ( r:t¢ fo1l1,w1ni mt,ni lfflt.i l
,. !Ip-, , n, !iry--:" 2hy:::- C) I !trr> , 2'!h'., i1an- l<fJ l,a:ih , 41'.tr'xli' 54tah
,t ne Gttlnw n~ cspr ait,1,ru1
• ff!r' - _,, 1'r1T' • 15.m ,.,.
/!,, j ltr hr. - i-th: 'a·
(; .:.m-p ..... lff,,. - ''"f1 (it, r.rh c - trlr1: ' ah,·
1.. ~1!" 1se rte , Imo. "!f
ii:; !;;.a • I: . . - ~, .. ('

lyJ ~r r
(r;' p(y .. bJ - 11y · h1
I 1/ .,Ip '-2)' -'➔ I p• 2)
£ fiu:..tan:u: hv ie,rr.• ,nr.m~ •m•tlfllT.p .
al ~ ~ ,. - I lb, la· - 5ah " f..oh • 15/i
\,: -:r - t..:.r •'' ~.r (11 I r · -cy ~ .u • ky
re' 4' '" .. ! - ,,, - z•,,
ti. Enc:c-~ nc 0111,,- n~ t,y l 'liM~ '(t11wh 1
.: .(!dlll tle&'
a.1 -,r - >•r 1 ,1 ll;m 44m (-:) ti I! l (d) 25aJh - Joa/ r
:.e::;crrw: be. r,1h.win~ f,y U!I0'1 11rr.1t11c
clcnL t.c.,
.l ('"'- lir•• 1, p- l!lp- ◄ 1 wr' • 1nrn· - rt'
F:-w::cr.w m; ')vi Ill ,II g he muh tl1; ·c.rm .
IC/ (dJ dr8 a1 + 16
e1) r - /.ju - 8 t~, nr - l'im - 11 (1!1 Ir • l>!h • f\5 /dJ ,r - l4p - 32
fr 111· !Gm 20

11.CT"f'l'I"!:Y. 4 : fa·cto<t.sin9 c Pol yno

mia l By Spl ittin g the M idd le Te
r....,"' ~ - i ; ; r .,,-::1'! ~ :l" rm
ar pdoe r v~e t:i mgrap b pap=:r, -:ketc
-..r _ b pens , a pair of scissors, and glue.
-::.::r.!'X".E" , ~Jr 'r,...- :ay / -;. 5A ~ l
,:1,
-::r~o 4
r: ::ri-::cr.:t_.d•r;;.m1a1 , J = r. t, =':,
arid c.= 6
5'~ Z - !'TE t'.N<'.j ~ J'1":C ~~ ME~ anc
2 Nf-o -:e surii 1s 5 and prod uct 1s 6
~-rec 1· -... P. ,r;1 rr:rr .:.1 ,;ar OP. P.xprP.Ssed as·
i t .,. • •11~ 1 ft Offf l ,11 I "' ,, I ,,,it 1111 ,, I Ull !• •I 1, ,.
' '°' ' 11
\-..\\ fill 1tl11 WII Ill 111 I flfl~

r··· . .-- --· ..

\ft,, :i ( 111 Ill IV•' 111111,1 (. ,1 11 11, ".. 111 ,,, I) fill IllllllflU1£1ftri f•lf 1 1 it• I
lt1w11,11!,I
Iljl/1

~f•p 'h Cut o 1,,l 11111qlt ( I • 1) 1111 1111111 11 qrnph plip• ,, 11 &hcwm 1111111 I 11 ,,,
.
l-----.. ll
.. '

Sr•p' A.11:,11u~ ,11111111 'ul lllllll 11, 11111 ~1 ", .. rtoout, ond fl , 10 ,t,mn On,, <.111,,, f'ltf,'l', It.thow11 In
tho f11J11111

• I '/

'
J\ma of thtJ H•fld11ql,t (ic ♦ A I ix I t..lC 1 (, ~ t ~J( 1 t,
'.lo ttw p<1ly11,11nt1I "'' ♦ &x ♦ t,, ,111 l,rr f,11 tr,riL"d ;,, (,, • l)(x I l)

Alyot,,.,, f ,p,o,.,ono amJ f 8'.to6••hon ((~

L Concept M~p J --
_(3,_·-,.-
·a ,s
-an- aig-e~r:i~ - - -
t A palynorn• h se variables

.-' On--dividing
-~ a-polynomial
- - - - - - --
---Gk-----.
:· - ~y~•-~ ~lgebraic
• I - Has one term
sion• :
,•
,
' ha\le non•n
: pawer.
·011 w O
e><press• egati"e jntegral

wer of a
, • The high~~d degree of a
'
•
:
,• • Monom,a •
; 1
I ..,ariable 1.5 ,
• Binomial - Has two terms 1ynorn1al. ,
: by • polynomial if we get ' I fflS I
, 0 as the remainder, then ' • Trinomial - Has three t!r_ - - - - - po ant is also a '
:
'------ - -- -- ---- •• Every co~st ith degree ze~o: - - '
palyno~~~~ _ - - - - - -
' the divisor is a factor of the ,
,
: dividend.
--------- -------- ,_ - - - - - II":\
.t;r;i - - -.
- ----- I
I- -od ct of tw0 I

,~- - - - - - - - -, Algebraic , Pr u . • (Product

1s . t )
, Only like terms Expression _____.,,,..' monom1a
f their coeffic1e~ s
: ~ (Product of their
1 can be added
or A combination '
: -•~b_tr~!d_ _____ : of constants 'l variables)
_____
_ -~ - - _ _ - -
, _
-I

:Th; i~rd f;r~ ~ ; -~

and variables : : : - - - - - - - - ynomials '
connected by the ,' Mu 1t·1plying f Tw
h multiplicand 1s . ,'
four fundamental 1 Each term o t e f the 1
' polynomial is wrtitten ' - - ~, If lied by each term o •
: in the descending order : operations , mu ~P . Uk terms are then 1
1 of the exponent of a , , mult1p11er. e d ct ,
: added_t~ ~E:t ~~a~ - ~ -· - - -
0
: variable. -- - - P~ -

•
REFLECTION BOX

: Tick(✓) to show what you can do.

I
I
O I can define algebraic expression.
t O I can identify d ifferent types of algebraic expressions.
:D I can find the degree of an algebraic expression.
1
I
0 I can add and subtract algebraic expressions.
I O I can multiply and divide algebraic expressions.
:0 I can use different algebraic identities to factorise algebraic expressions.
:0 I can factorise algebraic expressions by taking out a common factor and splitting the middle term method.

~------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -- •

REVISION EXERCISE
Short-answer questions
I. Add the algebraic expressions 3m2n and-5m2n.
2. Subtract the algebraic expression 3.r - 4xy + 2y2 from 6.x2 - 2xy- 7y2-.
3. Write a binomial of degree 60.
4. Find the square of (p + 2).

5. Find the value of ( x _i y)(i x + y).

6. Evaluate .r3 + y3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 for x = 2 and y = - 2.

~) Algebraic Expressions and Factorisation

 1,.ong-an1w.r qu•1tlon1

1, S11h1rn~1the 11lgd m1ic CXl"rc~tiion 4a .. Jah ., 2h,. I fmm f,a _ ~uh 11I, • ll
8. Write the cncllk icn1 nfy in lhc C.\J)re,,ioo ( Jy . I 1(2y i SJ,
9. f:K·lnrisc u~mg identity: er ._J f,h 2
10, f a,torisc Ulling 1dcnti1y: ,t + Xp1 -f. 16
t 1. f actori!IC by splitting the middle term: ,lJ • 2y _ Is
12, find the area of the rectangle whvsc length and hreadth arc (x + 5) ;md (,t + 41 rr,tW;\ rcc,,p,-.£t1:,tlJ.
13, Find the value of m if 6m"' 412 - 39.
t-4. Simplify: (0.5x + 0.4y)2 - (0.Sx -- 0.4yf
Is. faaluate 39 x 41 using suitable identity, and then find the valU( of p if Jp ., 3'1/ 4 I.
J6. What should be added to 4a - 7uh + Jb - 5 to get J 2a - Joh - 2h-+ 3?
1
J7. Expand the algebraic exprcs~ion (3 p + ! q) by using identity, and e\alWllt !he e-,;fKC.-.Jt-"" for
p =- - I and q '"' 2. 9
t8. Simplify: (2m - 5f + (2m + 5f
J9. Find the value of 662 - 65 2 using suitable identity.
20. Simplify: 5m(2 m - 3) - 3m(4m2J- m(m - J)
21. Find the volume of a cuboid if its length, breadth, and height are 4x. 1.r,·. and '3t ~ 5,> J un,t~ r~ri ·,eiy.
1
22• Find the value of 16,r- + -16p1
- if 4p - _I "' 7
4p .
23. find the value of 9.r + 25y2 if 3x +Sy= 8 and .l}" = 0.5.
24. Simplify 4cr(a3 - b1) - 3b3(cr - Ii). and evaluate the \aluc for a ,. I and h • -3.
25. Open-ended How many number of tenns are there in a polynormaJ?
Why (x + yf = x2 + 2xy + I? Give reason.
26. Critical Thinking Find the length and breadth of a rectangle ~hose area~ ,.v • 2w1 • 4!J tq-"""1c Clitt,

27. Critical Thinking Show that (x-r;I)i -4 (x-;I):.

=

28. Critic.al Thinking If (p + q) = 25 and,r + <f = 225, then find the ulue of pq.
29. Coding-decoding ff TRINOMIAL is codtd as MBJSPOJSU, then POLYS0\1lAL ~coded~ _ _ __
(a) LAlMONYLOP {b) ~BJSPOZ\f PQ
(c) LBJMOPZMPQ (d) \1B~JOP~ZPQ

JO. Analyse Error Analyse and correct the errors in the gi\·en problem.

(ix~ -l- ix: -i-~.!) =ix?-1- -~x-ixy

9•
1
)~( 9 .l
1 2

s.r1-1.r2 s.l).1-s.l).1
12 20

5:l 8.n)
=- +-·-
r
12 ~o
r'
•ll j '

I
• •
f l, In eac h of th f . . ·tar e give n,
Il Stu d b th e allo win g que
y o
th stio ns, an Assertion {A) and a co_ ndin g Reason {R) supP<>rt1ng 1
rresPo ct·
l e stat eme nts and stat e which
th of the follo wing is corre ·
(a) Bo A and R are true and
th R is the corr ect explanation of
(b) Bo A and R are true , but A.
(c) A is true , but R is false . R is not the corr ect exp lana tion of A.
(d) A is fals e, but R is true .
1
· Ass erti on (A): 4yz2 x (3y2z +
Rea son (R): Dis trib utiv e pro per
~
4y2z2) 4yz2 x 3y2z + 4yz2 >< fi1
4 +A " C.
ty of mul tipli cati on is A >< (8 + 8
2. Ass erti on (A): x(2 y- Sz)2 "" 4y2 Cl - A "
x + 10x yz + 25xz2
Rea son (R): (a • b)2 "" a2 - 2ab
+ b2
3. Ass erti on (A): 36p 2 + 12p
+ 1 * {6p + 1l {6p + 1l
Rea son (R): (a2 + bl) ~ {a +
b) (a- bl

Co mp reh ens ion Exe rcis e

Roh an is 2 yea rs you nge r to

~ . . 1 ear you nge r than Rohan .
Moh it, Srijal is 5 years elde r to_As ·ta and Asm1ta
The age of Roh an is 32 years. mi • ,s yquest•o
the follo wing . ns··
Based on the give n info rma tion
1. Wri· te an alge bra ic exp ress ion , ans wer f R h and Moh it.
.
for the relation b etw een the ages o O an
(a) x - y = 2 (dl xy = 2
{bl x = 2y {cl x + Y = 2
2. Wh o is the you nge st in this grou
p?
(a) Roh an {b) Moh it
3. Wh o is the elde st in this grou {cl Srijal (d) Asm ita
p?
(a) Roh an (b) Moh it
(c) Srijal (d) Asm ita
4. Wh o is you nge r than Asm ita?
(a) Roh an (b) Moh it (cl Srijal (d) Non e of thes e

~) Algebraic Exp res sion s an d Fac tori sati on