NOTES

PHYSICS
Class: VII
Note On: UNIT 5.10 Date: 03-08/04/2022

❖ Electrical Power: It is the Power Dissipated by an Electric Circuit.

It is the Rate, Per Unit Time, at which Electrical Energy is Transferred
by an Electric Circuit.
Symbol: P
S.I. Unit: Watt (W)
Formula: Power = Voltage x Current OR P = VI
Measuring Instrument: Wattmeter

Power is one of the key Concepts and Units associated with Electrical Science. Power is
one of the key Units in many Electronic Circuits. It can be used to indicate the level of
Heat Dissipated in a Unit or even an individual Component, it can be used to define the
Power Consumed, and it can also be used to define the amount of Power Generated by
the System to pass on to the next item.

❖ Watt: It is the Rate of Energy Transfer when 1 Ampere (A) of Current Flows through an
Electrical Potential Difference of 1 Volt (V).
Here,
1 W = 1 VA

❖ Electrical Power Industry

The Electrical Power Industry is the Backbone of the Industrial World, supplying essential
Energy to Industrial, Manufacturing, Commercial and Residential Customers around the
Globe.
The Electrical Power Industry is commonly split up into Four Processes:
• Electricity Generation
• Electric Power Transmission
• Electricity Distribution
• Electricity Retailing (Sale) [NOT IN SYLLABUS]

❖ Production (Generation) of Electrical Power

Electricity Generation is the process of generating Electric Power from Sources of
Primary Energy.
For Utilities in the Electric Power Industry, it is the Stage prior to its Delivery to End
Users (Transmission, Distribution, etc.) or its Storage.
Production is carried out in Power Stations (also called "Power Plants").
 Sources of Electrical Power
• Combustion (Steam) Generators (Thermal Power Plants)
• Solar Photovoltaics (Solar Power Plants)
• Geothermal Power Plants
• Nuclear Power Plants
• Hydroelectric Power Plants
• Renewable Sources (Wind Turbines, Tidal Power Plants, etc.)

❖ Transmission (Supply) of Electrical Power

Electric Power Transmission is the bulk Movement of Electrical Energy from a generating
site, such as a Power Plant, to an Electrical Substation.
Due to the large amount of Power and Long Distances, transmission normally takes
place at High Voltage (110 kV or above) to prevent Power Losses.
Electricity is usually transmitted over Long Distance through overhead Power
Transmission Lines.
A Electrical Power Transmission System is sometimes referred to colloquially as a "Grid".

❖ Distribution of Electrical Power

Electric Power Distribution is the Final Stage in the Delivery of Electric Power. It carries
Electricity from the Transmission System to Individual Consumers.
It is the Delivery System of Electricity to Places that use it, such as Homes and other
Buildings. It is done mainly by Power Lines, Transformers, Substations and Meters. The
Electricity comes from the Power Station at High Voltage and is Delivered at Medium to
Low Voltage Levels.

❖ Uses of Electrical Power

• Domestic Uses
• Commercial Uses
• Industrial uses
• Transportations

❖ Disadvantages of Electrical Power

• Expensive
• Environmental Pollution
• Availability due to Environmental or Climatic Conditions
❖ Electrical Power Grid
A Electrical Power Transmission System is sometimes referred to colloquially as a "Grid".
It is an Interconnected Network for Delivering Electricity from Producers to Consumers.
Electrical Grids vary in Size from Covering a Single Building through National Grids
(which cover whole Countries) to Transnational Grids (which can cross Continents).
An Electrical Grid consists of ---
• Generating Stations that produce Electric Power
• Electrical Substations for Stepping Electrical Voltage Up for Transmission, or Stepping
Electrical Voltage Down for Distribution
• High Voltage Transmission Lines that carry Power from Distant Sources to Demand -
Centers
• Distribution Lines that connect Individual Customers

Conventional Electrical Power Grid

❖ Typical Electrical Power Ratings of Electronic & Electrical Devices
Every Electronics or Electrical Device has a Power Rating which tells us how much
Electricity it needs to Work.
This is usually given in Watts (W) or Kilowatts (kW) [1000W = 1kW].
Some Electrical Power Ratings of some Devices are given below.
ELECTRICAL DEVICE POWER RATING (W)
Kettle 3000
Hairdryer 2000
Oven 2000
Toaster 1000
TV (LCD) 200
TV (Plasma) 450
Fridge 120
Laptop 65
Electrical Drill 1000

❖ Types of Electrical Power

The Classification of the Electric Power depends on the nature of the Current.
Electrical Power is mainly Classified into Two Types.
• DC Electric Power
• AC Electric Power
❖ Equations of Electrical Power
In any Electrical Circuit, the Electrical Power is computed making use of these Formulas.
• P = VI
V2
• P=
R
• P=I R 2

Here,
P = Electrical Power of a Device
V = Voltage Across of the Device
I = Current Through the Device
R = Resistance in the Device

NOTE: P = VI → (Used in) Calculations involving Power Transferred, Power

Delivery or Power Gained
V2
P= → (Used in) Calculations involving Power Transferred, Power
R
Delivery or Power Gained
P = I 2 R → (Used in) Calculations involving Power Loss

❖ Power Loss of Electrical or Electronic Systems

In an Electrical or Electronic Circuit or Power System, part of the Energy in play is
Dissipated by Unwanted Effects, including Energy Lost by Unwanted Heating of Resistive
Components.
Electric Power Losses are Wasteful Energy caused by External Factors or Internal Factors.
They include Losses due to Resistance, Atmospheric Conditions, Theft, Miscalculations,
etc.