JTI

JUNG TYPE INDICATOR

TECHNICAL MANUAL

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CONTENTS

Theoretical overview .......................... 3

The Jungian types .......................... 6

Scale construction .......................... 7

The psychometric properties of the JTI .......................... 8

Resource materials on psychological type .......................... 26

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LIST OF TABLES
1 MBTI® Intercorrelation Matrix (n=229)
2 Reliability (alpha coefficients) for the JTI
3 Short- and Long-Term Test-Retest coefficients for the JTI
4 Standard Error of Measurement
5 Intercorrelations between the JTI subscales
6 Factor structure of the JTI items
7 Correlations between the original and revised versions of the JTI
8 Correlations between the JTI and MBTI® subscales
9 Factor structure for the (revised) JTI and MBTI® (sample 1)
10 Factor structure for the (revised) JTI and MBTI® (sample 2)
11 Correlations between JTI and NEO (Ffi)
12 Factor Analysis of JTI & NEO scale scores
13 Correlations between JTI and 16PF-5
14 Correlations between the JTI and 15FQ subscales
15 Correlations between the JTI and EPQ
16 Correlations between the JTI and OPP
17 Correlations between the JTI and VMI
18 Correlations between the JTI and OIP
19 JTI subscale mean differences and standard deviations for men and women
20 Alpha coefficients for JTI subscales by sex
21 Correlations between the JTI subscales and age
22 JTI subscale Mean differences and standard deviations, for white and ethnic groups
23 Coefficient alpha for each of the JTI subscales on an ethnic minority sample
24 Correlations between the JTI and 15FQ subscales on an ethnic minority sample
25 Correlations between the JTI and OPP on an ethnic minority sample
26 JTI scale internal consistencies and mean ITC for various samples
27 Short- & Long-Term Test-Retest Coefficients for the JTI
28 JTI Intercorrelation Matrix (N=5575)
29 Uncorrected correlations with the MBTI®
30 JTI Corrected correlations with the MBTI®
31 Correlations between JTI and NEO
32 Correlations Between the JTI & 16PF (N=210)
33 Correlations between JTI and 16PF-5
34 Correlations between JTI and 15FQ (N=5575)
35 Correlations Between OPP & JTI (N=158)
36 Correlations between JTI and OIP (n=1971)
37 Correlations between JTI, EPQR and I7 (N=221) 38
Correlations between JTI & Kline’s PPQ (N=193) 39
Correlations Between JTI & Gordon’s SIV (N=160) 40
Factor Structure of the JTI and MBTI®

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THEORETICAL OVERVIEW
Theories of human typology can be traced back at least as far as to the Greek physician Hippocrates
(ca. 460-377 BC)

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN TYPOLOGY Extraversion versus Introversion, as being

dimensional rather than consisting of discrete
Hippocrates postulated four basic temperamental categories.
types: sanguine; choleric; melancholic and Perhaps the most experimentally rigorous
phlegmatic. This typology persisted for many personality typology is that developed by H J
centuries; for example, the philosopher Immanuel Eysenck (1960, 1969), who provides a three-
Kant (1798) based much of his psychology on d i m e n s i o n a l type description consisting of:
this theory of four psychological types. Extraversion/Introversion; Emotional Stability/
The importance of this early fourfold typology Emotional Instability, and Psychoticism
is that it contains within it the seeds of modern (a Tough-minded/Tender-minded continuum).
typological thinking. Although this fourfold In line with the ideas noted above, Eysenck has
typology is explicitly categorical (i.e., each person shown, from an extensive body of research
can only be one type), the concept of behavioural (based on numerous factor analytic studies), that
traits is nonetheless implicit in this theory, with a typology is purely a higher-order organisation
each type being defined by reference to a number of personality traits. Thus, Eysenck (1947)
of traits which, when taken together, make up proposes four levels of personality description.
a particular personality type. For example, Kant At the lowest level are the person’s specific
attributes the traits of carefreeness, hopefulness, responses to specific situations. The second level
sociability, and being easily bored etc. to the of description consists of habitual responses;
Sanguine temperament. Thus, psychometric those responses we typically make when similar
typological theories, which stress that situations occur. At the third level these habitual
a personality type is a higher-order construct responses are organised into personality traits,
obtained from a cluster of behavioural traits, can these are the primary factors that emerge from
be seen to have been foreshadowed by these a factor analysis of personality test items. The
early typological theories. highest level consists of the organisation of these
Wilhelm Wundt (1903), the acknowledged personality traits into a general type. In factor
founder of experimental psychology, analytic terms these are the second-order factors
demonstrated how a fourfold typology can arise which emerge when the primary factors are
from a two-dimensional theory. Wundt themselves submitted to factor analysis.
postulated two dimensions, one reflecting the
strength of a person’s emotions and the other the
THE PIONEERING WORK OF ELIZABETH
speed at which such emotions change. Given this
MYERS AND CATHERINE BRIGGS
two-dimensional system Wundt showed that four
temperamental types could be defined by the After formulating his theory of personality types
behavioural traits contained within the four in 1921, Jung did little further work in this area.
quadrants of this system. These ideas were then taken up by the mother
The next development in personality typology and daughter team Elizabeth Myers and
was carried out by C G Jung (1921), who Catherine Briggs, who recognised the intrinsic
proposed a typological theory in which value of Jung’s personality typology. Realising
individuals could be assigned to one of eight that if the theory was to be of any practical value,
types. (As the JTI has been developed to assess it was necessary to develop a method for
Jung’s theory a full description of this typology assessing a person’s type, they set about
will be saved until later in this chapter.) developing a questionnaire measure of
Moreover, as is the case with the earlier psychological type. This pioneering work led to
typologists, while Jung’s theory describes people the development of the Myers Briggs Type
in terms of categories, Jung himself made it clear Indicator®, which is now one of the most widely
that he viewed personality types, such as referenced assessment tools.

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The Jung Type Indicator (JTI) is a further above), construes psychological types as being
development that aims to provide a modern, best described by points on a continuum,
psychometrically sound measure of Jung’s rather than by discrete categories. Thus, unlike
typology. Thus, while the JTI is firmly rooted in the MBTI®, the JTI views the two basic
Jung’s psychological theory, it has been attitudes (Extraversion versus Introversion),
d e v e l o p e d using modern psychometric the four psychological functions (Thinking
techniques (described in detail in Chapters 3 & 4) versus Feeling and Sensing versus Intuiting)
to ensure that the questionnaire provides a and the two secondary processes (Judging
reliable and versus Perceiving) described by Jung as being
valid measure of a person’s Jungian continuous variables, rather than discrete
(psychological) Type. categories. This is supported by the fact that
the evidence demonstrating a discrete
The JTI and the MBTI ® categorical view of psychological types is very
scant. In particular, statistical analysis of
As well as being rooted in Jungian typological MBTI® data does not reveal the bimodal
theory the JTI also incorporates some of the distributions which would be expected if this
modifications to Jung’s theory, suggested by instrument were assessing discrete categories.
Elisabeth Myers (1962), which have been Moreover, examination of the correlations
included in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. between the separately scored pairs of
Principal among these is the inclusion of the MBTIs® attitudes, functions and secondary
Judging/Perceiving types, which although not processes (presented in Table 1) indicates that
explicitly stated as part of Jung’s typology, are these are effectively measuring opposite ends
nevertheless implicit in his theory of types. In of the same dimension. Therefore, the JTI has
addition, the JTI also adopts the method of been developed to assess bipolar continuous
ascertaining the dominant function used by constructs, with each type being defined by
the MBTI® (see discussion of the superior those personality traits which cluster at one
function later in this chapter). Despite these end of the type dimension with the type
similarities between the JTI and the MBTI® boundaries set in the middle of the scale. As
there are, nonetheless, some fundamental and Eysenck (1969) notes, this is a true typology in
important differences between these two the modern sense of that term, as ‘…the
instruments in terms of their psychometric widespread notion that typologies imply
properties. This results from the JTI having discontinuities, bimodal distributions, and the
been constructed using modern psychometric like, does not accurately represent the writings
test theory. The most striking difference and views of modern typologists.’
between these two instruments is that the JTI,
in keeping with modern type theory (see

Table 1: MBTI® Intercorrelation Matrix (n=229)

E I S N T F J P

Extraversion 1 -.94 -.19 .14 -.02 .04 -.14 .10

Introversion -.94 1 .20 -.13 -.01 -.04 .13 -.08

Sensing -.19 .20 1 -.89 .09 -.07 .42 .44
iNtuition .14 -.13 -.89 1 -.15 .14 -.36 .39
Thinking -.02 -.01 .09 -.15 1 -.80 .27 -.27

Feeling .04 -.04 -.07 .14 -.80 1 -.27 .28

Judgement -.14 .13 .42 -.36 .27 -.27 1 -.96

Perception .10 -.08 -.44 .39 -.27 .28 -.96 1

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JUNG’S THEORY OF THE BASIC THE FOUR PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES As described above, Jung identified four basic
In his personality theory Jung identified two core psychological functions, with a person’s preferred
mental activities: function being dominant and conscious, while
receiving, or taking in, t h e non-preferred function is auxiliary and
information; which he termed Perceiving, and l unconscious
processing that information (e.g., organising
the information and coming to conclusions form Thinking
it), which he termed Judging.
Thinking involves the logical analysis of
He further identified two alternative ways of
information in terms of the strict principles
Perceiving information, which he termed Sensing
of cause and effect. Thus, people who prefer
and Intuiting, and two alternative ways of Judging
this form of Judging approach life in a rational,
information, which he termed Thinking
analytical way; searching for logical
and Feeling. Moreover, Jung noted that these
relationships between events and ideas.
four mental processes can be directed either at
the external world of people and things, or at the
internal world of subjective experience. Thus, the Feeling
existence of these four basic psychological Feeling involves identifying the emotional
processes, which can be used either in the internal value that is attached to objects or events.
or external world, means that people can use Thus, people who prefer this form of Judging
their mind in one of eight ways; thus, resulting in are more concerned with what they feel about
eight psycho-logical types. a person or event, rather than, with what they
can learn about it through logical, rational
analysis.
THE TWO BASIC ATTITUDES
The two basic attitudes that Jung identified Sensing
function as opposites, with one of these attitudes Sensing involves directly receiving
being dominant and conscious, while the other information through the senses. Thus, people
i s auxiliary and unconscious. who prefer this form of perceiving tend to
focus on the facts in a given situation, and on
The extraverted attitude hard data.
Extraversion is oriented towards the external,
outer world. Thus, people who prefer this Intuiting
attitude would rather to spend time interacting Intuiting involves going beyond the
with the outside world, than dealing with the information provided by the senses to
inner world of subjective experiences and discover possibilities which might not be
mental events. Thus, extraverts enjoy spending immediately obvious from sensory data.
time in the company of other people and enjoy Thus, people who prefer this form of
translating their ideas and interests into overt perceiving have a preference for focusing on
behaviour and action. theoretical issues and hidden patterns of
meaning.
The introverted attitude
Introversion is oriented towards the inner, DOMINANT AND AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
subjective world. Thus, people who prefer this Jung further noted that people’s preferences for
attitude like to spend time in quiet each of these functions vary, with these
contemplation and reflection. Thus, introverts differences giving rise to the individual
are quiet, introspective individuals who do not differences we observe between people.
feel the constant need for contact with the Moreover, Jung observed that the dominant
outer world of people and events. function is used in the preferred world (i.e., the
external world for Extraverts and the internal
world for Introverts) while the auxiliary function
is used in the non-preferred world (i.e., the inner
world for Extraverts and the outer world for

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Introverts). processes of Judging and Perceiving could be used

In addition, Jung realised that as Thinking and to identify which psychological function will be
Feeling are both rational functions, they tend to dominant for each person
oppose each other, as do the non-rational
functions of Sensing and Intuiting. Thus, neither Judging
member of an opposing pair of functions can
have an auxiliary role for the dominant function. Judging is concerned with organising and
In this way, if a rational function is dominant processing information. Thus, people who
then one of the non-rational functions must prefer this mental process for receiving
provide the auxiliary function and vice versa. information about the world like to plan ahead
The JTI adopts the approach developed by and organise, as they order and regulate their
Elizabeth Myers (1962) for identifying which of mental events.
the four functions is dominant. This consists of
using an individual’s secondary process of Perceiving
Judging or Perceiving (see next section) as an Perceiving is concerned with directly receiving
indicator of which of the four functions will be information without evaluation. Thus, people
dominant and which will be auxiliary. who prefer this mental process like to put off
decision making in order to gain as much
SECONDARY PROCESSES information as possible. Moreover, when they
do decide to act, they will do so in an
As noted above one of Elizabeth Myers (1962) unstructured and flexible manner, without
great insights was to recognise that the secondary detailed prior categorising of events.

THE JUNGIAN TYPES

The two basic attitudes, when combined with the four functions, produce the eight Jungian Types.
These eight types can be further differentiated in terms of the auxiliary function.

INTROVERTED-THINKING individuals. Keenly perceptive observers of life,

they have a genuine empathic concern for others.
Viewing life from a detached intellectual While they have a great capacity for warmth,
perspective, Introverted-Thinking types are they may not display this with people they do not
objective clear thinking and rational. Quietly know well. Their reliance on feeling means
introspective and abstract thinking, some people that they hold strong values that are central to
may view them as being a little cool and reserved, their personal identity.
or even somewhat distant, in their dealings with
others. Rational, analytical and logical, they are
inclined to be quiet observers of life. EXTRAVERTED-FEELING
Warm, friendly and sociable, Extraverted-Feeling
EXTRAVERTED-THINKING types show a genuine interest in the people
around them. Disliking conflict and discord, they
Logical, analytical and rational, Extraverted- will actively try to seek compromise and
Thinking types are quick to challenge ideas that consensus. Thoughtful empathic and
are not based on sound logic. Direct and to the understanding, others will be quick to warm to
point in their dealings with others, they are lively them. Valuing genuineness in interpersonal
energetic and talkative. They actively participate relationships, they will be open and expressive in
in all that is going on around them, their dealings with others.

INTROVERTED-FEELING INTROVERTED-SENSING
Quietly thoughtful, sensitive and considerate, Introspective, down-to-earth and realistic,
Introverted-Feeling types are deep introspective Introverted-Sensing types have a quiet, matter-of-

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fact interpersonal style. Focusing on practical, perspective, Introverted-Intuiting types are deep
achievable goals, they will wish to get things done individuals. Often engrossed in their own
with a minimum of fuss and discussion. Deeply theoretical musings, others who are less abstract
private individuals, they are not quick to express minded than them may sometimes view them as
their inner most thoughts and feelings and, as a being a little cool, distant or even somewhat
result, others may see them as being somewhat reserved. Deeply private individuals, they may
reserved. hold back from expressing their deeply held
personal views and feelings.
EXTRAVERTED-SENSING
EXTRAVERTED-INTUITING
Outgoing sociable and lively, Extraverted-Sensing
types are action orientated individuals. Pragmatic, Lively, talkative and outgoing, Extraverted-
down-to-earth and realistic, they like to achieve Intuiting types are quick to enthuse others with
immediate, practical results. Goal orientated and their abstract, theoretical ideas. They greatly
problem focused, they have little interest in the enjoy participating in theoretical debates and
theoretical nuances of a problem, preferring discussions, and are quick to express their
instead to focus on facts and hard data. Friendly personal insights and understandings. Greatly
and enthusiastic, they will be popular team enjoying social contact, they will participate
members enthusiastically in all that is going on around
them.
INTROVERTED-INTUITING
Quietly observing life from an abstract intellectual

SCALE CONSTRUCTION

The JTI subscales were constructed following the principles of classical test theory
(see Kline 1986 for a detailed exposition of test theory).

ITEM CONSTRUCTION inclusion in the final instrument if they met the

following criteria:
An initial item set was constructed by three
psychologists who are experienced in the theory
1. Each item correlated substantially (0.3 or
of psychological type and its assessment. Each
greater) with the target MBTI scales.
psychologist independently generated a set of
items designed to assess the core characteristics
2. Each item did not correlate substantially
of each type. When developing these items each
(0.2 or less) with non-target MBTI scales.
psychologist made extensive reference to Jung’s
original work on psychological type, in addition
3. The items combined to form homogeneous
t o referring to more recent published work in
item sets across each of the three samples
this area. Once an initial item pool had been
(corrected item total correlations exceeding 0.3)
generated, consensus was sought among the
psychologists on the wording of each item.
4. Removing any item from the item set did not
Minor alterations were then made to item
reduce the scale’s alpha coefficient.
wording until consensus was achieved, and those
items on which consensus was not achieved
5. When more than 15 items met the above
w e r e rejected.
criteria, those with the lowest item-total
correlations were removed from the item set on
ITEM TRIALING an iterative basis.
The items were then trialled on three separate
samples, two of which also completed the Myers-
Briggs Type Indicator®. Items were selected for

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THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE JTI

This chapter presents details concerning the psychometric properties of the Jung Type Indicator and
demonstrates that this instrument meets the technical requirements of a modern psychometric measure.

INTRODUCTION same construct.

Reliability: Parallel Form
Reliability This assesses the extent to which two equivalent
An important technical requirement for forms of the scale are correlated with each other.
a psychometrically sound test is that the The Pearson correlation coefficient between the
measurements obtained from that test should two forms is used as the parallel form reliability
be reliable. This assesses the extent to which coefficient.
variation in test scores reflect true differences This reliability coefficient is rarely reported in
between people (on the characteristic being the literature because of the difficulty in
measured) rather than reflecting random creating parallel forms. However, this can be
measurement error. The reliability coefficient a useful measure of reliability when such
indicates the proportion of variance parallel forms exist.
(variability) in a scale that is attributable to the
underlying characteristic, rather than random
Reliability: Stability
measurement error. Measures of interests,
Also known as test-retest reliability, this measure
attitudes and values are considered to meet
of reliability assesses the extent to which
acceptable levels of reliability if they have
a psychometric instrument produces consistent
reliability coefficients above 0.7.
scores when used on two different occasions.
Reliability is generally assessed using one of
The occasions may be either a few hours, days,
three methods. The first method assesses the
months or even years apart. The Pearson
internal consistency, or homogeneity, of the
correlation coefficient between the (same) scale
scale items. (That is to say, the extent to which
scores, obtained on two different occasions, is
the scale items all assess the same underlying
construct.) The second method assesses the used as the test-retest reliability coefficient.
extent to which parallel forms of the same test
are correlated with each other, and can thus be Test-retest reliability coefficients provide
considered to be measuring the same a useful indicator of a scale’s stability over
underlying trait or characteristic. The third time. If these coefficients are low (less than
method assesses the stability of scale scores 0 . 6 ) then this suggests either that the
over time. behaviours/attitudes being measured are
volatile and/or are situationally specific, or that
scale scores are influenced by high levels of
Reliability: Internal Consistency
random error (i.e., they vary randomly over
Also known as scale homogeneity, internal
time). However, the fact that a scale has high
consistency measures of reliability assess the
internal consistency & stability coefficients
extent to which all of the items in a scale are
o n l y guarantees that it is measuring
measuring the same underlying construct or trait.
something consistently. It provides no
A scale is said to be internally consistent if all the
guarantee that the scale is actually measuring
items are correlated with each other, which in turn
the construct it purports to measure.
implies that the items are all assessing the same
Questions concerning what a test actually
trait or characteristic.
measures, and its relevance to particular
The most common measure of internal assessment situations, are dealt with by looking
consistency is Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. If at the test’s validity.
the items in a scale are highly correlated Reliability is generally investigated before
with each other, and with the total scale score, validity as the reliability of a scale places an
then coefficient alpha will be high. Thus, upper limit on the scale’s validity. In this
coefficient alpha indicates the extent to which regard it can be mathematically demonstrated
all the items in the scale are measuring the that a validity coefficient for a particular scale
cannot exceed that scale’s reliability coefficient.

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Validity current job performance).

This assesses the degree to which a scale
measures what it claims to measure. RELIABILITY OF THE JTI
Two key aspects of validity are known as Data on the internal consistency and stability of
criterion validity and construct validity. the JTI subscales are presented below.

Validity: Construct Validity Internal consistency

Construct validity assesses whether the
characteristic which a scale is actually measuring Table 2 indicates that the Jung Type Indicator
is psychologically meaningful and consistent with subscales have a high level of internal
the scale’s definition. consistency (reliability) across a number of
different samples. Inspection of this table
The construct validity of a scale is assessed by demonstrates that these subscales have
demonstrating that the scale is correlated with particularly high levels of reliability (internal
other psychometric instruments which measure consistency) for such short (15 item) scales.
similar constructs, and is not correlated with
tests which measure different constructs. Stability (test-retest reliability)
The data presented in Table 3 indicate that the
Validity: Criterion Validity
JTI subscales have a high level of stability (test-
The extent to which the scale can predict a real
retest reliability) when completed by the same
world (measurable) criterion. The criterion validity
respondents over a week, or a three-month,
of a test is demonstrated by showing that scale s
period. Most significantly, these subscales
cores are related in meaningful ways to an
demonstrate very high levels of test-retest
external criterion. Criterion validity can take the
reliability (stability) for measures of personality
form of either predictive or concurrent validity.
and/or preference.
Validity: Predictive Validity
Predictive validity assesses whether a test is
Standard error of measurement (SEM)
capable of predicting a criterion that occurs at Table 4 presents estimates of the standard
a time after the test was completed (e.g., that error of measurement of the JTI subscales
a selection test can predict the likelihood of (presented in sten units). When interpreting
someone successfully completing a training any psychometric test score, it is important to
course). take into account the fact that if a respondent
were to be repeatedly tested the score, they
Validity: Concurrent Validity Concurrent obtained would be expected to fluctuate due to
validity assesses whether the scores on a test random measurement error. Indeed, their true
can be used to predict a criterion which is score on the test would be expected to fall
assessed at the same time as the scale is within a range of ± 1 SEm from their obtained
completed (e.g., that a selection test can predict score 68% of the time.

Table 2: Reliability (alpha coefficients) for the JTI

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6

EI .83 .88 .85 .87 .84 .85

SN .78 .86 .84 .83 .81 .80

TF .75 .78 .80 .81 .84 .79

JP .82 .79 .75 .83 .82 .85

undergraduates (n=112)
Sample 1 = Business Studies undergraduates (n=40)
Sample 2 = Technician applicants (n=107)
Sample 3 = European Business School

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Sample 4 = Personnel
Professionals (n=158)
Sample 5 = Volunteer
Sample (n=117)
Sample 6 = Undergraduate
Psychology Students (n=222)

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Table 3: Short- & Long-Term Test-Retest reliability coefficients for the JTI

Sample 1 Sample 2

JTI Scales Three-month Long-term SEm One week Short term SEm

EI 0.92 0.86 0.6 0.75

SN 0.88 0.80 0.66 0.89
TF 0.79 0.85 0.92 0.77
JP 0.86 0.80 0.82 0.89

Sample 1 = Training course attendees N=101 Sample 2 = Psychology undergraduates N=222

Table 4: Standard Error of Measurement

JTI Subscale SEm

EI 0.72
SN 0.82
TF 0.87
JP 0.82

VALIDITY Equivalence between the original and

revised versions of the JTI
The internal structure of the JTI Table 7 presents uncorrected correlations
The intercorrelations between the JTI between the subscales of the original and
subscales, presented in Table 5, are all small revised versions of the JTI. All these
and thus indicate that these subscales are correlations are large, and indicate that the
measuring relatively independent original and revised JTI subscales are
characteristics. The highest correlation (0.27) is substantially equivalent to each other. Of
observed between the SN and TF subscales. It particular note is the observation that the
should be noted that in the MBTI® the weakest of these correlations is between the
equivalent correlations between J/P and S/N Thinking-Feeling subscales in the original and
range from 0.36 to 0.44, suggesting a slightly revised versions of the JTI. This reflects the
higher degree of overlap between the scales fact that a major revision was undertaken of
than occurs in the JTI. this subscale, with the intention of removing
this subscale’s previously high loading on
emotionality. The validity data, (presented later
Factor structure of the JTI items
in this Chapter), clearly indicates that this
The strongest test of the internal structure of revision was successful in that the revised TF
the JTI is provided by factoring analysing subscale now more closely maps onto the
(principal axis factoring with oblimin rotation) original Jungian concept of the Thinking -
the JTI items. The scree test indicated that the Feeling psychological function.
data were best described by a four-factor The above correlations thus suggest that,
solution, which is presented in Table 6. while the original and revised forms of this
(Factor weights smaller than 0.3 have been instrument are not strictly interchangeable,
excluded from this table to aid interpretation.) they do nonetheless measure similar constructs.
Inspection of this table indicates that each of A considerable quantity of data has been
the JTI items load on the appropriate factor, collected on the original version of the JTI,
demonstrating the good internal structure of which demonstrates the validity of this
these items.

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measure (see Appendix I). Thus, the revised JTI body of evidence that demonstrates the validity
can be viewed as building upon the extensive of the original measure.

Table 5: Intercorrelations between the JTI subscales

JTI Subscale EI SN TF
EI —

SN .05 —

TF -.26 .27 —

JP -.04 .25 .10

Sample = total Sample (n=787)

Table 6: Factor structure of the JTI items

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4

Item 1 .40
Item 5 -.70
Item 9 -.68
Item 13 .67
Item 17 .77
Item 21 .30
Item 25 .71
Item 29 -.51
Item 33 -.32
Item 37 .67
Item 41 .61
Item 45 -.69
Item 49 .31
Item 53 -.64
Item 57 -.61
Item 2 .65
Item 6 -.46
Item 10 .50
Item 14 -.51
Item 18 -.32
Item 22 .52
Item 26 .51
Item 30 .39

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Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4

Item 34 -.52
Item 38 -.50
Item 42 -.31
Item 46 .33
Item 50 .55
Item 54 .52
Item 58 .47
Item 3 .33
Item 7 -.36
Item 11 -.48
Item 15 .46
Item 19 -.52
Item 23 .39
Item 27 -.57
Item 31 .54
Item 35 .44
Item 39 -.31
Item 43 .54
Item 47 -.43
Item 51 .59
Item 55 .50
Item 59 -.43
Item 4 .59
Item 8 -.57
Item 12 -.35
Item 16 -.30
Item 20 -.58
Item 24 .31
Item 28 .49
Item 32 -.35
Item 36 .47
Item 40 .50
Item 44 .83
Item 48 .47
Item 52 -.50
Item 56 -.65
Item 60 .82

Sample = total sample n=778

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Table 7 Correlations between the original and revised versions of the JTI

Scale Intercorrelations
EI .82
SN .77
TF .60
JP .69

Sample = Personnel Professionals (n=40)

The relationship between the JTI and correlated highly with the JTI Extraversion-
MBTI® Introversion subscale, providing strong
support for the validity of this JTI subscale.
The correlations between the MBTI® and JTI Similarly, a high correlation was observed
subscales presented in Table 8, indicate that between the JTI Sensing-Intuiting subscale
t h e JTI subscales are, for all practical and the NEO Openness subscale. This is
purposes, measuring dimensions that are consistent with these scales’ definitions, as
identical to those assessed by the MBTI®. both the NEO – O and the JTI – SN
This is clearly demonstrated by the fact that all subscales measure an interest in the world of
the corrected correlations approach unity. ideas and abstract thought.
Moreover, the size of the uncorrected The JTI Judging-Perceiving subscale
correlations between the respective MBTI® correlated significantly with the NEO
and JTI subscales are i n the order of those Conscientiousness subscale, with this being
that would be expected t o be found between attributable to the NEO – C subscale assessing
parallel forms of the same test. a preference for structure and order in daily
However, the strongest test of the JTI’s activities. Moreover, the JTI Thinking-Feeling
concurrent validity is achieved by factor subscale correlated significantly with the NEO
analysing the MBTI® and JTI subscales. Agreeableness subscale, with this being
Table 9 and Table 10 present the results of attributable to the NEO – A subscale assessing
such factor analyses (with factor weights of an empathic concern for others; which features
less than 0.3 not being reported in order to aid as a component of the Jungian concept of the
the interpretation of this factor structure). Feeling type. Moreover, the fact that these latter
These factor analyses (principal axis factoring two correlations (NEO – C with JTI – JP;
with oblimin rotation) produced clear four NEO – A with JTI – TF) are relatively modest
factor solutions on two independent samples. suggests, as would be predicted, that these two
The factor analyses presented in Tables 9 JTI subscales are measuring dimensions that are
and 10 demonstrate that the JTI subscales are not fully accounted for by the NEO.
clearly measuring four independent factors, Finally, as anticipated, none of the JTI
which map closely onto the MBTI® subscales. s u b s c a l e s correlated highly with the NEO
Most importantly, each of the JTI subscales Neuroticism subscale, indicating that this is not
weight on only one factor, with this factor a construct that is directly measured by the JTI.
being clearly defined by the relevant MBTI® A scale factor analysis was undertaken on the
subscales. same data-set to examine, in more detail, the
convergent and discriminant validity of the JTI.
Relationship between the JTI and the Factors were extracted using principal axis
NEO factoring and were rotated to simple structure
via normalised varimax rotation. Table 12
The JTI subscales were correlated with the presents factor loadings for this factor solution.
NEO short form to assess the JTI’s construct (Loadings below 0.3 have been excluded from
validity. These correlations are reported in the table to aid clarity of interpretation.)
Table 11.
As expected, the NEO Extraversion subscale

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Table 8: Correlations between the JTI and MBTI® subscales

JTI Subscale MBTI® Subscale Corrected Correlation Uncorrected Correlation

E 1 .87
EI
I -1 -.90
S .96 .75
SN
N -.94 -.71

T .97 .75
TF
F -.96 -.70

J .93 .76
JP
P -.97 -.80

Business Studies undergraduates (n=40)

Table 9: Factor structure for the JTI and MBTI® (sample 1)

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4

MBTI – J -.93

MBTI – P .94
JTI – JP .71
MBTI – E -.94
MBTI – I .93

JTI – EI .81
MBTI – T -.90
MBTI – F .91
JTI – TF .71
MBTI – S -.85

MBTI – N .88
JTI – SN .72

Sample 1 = European Business School undergraduates (n=112)

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Table 10: Factor structure for the JTI and MBTI® (sample 2)

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4

MBTI – J -.93

MBTI – P .94
JTI – JP .85
MBTI – E -.96
MBTI – I .97

JTI – EI .89
MBTI – T -.95
MBTI – F .95

JTI – TF .83
MBTI – S -.87
MBTI – N .87
JTI – SN .88

Sample 2 = Psychology Undergraduates (n=96)

Inspection of Table 11 demonstrates that this expected, the JTI subscale Sensing-Intuiting
factor solution has good levels of convergent correlated substantially with the 16PF-5 factors
and discriminant validity, with all four of the M (Abstractness) and Q1 (Openness to Ideas),
JTI subscales clearly loading substantially on both of which assess an orientation towards
one four of the big-five factors. The fifth the world of creative thought and ideas. Thus,
factor, Neuroticism, constitutes a factor in its this finding provides strong support for the
own right, as would be predicted. The results validity of the JTI Sensing-Intuiting subscale.
of this factor analysis thus provide further While somewhat smaller, the correlations
evidence indicators that the JTI is measuring between the JTI Thinking-Feeling subscale
four distinct psychological dimensions, each and the 16PF-5 factors A (Warmth) and I
covering a different area of the personality (Intuitive), were nonetheless significant and
spectrum. psychologically meaningful. As would be
expected these correlations indicate that
Relationship between the JTI and the Thinking types tend to have less concern
about other people’s feelings, than do feeling
16PF-5
types, and are less in touch with their own
Table 13 presents correlations between the feelings than are Feeling types. This finding
16PF (version 5) and the JTI. As expected, the thus provides further support for the validity
JTI Extraversion-Introversion subscale of the JTI Thinking-Feeling subscale. Finally,
correlated highly with all the 16PF-5 the Judging-Perceiving subscale of the JTI was
extraversion factors; most notably with found to correlate substantially with the
factors H (Social Boldness) and F (Liveliness), 16PF-5 Factor Q3 (Perfectionism), in line with
and to a lesser extent with factors N expectation; as Judging types have a preference
(Directness), Q2 (Group Orientation) and A to be perfectionistic and orderly in their work
(Warmth). This provides strong support for and daily lives. Thus, this finding provides
the validity of the JTI Extraversion- strong support for the validity of the JTI
Introversion subscale. Moreover, as would be subscale Judging-Perceiving.

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However, somewhat surprisingly, the 16PF-5

factor G (Rule-Boundness) was not found to be Introversion subscale correlated highly with all the
correlated with the JTI Judging-Perceiving 15FQ extraversion factors; most notably with
subscale. This lack of correlation between these factors FH (Social Boldness), FF (Liveliness), FA
two subscales may reflect the fact that this 16PF-5 (Warmth) and FQ2 (Group Oriented). This
factor assesses a narrow concern with rules, as provides strong support for the validity of the
opposed to the broader concept of JTI Extraversion-Introversion subscale. Moreover,
Conscientiousness, that is assessed by earlier form as would be expected, the JTI subscale Sensing-
of the 16PF. Intuiting correlated substantially with the 15FQ
factors M (Imaginative) and Q1(Radical), both
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE JTI & of which assess a creative and imaginative
15FQ (n=43) orientation towards the world of ideas. Thus, this
finding provides strong support for the validity of
Table 14 presents correlations between the 15FQ the JTI Sensing-Intuiting subscale.
and the JTI. As expected, the JTI Extraversion-

Table 11: Correlations between the JTI and NEO (Ffi)

Variable EI SN TF JP

NEO_N .20 .30 .33 -.05

NEO_E -.73 .37 .23 .06

NEO_O -.22 .66 .05 .22

NEO_A -.28 .06 .44 -.02

NEO_C -.25 -.10 -.10 -.49

European Business School undergraduates (n=112)

Table 12: Factor Analysis of the JTI & NEO scale scores

Variable Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5

NEO_N -.90

NEO_E -.79

NEO_O .94

NEO_A .84

NEO_C -.84 -.34

JTI2_EI .95

JTI2_SN .78 .37

JTI2_TF .82 .38

JTI2_JP .86

European Business School undergraduates (n=112)

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Table 13: Correlations between the JTI and 16PF-5

EI SN TF JP

PF5_A -.47 -.11 .37 .05

PF5_B .03 .25 .06 .20

PF5_C -.15 -.07 -.05 -.03

PF5_E -.20 .23 -.51 .08

PF5_F -.73 .29 .37 .38

PF5_G .20 -.37 -.11 -.35

PF5_H -.78 -.03 .11 .23

PF5_I -.01 .24 .33 .01

PF5_L .01 .02 -.10 .05

PF5_M -.01 .64 .13 .31

PF5_N .59 -.12 -.20 -.20

PF5_O .25 -.21 .42 -.13

PF5_Q1 -.21 .65 .08 .34

PF5_Q2 .49 .25 -.31 -.08

PF5_Q3 .38 -.50 -.26 -.72

PF5_Q4 -.07 .15 .04 .14

PF5_IM -.06 -.22 -.06 .02

PF5_INF .02 .03 -.18 .08

Course Delegates (N=43)

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Table 14: Correlations between the JTI and 15FQ subscales

EI SN TF JP

FA -.62 .22 .38 .28

FC .10 -.07 -.36 -.25

FE -.09 .44 -.16 .22

FF -.69 .46 .15 .33

FG .31 -.46 -.26 -.76

FH -.81 .22 .11 .35

FI .21 .39 .18 .08

FL .08 -.09 -.12 -.15

FM -.10 .78 .16 .43

FN .29 -.38 .01 -.38

FO .35 -.16 .38 -.11

FQ1 -.16 .62 -.03 .48

FQ2 .61 .22 -.31 .02

FQ3 .25 -.41 -.20 -.37

FQ4 .13 -.03 .29 .05

FMD -.10 .10 -.15 -.05

CENT .02 .02 -.07 .07

INF .11 .04 -.28 -.07

Course Delegates (N=43)

The Judging-Perceiving subscale of the JTI Relationship between the JTI & EPQ
was found to correlate substantially with the (n=220)
15FQ subscale FG (Conscientiousness), as
would be expected, with this 15FQ factor Table 15 presents the correlations between the
assessing a desire for order and structure in JTI and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
daily activities. Thus, this finding provides (EPQ). The most substantial correlation was
further support for the validity of the Judging- observed between the JTI Extraversion
Perceiving subscale of the JTI. The JTI Introversion scale and the EPQ Extraversion
Thinking-Feeling subscale did not correlate scale. This is consistent with each of these
substantially with any of the 15FQ subscales, scale’s definitions, and provides further
suggesting that this JTI subscale is assessing support for the validity of this JTI subscale.
a construct that is distinct from those assessed A modest correlation was also found between
by the 15FQ. the EPQ Psychoticism scale and JTI Thinking-
Feeling subscale. This reflects the observation
that Thinking Types tend to be rather less

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caring and empathic in attitude than are Introversion subscale, providing strong
Feeling Types. Thus, this result provides support for the validity of this JTI subscale.
further support for the validity of the Thinking- Similarly, a high correlation was observed
Feeling JTI subscale. In addition, a small, but between the JTI Sensing-Intuiting subscale and
meaningful, relationship was observed the OPP Pragmatic – Imaginative subscale.
between the JTI Judging-Perceiving subscale This is consistent with these scales’ definitions,
and the EPQ Lie scale; demonstrating that as both of these subscales measure an interest
there is a small tendency for Judging Types to in the world of ideas and abstract thought.
wish to present themselves in a more socially Thus, this strong correlation between these two
acceptable light. Finally, further support for subscales provides further support for the
the discriminant validity of JTI is provided by validity of the JTI Sensing -Intuiting subscale.
the low correlation found between the JTI The JTI Judging-Perceiving subscale
Thinking-Feeling subscale and the EPQ correlated significantly with the OPP subscale
Neuroticism scale. This provides further Flexible-Detail-Conscious, with this being
evidence that this revised JTI subscale is no attributable to both of these subscales assessing
longer assessing aspects of ‘emotionality’. a preference for structure and order in daily life.
Thus, this strong correlation provides further
Relationship between the JTI & OPP support for the validity of the Judging-
Perceiving subscale. The JTI Thinking-Feeling
(n=43)
subscale was not found to be substantially
Table 16 presents Correlations between the correlated with any of the OPP subscales,
J T I and OPP subscales. As would be reflecting the fact that this JTI subscale is
expected, the OPP Gregarious – Reserved measuring a characteristic that is not fully
subscale correlated highly with the JTI accounted for by the OPP.
Extraversion-

Table 15: Correlations between the JTI and EPQ

EI SN TF JP

EPQ_E -.73 .12 .24 -.11

EPQ_N .25 .02 .14 .05

EPQ_P .19 .17 -.35 .23

EPQ_L .00 .02 .03 -.28

Undergraduate Students (n-221)

Table 16: Correlations between the JTI and OPP

EI SN TF JP

ASSERTIVE -.29 .01 -.17 .06

FLEXIBLE -.01 .43 .11 .45

TRUSTING -.04 .09 .18 .02

PHLEGMATIC -.12 .14 -.32 .17

GREGARIOUS -.62 -.11 .15 -.03

PERSUASIVE -.50 .34 .02 .18

CONTESTING -.11 .04 .08 .06

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EI SN TF JP

EXTERNAL .16 -.23 .12 -.24

PRAGATIC -.11 -.66 -.24 -.25

CONFORMING .02 .07 .12 .02

CENTRAL -.11 .03 .06 -.11

Course Delegates (n=95)

Relationship between the JTI & VMI Relationship between the JTI & OIP
(n=26) (n=45)
Table 17 presents correlations (values lower Table 18 presents correlations (values lower
that 0.3 have been excluded from this table to that 0.3 have been excluded from this table to
aid interpretation) between the JTI and the aid interpretation) between the JTI and the
Values and Motives Inventory (VMI). As Occupational Interest Profile (OIP)
would be expected, the JTI Extraversion- As would be expected the JTI Extraversion-
Introversion subscale correlated substantially Introversion subscale was found to correlate
with those values that relate to a need for substantially with an interest in occupations
interpersonal contact (Independence and that involve working with other people;
Affection), providing further support for the including an interest in sales jobs (Persuasive).
validity of the Extraversion-Introversion This provides further support for the validity
subscale. Moreover, further support for the of the JTI Extraversion-Introversion subscale.
validity of the JTI Sensing-Intuiting subscale Similarly, support for the validity of the JTI
was provided by the substantial correlation Sensing-Intuiting subscale was provided by
between this subscale and the Aesthetic values the substantial correlation between this
subscale of the VMI, with this correlation subscale and the OIP subscale assessing
reflecting the fact that Intuiting types express a interest in Artistic (aesthetic) occupations.
preference for the abstract, aesthetic and This reflects the creative and imaginative
unknown, rather than for evidence and facts. orientation towards the world of ideas that is
As would be predicted, the JTI Thinking- characteristic of Intuiting Types
Feeling subscale was substantially correlated The JTI Judging-Perceiving subscale was
with the value of Affection, with this reflecting found to correlate substantially with an interest
the empathic interpersonal sensitivity of in occupations that involve following set
Feeling types. Thus, this substantial correlation systems and procedures (Structure). This
provides strong support for the validity of the reflects the preference that Judging Types have
JTI Thinking-Feeling subscale. Moreover, for order and control in their daily lives, and
further support for the validity of the JTI thus provides further support for the validity
Judging-Perceiving subscale was provided by of the Judging-Perceiving subscale.
the substantial correlation between this Furthermore, the JTI Thinking-Feeling
subscale and the VMI Moral values subscale, subscale correlated substantially with an
reflecting the preference that Judging Types interest in occupations that involve caring for
have for order and control in their daily lives. others (Nurturing). This reflects the fact that
an empathic concern for others is a core
characteristic of the Feeling Type. Thus, this
result provides further support for the validity
of the JTI Thinking-Feeling subscale.

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Table 17: Correlations between the JTI and VMI

VMI (scale) JTI-EI JTI-SN JTI2-TF JTI-JP

Traditional -.41
Moral -.25 -.33 -.58
Independent .62 .42
Ethical
Altruistic .35 -.34

Affiliative -.45 -.34 .44

Affection -.61 .61 -.39

Achievement -.49 -.48

Financial -.40

Safety .30 -.49

Aesthetic .38 .66 .31

Undergraduates (n=23)

Table 18: Correlations between the JTI and OIP

JTI2-EI JTI2-SN JTI2-TF JTI2-JP

Variety
Stability -.34 -.41
Structure .30 -.81
People -.83 .36

Control -.36 -.40 -.33

Persuasive -.56

Scientific
Practical
Administrative -.37
Nurturing .54

Artistic .70 .34

Logical -.34

European Business School Students (n=45)

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BIAS Race differences

Sex differences Table 22 presents data on race differences on
the JTI subscales, based on samples of
Table 19 presents data on sex differences on
undergraduates from white and ethnic minority
the JTI subscales. Inspection of this table
backgrounds. Inspection of this table indicates
indicates that, for the current sample, the only
that there are no significant mean differences
subscale which shows significant mean
between these samples.
differences between men and women is
Thinking-Feeling. This table further indicates
that, in comparison to the men in the present The effect of race on the reliability of
sample, women demonstrate a small mean the JTI subscales
preference for Feeling over Thinking. This sex
In order to adequately demonstrate that a test
difference has also been reported for the
is not biased against certain racial groups it is
MBTI (both Form G and Step 1). Thus, this
insufficient simply to show that there are no
observed sex difference may reflect a real
significant mean differences between the
difference between men and women, rather
scores obtained by different racial groups.
than reflecting test bias
Rather, it is necessary to demonstrate that the
Table 20 presents alpha coefficients for each
test is as valid and reliable when used on the
of the JTI subscales by sex. Inspection of this
specified subgroup as it is when used on the
table indicates that each of the subscales has
population on which it was initially developed.
comparable levels of internal consistency for
To this end Table 23 presents the alpha
men and women.
coefficient for each of the JTI subscales, on
a sample of ethnic minority under-graduates.
Age differences Inspection of this table indicates that all these
Table 21 presents correlations between age alpha coefficients are high, demonstrating that
and each of the JTI subscales. All these the JTI subscales continue to be reliable when
correlations are close to zero, indicating that completed by ethnic minorities.
age is not associated with JTI scores.

Table 19: JTI subscale means and standard deviations for men and women

Mean Women Mean Men p value SD Women SD Men

EI 26.2 28.2 .102 10.6 9.9

SN 34.1 34.5 .801 9.1 9.3
TF 40.0 36.1 .005 7.1 7.8
JP 29.1 29.4 .854 8.2 9.2

Sample = personnel and training professionals (men = 63 women =63)

Table 20: Alpha coefficients for JTI subscales Table 21: Correlations between the JTI subscales
by sex and age

Men Women JTI Subscale AGE

EI .88 .86 EI -.06

SN .81 .80 SN -.00
TF .83 .79 TF .02
JP .83 .84 JP .14
(men = 274 women =421)
Sample = combined sample

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Sample =
personnel &
training
professionals (n =
158)

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 JTI 23

Table 22: JTI subscale means and standard deviations, for white and ethnic groups

JTI Mean Mean SD SD

p value n White n Ethnic
Subscale White Ethnic White Ethnic
EI 24.01 21.18 .133 71 51 10.75 9.43
SN 37.06 34.94 .120 71 51 7.31 7.43
TF 41.68 39.73 .144 71 51 7.65 6.56
JP 26.62 25.06 .394 71 51 10.59 8.94

Sample = undergraduates (n = 122)

Table 23: Coefficient alpha for each of the JTI subscales on an ethnic minority sample

Alpha Coefficient

EI .85
SN .76
TF .77
JP .83

Sample = undergraduates (n=62) from ethnic minority groups

The effect of race on the construct daily activities. Similarly, there was a modest
validity of the JTI correlation between this JTI subscale and the
15FQ factor Q3 (Disciplined), reflecting the
Table 24 presents correlations between the
fact that both of these subscales assess
15FQ and the JTI subscales for a sample of
a preference for order, discipline and self-
undergraduates from ethnic minority
control in daily life. Thus, this finding provides
backgrounds. As would be predicted, the JTI
further support for the validity of the Judging-
Extraversion-Introversion subscale correlates
Perceiving subscale of the JTI when completed
highly with all the 15FQ extraversion factors;
by ethnic minority groups. The JTI Thinking-
most notably with factors FH (Social Boldness),
Feeling subscale did not correlate substantially
FF (Liveliness), FA (Warmth) and FQ2
with any of the 15FQ subscales, suggesting
(Group Oriented). This provides strong
t h a t this JTI subscale is assessing a construct
support for the validity of the JTI
that is distinct from those assessed by the
Extraversion-Introversion subscale when
15FQ.
completed by ethnic minority groups.
Finally, it is noteworthy that the pattern of
Moreover, as would be expected, the JTI
correlations obtained between the JTI
subscale Sensing-Intuiting correlated
subscales and the 15FQ factors, on the present
substantially with the 15FQ factors M
sample of undergraduates from ethnic minority
(Imaginative) and I (Intuitive), both of which
backgrounds, was broadly similar to the
assess a creative, imaginative intuitive
p a t t e r n of correlations obtained on a sample
orientation towards the world of ideas. Thus,
of white European course delegates (reported
this finding provides strong support for the
in Table 14). This supports the construct
validity of the JTI subscale Sensing-Intuiting
validity of the JTI when completed by ethnic
when completed by ethnic minority groups.
minority groups.
The Judging-Perceiving subscale of the JTI
Table 25 presents correlations between the
was found to correlate substantially with the
JTI and the OPP subscales on a sample of
15FQ subscale FG (Conscientiousness), as
undergraduates from ethnic minority
would be expected, with this 15FQ factor
backgrounds.
assessing a desire for order and structure in

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As would be expected, the OPP Gregarious – Imaginative subscale. This is consistent with
Reserved subscale correlated highly with the these scales' definitions, as both of these
J T I Extraversion-Introversion subscale, subscales measure an interest in the world of
providing strong support for the validity of ideas and abstract thought. Thus, this strong
this JTI subscale when completed by an ethnic correlation between these two subscales
minority sample. Similarly, a high correlation provides support for the validity of the JTI
was observed between the JTI Sensing- Sensing -Intuiting subscale when completed
Intuiting subscale and the OPP Pragmatic – by ethnic minority groups.

Table 24: Correlations between the JTI and 15FQ subscales on an ethnic minority sample

JTI Subscale EI SN TF JP

FA -.53 -.18 .06 .26

FC .34 -.20 -.14 -.46

FE -.38 .10 -.21 -.00

FF -.66 .10 .02 .06

FG .07 -.46 -.19 -.63

FH -.71 .22 .14 -.13

FI .04 .45 .36 .30

FL .31 -.24 -.16 .14

FM .08 .64 .34 .43

FN .36 -.18 -.02 -.24

FO .28 .05 .01 .17

FQ1 .01 .17 -.05 .26

FQ2 .58 .11 -.13 .08

FQ3 -.07 -.25 -.12 -.46

FQ4 .14 -.05 .08 .20

FMD -.20 .05 .10 -.30

CENT -.14 .03 -.19 .21

INF -.12 -.08 .08 .04

Sample = undergraduates (n = 62) from ethnic minority groups

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Table 25: Correlations between the JTI and OPP on an ethnic minority sample

EI SN TF JP

ASSERTIVE -.34 .09 -.23 -.21

FLEXIBLE .09 .16 .13 .54

TRUSTING -.28 .21 .33 -.03

PHLEGMATIC -.24 -.15 .07 -.28

GREGARIOUS -.57 -.24 .21 -.26

PERSUASIVE -.46 .25 -.00 .09

CONTESTING -.05 .11 -.07 .13

EXTERNAL .23 .16 .15 .28

PRAGATIC .00 -.66 -.36 -.24

CONFORMING -.07 .08 .13 -.30

CENTRAL .08 -.03 .06 .13

Sample = undergraduates (n=62) from ethnic minority groups

The JTI Judging-Perceiving subscale subscale is measuring a characteristic that is

correlated significantly with the OPP subscale not assessed by the OPP.
Flexible – Detail- Conscious, with this being Finally, it is noteworthy that the pattern of
attributable to both of these subscales correlations obtained between the JTI and
assessing a person’s preference for structure OPP subscales, on the present sample of
and order in their daily lives. Thus, this strong undergraduates drawn from ethnic minority
correlation provides support for the validity backgrounds, was broadly similar to the
of the JTI Judging-Perceiving subscale when pattern of correlations obtained on a sample
completed by ethnic minority groups. Finally, of white European course delegates (reported
it is noteworthy that the JTI Thinking-Feeling in Table 16). This further supports the
subscale was not found to be substantially construct validity of the JTI when completed
correlated with any of the OPP subscales. by ethnic minority groups.
This clearly reflects the fact that this JTI

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26 JTI

RESOURCE MATERIALS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPE

BOOKS People Types and Tiger Stripes. Gordon

Lawrence. Available from Centre for Application
Please Understand Me, An Essay on of Psychological Type, Gainesville, Florida.
Temperament Styles by David Keirsey and ISBN 0-935652-08-6.
Marilyn Bates. Prometheus Nemesis Book This book is written primarily to help teachers
Company, P.O. Box 2748, Del Mar, CA 92014 counsel students, but it applicable for other related
One of the more widely known books describing uses.
the MBTI®.
Working Together. Olaf Isachsen and Linda
Portraits of Temperament, David Keirsey. Berens. New World Management Press,
Prometheus Nemesis Book Company, P.O. Coronado, CA. 1988.
Box 2748, Del Mar, CA 92014
Psychological Types, C.G. Jung, H.G. Baynes
Gifts Differing, Isabel Briggs-Myers (with Peter (translator). Bollingen Series, Princeton U.P., 1971
Myers). Consulting Psychologists Press, 1980 ISBN 0-691-01813-8 (pb) 0-691-09770-4 (hb).
ISBN 0-89106-011-1 (pb) 0-89106-015-4 (hb).
An Introduction To Theories of Personality, B.R.
Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use Hergenhahn. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1990.
of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator, by Isabel
Briggs-Myers and Mary H. McCaulley. An Empirical Investigation of the Jungian
Consulting Psychologists Press, 1985. Typology, by Leon Gorlow, Norman R.
Simonson, and Herbert Krauss. In Theories of
LifeTypes, by Sandra Hirsh and Jean Kummerow, Personality, Primary Sources and Research,
ISBN 0-446-38823-8 USA and ISBN editors: Gardner Lindzey, Calvin S. Hall, Martin
0-446-38824-6 Canada. Warner Books, Inc., 1989. Manosevitz, Robert E. Krieger Publishing
Company, Florida, 1988.
Facing Your Type, George J. Schemel and James
A. Borbely. Published by Typofile Press, The Measurement of Learning Style A Critique
C h u r c h Road, Box 223, Wernersville, PA of Four Assessment Tools Timothy J. Sewall,
19565. University of Wisconsin, 1986.

Type Talk. Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen. Dichotomies of the Mind: A System Science
Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. Model of the Mind and Personality, Walter Lowen
(Tilden Press also mentioned.) (with Lawrence Miike). John Wiley, 1982 ISBN
ISBN 0-385-29828-59. 0-471-08331-3.
An easy-to-read book that gives profiles for all
sixteen personality types. Introduction to Type: by Isabel Briggs Myers,
published by Centre for Applications of
Type Talk at Work. Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Psychological Type, Gainesville, Florida 32601.
Thuesen. ISBN 0-385-30174-X.
PERIODICAL LITERATURE
Type Watch. Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen.
The Type Reporter. Susan Scanlon, Editor.
The Leadership Equation. Lee Barr and Norma For Subscription information, mail to: 524
Barr. Eaking Press, Austin, Texas. 1989. North Paxton Street, Alexandria, VA 22304.

Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in Journal of Psychological Type. The official
Organizations. Sandra Krebs Hirsh. Consulting research journal of the Association for
Psychological Press, Inc., Palo Alto, CA. 1985. Psychological Type, 9140 Ward Parkway,
Kansas City, MO 64114.

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 JTI 27

I APPENDIX
ADMINISTRATION AND SCORING INSTRUCTIONS FOR
THE JTI

Administration The respondents can however keep the profile

chart and capsule type descriptions.
The Jung Type Indicator (JTI) is administered
in a self-scoring (paper & pencil) questionnaire.
Distribute the questionnaires
Scoring Then ask:
The JTI is self-scoring. Scoring instructions
are provided inside the questionnaire booklet,
by tearing off the top (flimsy) sheet. “ Has everyone got two sharp pencils and
a questionnaire.
ADMINISTRATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE ”
JTI
Rectify any omissions, then say:
Begin by
Introducing yourself and explaining your “ Please open the questionnaire and print
role your first name and family name, in the
Explaining the purpose of the session spaces provided. Please also indicate
Emphasising confidentiality your title, age, sex and educational level
Describing when and how feedback will be in the spaces provided. Do not forget to
given – Answering any questions write down the highest educational
qualification you have obtained
Continue by reading aloud the following
(e.g., BTech Engineering) and your
instructions exactly as given below. Say:
occupation (students should state their
field of study).

“ From now on, please do not talk among ”

yourselves, but ask me if anything is not
Allow time for completion of the biographical
clear. You will be completing the Jung
information and then say:
Type Indicator. While you are completing
the questionnaire I shall be checking to
make sure you are not making any
accidental mistakes when filling in your
“ Please follow the instructions as I read
answers on the questionnaire. I will not be them to you. This is a questionnaire
checking your answers. concerning your interests, preferences and
” attitudes about a range of things. There is
no time limit, however most people take
about 10 minutes to complete the
questionnaire. Answer each question
WARNING: It is most important that
by filling in the box that best describes you.
questionnaires do not go astray. They should
be counted out at the beginning of the ”
assessment and any questions that have not
been completed should be returned.
Remember to collect all the top (flimsy) sheets Indicate the example response on the answer
that contain the JTI questions. sheet. Now say:

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28 JTI

Answer only questions relating to procedure at

“ When answering the questions please this stage, but enter in the Administrator’s Test
Record any other problems which occur. Walk
remember the following: around the room at appropriate intervals to
check for any potential problems that may
Do not spend too much time pondering occur.
over the answer to each question. The When everyone has completed the
information given in a question may not be questionnaire then say:
as full as you might wish, but please answer
the question as best as you can.
“Thank you for completing the Jung Type
Please try to avoid the middle (in between)
Indicator
answer wherever possible.
”
Try to be as truthful as you can. Don’t give
an answer just because it seems to be the Procced to scoring instructions
right thing to say.

Make sure you answer every question, SCORING INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE JTI
even those which do not seem to apply
directly to you. The JTI is administered in a self-scoring booklet.
The test administrator should ensure that the
Do not erase an answer. If you wish to questionnaire has been correctly been completed
change an answer, put an X through the before scoring the JTI. Respondents can score
incorrect response and fill in the correct their own JTI by following the simple scoring
response. instructions inside the test booklet.
The instructions for scoring the JTI, the
Please note that the questions and answers sc or ing key and Profile chart are exposed by
run across the page (indicate this to tearing the questionnaire along the perforation.
respondents by holding up a questionnaire The total raw score for each JTI subscale is
and pointing) and not down the page. obtained by adding the numbers in each column
that have been marked. (Note: the subscales are
” scored by column and each subscale score should
be within the range of 0 to 60. column). Each of
the four raw subscale total scores should then be
Indicate how the questions and answers run entered into the appropriate box at the bottom of
across the page. each column. These raw total scores are
converted into profile scores by referring to the
Then say very clearly: Score Conversion table (which is indicated by
a bold arrow).
“ Is everyone clear about how to complete The four profile subscale scores are then
marked on the JTI Profile Chart. (Note: do not
this questionnaire enter raw subscale scores on the JTI Profile).
” The four letter JTI code can be identified by
referring to the JTI profile. Profile scores 1-4 are
Deal with any questions, appropriately, and classified as E, S, T and J, while profile scores
then say: 7-10 are classified as I, N F and P. Middle values
(5 and 6) are treated as borderline preferences.
When borderline preferences are indicated,
“ Please begin additional JTI codes can be generated by using
” both ends of each subscale.

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 JTI 29

II APPENDIX
PSYCHOMETRIC DATA FOR THE ORIGINAL VERSION
OF THE JTI

RELIABILITY make up each scale of the JTI. Table 26 shows

that all the JTI dimensions have reliability
Internal consistency coefficients above .7indicating that the test
meets a high standard of reliability. The
Internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach’s reliability of these scales compares favourably
Alpha) were computed on samples 1 & 5. The with the reliability coefficients reported in the
coefficients are computed over both the user manual for the Myers-Briggs Type
combined males & females for each relevant Indicator.
sample. Table 26 below provides these
coefficients separately for each sample and for Stability
the entire set of respondents. In addition, the Table 27 displays temporal consistency data
mean ‘corrected’ item-total correlations for for the JTI scales. Both short-term (2 weeks)
each scale are also reported for each of these and long-term (3 months) reliability
samples. These parameters index the mean coefficients are reported based on a sample of
association between the constituent items 80 and 83 respectively. As can be seen the JTI
within a scale and the scale score itself, each is highly reliable in terms of temporal stability
individual item-scale score coefficient is over the periods reported.
corrected for the inflation of the coefficient The reliability of the JTI over the time
due to the items’ inclusion in the scale score. periods indicated is extremely high and
Table 26 also provides information compares very favourably with test-retest
concerning the total number of items which coefficients reported for other tests.

Table 26: JTI scale internal consistencies and mean ITC for various samples

№ of Sample 1 (N=618) Sample 5 (N= 456) Total Sample (N=5577)

Scale Items Alpha ITC
Alpha ITC Alpha ITC

El 10 0.82 0.31 0.78 0.27 0.80 0.29

SN 15 0.70 0.24 0.72 0.20 0.74 0.21
TF 15 0.72 0.15 0.76 0.18 0.75 0.16
JP 15 0.73 0.15 0.74 0.16 0.74 0.16

Table 27: Short- & Long-Term Test-Retest Coefficients for the JTI

Short-term Long Term Short-term Long-term

JTI Scale
Test-retest Test-retest SEm SEm

El 0.91 0.86 0.6 0.75

SN 0.89 0.80 0.66 0.89
TF 0.79 0.85 0.92 0.77
JP 0.83 0.80 0.82 0.89

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30 JTI

VALIDITY opposite ends of the same scale, providing support

for JTI single dimensions.
As was said in the introduction once we have
ascertained the reliability of a test, we must
address its validity. It is important to know that The relationship between the JTI and
the constructs we are measuring are valid, that it the MBTI
is indeed measuring the characteristic it purports
A sample of 131 undergraduate volunteers
to measure. This section of the manual provides
completed both the JTI and the MBTI as part
considerable evidence to demonstrate that the
of a test validation exercise. Table 29 opposite
dimensions of the JTI are consistent with similar
displays the significant correlations between
measures.
the various JTI dimensions and the MBTI.
As can be seen from the above table the JTI
The internal structure of the JTI dimensions correlate highly with their MBTI
Table 28 is based on the total JTI counterparts. All of the correlations are above
standardisation sample described earlier and 0.65 showing that there is an excellent match
indicates that the correlations between the JTI between the corresponding constructs of the
dimensions are fairly modest in size. This two tests.
demonstrates that the four dimensions Corrections for unreliability associated with
measured by the test assess different each of the two instruments, would result in
personality characteristics. For purposes of the following correlations assuming no
comparison the inter-correlation matrix for measurement error.
the MBTI is presented in Table 28 opposite. Table 30 opposite demonstrates that there is
This is based on a sample of 229 UK most congruence between JTI and MBTI
undergraduates. It can be observed that the Extraversion-Introversion, with all other
separately scored pairs of MBTI attitudes and matched pair registering corrected values of
functions are effectively .80 or better.

Table 28: JTI Intercorrelation Matrix (N=5575)

EI SN TF JP

EI 1.00 -.02 .05 -.21

SN -.02 1.00 .33 .46
TF -.05 .33 1.00 .20
JP -.21 .46 .20 1.00

Table 29: Uncorrected correlations with the MBTI®

MBTI scales EI SN TF JP

Extraversion .82 -.03 .08 -.23

Introversion -.80 .03 -.13 .19
Sensing -.22 .65 .09 .45
iNtuiting .14 -.66 -.16 -.42
Thinking -.02 .18 .66 .21
Feeling .10 -.15 -.65 -.10
Judging -.30 .35 .18 .70
Perceiving .27 -.38 -.18 -.69

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 JTI 31

Table 30: JTI Corrected correlations with the MBTI®

MBTI scales EI SN TF JP

Extraversion 1.0
Introversion 1.0
Sensing .81
iNtuiting -.83
Thinking .83
Feeling -.81
Judging .88
Perceiving -.86

Relationship between the JTI and the Relationship between the JTI and the
NEO 16PF
As part of an occupational assessment training Table 32 presents the correlations between JTI
course 108 personnel professions completed and 16PF based on a sample of 210 delegates
both the JTI and the NEO Short form. primarily in the Personnel and Training
The strongest relationship was observed disciplines attending courses organised by
between JTI Extraversion- Introversion and Psytech International. The results demonstrate
its NEO equivalent (-. 72). This would tend to some interesting, and meaningful correlations
suggest that to all intents and purposes these between the JTI dimensions and the scales of
are virtually interchangeable. Assuming no the 16PF.
measurement error the corrected correlation The JTI Extraversion/Introversion
would increase to .90, suggesting over 80% dimension shows strong correlations with the
common variance. The JTI Sensing-Intuiting extraversion factors of the 16PF – reserved/
scale correlates most highly with NEO outgoing, restrained/spontaneous, timid/
Openness to change and Experience, whereas venturesome and group-oriented/self-sufficient.
both the JTI Thinking-Feeling and Judging- The Sensation/ Intuition dimension of the JTI
Perceiving do not register as strong shows logical correlations with such 16PF
relationships with the NEO. Those that are factors as conservative/ experimenting,
observed are meaningful, however. Thinking- submissive/dominant and toughminded/
Feeling correlates with Neuroticism, Openness, tender-minded.
Agreeableness and inversely with Judgement/Perception on the JTI strongly
Conscientiousness, suggesting that Feeling correlates with the 16PF factor of expedient/
types tend to be more emotional, open to conscientious, a correlation you would expect
experience and ideas, empathic and less given the respective definitions of these two
concerned with structures. Finally, JTI Judging- dimensions. The Thinking/Feeling dimension
Perceiving relates primarily with Openness of the JTI correlates primarily with 16PF
and marginally (inversely) with anxiety factors which might be expected given
Conscientiousness, suggesting that high the emotional sensitivity of the Feeling type.
scorers on the Perceiving end of the J-P
continuum are more open to ideas and less
conscientious.

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32 JTI

Table 31: Correlations between JTI and NEO

EI SN TF JP N Neuroticism
N E Extraversion
.29 .02 .42 -.04
O Openness to Experience
E -.72 .11 .09 .20 A Agreeableness
O -.32 .53 .34 .37 C Conscientiousness
A -.14 .24 .31 .17
C -.03 -.29 -.36 -.29

Table 32: Correlations Between the JTI & 16PF (N=210)

16PF Scales EI SN TF JP

A Warm .45
C Stable .35 .31
E Dominant .38 -.32
F Impulsive .53
G Conscientious -.30 .65
H Venturesome .73
I Tenderminded -.36
L Suspicious -.33
M Imaginative
N Diplomatic -.47 .32
O Apprehensive -.48

Q1 Experimenting -.43

Q2 Self-reliant -.54

Q3 Self-disciplined
Q4 Tense-driven -.37

FG Fake Good .50

Relationship between the JTI and the namely, E-I, SN and J-P, with less significant,
16PF-5 but nonetheless meaningful relationships
between TF and relevant 16PF factors.
A sample of 84 delegates on a Psytech training The JTI E-I scale registers among the most
course completed both the JTI and the16PF prominent correlations with 16PF-5. Those
version 5 as part of the course requirement. high on the E-I continuum, tend to be
The results yield extremely strong relationships Reserved, Serious, Shy, Private and Self-
between JTI and 16PF-5 in a number of areas, reliant. The JTI S-N scale correlates most
highly with

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 JTI 33

Abstractedness on 16PF-5 but also notable constitutes the entire standardisation sample
correlations are observed with Sensitivity, of JTI described in section 4.2.
Openness to Change, and Expediency. The The results highlight a number of
JTIT-F scale fails to register the very high meaningful correlations between the
correlations with 16PF-5, although this is personality dimensions of the 15FQ and the
fairly consistent with other findings e.g., 16PF JTI scales. It will be seen that the JTI EI scale
vs. MBTI and 15FQ and JTI. Those that are correlates quite strongly with the extraversion
elevated, suggest that those high on the T-F dimensions of the 15FQ such as Outgoing,
scale tend to be Warm, Sensitive and Abstract Socially Bold etc. The SN scale correlates with
but are also inclined to register a degree of those 15FQ dimensions – Intuitive,
anxiety in terms of Emotionality and Conceptual & Radical – that one would expect
Apprehension. Finally, JTI scale J-P correlates given the nature of the SN dimension. The JP
primarily with 16PF Factor G:Expediency scale, with its emphasis on organisation and
(-.67) but also with Openness (Q1), planning, correlates most strongly with just
Abstractedness (M) and Tolerance of Disorder those dimensions on the 15FQ – Detail
(Q3). Perhaps a little surprising is the fairly conscious, Radical & Disciplined that one
elevated correlation with H: would expect. Thinking-Feeling (TF) tends to
Social Boldness. correlate most strongly with the 15FQ anxiety
dimensions such as Calm-stable, Self-doubting
Relationship between the JTI & 15FQ etc., again this is what one would expect given
the emotional sensitivity of those people on
Table 34 presents the correlations between JTI the feeling end of this dimension.
and 15FQ based of 5575 individuals which

Table 33: Correlations between JTI and 16PF-5

16PF-5 Factors EI SN TF JP

A Warmth -.52 .43 .31

B Reasoning
C Emotional Stability
E Dominance -.33
F Liveliness -.71
G Rule-Consciousness -.46 -.67
H Social-Boldness -.72 .40
I Sensitivity .53 .52 .31
L Vigilance -.35
M Abstractedness .75 .42 .45
N Privateness .55
O Apprehension .45 -.30
Q1 Openness to Change .50 .47
Q2 Self-reliance .68
Q3 Perfectionism -.31 -.53
Q4 Tension
IM Impression Mgt

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Table 34: Correlations between JTI and 15FQ (N=5575)

15FQ Scale EI SN TF JP

Outgoing -.81
Calm-stable -.27 -.46
Assertive -.37 -.28
Enthusiastic -.68 .26 .38
Detail conscious -.24 -.58
Socially Bold -.80
Intuitive .41 .59
Suspicious
Conceptual .72 .23 .26
Restrained .35 -.27 .24 -.43

Relationship between the JTI and Extraversion on the JTI correlated quite
OPP strongly with the OIP needs for variety, change
and people exactly those needs which one
A sample of 158 volunteers completed both would predict for Extraverts. Extraverts
the OPP and the JTI as part of a test validation showed an interest in Persuasive roles
exercise. These comprised primarily personnel i n v o l v i n g the communication of
and training delegates attending Psytech information a s well as in those activities
courses but also a group of undergraduate centred on other people. Intuitives, as
Business Study students who completed both indicated on the SN scale, showed the need
tests as a part course on Personnel Selection. for Variety and Change
The table opposite suggests good overlap which would be expected given the questioning,
with OPP dimension and JTI with simple exploring nature of those people placed at the
correlations with each of the JTI scales and N end of this dimension. Intuitives were also
a single OPP dimension ranging from .57 to highly interested in Artistic pursuits, again this
.73. The most notable relationships exist i s in line with the definition of Intuitives.
between Gregarious and EI (-.64), Feeling types tended to be low scorers on
Pragmatic and SN (-.61), Phlegmatic and TF Stability, a measure of emotional resilience &
(-.57) and Flexible with JP (.73). In addition to self-confidence, while scoring highly on need
being linked to anxiety, TF is also related to for Change, which would indicate some lack
empathy and imagination. With the levels of of emotional self-control.
overlap reported here, the OPP could provide There was also a fairly high correlation
fairly accurate estimates of type. between Feeling types and Artistic interests,
an expression of the sensitive emotionality of
Relationship between the JTI and Feeling types. Finally, Perceptive types with
occupational interest profile their emphasis on spontaneity and flexibility
tend to score highly on the OIP needs for
A total sample of 1971 completed both JTI
Variety and Change.
and OIP as part of selection and assessment
As would be expected of the spontaneous
procedures with a diverse number of
Perceptives they showed a dislike of
organisations.
Administrative tasks such as clerical and
As can be seen from Table 36 opposite
financial work.

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 JTI 35

Table 35: Correlations Between OPP & JTI (N=158)

OPP Scale EI SN TF JP

Assertive -.31 -.37

Flexible .42 .73
Trusting
Phlegmatic -.32 -.57
Gregarious -.64
Persuasive - -.54
Contesting
Pessimistic .37 -.27
Pragmatic -.61 -.32 -.29
Distortion

Table 36: Correlations between JTI and OIP (n=1971)

OIP Scale EI SN TF JP

Variety -.21 .16 .22

Change -.23 -.30
Structure .15 .22 .24 .35
People -.57
Control -.24
Persuasive -.38 .17
Scientific .13
Practical .13
Administrative -.15
Nurturing -.25 .15
Artistic -.18 .40 .24 .13
Logical .10 -.10

OIP-Pers Persuasive Interests

OIP-Nur Caring Interests
OIP-Sci Scientific Interests
OIP-Art Creative Interests
OIP-Prac Practical Interests
OIP-Log Logical Interests
OIP-Admin Administrative Interests

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36 JTI

Relationship between the JTI and EPQR Table 38 below gives the correlations between
and I7 the JTI and Kline’s PPQ obtained from
a sample of 193 volunteers. It can be seen that
A sample of 221 volunteers completed both the JTI EI scale correlates most highly with
the JTI and the EPQR and I7 as part of a test the PPQ Extraversion dimension. The SN
validation exercise. Table 37, below, provides dimension correlates fairly highly with the
details of the most significant correlations PPQ
found. The JTI Extraversion dimension Unconventionality scale, reflecting the
correlates highly with the corresponding Intuitives desire to go beyond the obvious.
Eysenck scale, it also correlates with the I7 SN also correlates with the PPQ
scales of impulsivity and venturesome, as Tenderminded and Conscientiousness scales,
would be expected. The JTI TF dimension which reflects the sensitive and adaptable
correlates well with the I7 scale of empathy nature of the Intuitive type. JTI Thinking/
a n d with the EPQ Neuroticism scale. Both of Feeling correlates highly with the PPQ
these correlations are in line with the definition Tenderminded scale which is to be expected
of the TF dimensions. The JTI JP dimension given the emotional sensitivity of the Feeling
correlates with I7 Venturesome and type. The JTI JP scale, as one would expect,
Impulsivity, reflecting the opposite ends of correlates most highly with the PPQ
planning & spontaneity of the JP dimension. Conscientiousness and Unconventionality
scales. This is consistent with the definition
Relationship between the JTI and given for the conscientious, conventional
Kline’s PPQ Judgmental type.

Table 37: Correlations between JTI, EPQR and

I7 (N=221)

EPQR
Scale EI SN TF JP
EPQR-Psych Psychoticism
Psych .30 .45 EPQR-Extra Extraversion
Extra -.70 .27 EPQR-Neurot Neuroticism
Neurot .51 EPQR-Lie Social-Desirability
I7-Impul Impulsivity
Lie
I7-Vent Venturesomeness
Impul -.23 .29
I7-Emp Empathy-Sensitivity
Vent -.27 -.30 .33
Emp .56

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 JTI 37

The relationship between JTI and Intuitive’s basic friendliness along with their
survey of interpersonal values desire for freedom from restrictions. Thinking/
Feeling on the JTI correlates with the SIV
A sample of 160 volunteers completed both Leadership and Support. The logical, rational
the JTI and the Gordon’s Survey of Thinking types tended to value leadership
Interpersonal Values as part of a test validation qualities more than the emotional, sharing
exercise. As can be seen from the table below Feelings types. The relationship with support
a number of interesting correlations were is a reflection of the need on the part of
found. The JTI E-I dimension correlates quite Feeling types for the support and
well with the SIV Leadership scale, suggesting encouragement of other people.
that leadership is particularly valued by The Judgmental/Perceptive scale displayed
extroverts. E-I also correlates with SIV a high relationship with the SIV Conformity
Recognition and Support reflecting the scale. This would be expected given the desire
extroverts desire for social recognition and the of the Judgmental type to live an ordered life,
support of other people. The JTI S-N conforming to social values and expectations.
dimension correlates most strongly with the JP also correlates highly with SIV
SIV Conformity scale which is an indication Independence, reflecting the independent
of the solidity and conventionality of JTI nature of the Perceptive type, who likes to be
Sensation types. S-N also correlates with SIV free to act in a spontaneous, unplanned way.
Benevolence and Independence reflecting the

Table 38: Correlations between JTI & Kline’s

PPQ (N=193)

PPQ
Scales EI SN TF JP

Insecure .29 .23 PPQ Insecure Insecurity

Tender .21 .48 PPQ Tend Tendermindedness
PPQ Extrav Extraversion
Extra -.21
PPQ Conscient Conscientiousness
Conscient -.27 -.41 PPQ Unconv Unconventionality
Unconv .43 .38

Table 39: Correlations Between JTI & Gordon’s SIV

(N=160)

SIV
Scales EI SN TF JP

Support .30
SIV-Support Support
Confor -.36 -.67
SIV-Confor Conformity
Recogn -.20 SIV-Recogn Recognition
Indepen .27 .38 SIV-Indepen Independence
Benevo .27 .28 SIV-Benevol Benevolence

Leader -.29 -.33

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38 JTI

FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE JTI structures with each of the four Jungian types
emerging as separate factors.
Table 40 displays the results of carrying out This is clear evidence that the four scales
a factor analysis on data obtained from a sample measured by the JTI, and by the MBTI, are
of 131 undergraduate subjects who completed independent of each other and that each scale is
both the JTI and the MBTI. Principal measuring a separate psychological entity.
Components extraction with Normalised The results of this factor analysis suggest that
Varimax Rotation was carried out on all the there is every reason to believe that the JTI does
variables. Loadings below 0.4 have been excluded measure four distinct psychological dimensions,
for the purpose of clarity. each covering a different area of the personality
As can be observed from Table 40 below, both spectrum.
the JTI and the MBTI have extremely clean factor

Normalized Factor Loadings

(Normalized Varimax Rotation)

Table 40: Factor Structure of the JTI and MBTI

I II III IV

MBTI E -.970
MBTI I .962
MBTI S .906
MBTI N -.921

MBTI T .912
MBTI F -.897
MBTI J .938
MBTI P -.930
JTI EI -.887
JTI SN .809

JTI TF .841
JTI JP .732

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III APPENDIX
REFERENCES

Agnew M (1997) GeneSys™ Assessment & Gordon, L.V. (1985) Manual for the Survey of
Profiling System Manual. Letchworth: Psytech Interpersonal Values. Henley, UK: Science
International Ltd. Research Associates.

Budd R. J. (1992) 15FQ Technical Manual. Jung, C.G. (1921). Psychological Types, Vol. 6,
Letchworth: Psytech International Ltd. the collected works of C.G. Jung. London: RKP

Budd R. J. (1991) The OPP Technical Manual. Kline, P. (1984) The Handbook of Test
Letchworth: Psytech International Ltd. Construction. London: Routledge and Keenen
Paul.
Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the
internal structure of tests. Psychometrica, 16, Kline, P. (1993) Personality: The Psychometric
297-334 View. London: Routledge.

Costa P & McCrae R (1992) NEO-PI-R Kline, P. and Lapham S. (1991) The Professional
Professional Manual, Oddessa Florida: PAR Inc. Personality Questionnaire. London: Psychometric
Systems Ltd.
Darnell B (1992) The OIP Technical Manual.
Letchworth: Psytech International Ltd. Myers, Briggs I. (1962) Manual for the Myers
Briggs Type Indicator Consulting Psychologists
Eysenck, H.J. (1960). The Structure of Human Press, California 94306
Personality. London: Routledge & Keegan Paul.
Russell M, Karol D, 1994, (1994) 16PF Fifth
Eysenck, H.J. and Eysenck, S.B.G. (1969). Edition Administrator’s Manual Institute for
Personality Structure and Measurement. London: Personality and Ability Testing Inc. Champaign,
Routledge & Keegan Paul. Illinois

Eysenck, H.J. and Eysenck, S.B.G. (1992).

Manual to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
and I7 scales. London: Routledge & Keegan Paul.

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40 JTI

SUPPLEMENT
SUPPLEMENT TO RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
EVIDENCE ASSOCIATED FOR JTI RELEASE 2

Equivalence between the original & Reliability of the (revised)

revised versions of the JTI The data presented in Table 2: Reliability

(alpha coefficients) for the JTI (revised) sub-
The substantial correlations presented in
scales indicate that the Jung Type Indicator
Table 1 indicate that the two forms of the JTI
sub-scales have a high level of reliability across
are substantially equivalent (all above 0.6). Of
a number of distinct samples. Most
particular note is the observation that the
significantly, these sub-scales demonstrate
weakest of these correlations is between the
extremely high levels of reliability for such
Thinking -Feeling subscales in the original, and
short (15 item) scales.
revised versions, of the JTI. This reflects
The Standard Error of Measurement (SEm)
the fact that a major revision was undertaken
for JTI subscales is presented in Table 3 below.
of the original TF sub-scale, with the intention
This value provides the 68% confidence
of removing this sub-scale’s previously high
interval for JTI sten scores which are used on
loading on emotionality. The validity data,
the profile chart. That is for example, an
which is presented later in the manual, clearly
individual obtaining a sten score of 8 on the
indicates that this revision was successful in
EI scale, would be expected to score within
that the revised TF sub-scales now more
the range of 7.25 to 8.75 on 68% of occasions.
closely maps onto the original Jungian concept
This demonstrates that the JTI scales provide
of the Thinking - Feeling mental function.
fairly robust measurements.
A considerable quantity of validity evidence
was collected for the original version of the
Jung Type Indicator. This demonstrated that Structure of the (revised)
the scales of the JTI were measuring the The inter-correlations between the JTI sub-
characteristics that they set out to measure. scales, presented in Table 4, are all small, and
The above correlations, would suggest that thus indicate that these sub-scales are
while the forms are not interchangeable, m e a s u r i n g relatively independent
version 2 of the JTI builds upon this body of characteristics. The highest correlation, between
evidence and should demonstrate as similar, if SN and JP compares favourably with the
not better construct validity as further data is correlation obtained between equivalent scales
collected. on the MBTI (0.42 and 0.39).

Table 1: Correlations between versions 1 & 2 of

the JTI (n=40)

Scale Intercorrelations
EI .82
SN .77

TF .60

JP .69

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 JTI 41

Table 2: Reliability (alpha coefficients) for the JTI (revised) sub-scales)

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4

1 Business Studies undergraduates
EI .83 .88 .85 .82 (n=40)
2 Technician applicants (n=107)
SN .78 .86 .84 .84
3 European Business School
TF .75 .75 .80 .78 undergraduates (n=112)
4 Personnel Professionals (N=40)
JP .82 .79 .75 .76

Table 3: Standard Error of Measurement for JTI Equivalence with the MBTI
sub-scales in sten units
The correlations presented in Table 4 indicate
SEM that the JTI sub-scales are, for all practical
purposes, measuring dimensions that are
EI .75 identical to those assessed by the MBTI. This is
clearly demonstrated by the fact that all the
SN .77 correlations (corrected for attenuation due to
TF .94 measurement error) approach unity. Moreover,
the size of the uncorrected correlations
JP .96 between the MBTI and JTI sub-scales are in
the order of those that would be expected to
be found between parallel forms.
Table 4: Inter-correlations between the JTI The strongest test of the JTI’s equivalence
sub-scales to MBTI is achieved by factor analysing the
MBTI and JTI sub-scales. The factor analysis
EI SN TF (principal axis factoring with varimax rotation)
of these sub-scales produced a clear four
EI _ factor solution. Table 6 presents the results of
_ this factor analysis (with factor weights of less
SN .15 than .3 not being reported in order to aid the
_ interpretation of this factor structure). These
TF -.14 .21
results demonstrate that the JTI sub-scales are
JP .01 .30 .12 clearly measuring four independent factors,
which map closely onto the MBTI sub-scales.
Most importantly, each of the JTI sub-scales
weight on only one factor, with this factor
being clearly defined by the relevant MBTI
subscales.

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42 JTI

Table 5: Correlations between the JTI and MBTI sub-scales

MBTI Corrected Uncorrected

JTI Sub-scale Sub-scale correlation correlation

Extraversion 1 .87
EI
Introversion -1 -.90
Sensing .96 .75
SN
Intuition -.94 -.71
Thinking .97 .75
TF
Feeling -.96 -.70
Judging .93 .76
JP
Perceiving -.97 -.80

Business Studies undergraduates (n=40)

Table 6: Factor structure for the (revised) JTI and MBTI

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4

MBTI -.93
MBTI .94
JTI - JP .71
MBTI - E -.94
MBTI - I .93

JTI - EI .81

MBTI - T -.90

MBTI - F .91

JTI - TF .71

MBTI - S -.85
MBTI - N .88
JTI - SN .72

European Business School undergraduates (n=112)

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