Prelim Exam Coverage Practical Research 2 4.

There is conclusive establishment of cause and

effect 5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical
>Qualitative research - is generally concerned with
software. 6. Fast and easy data gathering
understanding phenomenon relating to or involving
7. Quantitative research can be replicated or
quality or kind
repeated. 8. Validity and reliability can be established
>Quantitative research - is based on the
measurement or quantity
Disadvantages of Quantitative Research The
>uses scientifically collected and statistically
following are the disadvantages of quantitative
analyzed data to investigate observable phenomena
research or its weaknesses:
Characteristics of Quantitative Research Quantitative
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or
research is commonly used in natural sciences
concept in depth.
research problems because of the following
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of
characteristics:
human experiences.
1. Large Sample Size. 3. Some information cannot be described by
To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs.
data must come from a large sample size. 4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
2. Objectivity. 5. The participants are limited to choose only from
Data gathering and analysis of results the given responses.
are done accurately, objectively, and are unaffected 6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate
by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses. responses.
3. Concise Visual Presentation.
7. A large sample size makes data collection more
Data is numerical which makes presentation
costly.
through graphs, charts, and tables possible and with
better conveyance and interpretation.
4. Faster Data Analysis. Kinds of Quantitative Research Design
The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less time- >Descriptive design is used to describe a particular
consuming data analysis. phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature.
5. Generalized Data. There is no experimental manipulation, and the
Data taken from a sample can be applied to the researcher does not start with a hypothesis. The goal
population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e., of descriptive research is only to describe the person
sufficient size and random samples were taken. or object of the study. An example of descriptive
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. research design is “the determination of the different
Depending on the type of data needed, collection can kinds of physical activities and how often high school
be quick and easy. Quantitative research uses students do it during the quarantine period.”
standardized research instruments that allow the
>The correlational design identifies the relationship
researcher to collect data from a large sample size
between variables. Data is collected by observation
efficiently. For instance, a single survey form can be
administered simultaneously to collect various since it does not consider the cause and effect, for
measurable characteristics like age, gender, socio- example, the relationship between the amount of
economic status, etc. physical activity done and student academic
7. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed achievement.
objectively from a sample as a representative of >Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible
the population, making it more credible and relationship between previous events and present
reliable for policymaking and decision making. 8. conditions. The term “Ex post facto” which means
High Replicability. The Quantitative method can after the fact, looks at the possible causes of an
be repeated to verify findings enhancing its already occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two,
validity, free from false or immature conclusions. there is no experimental manipulation in this design.
An example of this is “How does the parent’s
Advantages of Quantitative Research The following
academic achievement affect the children obesity?”
are the advantages of quantitative research or its
>A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the
strengths:
1. Very objective cause-and-effect relationship of variables. Although it
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to resembles the experimental design, the quasi-
predict outcomes. experimental has lesser validity due to the absence of
3. Findings are generalizable to the population. random selection and assignment of subjects. Here,
the independent variable is identified but not
manipulated. The researcher does not modify pre- 13. Make sure to reflect the tone of the paper. An
existing groups of subjects. The group exposed to academic research paper has title which is not casual,
treatment (experimental) is compared to the group or informal, or does not contain humor.
unexposed to treatment (control): example, the
effects of unemployment on attitude towards Background of the Study
following safety protocol in ECQ declared areas. >The background of the study is the part of your
>Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used paper where you inform the reader of the context of
to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of two the study.
or more variables. This design provides a more >It is also in this part of the paper where you justify
conclusive result because it uses random assignment the need to conduct a research study about the topic
of subjects and experimental manipulations. For selected by establishing the research gap.
example, a comparison of the effects of various >A research gap is an under or unexplored area of a
blended learning to the reading comprehension of topic that requires further exploration. The gap can be
elementary pupils. in a form of other variables, conditions, population,
Choosing a topic must undergo proper and thorough methodology, or test subject
planning and designing. The four basic steps in >The background of the study answers the following
designing a research topic are the following: questions:
(1) choose a broad topic, 1. What is already known about the topic?
(2) do preliminary research, 2. What is not known about the topic?
(3) define the problem, and 3. Why do you need to address those gaps?
(4) refine the question. 4. What is the rationale of your study?

>A research study title is the very first thing a reader >Quantitative Research Problem deals more with the
comes across when searching for scientific literature. precision and specificity of the problem.
The following are the basic guidelines in making a >When you have identified your quantitative research
research study title: problem, you can now state it and make sure to
establish its place in your study. In your written paper,
1. Use an accurate description of the subject and this can be found as Statement of the Problem, where
scope of the study instead of using general terms. it formally introduces the problem that you want to
2. Do not use abbreviations except for commonly investigate or address. By this time, you can start
known ones like DNA and ICT. specifying what you want to answer in your study.
3. Do not include words like “The study of,” “Analysis >The research questions help clarify and specify the
of,” “An investigation of” or similar construction as research problem. They are also considered as sub-
these would only lengthen the title. problems of your research problem and are
4. Include the main dependent and independent informative in nature.
variables.
5. Be mindful of the proper use of grammar and Characteristics of Good Research Questions
punctuation. >Feasible >significant
6. Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, >clear >ethical
adverbs as well as the first letter of the first and last Scope and Delimitation of study
words. >The scope specifies the coverage of your study such
7. State in a declarative form, although you may also as variables, population or participant, and timeline.
see titles in question form from time to time. Delimitation cites factors of your study that are not
8. The year the study has been conducted should not included or excluded or those you will not deal in your
be indicated unless it is a historical study. study.
9. Use current terminology. >Components of Scope and Delimitation
10. Depending on the institutional requirements, 5 Topic of the Study. What are the variables to be
to15 words are sufficient to describe the research included and excluded?
study. 11. Use the common name instead of chemical Objectives or Problems to be Addressed. Why are
formula (e.g., Ammonium instead of NH4) you doing this study?
12. Write and italicize full scientific names. Time Frame. When are you going to conduct this
study?
Locale of the Study. Where are you going to gather
your data? Characteristics of the Respondents. Who
will be your respondents?