Adamson University

College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Introduction to Multisim

September 28, 2022

Submitted to:

Engr. Edwin Astorga

Submitted by:

Cortes, Patrick Alvin (202015161)

Cuyme, Andrhea Dennize (202011438)

Dolor, Krissy Ane (202013872)

Drio, Catherine (202011844)

Fernandez, Beatrice (202011209)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction to Multisim 4

II. Resistive Circuit 4

A. Circuit Editing 4

A.1. Basic DC Analysis 6

B. Multisim Measurement Instruments 10

B.1. Basic Measurement Instruments 10

B.2. The Multimeter 13

B.3. The Oscilloscope 15

B.4. The Wattmeter 16

B.5. The Probe 16

C. Breadbord Circuit Capture 17

C.1. Three Dimensional Virtual Components 19

D. Use of Multisim Grapher 21

E. Circuit Controlled Sources 22

E.1. Circuit with VCVS 22

E.2. Circuit with ICIS 24

E.3. Circuit with VCVS (G-source) 25

E.4. Circuit with ICIS (V-source) 26

III. Time Domain Analysis - Transient Analysis 27

A. Capacitors and Inductors 27

B. Input Signal Types 28

B.1. EXPONENTIAL Signal 28

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B.2. PULSE Signal 29

B.3. PIECEWISE_LINEAR Signal (PWL) 29

B.4. Sine Wave AC Signal 30

B.5. Frequency Modulated Signal FM 31

B.6. Thermal Noise Signal 31

B.7. Amplitude Modulated Signal AM 33

C. Time Domain Analysis - Transient Analysis 33

C.1. Use of Cursors 34

D. The Oscilloscope and The Distortion Analyzer 36

D.1. The Oscilloscope 38

D.2. The Distortion Analyzer 40

E. Fourier Analysis 41

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I. Introduction to Multisim
Multisim has distinguished itself as the top circuit simulator out of the various simulators
that are now accessible. National Instruments Incorporation in Austin, Texas created the
SPICE-based simulator Multisim, which has a schematic-capture interface that makes it simple
to enter circuit architecture and specify simulation data. Circuit analysis with Multisim enables
the user to: observe circuit behavior before actual manufacturing; use ideal components to isolate
design and circuit limitations; make measurements that are difficult to make in the real circuit
because they might damage the circuit, are affected by electric noise, or are not possible due to a
lack of adequate measurement equipment; perform repeated simulations with parametric values
for a component; and observe temperature dependence.

II. Resistive Circuit

In electrical and electronic engineering, resistors and source circuits constitute the most
basic. Even though they have extremely restricted applications, it will still demonstrate the
standard Multisim input format whereas it will lay the groundwork in order for a student to start
working with Multisim. Moreover, the DC Operating Point study is the first analysis performed
in Multisim before any further analyses. The output interface in Multisim, the grapher, shows
analysis findings. Each simulation result is shown on the graph, either numerically or visually.
There is a description of common measuring tools like oscilloscopes and multimeters. The usage
of the four different types of controlled sources is covered in the chapter's conclusion.
The installation instructions should be followed first. After the installation is complete,
we launch Multisim from the Start menu and move on to the next stage.

A. Circuit Editing
Figure 1 depicts the first circuit that Multisim is used to analyze. It has an independent
DC power source, so it is a resistive circuit.

Figure 1. Resistive circuit with an independent DC voltage source

Along with a separate voltage source, this circuit comprises three resistors. Figure 2
illustrates what happens when we launch Multisim. It shows a blank schematic page on which
we can build our schematic circuit, as well as several windows and toolbars. There are certain

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common icons on the toolbars. The Results/Nets/Components window and the Design Toolbox
window—larger windows used to draw circuits—are the windows that are displayed. The
Components toolbar is one of the toolbars, and it has connections to some of the many
components that we may use to design our circuits.

Figure 2. Multisim Window

It should be noted that a schematic page with the name Design1 is open. By doing this,
the window in Figure 3 is opened. We may start tracing our circuit. Choose DC Power Sources
after clicking OK. By dragging the mouse, it may be moved around the schematic page. By using
the mouse's left click. To choose a new component, the identical window is opened once more.
We choose it and push the OK button to add a different DC voltage source if we want to.
Otherwise, we push the close button after placing the resistors. We choose the Basic icon.
Figure 4 depicts an open window. For selecting a resistor, there are two options. The first belongs
to the RATED VIRTUAL, while the second one belongs to the RESISTOR group. A resistor
having a value of 23.457 ohms, for instance, can be inserted. We return to the same window after
putting in R1. We select the R2 and R3 resistor sets and place them on the schematic page. Select
R2, then press Control-R to position it vertically. The ground sign, which is available from the
sources, must be placed last. "GROUND" and "DGND" are the two symbols used to represent
the ground. Digital circuit simulation uses the last one. On the schematic page, we chose
GROUND and put it there. The schematic diagram with the components is shown in Figure 5.
We position the cursor at the top of the DC power supply to begin wiring the components.
To begin the wire, click the left mouse button. Then, move the cursor to the left end of R1.. The
voltage source and resistor R1 are connected by a wire. Connect the last components at this time.
Figure 6 displays the circuit in its entirety. Each node in this diagram has a node number next to
it. If we choose EditProperties from the main menu, which opens the dialog window in Figure 7

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and selects Show all in the Net names box, as indicated above, node numbers or names are
displayed.

Figure 3. Selecting the DC_POWER source

The values of resistor R1 must be altered next. When we click on the 1K numbers, Figure
8's window opens. Change 1 to 2 in the Value tab, then click OK. Ensure that k is visible in the
pull-down option next to the value field. R1's resistance is now 2K. The finished circuit is
illustrated in Figure 9 after we modify the source V1's value to 10 V. Save the circuit as Example
2-1, and you're done. The stored circuits contain the extension "ms11," suggesting that Multisim
11 was used for the design (the latest version as of this writing).

A.1. Basic DC Analysis

The DC Operating Point Analysis is the fundamental analysis carried out by Multisim.
Even if a different sort of analysis is chosen, this type of analysis is still carried out (such as AC

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or transient). The node voltages and the currents flowing through the voltage sources are
calculated in this sort of study. As illustrated in Figure 10, we chose to Simulate and Analyze DC
Operating Points from the main menu to carry out this analysis. By performing this operation, we
are brought to the window in Figure 11, where we may select the variables to be shown. The
variables I (v1) and V(2) were the ones we selected. Then, press the "Add" button. The variables
selected are now displayed in the right window (see Figure 12). Press the Simulate button and
after the analysis is run, Multisim displays the values of the variables selected before I(v1) and
V(2) shown in Figure 13. There we see that the current through the voltage source is -4 mA,
indicating that the current is leaving the positive terminal in the voltage source and that the
voltage at node 2 is 2 volts.

Figure 4. Selecting Resistor R1.

Figure 5. (a) Schematic page with components , (b) With resistors R2 and R3 after rotation.

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Figure 6. Resistive Circuit

Figure 7. Dialog window for displaying node numbers on the schematic diagram.

Figure 8. Window to change the value of resistor R1.

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Figure 9. Final Circuit in Multisim.

Figure 10. Choosing the DC Operating Point Analysis.

Figure 11. Window to choose the variables to display

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Figure 12. Variables to be displayed after the analysis.

B. Multisim Measurement Instruments

To make measurements, Multisim offers a collection of tools that may be placed in the
circuit diagram. Among other more complex measures that we will discuss throughout the book,
these instruments may be used to measure voltages, currents, resistance, and dB.

B.1. Basic Measurement Instruments

The voltmeter and the ammeter are the initial measuring tool types we discuss. The
Components toolbar's indicator icon provides access to these instruments. When we click on this
icon, the window shown in Figure 14 appears. We have chosen the VOLTMETER set in this
instance. In Figure 15, the voltmeters are displayed. As can be seen, there are four options. The
only distinction between them is where the positive input and pin positions are located;
otherwise, they are all voltmeters. The + input is on the left side of VOLTMETER H, which has
its pins in the horizontal position. The + input may be found on the right side of VOLTMETER
HR. The + input is located at the top of the instrument in VOLTMETER V, whereas it is located
at the bottom of the instrument in VOLTMETER VR. The internal resistance of these voltmeters
is the resistance that is connected to them. While a real voltmeter has a limited resistance, an
ideal voltmeter has an associated infinite resistance. By double clicking on the voltmeter and
altering the resistance in the Value tab, as illustrated in Figure 16, you may modify the default
value for Multisim voltmeters, which is 10M. For the time being, we leave the 10 M value
unchanged and proceed to add voltmeters to the circuit of Example Figure 1, as can be seen in
Figure 17. Now we simulate with the Run icon or with the Run button, both seen in Figure 18.
After selecting any of the Run options, we can observe the voltages across resistors R1
and R2 in Figure 19 after a brief period (after the values are displayed in the voltmeter window,

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we can halt the simulation by clicking on the Stop icon next to the Run icon). These voltages are
8 V and 2 V, respectively.
Node 2's voltage is represented by the voltage across R2. The voltage across R1 is
determined by subtracting the voltages at nodes 1 and 2, which were determined to be 10 V and
2 V, respectively. As shown by the voltmeter, the voltage across R1 is 10-2 = 8V. Amphetamines
are the other form of measurement tool that may be utilized. The indicator set also includes
ammeters. The circuit has to have an ammeter attached. To measure the current across resistors
R1 and R3, we must therefore include them in the circuit, as shown in Figure 20.

Figure 13. Values of the variables chosen in Fig. 12.

Figure 14. Window to select a voltmeter in the indicators window.

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Figure 15. Voltmeters from the Indicator icon.

Figure 16. Internal resistance of a voltmeter.

Figure 17. Circuit with Voltmeters added.

Figure 18. (a) Run icon, (b) Run button, and (c) Stop icon

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Figure 19. Measured voltages with Voltmeters.

Figure 20. Circuit with ammeters.

Internal resistance on an ideal ammeter is zero. A true one has a negligibly lower
corresponding resistance. The related resistance for the ammeters that Multisim offers is quite
modest and has a value of 1 n. By double clicking on the ammeter element in the schematic
diagram, the Value tab of the ammeter, which opens, may be used to modify this resistance. The
current data are displayed shortly after we launch the simulation using Figure 18's Run icon or
Run button (see Figure 21).

Figure 21: Current measurement using ammeters.

B.2. The Multimeter

A multimeter serves as the initial instrument. One of them appears on the circuit diagram
when the multimeter icon is clicked (see Figure 23(a)). When we double-click on the Multimeter

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symbol, we get a panel (see Figure 23(b)) where we can choose the signal type, DC or AC, as
well as the variable we want to measure, A for amperes, V for volts, resistance, or dB for
decibels.
We set up two multimeters for the circuit we've been using, one to check the voltage
across R3 and the other to check the current flowing through R1. Figure 24 depicts the circuit.
By selecting the Run icon and launching the simulation in the same manner as previously, we
quickly arrive at the outcome depicted in Figure 25. The outcomes are consistent with those
attained before using the ammeter and voltmeter.

Figure 22: Instrument Toolbar.

Figure 23. (a) Multimeter symbol and (b) Dialog window to choose the function.

Figure 24. Circuit with multimeters to measure current and voltage.

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Figure 25. Measured current and voltage with Multimeters.

The methodology for measuring resistance remains the same as previously. In this
instance, as it would be in a real lab, we also need to click the Run button to conduct the test.

B.3. The Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is a device that visually displays electrical signals and illustrates how
those signals change over time. Oscilloscopes are tools that engineers use to measure electrical
phenomena to swiftly test, validate, and debug their circuit designs. An oscilloscope's main
purpose is to measure voltage waveforms.

Figure 26. Measurement of resistance.

Figure 27. Voltage measurement using an oscilloscope.

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B.4. The Wattmeter

Included in the Multisim Measurement Instruments is the Wattmeter. It functions as a tool
to measure power dissipation in a device. It calculates the current and voltage and measures the
product of them to acquire power. This instrument has an ammeter and a voltmeter that have to
be properly connected. However, the wattmeter does not work correctly in all Multisim versions,
such as version 11.0.2.

Figure 2.28. Power measurement using a Wattmeter

Figure 2.28 depicts a Wattmeter that measures the power of the circuit.

B.5. The Probe

Another included in the Multisim Measurement Instruments is the Probe. For either a DC or an
AC signal, probe can be used to detect voltage, current, and frequency.

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Figure 2.29. Measurement using a Probe

Figure 2.29 displays the obtain results from the Figure 2.28 using the Probe, such as the voltage
at the node is 2 VDC, and the current is 4mA.

C. Breadbord Circuit Capture

Multisim includes the ability to wire a schematic on a breadboard. With the help of this
capability, inexperienced simulation users can breadboard their schematic and check to see if the
circuit is wired properly. The Show Breadboard icon of Fig. 2.30 must be clicked in order to
activate this Multisim feature.

Figure 2.30. Icon to Switch to Breadboard Wiring

This icon will display the breadboard as seen in Figure 2.31. on the Multisim drawing
area. We must first create a schematic diagram of the circuit before using the breadboard. We
demonstrate the process using a basic RC circuit.

Figure 2.31. Breadboard View

Example 2.1 Simple RC Circuit.

Fig. 2.32, shows an RC circuit and it is composed of an AC voltage source, a resistor, and
a capacitor. In order to meet the simulation's need, we included a ground symbol. Now, in order
to access the breadboard view displayed in Fig. 2.33, we click the Show Breadboard icon. The
components are all positioned on the blue tray at the bottom of the picture, which is where we
can see an empty breadboard in this case. The components are scrolled using the green arrows at
either end of the blue tray.

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Figure 2.32. Simple RC circuit.

Figure 2.33. Empty breadboard with components on the blue tray.

If rotation is necessary to position them where they need to be, we right-click on the
component and choose Orientation →90 Clockwise (or 90 Counter CW). The three components
have changed to green, as can be seen if we return to the schematic drawing. They are on the
breadboard, as indicated by here. We now wire the circuit as necessary on the breadboard. As
seen in Fig. 35, to place a wire, one left-clicks on a point on the breadboard and then moves the
pointer to the other location. This process is repeated until the wiring is complete. Figure 2.36.
depicts the finished circuit. The circuit elements and connections are now green, indicating that
the breadboard circuit was correctly wired, so we return to the schematic drawing to verify that
we wired it correctly. The incorrect connections will continue to be shown in red. Utilizing the
DRC and Connectivity tool from the Tools menu is another approach to verify connectivity. It
will produce an output as shown in Fig. 2.37. We see there that there are no connectivity errors

Figure 2.35. Connecting a Wire

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Figure 2.36. Final Circuit

Figure 2.37. Checking the Connectivity of the Circuit

C.1. Three Dimensional Virtual Components

The Multisim Educational license offers the ability to model and then simulate picture
diagrams. To accomplish this, the Basic group of Multisim has a collection of three-dimensional
elements named 3 D VIRTUAL. As shown in Fig 2.38., it has a number of components,
including transistors, diodes, capacitors, inductors, and resistors

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Figure 2.38. Components in the 3_D VIRTUAL set within the Basic group. A npn BJT is shown
in the symbol window

Example 2.2 Common Emitter Amplifier.

A circuit in Figure 2.39 employs a bipolar transistor as a common emitter amplifier. To

create a graphical depiction, we use the 3_D VIRTUAL group of component.

Figure 2.39. Common Emitter Amplifier

Figure 2.40, the Common Emitter Amplifier makes use of 3_D components. Data sheets from
the manufacturer can be used to get transistor pins; in this case, for the bipolar transistor, the pins
are arranged from left to right as EBC (Emitter-Base-Collector).

Figure 2.40. Pictorial Diagram of the Common Emitter Amplifier

We conduct a transient analysis, and Fig. 2.41 depicts the input and output wave shapes. We also
observe a 180 phase shift and a slight gain in the amplifier.

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Figure 2.41. Transient response. There is a small gain from input to output.

D. Use of Multisim Grapher

In its powerful Grapher, Multisim can show simulation results. Any analysis results can be
plotted in the grapher, with the DC Operating Point one being the exception. Figure 2.1
demonstrate how the grapher operates. To run a DC Sweep Analysis, we choose Simulate
→Analyses →DC Sweep to enter the dialog box of Figure 2.42 (a).

Figure 2.1. Resistive Circuit with an Independent DC Voltage Source.

Figure 2.42. (a) Specification of the Sweep Parameters, (b) Selection of Output Variable to
Sweep

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After, we choose the source V1 from which the data will be swept. Additionally, we
provide a Start value of 10 V, a Stop value of 100 V, and an Increment of 5 V. Figure 2.42 (b)
specifies the output tab, which in this case is the voltage at node 2, V(2). The outcomes are
shown in Fig. 2.43. We can see that when the DC voltage source increases from 10 V to 100 V,
the voltage at node 2 changes from 2 V to 20 V.

Figure 2.43. Voltage Sweep for V(2)

E. Circuit Controlled Sources

Equivalent circuits are used to simulate some devices, including transistors and
operational amplifiers, and include regulated sources among other elements. Four different types
of controlled sources are accessible in Multisim, which are:

1. W Voltage controlled voltage source VCVS

2. X Current controlled current source ICIS
3. Y Voltage controlled current source VCIS
4. Z Current controlled voltage source ICVS

The letters W, X, Y, and Z are used to represent each source type.

E.1. Circuit with VCVS

Evident in the Figure 2.44, a VCVS has a value controlled by a voltage between a pair of
nodes. The VCVS is can be access in Sources → CONTROLLED_VOLTAGE_SOURCES →
VOLT-AGE_CONTROLLED_VOLTAGE_SOURCE. The VCVS in Multisim is displayed in
Figure 2.45, whereas, positioned at the controlling nodes is the left element.

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Figure 2.44. VCVS Model

Figure 2.45. VCVS in Multisim. Positioned at the Controlling Nodes is the Left Element

Figure 2.46 depicts the circuit, which consists of a VCVS with a voltage that is seven
times the voltage dropped across resistor R2, three resistors, and an independent DC voltage
source with a value of 10 v. By double-clicking the VCVS symbol and entering the value 7, as
shown in Figure 2.47, the value for the VCVS can be set.

Figure 2.46. A circuit with a VCVS

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Figure 2.47. Window to assign the value of 7 to the VCVS

The final circuit is displayed in the Figure 2.48. By clicking on Simulate →Analyses
→DC Operating Point, the DC Operating Point can be made. We can choose the variables we
want to investigate from a window that appears. We combine them all and click the Simulate
button. The circuit is then simulated, and a window displaying the values of each variable chosen
in Figure 2.49 appears.

Figure 2.48. Circuit with a VCVS in Multism

Figure 2.49. Values of the Variable from the DC Operating Point Analysis

E.2. Circuit with ICIS

ICIS is a current source that depends on the value of the current from another branch. Its
sensing element is located on its left side and must be inserted in the circuit. ICIS' controlling
current is pointing downward thus the sensing element has to be connected accordingly.
To assign the value to the ICIS, double click on the F-source to obtain the window where
assigning the value of 3. Clicking Simulate -> Analyses -> DC Operating Point, a window would
open where we can select the variable to display. Click all of them and click the Simulate button.
After finishing the simulation, we see the window with the node voltages and the current through
the DC voltage source.

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E.3. Circuit with VCVS (G-source)

It is a voltage controlled current source wherein the current group is controlled using a
voltage drop in a pair of nodes. Its sensing element and the voltage control must coincide.
The VCIS is available in Sources -> CONTROLLED_CURRENT_SOURCES ->
VOLTAGE_CONTROLLED_CURRENT_SOURCE

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E.4. Circuit with ICVS (H-source)

ICVS which is denoted by letter H is a controlled source whose voltage value is
controlled by the current through another branch.
The ICVS is available in Sources -> CONTROLLED_CURRENT_SOURCES ->
VOLTAGE_CONTROLLED_CURRENT_SOURCE

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III. Time Domain Analysis - Transient Analysis

In this chapter, we are going to discuss transient analysis, capacitors, and inductors and
its relationships between voltage and current.

A. Capacitors and Inductors

In this part, we are here to discuss different types of capacitors and its multisim symbols.
Electrolitic capacitors have explicit polarity while non-electrolitic capacitors and inductors have

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polarity but were not shown. Discussing this, the left hand nose is the positive one. It is also
possible to set initial conditions value and with this, the initial condition for the inductor is
current while capacitors are voltages. The reason behind using the initial condition is only valid
for transient analysis. Coupled inductors are in the form of transformers and variable inductors
and capacitors.

B. Input Signal Types

B.1. EXPONENTIAL Signal

Exponential signal has the constant voltage V1 from t = 0s up to time TD1. It begins to
rise with a time constant TC1. The signal keeps increasing its value during TD2 s to reach the
value V2 when it begins to decrease on value with a time constant TC2.

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B.2. PULSE Signal

Pulse signals are used when the initial value V1 of the PULSE signal shifts to V2 at
moment TD. The rising time (RT) is the amount of time needed to transition from V1 to V2,
where it remains for PWs before changing back to V1. The signal's period is denoted by PER.

Hertz (Hz) is a unit that denotes the number of vibrations per second. The "frequency" is
the quantity of electrical signal vibrations that are repeated in a certain amount of time. Electrical
signals that occur over such a little time and have a specific width are referred to as "pulses" or
"pulse signals."

These are the parameters that can be utilized for PULSE signals with their corresponding
states or default value of different parameters and an indication of units on the right side of the
table.

B.3. PIECEWISE_LINEAR Signal (PWL)

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On the other hand, Piecewise_Linear Signal or PWL above can be determined with its
coordinates that are shown below of this figure.

This figure shows the parameters of the PIECEWISE signals with respect to Tn and Vn
as their symbols which means the Time in a point and Voltage in a point, respectively. As for the
Units which is shown on the right side of the table are given as seconds and volt. However, their
nominal values are stated to have none which is negligible amount as values.

B.4. Sine Wave AC Signal

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This signal exhibits an increasingly dampened sine wave behavior and begins at value
VOFF at time t=0 seconds for TD seconds. The sinewave's phase is PHASE, and its frequency is
FREQ. AC sine wave complies with.

In this figure, the parameters given for different symbols that can be seen on the
parameters of the sine wave AC signal have corresponding default values and units. On the other
hand, the equation given above can be used for determining the values which can be calculated
by substituting the default values using the equation.

B.5. Frequency Modulated Signal FM

Frequency Modulated signal FM obeys the following formula which is given above and
with certain values of the given parameters from the fig 3.5 can be similarly used like the sine
wave AC principle.

B.6. Thermal Noise Signal

It provides a basis for analyzing noise. The bandwidth, temperature, and line impedance
all need to be specified.It provides a basis for analyzing noise. The bandwidth, temperature, and
line impedance all need to be specified.

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This figure shows the overall waveform of a Frequency modulated FM signal with its
corresponding values and itts symbols.

The thermal noise signal shows a high volume of signals which are not that apparent
from the frequency modulated FM signals.

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These two figures above correspond to the different values that can be used for the
formula in the compositions of their default values by substitution method.

B.7. Amplitude Modulated Signal AM

Amplitude Modulation (AM), is used in its basic format less often. Still, it serves as the
foundation for several more complex kinds of modulation for which its functioning is essential.
Formula used for AM is presented below:

V (t) = V AMPL sin(2πFCt)[1 + M sin(2πFMt)]

C. Time Domain Analysis - Transient Analysis

Transient analysis is a collection of methods used to examine simulation data or
experimental findings in the temporal domain, particularly when the studied system is
transitioning between states.

This topic aims to apply a waveform to the circuit and analyze its reaction over time.
Depending on the kind of input signal, the overflow, rising time, latency, etc. are some of the
characteristics to monitor

The analysis in the time domain is known as transient analysis. This study may be
conducted by selecting Simulate from the Multisim menu, followed by Analysis and Transient
Analysis...

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Which opens the dialog box seen in the following image. The information we must input
is:

C.1. Use of Cursors

Frequently, users desire to know the value of the displayed signal at a particular moment.
To accomplish this, we utilize either of the two options available. To enable cursors in a plot,
click on the cursor icon in the plot's toolbar. The cursor symbol is seen in Figure 3.17. When the
cursor icon is clicked, a little green triangle appears above the vertical axis, corresponding to one
of the two possible cursors. They may be positioned along the horizontal axis at the desired
location by clicking and dragging with the mouse. The same method applies to cursor number 2.

As an example, we utilize the graph in Figure 3.15. As demonstrated in Figure 3.18, after
the cursor icon is clicked, we may move the cursors to the required location. A little window
displaying the coordinates of the spot where each cursor is positioned also displays. In addition,
the differential, its inverse, the lowest and maximum values for the coordinates, and the offset
values are provided. By clicking the cursor icon again, you may deactivate cursors.

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D. The Oscilloscope and The Distortion Analyzer

Multisim provides a collection of virtual instruments that perform identically to
their laboratory counterparts. They may be accessed through the Instruments toolbar in Figure
3.19. The Oscilloscope and Distortion Analyzer are two of these devices.

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D.1. The Oscilloscope

The oscilloscope is a valuable and significant laboratory device. As shown in Figure 3.20,
oscilloscopes are available with two and four channels. Both oscilloscopes operate in a highly
similar manner. The circuit in Example 3.1 illustrates their operation.

Channel A of an oscilloscope is linked to the circuit's output in Example 3.3. (see Fig.
3.21). Double-clicking the oscilloscope sign opens Fig. 3.22, a two-channel oscilloscope.

Since the simulation lasts 10 seconds, we set the oscilloscope base time to 1 sec/Div and
the Channel A input to AC and 0.5 V/Div. 3.23 shows the output. Here's the waveform. Both plot
ends have cursors. These cursors display signal levels at various plot times. The top left arrows
of the instrument panel move the cursors. Next to the arrows are the signal values at each cursor
point and their difference (see Fig. 3.24).

Run button shows an oscilloscope. This executes a Transient Analysis using the criteria
set in the SimulateInteractive Simulation Settings dialog box. 3.25 depicts the window. EndTime
(TSTOP) = 10 sec, TMAX = 0.1 sec. This applies to Chapter 2's Voltmeter, Ammeter, and
Multimeter.

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D.2. The Distortion Analyzer

The Distortion Analyzer is selected from the Instruments toolbar, placed alongside the
circuit, and wired to a node. Figure 3.26 shows the Distortion Analyzer (a). Here's the distortion's
fundamental frequency. The Set button specifies the number of harmonics used in Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD) measurements (see Fig. 3.26 (b)). The default is 10. 3.4 Distortion
analyzer readings 3.27 is used. It's a -10 gain LM324J inverting amplifier.

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A. Fourier Analysis

Multisim can Fourier analyze circuit signals. Thus, a voltage or current in the circuit may
be harmonically decomposed. Jean Fourier (1768-1830) invented the math to represent any
periodic function as a sum of sine waves. Simulate -> Analyses -> Fourier Analysis does a
Fourier analysis. This opens Fig. 3.28's dialog.

In this window, we define the Fourier analysis's fundamental frequency, number of

harmonics, and TSTOP time. We may also choose how the results appear (either Display phase,
Display as a bar graph, or Normalize graphs). Fig. 3.29 shows Fourier analysis using basic
circuits. Consider the sine-wave-input circuit in Fig. 3.29 (a). Fig. 3.30 shows inputs. Since the
sine source is 1 kHz, we use this frequency in Fourier analysis. Calculate the first 20 harmonics.
The transient analysis lasts 2 msec.

After executing Fourier analysis, we see a spreadsheet in Grapher (see Fig. 3.31)
displaying the data. Here, we see the DC component value, the number of harmonics computed,
the THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), and the amplitude and phase of each harmonic. The more
harmonics we calculate in the study, the more accurate THD is. Fig. 3.32 shows harmonic
magnitudes. Since we're analyzing a sine wave, we only notice a single component, a little THD,
and minimal harmonics.

Consider Fig. 3.29's circuit (b). Pulse signal input. We repeat Fig. 3.33's Fourier analysis
using V as the output variable (2). The grapher displays the output spreadsheet. Since the

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information is square, the THD is high. Fig. 3.34 shows the harmonic magnitudes. The DC
component is 0.5. Fig. 3.33 shows the first few harmonic components and THD.

Half-wave rectifier. We apply a 60 Hz sine wave (T = 1/60 = 60 ms) in Fig. 3.35.

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