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Practice Test 4 - IELTS Class S1 Week 4 2021

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Practice Test 4 - IELTS Class S1 Week 4 2021

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Richard Pincus
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a ee _| oa Listening Section 1 Questions 1-10 2) Questions 1-10 slete the notes below. NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer VUSUU UU UU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU Costwise Car Hire Example Answer Number of offices in Sydney: 3 Booking reference number: 1 .. Office just by 2... terminal Opening hours: 3 to After-hours charge: 4 $ Cheapest model of car available: 5 .. Information needed when booking: 6 sens NUMDEE Lenath of hire period: 7 Reduce cost by driving under B on km per week Insurance does not cover: 9 After hours put keys in box near the office on the 10... LN
  • 14 conference organiser 12 catering manager 18 housekeeper 14 fitness contre staff 15 reservations assistant 136 | Tests Listening Section 2 Questions 16-20 Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A~G, next to questions 16-20. cv ] evidence of qualifications conditions of employment initial interview [ieee eee eee es INTERNATIONAL FINEST GROUP RECRUITMENT PROCEDURES oamcoe>| | register interest in working for International Finest Group | a _—_ —_ ss receive reply and confirm 18 | a gO | stening Section 2 TestS | 137 kp Listening Section 3 questions 21-30 Questions 21 and 22 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO possible objections to a roof garden are discussed? A problems of access B the cost of construction © the time needed to install it D_ who will look after it E how to support the weight of it Questions 23 and 24 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO recent developments in foot-garden building are mentioned? A waterproof barrier materials B drainage systems © tank designs D__ lightweight construction materials E watering systems 09) Questions 25-30 Label the diagram below. White the correct latter, A-H, next to questions 25-30. 25 wall 26 electric wire 27 fibre optic cable i 28 wooden post . B s i 29° glass cep 30 acrylic rou 138 | Tests Listening Section 3 Lp Listening Section 4 Questions 31~40 05) Questions 31-36 implete the notes below. it@ NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. The Argus system Developed by Rob Holman in N, Carolina with other researchers, Research is vital for understanding of 31 Maiches information from under the water with information from a 92 observations during a 33, ... According to S. Jeffress Williams, useful because can make Dr Holman’s sand collection 4 Dr H, has samples from every 34 Used in teaching students of 3 . €.g. US East Coast display: | grains from south are small, light-coloured and 36 | in shape YO) Questions 37-40 plete the flow-chart below. ite NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Taking samples when travelling to dig sand, a plastic or metal a7. is ideal | write date and place, using ) aae L — store in plastic bags After reaching home —— = log samples, nating location, dry sample on including which part of beach 39, add atleastone | transfer to fa container immediately tening Section 4 Test 5 | 139 Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes an Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. NATURE ON Pb EV A | AMERICAN ZOOS by Elizabeth Hanson The firstz00 in the United States opened in Philadelphia in 1874, followed by the Cincinnati Zoo the next year. By 1940 there were zoos in more than, ‘one hundred American cities. The Philadelphia Zoo was more thoroughly planned and better financed ‘than most of the hundreds of zoos that would open later but in its landscape and its mission - to both educate and entertain - it embodied ideas about how to build a z00 that stayed consistent for decades. ‘The 2005 came into existence in the late nineteenth century during the transition of the United States from a rural and agricultural nation to an industrial one. ‘The population more than doubled between 1860 ‘and 1900. As more middle-class people lived in cities, they began seeking new relationships with the natural world as a place for recreation, self-improvement, and spiritual renewal. Cities established systems of public Parks, and nature tourism ~ already popular - became ‘even more fashionable with the establishment of ‘national parks. Nature was thought to be good for people ofall ages and classes. Nature study was incorporated into school curricula, and natural history collecting became an increasingly popular pastime. 140 | Tests At the same time, the fields of study which were previously thought of as‘natural history’ grew into separate areas such as taxonomy, experimental embryology and genetics, each with its own experts and structures. As laboratory research gained prestige in the zoology departments cof American universities the gap between professional and amateur scientific activities widened. Previously, natural history had been ‘open to amateurs and was easily popularized, but research required access to microscopes and other equipment in laboratories, as well as advanced education The new zoos set themselves apart from traveling animal shows by stating their mission as education and the advancement of science, in addition to recreation. Z00s presented zoology for the non- specialist ata time when the intellectual distance ‘between amateur naturalists and laboratory: otiented zoologists was increasing, They attracted wide audiences and quickly became a feature of every growing and forward-thinking city. They were emblems of civic pride ona level ef importance with art museums, natural history museums and botanical gardens, ‘Most American zoos were founded and operated as part of the public parks administration. They were dependent on municipal funds, arid they charged no admission fee, They tended to assemble as many different mammal and bird species as possible, along with a few reptiles, exhibiting one or two specimens Reading Passage 1 a 0 S| x of each, and they competed with each other to become the first to display a rarity, like a rhinoceros. In the constant effort to attract the public to make retumn visits, certain types of display came in and out of fashion; for example, dozens of zoos built special islands for their large populations of mankeys. In the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration funded nillions of dollars of construction at dozens of zoos. For the most part, the collections of animals were organised by species in a combination of enclosures according to a fairly loose classification scheme. Although many histories of individual z00s describe the 1940s through the 1960s asa period of stagnation, and in some cases there was neglect, new 2005 continued to be set up all over the country. Inthe 1940s and 1950s, the first zoos designed specifically or children were built, some with the appeal of farm animals, An increasing number of 2008 tied new ways of organizing their displays. In addition to the traditional approach of exhibiting tke kinds together, 00 planners hadi a new approach of putting animalsin groups according to their continent of origin and designing exhibits showing animals of particular habitats, for example, polar, desert, or forest. During the 1960s, a few 2005 arranged some displays according to animal bbchavior the Bronx Zoo, for instance, opened its World of Darkness exhibit of nocturnal animals. Paradoxically, atthe same time as 200 displays began incorporating ideas about the ecological relationships between animals, big cats and primates continued to be displayed in bathroomlike cages lined with ties, By the 1970s, a new wave of reform wes stirring, Popular movements for environmentalism and animal welfare called attention to endangered species and to 200s, that did not provide adequate cate for their animals. More projects were undertaken by research scientists and z00s began hiring full-time vets as they stepped Up captive breeding programs. Many 200s that had been supported entirely by municipal budgets began, recruiting private financial support and charging ‘admission fees. In the prosperous 1980s and 1990s, zo0s built realisticlandscape immersion’ exhibits, many of them around the theme of the tropical rainforest and, increasingly, conservation moved to the forefront of zooagendas, Although zoos were popular and proliferating institutions in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, historians have paid little attention to them. Perhaps zoos have been ignored because they were, and remain stil, multi-purpose institutions, and as such they fall between the categories of analysis that historians often use. In addition, their stated goals of recreation, education, the advancement of science, and protection of endangered species have often conflicted. Zoos ‘occupy a difficult middle ground between science and showmanship, high culture and low, remote forests and the cement cityscape, and wild animals and urban people. Reading Passage 1 Test 5 | 144 Questions 1-7 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write TRUE If the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this, 1 The concepts on which the Philadelphia zoo was based soon became unfashionable. 2 The opening of zoos coincided with a trend for people to live in urban areas, 3 During the period when many zoos were opened, the study of natural history became more popular in universities than other scientific subjects. 4 Cities recognised that the new zoos were as significant an amenity as museums. 5 Between 1940 and 1960 some older zoos had to move to new sites in order to expand 6 Inthe 1970s new ways of funding zoos were developed. 7 There has been serious disagreement amongst historians about the role of the first zoos. Questions 8-13 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for eaci Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet. © Upto 1940 More mammals and birds exhibited than 8 Boa j one time, . were very popular animals in many 2008 at 1940s and 1950s Zoos started exhibiting animals according to their 1D .ssntnnnnnenes and where they came from, © 1960s ‘Some zoos categorised animals by 11 . © 1970s 12 sonsnnnmnnininee Ware employed following protests about animal care, © 1960s onwards The importance Of 48 .ns.nunnmnnee BECAME Greater: ad 1g Passage 1 rT g Passage 2 should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reacling Passage 2 below. Can we prevent the pol A growing number of scientists are looking to increasingly ambitious technological fixes to halt the tide of global warming. Mark Rowe reporis. A. Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide we have already released inlo the aimosphere, that most climate scientists agree that significant glabal warming is now ineviteble ~ the best we can hope to do is keep it at a reasonoble level, and even that is going fo be an uphill task. AP present, the only serious option on the table for daing this is culling back on our carbon emissions, but while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority ore having great dificully even slemming the rate of increase, let clone reversing it. Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the aliernatives. They all fall under the banner of gecenginesring — generally defined as the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment B Geoengineering has been shown to work, at leas! on a small, localised scale, for decades. May Day parades in Moscow have taken place Under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet. One scheme focuses on achieving general cooling fing Passage 2 of the Earth and involves the concept of releasing ‘aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic 1o create clouds of sulphur dioxide, which would, in turn, lead to @ global dimming The idea is modelled on historical voleanic ‘explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a shorHterm cooling of global temperatures by 0.5°C. The aerosols could be delivered by artillery, high- flying aircraft or bolloons Instead of concentrating on global cooling, other schemes look specifically ot reversing the melting atthe poles. One idea is to bolster an ice cap by spraying it with water. Using pumps to carry water from below the seo ice, the spray would come out as snow ar ice particles, producing thicker sea ice with « higher albedo {the ratio of sunlight reflected from a surface) to reflect summer radiation. Scientists have also scrutinised whether itis possible to block icefjords in Greenland with cables which have been reinforced, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Veli Albert Kallio, a Finnish scientist, says that such on idea is impractical, because the force of the ice would ultimately snap the cables and rapidly release a large quantily of frozen ice into the sea. However, Kallio believes that the Test 5 | es from melting? 143 144 sort of cables used in suspension bridges could potentially be used to divert, rather than halt, he southward movement of ice from Spitsbergen. ‘It would stop the ice moving south, and local currents would see them float northwards,” he soys. ‘A number of geoengineering ideas are currently being examined! in the Russian Arctic, These include planting millions of birch trees: the thinking, according to Kallio, is that their white bark would increase the amount of reflected sunlight. The loss of their leaves in winter would also enable the snow to reflect radiation, In contrast, the native evergreen pines lend to shade the snow and absorb radiation. Using ice-breaking vessels to deliberately break up and scatter coastal sea ice in both Arctic and Antarctic waters in their respective aulumns, and F diverting Russian rivers fo increase caldwater flow to iceforming areas, could also be used to slow down warming, Kallio says. ‘You would need the wind fo blow the right way, but in the right conditions, by letting ice float free and head north, you would enhance ice growth.” But will such ideas ever be implemented? The major counlerarguments to geoenginaering schemes are, first, that they are a ‘cop-out’ that allow us to continue living the way we do, rother than reducing carbon emissions; and, second, even if they do work, would the side- effecis outweigh the advantages? Then there's the dounting prospect of upkeep and repair of ony scheme as well as the consequences of a Test 5 technical failure. ‘I think all of us agree that if we were to end geoengineering on a given day, then the plone! would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within 10 10 20 years,’ says Dr Phil Rasch, chief scientist for climate change at the US-based Pacific Northwest Notional Laboratory. ‘That's certainly something fo worry about. | would consider geoengineering as a strategy to employ only while we manage the conversion lo a nonfossil fuel economy.’ ‘The risk wilh geoengineering projects is that you con "overshoo!",’ says Dr Don Lunt, from the University of Bristol. “You may bring global temperatures back lo preindustrial levels, but the risk is that the poles wil sill be wormer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialisation ‘The main reason why geoengineering is ‘countenanced by the mainstream scientific ‘community is that most researchers have little faith in the ability of polilicions to agree - and then bring in ~ the necessary carbon cuts. Even leading conservation organisations believe the subject is worth exploring. As Dr Martin Sommerkorn, a climate change advisor says, ‘But humoninduced climate change hos brought humanity to a position where it is importont nol to exclude thinking thoroughly about this topie and its possibilities despite the potential drawbacks IF, over the coming years, the science tells us about an everincreased climate sensitivity of the plonet ~ ond this isn’t unrealistic ~ then we may be best served by not having to start our thinking from scratch, | | | questions 14-18 Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. ‘Which paragraph contains the following information? White the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1: any letter more than once. 18 on your answer sheet. You may use 44 the existence of geoengineering projects distracting from the real task of changing the way we live 45 circumstances in which geoengineering has demonstrated success 16 maintenance problems associated with geoenginesring projects 17 support for geoengineering being due to a lack of confidence in governments 18 more success in fighting climate change in some parts of the world than others Questions 19-23 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from ihe passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet. Geoengineering projects A range of geoengineering ideas has been put fonvard, which aim either to prevent the melting of the ice caps or to stop tha general rise in global temperatures. One scheme to discourage the melting of ice and snow involves introducing 19..........t0 the Arctic because of their colour. The build-up of ice could be encouraged by dispersing ice along the coasts using special ships | and changing the direction of some 20 but this scheme is dependent on certain weather conditions. Another way of increasing the amount of ice involves using 21 ...........to bring water to the surface. A scheme to stop ice moving would use 22 .. but this method is more likely to be successful in preventing the ice from travelling in one direction rather than stopping it altogether. A suggastion for cooling global temperatures is based on what has happened in the past after J] 2B .eseseu nd it involves creating clouds of gas. | Reading Passage 2 Tests | 145 2 aN es SNES eC EI A COROT TS SE Questions 24-26 Look at the following people (Questions 24-26) and the list of opinions below. ‘Match each person with the correct opinion, A-E. Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. 24 Phil Rasch 25 Dan Lunt 28 Martin Sommerkorn List of opinions A The problems of gecengineering shouldn't mean that ideas are not seriously considered. B_ Some gooengineering projects are more likely to succeed than others, © Gevengineering only offers a short-term solution D _Apositive outcome of geoengineering may have a negative ‘consequence elsewhere. E Most geoengineering projects aren't clear in what they are aiming at. 146 | Test 5 Rea 1g Passage 2 Ep Reading Passage 3 2 should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. America’s oldest art? Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden ‘away in the sacluded valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of South America’s most significant and spectacular rock-art. Mast af the art so far discovered ‘from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeolagically-important National Park of the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the uproar? The ait is being dated to around 25,000 or perhaps, according to some archaeologists, even 36,000 years go. if correct, this is set to challenge the widely held view that the Americas were first colonised from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10,000 BC, only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter, Prior to the designation of 180,000 hectares as a National Pari, the rock-art sites were dificult to get to, and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people ‘who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and human figures dominate the art, and are incorporated into coften-complex scenes involving hunting, supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually painted in groups and tend to be shown in a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions ~ lines of human and animal figures ~ 2ading Passage 3 also appear of great importance to these ancient artists. Might such tines represent farmily units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylised figures, some numbering up to 80 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the rock surface, so evoking the contours of the surrounding landscape. Other interesting, but very rare, occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a 2, possibly involved in some form of a ritual dance. Due to the favourable climatic concitions, the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state Of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long-term survival, The chemical and mineral qualities of tha rook on which the imagery is painted is fragilé and cn several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rack surface, complete panel sactions heave, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main rock Tests | 147 surface. These have then become buried and sealed! into sometimas-ancient floor deposits. Perversely this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating sveral major roc t sites. OF course, dating the art is extremely cificult given the non-existence of plant and animal remains thal might be scientiically dated. However, there are a small numer of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are ving up their secrets through goad systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca Boqueirao da Pedra Furada, rock-art researcher Niéde Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At cifferent levels of excavation, she located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was alte to date 0 al least 96,000 years fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also ago. Along with the painte discovered were a sen of scientifically datable sites of replaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BO, arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in the Ainerk However, thess conclusions are not without, controversy. Critics, mainly from North America ave suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the resuit of seasonal brushwood fres. Several North American gested that dates from no earlier than resi ;chers have gone further andl su the rock-art from this si about 3,730 years ago, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Adding further fuel to the gener al debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Park tencled not to draw over old motifs (as often o vith rock-art), which makes it hard to wark out the relative ronology of images or styles. However, the diversity of ima and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National Park suggests cltferent artists wer probably making their art at limes, and potentially using each site over many thousands of years, \With fierce clebates thus raging aver the dating, ‘where these artists originate from is also still vo much open to spaculation. The tracitional view ignores all the early cating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo-anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migr Using the strong currents of th intic Ocean some 60,000 years or more ago, while others suggest more improbable colonisation coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while either hypothesis is plausible, there is stil no supporting archaeological evidence bet nthe South American coastiine and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were ‘a number of waves of human colonisation of the ‘Americas occurring possibly over @ 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land-bridge to cross into the Americas, Despite the competing evick 108 fram South America, Itstands alone: the eariest secure human evidence: yet found! in the state of Oregan in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC, So this is a flerce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However the splendid rock-art and its alo st archaeology of north il, described here, is playing @ huge ancl significant role inthe of ison, jestions 27-29 joose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. ffite the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet. According to the first paragraph, the rock-art in Serra da Capivara may revolutionise accepted ideas about A the way primitive people lived in North America. B the date when the earliest people arrived in South America. c the origin of the people who crossed the Bering Straits. D the variety of cultures which developed in South America, 28 How did the ancient artists use the form of the rock where they painted? A to mimic the shape of the countryside nearby B to emphasise the shape of different animals c to give added light and shade to their paintings D to give the impression of distance in complex works 29 Inthe fourth paragraph, what does the writer say is unusual about the rock-artists of Serra da Capivara? A ‘They had a very wide range of subject-matter. B Their work often appears to be illustrating a story. c ‘They tended to use a variety of styles in one painting. D ‘They rarely made new paintings on top of old ones. Questions 30-36 1 boxes 30-36 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO ifthe statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN ifitis impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 30 Archaeologists have completed their survey of the rock-art in Piaui. 31 The location of the rock-art suggests that the artists had a significant role in their society. 32 The paintings of animals show they were regarcled as sacred by the ancient humans, 33 Some damage to paintings is most likely due to changes in the weather of the region. M4 The fact that some paintings were buriad is useful to archaeologists. 'S The tools found near some paintings were probably used for hunting animals. ‘The North American researchers have confirmed Niéde Guidon’s dating of the paintings ‘eading Passage 3 Tests 1 149 = Questions 37-40 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-f Write the correct letter; A-F, on your answer sheet. 87 Materials derived from plants or animals 38 The discussions about the ancient hearths 39 Theories about where the first South Americans originated from 40 The finds of archaeologists in Oregon ‘Aare giving rise to a great deal of debate among palaeo-anthropologists. 5 do not support the earliest dates suggested for the arrival of people in America, © are absent from rock-art sites in the Serra da Capivara | D__ have not been accepted by academics outside America, E centre on whether of not they are actually man-made. F reflect the advances in scientific dating methods. 150 | Tests Reading Passage 4 EE vn Writing Task 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. | The diagrams below give information about the manufacture of frozen fish pies. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 180 words. Afish pie Peas Sauce Microwavesble container Fish pie production line Wt poss Deliver ———— 12housortess, ——_y} | jsporat Iriting Test S$ 1 151 Writing Task 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task, Write about the following topic: In some countries it is thought advisable that children begin formal | Ceiscatton at four yrs old, while neers they do not have f start school until they are seven or eight. How far do you agree with either of these views? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words, 152 | Test Writing

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