Publication Manual of APA:

SCHOLARLY WRITINGS AND PUBLISHING

PRINCIPLES
Presented by: Fasiha Saleem, Najam-us-Sahar Asim, Ayla Nadeem,
Tayyaba Anwar, & Wajiha Gul
TYPES OF ARTICLES AND PAPERS
1.1 Quantitative Articles
Report original, empirical, quantitative research.
Analyzed using methods (statistics, data analyses,
and modeling techniques)
Introduction Method Results Discussion

•Literature •Materials used •Data analysis •Summary

review •Procedure and report of •Interpretation
•Purpose of •Research design findings •Limitations
study •Ethical •Implications of
•Statement of considerations the results
hypotheses •Flow of
participants
throughout the
study
 Reports of Multiple Studies
Rationale, logic, order, and method of each study should be clear to
readers.
Label headings properly, e.g. Experiment 1, Experiment 2 and so on.
Discussion
Results and Discussion
General Discussion
 1.2 Qualitative Articles
Data analyzation Iterative process of analysis

Natural language (i.e., words),

researcher observations (e.g.,

social interactions), and/or Reexamination of developing

participants’ expressions (e.g., finding to refine initial findings
artistic presentations) from continued data analysis

 View of findings
Researchers’ reflexivity

Study experiences and actions

How one’s perspective support
whose meanings changes with
or impair research process
context to situations within

place and time

Types of qualitative articles

Case studies: in depth analysis, pathway to new
researches, clinical applications, problem solving, in
context to an individual, group, community, or
organization.
Studies with multiple participants, groups, communities,
or organizations that identify commonalities and/or
differences across these entities.
1.3 Mixed Methods Articles
Report research combining qualitative and quantitative
empirical approaches.
Describing the philosophical assumptions or theoretical models
used to inform the study design (Creswell, 2015);
Describing the distinct methodologies, research designs, and
procedures in relation to the study goals;
Collecting and analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data
in response to research aims, questions, or hypotheses; and
Integrating the findings from the two methodologies
intentionally to generate new insights
1.4 Replication Articles
Intend to reproduce results of previously conducted
studies and reexamine the concept over a period of time.
To examine whether the conclusions from an earlier
study remain the same or similar over variations in the
conduct of the original study.
External replication occurs when researcher use new
sample and duplicate features of original study with the
intention of replication.
 Types of replications
Direct replication
Duplicated as close as possible and it generates the reliability of findings.

Approximate replication
Alternative procedures and additional conditions included to see whether some
factors might or might not effect the outcome.

Conceptual replication
Introduce different techniques and manipulations to gain theoretical
information, and might be possible no features has been replicated.
 1.5 Quantitative and Qualitative
Meta-Analyses
Use findings of multiple related researches to draw general conclusions
(synthesis).
Quantitative Meta-analyses: to determine factors that may be related to the
magnitude of the outcome in quantitative studies (design factors,
demographic factors etc.)
Qualitative Meta-Analysis: used to highlight methodological trends, identify
common findings and gaps, develop new understandings, and propose future
directions for an area of research.
 1.6 Literature Review Articles
Offer narrative summaries and evaluations of findings or theories within a literature
base.
Consist of qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods research.
Capture trends within the literature
Help identify gaps in knowledge and provide context for future research.
Support the development of hypotheses or research questions.
Commonly used in academic research, but also found in non-academic settings

Authors of literature reviews should define and explain the issue; summarise earlier
research to give readers an overview of the field of study; identify connections,
conflicts, gaps, and inconsistencies in the literature; then, provide solutions for the
issue.
Components of literature review articles can be arranged in various ways. For e.g
similarity in concepts, methodological similarities, or the historical development of
the field.
1.7 Theoretical Articles
Draw from existing research literature to advance
theory.
Present empirical information only when it advances the
theoretical issue being explained
Authors trace a theory's evolution to develop & improve
its concepts, to provide a new theory or to examine an
existing theory. Also, highlight shortcomings or show why
one theory is better than another.
Theory’s internal consistency and external validity is
examined by the authors
Order of sections may vary

1.8 Methodological Articles

Present new approaches to research or practice, modifications of
existing methods, or discussions of quantitative and/or
qualitative data analysis.
Use empirical data only as a means to illustrate an approach to
research.
Provide adequate in-depth information to assess the applicability
of the methodology & its feasibility for the type of research
problem it is designed to study.
Permit readers to compare proposed methods with those in
currently used
Highly technical materials presented in appendices to enhance
overall article readability
Detailed information must be provided in the article's content
1.9 Other Types of Articles
Additional types of published articles include brief
reports, comments on and replies to previously published
articles, book reviews, obituaries, and letters to the
editor.

Authors should refer to the editors or author rules of

individual journals for specific details about these types of
articles

 1.10 Student Papers, Dissertations, & Theses

Widely adopted by academic instructors, departments, and institutions
Manual has historically addressed researchers working in the field of psychology;
however, students and researchers also use APA Style in other fields.
Student assignments commonly written at the undergraduate level include annotated
bibliographies, many types of essays, and response or reaction papers.
-Annotated bibliographies - consist of reference list entries followed by short descriptions of
the work called annotations.
-Cause-and-effect essays - report how specific events lead to particular results or advocate
for a specific position.
-Comparative essays - compare and contrast two (or more) items with the goal of linking
disparate items under a central thesis.
-Expository essays - follow a multi-paragraph structure and explain or provide information on
a specific topic. Paper structure includes an introduction, body, and a conclusion.
-Narrative essays - convey a story from a clear point of view and include a beginning,
middle, and end. The goal and subject of a narrative essay should be clearly stated, and
the language should be concise.
-Persuasive essays - intended to convince readers to adopt a certain viewpoint. Present
clear arguments and have a similar paper structure to the expository essay.
-Précis - concise summaries in students’ own words of essential points, statements, or
facts from a single work; it's length is typically about 1/4 of the length of the original work.
Structure comprises a brief thesis and sections like Method, Results, and Discussion that
correspond to the components of the original work.

-Response or reaction papers - summarize one or more works and describe students’
personal reactions or responses to them. Paper is typically short (e.g., three pages or so)
-Dissertations or theses - typically required of graduate students as well as
undergraduate students may write similar types of papers. Appropriate formats &
discipline-specific requirements for dissertations and theses are outlined in detail by
academic institutions/departments.
EHICAL, LEGAL, & PROFESSIONAL
STANDARDS IN PUBLISHING
 1.11  Planning for Ethical Compliance
During the planning stage of the research, issues related to
institutional approval, informed consent, deception in research,
participant protections, and data sharing are to be carefully
considered.
Most journals, including APA journals, require authors to submit
forms affirming their compliance with ethical standards for research
and disclosing their conflicts of interest, if any.
Authors should contact the appropriate ethical review group for
their institution or country for information on the kinds of research
that require ethics approval, procedures for obtaining ethics
approval, ethical and research requirements, and so forth.
1.11  Planning for Ethical Compliance

Authors are encouraged to report the institutional approvals

received, in the text of the manuscript.
Authors should also be prepared to answer potential
questions related to these issues from editors or reviewers
during the review process
As a final step prior to manuscript submission, authors
should also consult the ethical compliance checklist
1.12  Ethical and Accurate Reporting of Research Results

Authors should report the methods and results of

their studies fully and accurately.
Authors must not fabricate or falsify data.
Modifying results, including visual images, to
support a theory or hypothesis.
Omitting troublesome observations from a report
to present a more convincing story are also
prohibited.
 1.12  Ethical and Accurate Reporting of Research
Results
The APA Ethics Code are not static.
(For Eg: Hypotheses should now be stated in three groupings:
preplanned–primary, preplanned–secondary, and exploratory
(post hoc) for quantitative research reporting.
Representing data-generated hypotheses (post hoc) as if they were

preplanned is a violation of basic ethical principles.

Qualitative researchers should transparently describe their
expectations at the outset of the research as part of their research
reporting
1.13  Errors, Corrections and Retractions after Publication

Corrections. Retractions.
When a correction is needed, Occasionally, the problems with an
the first step is to inform the article are so great (e.g., plagiarism,
editor and the publisher of the fabrication or falsification) that the
journal so that a formal entire article is retracted by the
correction notice (erratum) can author or authors, their institution,
be published. or the publisher.

The goal of such a notice is to The retracted article may still be

openly and transparently available in databases; however, a
correct the knowledge base for retraction notice will accompany it
current and future users of the to notify readers of its status.
information in the published
article.
 1.14  Data Retention and Sharing

1. DATA RETENTION
Authors are to retain the data according to the APA ethics code.
During the informed consent process, authors should describe
to participants what they intend to do with the data and obtain
their approval. (collect, save, and/or share with other
researchers )
 1.14  Data Retention and Sharing
2. DATA SHARING
The APA Ethics Code prohibits authors from withholding data
from qualified requesters for verification through reanalysis in
most circumstances (confidentiality protected).
Authors publishing in an APA journal are invited to share their
data on APA’s portal on the Open Science Framework.
And incentives are offered to researchers who wish to share their
data
 1.14  Data Retention and Sharing
3. SHARING DURING REVIEW
Authors are expected to share data, analyses, and/or
materials during the review
Authors should share raw data with the editor and reviewers
to verify the reported analyses and data.
If any question arise on integrity author is to provide access
to data source.
Editor can deny publication if the authors refuse to share
requested materials or data during the review process
 1.14  Data Retention and Sharing
4. SHARING AFTER PUBLICATION
Authors must make their data available after publication within
the specified period by their institution.
This allows others to confirm the reported analyses using the
same data or to test alternative analyses for the same
hypotheses.
Sometimes data can be requested for any other purposes then
is important that the researchers come to a written agreement
about the conditions under which the data is to be shared.
 1.14  Data Retention and Sharing
5. CONDITIONS AND EXCEPTIONS
Before sharing or posting data and materials for any
purpose, researchers must remove any personally
identifiable information or code that would make it possible
to reestablish a link to an individual participant’s identity.
1.15  Additional Data-Sharing Considerations
for Qualitative Research

#1. Presentation of Raw Data in

#2. Confidentiality Limitations.
Research Reports.

#4. Researchers’ Perspective

#3. Consent Limitations.
Limitations.
 1.16 Duplicate and Piecemeal Publication of

Data
(a) DUPLICATE PUBLICATION
•It is the publication of the same data or ideas in two separate works
•Distorts knowledge base by making it appear that more information is available
than it actually exists, also wastes scarce resources.
•Can lead to copyright violations, authors cannot assign the copyright of the same
material to more than one publisher
•authors are not permitted to publish research in one language and then translate the
article into another language and publish it again.
•Not considered duplicate publication to do follow-up study or reanalyze already
published data in light of new theories or methodologies, if the reanalysis is clearly
labeled as such and provides new insights into the phenomena being studied.

•Acknowledging and citing previous work:

If it is deemed scientifically necessary to represent previously
published material—for instance, to report new analyses or to frame
new research that follows up on previous work from the authors’
laboratory—the following conditions must be met:
1. The amount of duplicated material must be small relative to the total
length of the text.
2. The authors must clearly acknowledge in the author note and in all
relevant sections of the article (e.g., Method, Results) that the
information was reported previously, and the previous work must be
cited.
3. The authors must provide a copyright attribution for any reprinted
or adapted tables and figures and may need to secure permission
from the copyright holder as well (see Sections 12.14–12.18).
4. The original work must be clearly and accurately cited in the
reference list (see also the discussion on self-plagiarism in Sections
1.17 and 8.3).
 (a) PIECEMEAL PUBLICATION
It is the unnecessary splitting of the findings from one research effort into multiple works.
Authors who submit manuscripts based on studies or data presented in other published or
submitted works should inform the journal editor of the source and extent of the overlap,
and they should detail how their submission builds on the previous reports
Multiple Publications From Large-Scale, Longitudinal Projects and Qualitative and Mixed
Methods Research.
There are times when it is both necessary and appropriate to publish multiple reports.
Multidisciplinary projects often address diverse topics and answer different questions; thus,
publishing the results in a single article may be inappropriate.
Longitudinal or large-scale studies are another instance when multiple publications are
often appropriate because the data at different time points make independent scientific
contributions
Multiple reports may be needed in some qualitative and mixed methods research when
qualitative data collection and analysis produce volumes of findings that are not
appropriate for publication in a single article
With mixed methods studies, authors might publish multiple articles, such as a qualitative
study, a quantitative study, and a mixed methods overview study, each focusing on new
insights based on findings across the methods
When authors create multiple reports from studies of this sort,
they are obligated to cite prior reports on the project to help
readers understand the work accurately important, however, to
provide sufficient information so that readers can evaluate the
current report. It is also important to clarify the degree of
sample overlap in multiple reports from large studies.
Authors should note in the manuscript all prior works related to
the study by including them in the reference list and citing
them in the text
When submitting the manuscript, authors must inform the
journal editor in a cover letter of any similar manuscripts that
have already been published, accepted for publication, or
submitted for concurrent consideration to the same journal or
elsewhere
If any kind of violation of ethics is found, appropriate action
such as retraction or notice of duplicate publication is taken.
(c) REPUBLICATION OF AN ARTICLE AS A BOOK CHAPTER

Authors have a responsibility to reveal to readers that portions

of the new work were previously published and to cite and
reference the source.
If copyright is owned by a publisher or by another person,
authors must obtain permission to reprint or adapt the work
and include a copyright attribution in the chapter (see Sections
12.14–12.18 – provides copyright and permission guidelines
1.17 Implications of Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as
one’s own; it denies authors credit where credit is due.
Whether deliberate or unintentional, plagiarism violates ethical standards in
scholarship (see APA Ethics Code Standard 8.11, Plagiarism) and has
profound real-world effects.
Authors who try to publish plagiarized work face rejection from publication,
as well as possible sanction by professional bodies, censure in their place of
employment, and/or exclusion from applying for federal funding.
Students who turn in a plagiarized assignment face a failing grade, as well as
possible censure from a student or university honor board, suspension, or
expulsion.
Self-plagiarism is the act of presenting one’s own previously published work
as original; it misleads readers and falsely inflates the number of
publications on a topic. Like plagiarism, self-plagiarism is unethical. See
Sections 8.2 and 8.3.
PROTECTING THE RIGHTS & WELFARE OF
RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS & SUBJECTS
1.18 Rights and Welfare of Research Participants
and Subjects
Research with human participants involves additional rights and welfare
protections; for example, researchers are required to
1. obtain informed consent, assent, or permission, as appropriate, using language
that is reasonably understood by research participants;
2. avoid or minimize participants’ exposure to
3. take adequate measures to prevent unauthorized access to or release of
participant data to the public or other researchers not specified in the informed
consent (e.g., by obtaining prior written agreement for sharing of research data).
Nonhuman animal subjects are to be cared for humanely and provided
with healthful conditions during their stay in research facilities
Researchers who are APA members, regardless of field, are required to
certify that they have followed ethical standards as a precondition of
publishing their articles in most journals, including APA journals
 1.19 Protecting Confidentiality
(a) STRATEGIES TO DISGUISE IDENTIFYING MATERIAL
Researchers can protect confidentiality by disguising some aspects of the

data so that neither the subject nor third parties are identifiable
(a) altering specific characteristics,
(b) limiting the description of specific characteristics,
(c) obfuscating case detail by adding extraneous material,
(d) using composite descriptions
Disguising identifying information must be done carefully because it is

essential not to change variables in a way that would lead readers to draw

false conclusions (e.g. gender)

Confidentiality should never be sacrificed for clinical or scientific accuracy.
Reports that cannot adequately disguise identifiable subject information
should not be submitted for publication.
 1.19 Protecting Confidentiality
(a) DATA DEIDENTIFICATION

Extra steps may be needed to protect participants’ confidentiality when

working with data sets containing multiple forms of data or protected

health information.
The HIPAA website provides guidance on deidentifying data

https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/forprofessionals/privacy/special-topics/de-

identification/index.html (page not found)

Researchers have also developed methods for deidentifying various

kinds of data; see, for example, the work of the Data Privacy Lab

https://dataprivacylab.org/projects/index.html
 1.20 Conflict of Interest - APA Ethics Code

(Standard 3.06, Conflict of Interest)

(a) Author Interest
Based on objective and unbiased interpretations of evidence
Transparency about researchers’ positions in relation to their evidence and
interpretations is central
The integrity of the field requires open and honest disclosure of the possibilities
of such influences when they may exist.
Author’s safest and most transparent course of action is to disclose in an author
note activities and relationships that, if known to others, might be viewed as a
conflict of interest, even if the author does not believe that any conflict or bias
exist
Whether an interest is significant depends on individual circumstances and
cannot be defined by a threshold amount

To be disclosed: salaries, research grants, consulting fees, and personal stock

holdings
Not needed to be disclosed: holdings in a company through mutual funds
Carefully considered to be disclosed or not: Participation on a board of
directors or any other relationship with an entity that is in some way part of the
research project
disclosing possible influences that might lead authors to support certain
findings, authors should also consider disclosing when circumstances could
influence them against a product, service, facility, or person

 (b) EDITOR AND REVIEWER INTEREST

Conflicts of interest are defined more broadly than economic interests and
are usually dealt with by recusal rather than disclosure.
Responsibility of editors and reviewers to disclose these conflicts to the
person who assigned them the manuscript, and either decline the request
or ask the assigning person to make a decision.
Conflicts of interest may be economic
May also take the form of personal connections, professional relationships
Editor or reviewer guesses the identity of an anonymized author, and there
is potential for a personal conflict, the editor or reviewer should make the
assigning person aware of this.
PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS
 1.21: Publication credit

•Reserved authorship (substantial contribution to OR

accept responsibility for published work)
•Only for work they have performed
•Substantial scientific contributors
•Professional contributors (hypothesis formulation,
organizing and conducting analysis, interpreting
results and findings)

•Lesser contributors may get included in author note

•Collaborators should decide as early as possible about the
levels of credits. (tasks necessary for project completion, work
divison etc)
•Need to reassess authorship credits if contributions change in
the course of project.
•When a manuscript is published, each member in byline of

authorship must verify in writing whether;

1.They agree to serve as author
2.Approve the order of authorship
3.Accept the responsibilities

 1.22: Order of Authors

Professional authors Student assignment

•Should accurately reflect •When equal contribution is
the relative contributions made by a group of
of persons involved. students, names may be
•Relative status should
Professional student mentioned in any order.
not determine the order.
collaborations
•Decreasing order with
•Student should be made

respect to contributions
made.
principal author with multiple

other authors.

•No principal authorship when
work is published as combined

study of different researches.
•Level of degree also does not

change the order.
1.23  Authors’ Intellectual Property Rights During Manuscript
Review

•Explicit permission from the authors before quoting

anything in the review.
•If a reviewer need to discuss with a colleague, they must
ask for permission from the editor
•Editors and reviewers may not use material from an
unpublished manuscript to advance their own or others’
work without the authors’ consent.
1.24: Authors’ Copyright on Unpublished
Manuscripts
•Under the Copyright Act of 1976, an unpublished work is
copyrighted automatically from the moment the original
work of authorship is fixed (in any tangible form).
•Until formally transferred copyright, authors own copyright
on unpublished manuscript.
•To ensure copyright protection, notice should be included
on all published work.

1.25: Ethical Compliance Checklist

Thank you for
listening!