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SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 3: PART 2

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

External environment
Importance of plasma membrane: Cytoplasm
Extracellular space
Kepentingan membran plasma:

1. It creates a boundary between the protoplasm and the external environment of the cell.
Ia mewujudkan sempadan yang memisahkan protoplasma sel dan kawasan luar sel.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

2. It allows important nutrients into the cell.
Ia membenarkan nutrisi yang penting kedalam sel.

3. It allows the removal of waste products from the cell.

Ia membenarkan penyingkiran bahan buangan keluar dari sel.

4. It prevents unwanted materials from entering the cell, hence it is known as a

semipermeable membrane.
Ia tidak membenarkan bahan yang tidak diperlukan kedalam sel, oleh itu ia dikenali
sebagai membran separa telap.

5. It has glycolipids or glycoproteins that recognise and / or adhere to other cells to form
tissue. They are also used by the cell to communicate and interact with other cells and
activate some biochemical reactions.
Ia mempunyai struktur glikoprotein dan glikolipid yang digunakan untuk mengenal pasti
dan berinteraksi antara sel untuk membentuk tisu atau untuk mengaktifkan proses
tindakan biokimia.

6. It helps to maintain the pH value of the cytoplasm and the surrounding environment of
the cells.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

Ia membantu mengekalkan nilai pH sitoplasma dan persekitaran sel.

7. It helps to produce vesicles in the cells by phagocytosis.

Ia membantu menghasilkan vesikel dalam sel melalui proses fagositosis

8. Secretory vesicles will fuse with the plasma membrane and facilitate the sending of the
extracellular enzymes out of the cell via exocytosis.
Vesikel rembesan akan bergabung dengan membran plasma dan membantu
merembeskan enzim, lemak, antibodi, hormon dan lain lain lagi melalui proses
eksositosis.

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SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 3: PART 2

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
What might happen to a plant cell that is immersed in a highly concentrated salt
solution?
Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada sel tumbuhan jika ia direndam didalam larutan
garam yang berkepekatan tinggi?

1. A highly concentrated salt solution is hypertonic to the cell, so it contains less water
molecules compared to the protoplasm of the plant cell.
Larutan garam yang pekat adalah hipertonik kepada sel, ia mengandungi molekul air

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

yang kurang berbanding dengan protoplasma sel tumbuhan.

2. This causes the water to diffuse out of the plant cell via osmosis.
Ini akan menyebabkan molekul air meresap keluar dari sel tumbuhan melalui proses
osmosis.

3. This causes the cytoplasm and vacuole to shrink.

Ini akan menyebabkan sitoplasma dan vakuol sel mengecut.

4. The plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

Membran plasma akan tertarik jauh dari finding sel.

5. The space between the cell wall and plasma membrane will be filled with the
concentrated salt solution.
Ruang diantara membran plasma dan dinding sel akan dipenuhi oleh larutan garam

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yang pekat.

6. The plant cell becomes flaccid and undergoes plasmolysis.

Sel tumbuhan akan menjadi flasid dan telah mengalami proses plasmolisis.

Draw a plasmolysed plant cell

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SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 3: PART 2

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

What might happen to an animal cell that is immersed in a highly concentrated salt
solution?
Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada sel haiwan jika ia direndam didalam larutan garam
yang berkepekatan tinggi?

1. A highly concentrated salt solution is hypertonic, so it contains less water molecules

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

compared to the protoplasm of the animal cell.
Larutan garam yang pekat adalah hipertonik kepada sel, ia mengandungi molekul air
yang kurang berbanding dengan sitoplasma sel.

2. This causes the water to diffuse out of cell via osmosis.

Ini akan menyebabkan air meresap keluar dari sel melalui proses osmosis.

3. As a result, the cell shrinks and undergoes crenation.

Oleh disebabkan ini sel haiwan akan mengecut dan mengalami proses krenasi.

What might happen to a plant cell that is immersed in distilled water?

Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada sel tumbuhan jika ia direndam dalam air suling?

1. Distilled water is hypotonic to the plant cell, so it contains more water molecules com-
pared to the protoplasm of the plant cell.
Air suling ialah hipotonik kepada sel tumbuhan, ia mengandungi air yang berlebihan
berbanding dengan sitoplasma sel tumbuhan.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

2. This causes the water to diffuse into the plant cell via osmosis.
Ini akan menyebabkan air meresap masuk kedalam sel tumbuhan melalui proses os-
mosis.

3. Water enters the vacuole causing the vacuole to expand.

Air meresap masuk kedalam vakuol dan menyebabkan vakuol mengembang.

4. The expanding vacuole will push the cytoplasm against the cell wall.
Vakuol mengembang akan menolak sitoplasma kearah dinding sel.

5. This action increases the turgor pressure within the cell, making it firm or turgid.
Ini akan menyebabkan tekanan segah sel meningkat dan mengakibatkan sel menjadi
segah.

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SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 3: PART 2

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

6. If a plasmolysed cell is placed in distilled water, water molecule diffuses into the cell via
osmosis and causes deplasmolysis process.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

Jika sel yang mengalami plasmolisis direndam didalam air suling, air akan meresap
masuk kedalam sel melalui proses osmosis dan menyebabkan proses deplasmolisis.

Draw a plant cell under isotonic solution and another plant cell
under hypotonic solution
Explain what happen to an animal cell that is immersed in distilled water?
Terangkan apakah yang berlaku didalam sel haiwan jika ia direndam dalam air suling?

1. Distilled water is a hypotonic to the animal cell, so it contains more water molecules

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

compared to the protoplasm of the animal cell.
Air suling ialah hipotonik kepada sel haiwan, ia mempunyai molekul air yang lebih
banyak berbanding dengan sitoplasma sel haiwan.

2. This causes the water to diffuse into the animal cell by osmosis. 

Ini akan menyebabkan molecule air meresap masuk kedalam sel melalui proses
osmosis.

3. The cell expands when water enters it, causing it to burst.

Proses ini akan mengembangkan sel dan akhirnya pecah.

4. This process is called haemolysis.

Proses ini dikenali sebagai hemolisis.

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SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 3: PART 2

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

Explain how ionic compounds are transported into the root hair cells?
Terangkan bagaimana sebatian ion dibawa masuk kedalam sel rambut akar?

1. Ionic compounds are transported into the root hair cells by the active transport.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

Sebatian ion akan dibawa masuk kedalam sel rambut akar tumbuhan melalui
pengangkutan aktif.

2. The ionic compounds moves against the concentration gradient with the help of the
carrier protein and energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Sebatian ion akan bergerak menentang kecerunan kepekatan dengan pertolongan
protein pembawa dan tenaga dalam bentuk adenosina trifosfat (ATP).

3. First the ionic compounds will bind to the active site of a carrier protein.
Sebatian ion akan bergabung dengan tapak aktif protein pembawa.

4. ATP will bind to another active site of the same carrier protein.

ATP akan bergabung dengan satu lagi tapak aktif pada protein pembawa yang sama.

5. The ATP molecule releases energy to the carrier protein and becomes adenosine
diphosphate (ADP).
Molekul ATP akan membebaskan tenaga kepada protein pembawa dan menjadi
adenosina difosfat (ADP)

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

6. The energy is used to change the shape of the carrier protein.
Tenaga tersebut digunakan untuk menukar bentuk protein pembawa.

7. This causes the carrier protein to transport the ionic compound into the root hair cell.
Ini akan menyebabkan protein pembawa membawa sebatian ion kedalam sel rambut
akar.

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SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 3: PART 2

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

Advantages and disadvantages of salting or preservation of food:

Kelebihan dan kekurangan pengasinan atau pengawetan makanan:

Advantages
Kelebihan

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

 Food can be stored or preserved for a longer period of time.
Makanan dapat disimpan untuk jangka masa yang lebih lama.

 This process prevents the growth of decomposing microorganisms.

Proses ini menghentikan pertumbuhan mikroorganisma pereputan.

Disadvantages
Kekurangan

 The osmosis process dehydrates the tissue and causes the tissue to lose valuable
nutrients such as water-soluble vitamins, including vitamin B and C.
Proses osmosis akan menjadikan tisu menjadi kontang dan ini akan menyebabkan
kehilangan nutrisi yang penting seperti vitamin larut air iaitu vitamin B dan C.

 The original texture and taste of the food are lost.

Kehilangan rasa dan tekstur makanan yang asal

Focus HOTS Questions :

Fokus soalan KBAT:

A farmer accidently added soil from mangrove swamp to his herbaceous plants. After a
while he saw his plants started to wilt. Explain what has happened and how he can solve
this problem?
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

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SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 3: PART 2

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

Change in mass

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

Q

Concentration of solution

Graph of change in mass versus concentration of solution

Focus HOTS Questions :

Fokus soalan KBAT:
Explain what happens to the plant cell to point P, Q and R?
Apakah yang berlaku pada sel tumbuhan pada titik P, Q dan R?
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_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

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