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This document discusses per unit systems for power system analysis. It defines per unit quantities as ratios of actual quantities to defined base values. This allows quantities with different voltage levels and ratings to be analyzed together on a common scale. The key advantages are that per unit impedances are fixed regardless of rating and transformers can be represented by a simple impedance in per unit form. An example power system is provided to demonstrate representing the system using per unit impedances.

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Chamod Dissanayake
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16 views

Lec 1

This document discusses per unit systems for power system analysis. It defines per unit quantities as ratios of actual quantities to defined base values. This allows quantities with different voltage levels and ratings to be analyzed together on a common scale. The key advantages are that per unit impedances are fixed regardless of rating and transformers can be represented by a simple impedance in per unit form. An example power system is provided to demonstrate representing the system using per unit impedances.

Uploaded by

Chamod Dissanayake
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE6207 – Power System

Analysis

LEC 1 – Symmetrical Faults


Per unit calculations

Narmada Ranaweera
MSc.(Electrical power systems)
BSc. Eng.(Hons) (University Of Ruhuna) AMIESL, MIEEE
Outline
• Per Unit Systems
• Per Unit Values Conversion
• Per Unit Representation for Transformer
• Advantages of Per Unit Systems

2
Introduction
• What are Per Unit Systems?
• Per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a
defined base unit quantity.
• The per unit system is heavily used in power flow analysis, short circuit
calculations etc.
• Per unit quantities, has no units.
• In per unit analysis, it is required to define base quantities.
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒑𝒖 =
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚
Examples:
𝑺 𝑽 𝑰 𝒁
𝑺𝒑𝒖 = 𝑽𝒑𝒖 = 𝑰𝒑𝒖 = 𝒁𝒑𝒖 =
𝑺b 𝑽b 𝑰b 𝒁b
• Conversion of per-unit quantities to volts, ohms, or amperes requires a
knowledge of the base that the per-unit quantities were referenced to.
• The different voltage levels disappear, and a power network involving
generators, transformers and lines of different voltage levels, reduces to a
system of simple impedances 3
Per Unit Systems
• A minimum of two base quantities are required to completely define a per-unit
system.
• Usually, the three-phase Apparent Power Sb and line-to-line base voltage Vb are
selected as the initial base values.

Let`s consider Single Phase System.


• Let Sbase = 𝑆𝑏 and Vbase = 𝑉𝑏 be phase quantities.

𝑆𝑏
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑰𝒃 =
𝑉𝑏

• In a power system usually, voltages are expressed in kV and power in MVA,


thus it is usual to select an MVAbase and kVbase
• Therefore, base values for current and impedance become
Per Unit Systems
Let`s consider a Three Phase System.
• Let Sbase,3Ø = 𝑆𝑏3Ø and Vbase,LL = 𝑉𝑏 be phase quantities.
𝑆𝑏3Ø
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑰𝒃 = ( ∵ 𝑆𝑏3Ø = √3 𝑉𝑏 𝑰𝒃)
√3 𝑉 𝑏

V𝑏/ √ 3 V2
𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 = 𝐙𝐛 = = 𝑏
I𝑏 S𝑏3Ø
• Considering MVAbase,3Ø and a kVbase,LL base values for current and impedance
become,

MVA𝑏3Ø kV𝑏2
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑰𝒃 = √3k𝑉𝑏
= kA 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 = 𝐙𝐛 = =Ω
MVA𝑏3Ø

• Note: The base values are always real numbers.

For any electrical quantity A,


AActual
𝑨𝒑𝒖 =
A𝑏ase 5
6
Per Unit Representation for
Transformer

Let us choose a volt-ampere base of Sb and voltage bases on the two sides of the
transformer in the ratio of transformation.

7
Per Unit Representation for
Transformer

𝐕𝟐= (V1 – I1 Zp) a - I2 Zs

𝐕𝟐𝐩𝐮 𝐕𝟐𝐁 = (V1pu 𝐕𝟏𝐁– I1pu 𝐈𝟏𝐁 Zp,pu Z1B ) a - I2pu I2B Zs,pu Z2B
𝐕𝟐𝐩𝐮 = V1pu– I1puZp,pu - I2pu Zs,pu

I1pu = I2pu = Ipu

So,
𝐕𝟐𝐩𝐮 = V1pu– IpuZpu
8
(Where Zpu = Z1pu + Z2pu)
Per Unit Representation for
Transformer
Representation of a single phase Transformer (magnetizing impedance neglected).

Per unit equivalent circuit of a single phase Transformer.

9
Per Unit Representation for Transformer
Per unit impedance of a transformer is the same whether computed from primary
or the secondary side as long as the voltage bases on the two sides are in the
ratio of transformation.

10
Advantages of Per Unit Systems
•Convenient in networks with multiple voltage levels interconnected through
transformers.
•PU impedance of the transformer is independent of the kV base.
•While the actual values of the impedances of power system equipment may vary
over a wide range, depending on their rating, their per-unit values are fixed to a
narrow range whatever the rating may be.
•Per-unit impedances of transformers are the same whether they are referred to
the primary or secondary side, which makes calculations much simpler in multiple
voltage level power systems.
•In equations to calculate power and voltage in three-phase systems, the factors
√3 and 3 are eliminated using the PU system. This way, there is less chance of
confusing line and phase voltages as well as between single- and three-phase
power systems.
•The PU system is very useful for computer-performed calculations concerning
steady-state and dynamic analysis.

11
Exercise
Draw the per unit impedance diagram of the power system shown in the
figure showing all impedances in per unit on a 100MVA base. Choose
20kV as the voltage base for generator 1.

12
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