Single Phase Transformer:

Construction & Principle, Ideal and practical transformer, shifting impedances, exact
and approximate equivalent circuit, resistive, inductive and capacitive loading with
phasor diagrams, losses in transformers. Efficiency and condition for maximum
efficiency, voltage regulation, Testing of Transformers- O.C. and S.C. tests, Polarity test,
Sumpner's test, parallel operation and load sharing, Auto Transformer- Single phase
autotransformers, merits and de-merits and applications
transformer
A transformer is a static device that transfers AC electrical power from one circuit to the other at the same frequency but
the voltage level is usually changed.
Applications
Main applications of the transformers are given below:

(a) To change the level of voltage and current in electric power systems.

(b) As impedance-matching device for maximum power transfer in low-power electronic and control circuits.

(c) As a coupling device is electronic circuits

(d) To isolate one circuit from another, since primary and secondary are not electrically connected.

(e) To measure voltage and currents; these are known as instrument transformers.

Transformers are extensively used in AC power systems because of the following reasons:

1. Electric energy can be generated at the most economic level (11–33 kV)

2. Stepping up the generated voltage to high voltage, extra high voltage EHV (voltage above 230 (kV), or to even ultra
high voltage UHV (750 kV and above) to suit the power transmission requirement to minimise losses and increase
transmission capacity of lines.

3. The transmission voltage is stepped down in many stages for distribution and utilisation for domestic, commercial and
industrial consumers.
Working Principle of a Transformer
The basic principle of a transformer is electromagnetic induction.
A single-phase transformer consists of two windings placed over a laminated silicon steel core. The winding having
less number of turns is called low-voltage winding and the winding having more number of turns is called high
voltage winding

The magnitude of induced emf in a coil depends upon rate of change of flux linkages and number of turns i.e.,
e ∝ ∅ N. since,
the rate of change of flux for both the winding is the same, the magnitude of induced emf in primary and secondary will
depend upon their number of turns, i.e.

primary induced emf 𝐸 ∝ 𝑁 and secondary induced emf 𝐸 ∝ 𝑁 When 𝑁 > 𝑁 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑢𝑝 𝑋𝑒𝑟
When 𝑁 > 𝑁 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑋𝑒𝑟
Transformation ratio: The ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage is called voltage transformation ratio of
the transformer. It is represented by K.
𝐸 𝑁
𝑘= =
𝐸 𝑁
Construction
Core Type Transformer
The magnetic core is built up of laminations to form a rectangular frame. The laminations are cut in the form of L-shape
strips as shown in Fig. (a). To eliminate high reluctance continuous joint, the laminations are placed alternately as
shown in Fig. (b).

The upper horizontal portion of the core is known a yoke and the vertical portion, which carries windings is called limb.
Usually, the cross-sectional area of yoke is kept 15 to 20% more than the limbs because it reduces the flux density and
consequently reduces the iron losses
Shell-type Transformers
In such transformers, each lamination is cut in the shape of E’s and I’s To eliminate high reluctance continuous joint,
the laminations are placed alternately as shown in Fig. below
Comparison between Core-type and Shell type Transformers:

Sr Core Type Transformer Shell Type Transformer

No.
1 The windings surround a considerable portion The core surrounds considerable portion of the
of the core. windings
2. Winding are of sandwich-type. The coils are first
Windings are of form-wound, and are of
wound in the form of pancakes, and complete
cylindrical-type.
winding consists of stacked discs.
3 Winding are of sandwich-type. The coils are first
Windings are of form-wound, and are of
wound in the form of pancakes, and complete
cylindrical-type.
winding consists of stacked discs.
4 Mean length of coil turn is shorter. Mean length of coil turn is longer
5 Core has three or more limbs but the central
Core has two limbs to carry the windings.
limb carries the windings.
An Ideal Transformer
To understand the theory, operation and applications of a transformer, it is better to view a transformer first as an
ideal device. For this, the following assumptions are made:

(i) Its coefficient of coupling (k) is unity.

(ii) Its primary and secondary windings are pure inductors having infinitely large value.

(iii) Its leakage flux and leakage inductances are zero.

(iv) Its self and mutual inductances are zero having no reactance or resistance.

(v) Its efficiency is 100 percent having no loss due to resistance, hysteresis or eddy current.

(vi) Its transformation ratio (or turn ratio) is equal to the ratio of its secondary to primary terminal voltage and
also as the ratio of its primary to secondary current.

(vii) Its core has permeability (P) of infinite value.

For an ideal transformer, the output must be equal to input (since it has no losses), therefore.

Operation 𝑉

𝐼 𝜙
𝐸

𝐸
EMF Equation
When sinusoidal voltage is applied to the primary winding of a transformer, a sinusoidal
flux, as shown in Fig. is set up in the iron core which links with primary and secondary
winding.
Let, 𝜙 =Maximum value of flux in Wb;
𝑓= supply frequency in Hz (or c/s);
𝑁 = No. of turns in primary;
𝑁 = No. of turns in secondary
1
As shown in Fig., flux changes from +𝜙 to – 𝜙 in half a cycle i.e.,
2𝑓
𝜙 − −𝜙
Average rate of flux change = = 4 𝑓𝜙 Wb/s
1⁄ 2 𝑓
Now, the rate of change of flux per turn is the induced emf per turn is volts

For a sinusoidal wave, =Form Factor =1.11

RMS value of emf induced/turn, E =1,11 x 4 𝑓𝜙 = 4.44𝑓𝜙

Since Primary and secondary turns are 𝑁 and 𝑁 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
R.M.S. value of emf induced in primary ( 𝐸 )= 4.44 𝑁 𝑓𝜙 Volts
Similarly, r.m.s. value of emf induced in secondary ( 𝐸 )= 4.44 𝑁 𝑓𝜙 Volts
Example 1
What will be the number of primary and secondary turn of a single-phase 2310/220V, 50 Hz transformer which has in emf
of 13V per turn approximately.
Solution:

Example 2
A power transformer has 1000 primary turns and 100 secondary turns. The cross-sectional area of the core is 6 sq. cm
and the maximum flux density while in operation is 10 000 Gauss. Calculate turns per volt for the primary and secondary
windings.
Solution:
Transformer on No-load
A transformer is said to be on no-load when its secondary winding is kept open and no-load is connected across it. As such,
no current flows through the secondary i.e., 𝐼 = 0. Hence, the secondary winding is not causing any effect on the magnetic
flux set-up in the core or on the current drawn by the primary.

But the losses cannot be ignored. At no-load, a transformer draws a small current 𝐼 (usually 2 to 10% of the rated value).
This current has to supply the iron losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses) in the core and a very small amount of copper
loss in the primary (the primary copper losses are so small as compared to core losses that they are generally neglected
moreover secondary copper losses are zero as 𝐼 is zero)
The No –Load working

The no-load current has two components as:

(i) 𝐼 in phase with the applied voltage 𝑉 , called active or working component. It supplies the iron losses and a small
primary copper losses.
(ii) (ii) The other, 𝐼 in quadrature with the applied voltage 𝑉 , called reactive of magnetizing component. It produces
flux in the core and does not consume any power.
Example 3
A 230/110 V single-phase transformer has a core loss of 100 W. If the input under no-load condition is 400 VA, find core
loss current, magnetising current and no-load power factor angle.

Solution: