Chapter 5 Worked Solutions
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cormac molloyChapter 5 Worked Solutions
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cormac molloyChapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5A
1a 23 × 27 = 23 + 7 = 210
1b 𝑒4 × 𝑒3 = 𝑒4 + 3 = 𝑒7
1c 26 ÷ 22 = 26 − 2 = 24
1d 𝑒8 ÷ 𝑒5 = 𝑒8 − 5 = 𝑒3
1e (23 )4 = 23 × 4 = 212
1f (𝑒 5 )6 = 𝑒 5 × 6 = 𝑒 30
2a 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 5𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 𝑒 7𝑥
2b 𝑒 10𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 8𝑥 = 𝑒 10𝑥 − 8𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
2c (𝑒 2𝑥 )5 = 𝑒 2𝑥 × 5 = 𝑒 10𝑥
2d 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 −7𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + (−7𝑥) = 𝑒 −5𝑥
2e 𝑒 𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 −4𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − (−4𝑥) = 𝑒 5𝑥
2f (𝑒 −3𝑥 )4 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 × 4 = 𝑒 −12𝑥
3a 𝑒 2 ≑ 7.389
3b 𝑒 −3 ≑ 0.04979
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3c 𝑒 = 𝑒 1 ≑ 2.718
1
3d = 𝑒 −1 ≑ 0.3679
𝑒
1
3e √𝑒 = 𝑒 2 ≑ 1.649
1
1
3f = 𝑒 −2 ≑ 0.6065
√ 𝑒
4a 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
4b The curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is always concave up, and is always increasing at an increasing
rate.
𝑑
5a Gradient at 𝑃(1, 𝑒) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 1
=𝑒
Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒):
𝑦 − 𝑒 = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑥-intercept when 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑥=0
𝑑
5b Gradient at 𝑄(0, 1) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
= 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
=1
Tangent at 𝑄(0, 1):
𝑦 − 1 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 =𝑥+1
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑥-intercept when 𝑦 = 0
0=𝑥+1
𝑥 = −1
1 𝑑
5c Gradient at 𝑄 (−1, 𝑒) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = −1
= 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = −1
1
=
𝑒
1
Tangent at 𝑄 (−1, ) :
𝑒
1 1
𝑦 − = (𝑥 − (−1))
𝑒 𝑒
1 1 1
𝑦− = 𝑥+
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
1 2
𝑦= 𝑥+
𝑒 𝑒
1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)
𝑒
𝑥 − intercept when 𝑦 = 0
1
0 = (𝑥 + 2)
𝑒
𝑥 = −2
6a 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 1 − 1
𝑃 = (1, 𝑒 − 1)
𝑑𝑦
6b = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 1, =𝑒
𝑑𝑥
6c Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1):
𝑦 − (𝑒 − 1) = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝑒𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0
1
Normal at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1) has gradient = −
e
1
𝑦 − (𝑒 − 1) = − (𝑥 − 1)
𝑒
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 = −𝑥 + 1
𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 − 1 = 0
7a
Shift 𝑒 𝑥 up 1
7b
Shift 𝑒 𝑥 down 2
7c
1
Stretch 𝑒 𝑥 vertically with factor
3
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
7d
Stretch 𝑒 𝑥 horizontally with factor 2
8a
Shift 𝑒 −𝑥 down 1
8b
Reflect 𝑒 −𝑥 in 𝑥-axis
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8c
1
Stretch 𝑒 −𝑥 horizontally with factor 2
1 1
9 It is a vertical dilation of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 with factor − 3 . Its equation is 𝑦 = − 3 𝑒 𝑥 .
10a (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
10b (𝑒 4𝑥 + 3)(𝑒 2𝑥 + 3) = 𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 + 9
= 𝑒 6𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 + 9
10c (𝑒 −3𝑥 − 2)𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑒 3𝑥
= 1 − 2𝑒 3𝑥
10d (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )2 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )(𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥
= 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 1 + 1 + 𝑒 4𝑥
= 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥 +𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
11a = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑒 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
11b = 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 − 4𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 10𝑥 +5𝑒 20𝑥 𝑒 10𝑥 5𝑒 20𝑥
11c = 𝑒 −10𝑥 + 𝑒 −10𝑥
𝑒 −10𝑥
= 𝑒 10𝑥 −(−10𝑥) + 5𝑒 20𝑥 −(−10𝑥)
= 𝑒 20𝑥 + 5𝑒 30𝑥
6𝑒 −𝑥 +9𝑒 −2𝑥 6𝑒 −𝑥 9𝑒 −2𝑥
11d = +
3𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥
−𝑥 − 3𝑥
= 2𝑒 + 3𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑥
= 2𝑒 −4𝑥 + 3𝑒 −5𝑥
12a 𝑦-intercept when 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑒0
=1
𝑑
Tangent at (0,1) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
= 𝑒0
=1
12b Reflection in 𝑦-axis
12c −1
12d
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
12e Horizontal dilation with factor −1
13a 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 5
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
13b 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 6
𝑦 ′′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
13c 𝑦 = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
Here, the gradient equals the height.
13d 𝑦 = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 10𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 10
𝑦 ′′′ = 5𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 5𝑒 𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑𝑦
14a = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
At 𝑥 = 0, gradient = 𝑒 0 = 1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 1 = 45˚
14b At 𝑥 = 1, gradient = 𝑒 1 = 𝑒
Angle of inclination = tan−1 𝑒 ≑ 69˚ 48′
14c At 𝑥 = −2, gradient = 𝑒 −2
Angle of inclination = tan−1 𝑒 −2 ≑ 7˚ 42′
14d At 𝑥 = 5, gradient = 𝑒 5
Angle of inclination = tan−1 𝑒 5 ≑ 89˚ 37′
15a 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 1 − 1 = 𝑒 − 1
𝑑𝑦
15b = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 1, = 𝑒1 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
15c Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1):
𝑦 − (𝑒 − 1) = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 1
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
16a Stretch horizontally with factor of .
2
16b Shift right 1 unit.
1
16c Stretch vertically with factor of .
2
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
16d Shift down 2 units.
17a As a translation, the transformation is shift left 2 units.
Alternatively, y e 2 e x so it is a vertical dilation with factor of e2 .
17b As a dilation, the transformation is dilate vertically with factor of 2.
Alternatively, y eloge 2 e x e x loge 2 so it is a shift left of log e 2 units.
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5B
𝑑𝑦
1a = 7𝑒 7𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1b = 3 × 4𝑒 3𝑥 = 12𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1c = −5𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 1
1d = 3 × 6𝑒 3𝑥 = 2𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1e = 7𝑒 −7𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
1f = −2 × − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2a = 𝑒 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2b = 3𝑒 3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2c = 2𝑒 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2d = 4𝑒 4𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2e = −3𝑒 −3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2f = −2𝑒 −2𝑥−7
𝑑𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑𝑦
3a = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3b = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
3c =
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
3d =
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 2𝑒 2𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥
3e = + = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 3
𝑑𝑦 4𝑒 4𝑥 5𝑒 5𝑥
3f = + = 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4 5
4a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4b 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4c 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥×2 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4d 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥×3 = 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4e 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4f 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4g 𝑦 = 𝑒 0−3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4h 𝑦 = 𝑒 0−5𝑥 = 𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −5𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5ai 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
5aii Successive derivatives alternate in signs. More precisely,
𝑒 −𝑥 , if 𝑛 is even,
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) = { −𝑥
−𝑒 , if 𝑛 is odd
5bi 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 4𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 8𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 16𝑒 2𝑥
5bii Each derivative is twice the previous one. More precisely
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) = 2𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑 𝑑
6a (𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6b (𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝑥 − 1)) = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝑥−𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= −4𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6c (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6d (𝑒 𝑥 + 3)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 9)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 9)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6e (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6f (𝑒 𝑥 − 2)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 − 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑 𝑑
6g ((𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6h ((𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 )(𝑒 5𝑥 − 𝑒 −5𝑥 )) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 5𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 5𝑥 − (𝑒 −5𝑥 )2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 10𝑥
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −10𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 10𝑒 10𝑥 + 10𝑒 −10𝑥
7a Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 2 × 𝑒 2𝑥+1 = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
7b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= 2𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
7c Let 𝑢 = − 2 𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
1 2 1 2
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 +1 2 +1
= 2𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7e Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= −2𝑥 × 𝑒 1−𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 +2𝑥 2 +2𝑥
= (2𝑥 + 2) × 𝑒 𝑥 = 2(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7g Let 𝑢 = 6 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= (1 − 2𝑥) × 𝑒 6+𝑥−𝑥 = (1 − 2𝑥)𝑒 6+𝑥−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7h Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
1
Then 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2 −2𝑥+1 2 −2𝑥+1
= (6𝑥 − 2) × 2 𝑒 3𝑥 = (3𝑥 − 1)𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 17
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
8b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 −𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)
8c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + ((𝑥 − 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
8d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑒 3𝑥−4
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 3𝑥−4 × 1) + ((𝑥 + 1) × 3𝑒 3𝑥−4 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 3𝑥−4 (1 + 3(𝑥 + 1))
= 𝑒 3𝑥−4 (3𝑥 + 4)
© Cambridge University Press 2019 18
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 −𝑥 × 2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
8f Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 2𝑥 × 2) + ((2𝑥 − 1) × 2𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥 − 1)
= 4𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
8g Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 5 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + ((𝑥 2 − 5) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 5)
8h Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 2𝑥 × 3𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 3 × 2𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 (3 + 2𝑥)
9a Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 19
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥2
9b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
=
𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)
= 𝑒 2𝑥
1−𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
9c Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 )2
𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥4
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥4
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥3
9d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) − (𝑥2 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑒 2𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
= 𝑒𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 20
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
9e Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 ((𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
= (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1 − 1)
= (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= (𝑥 + 1)2
9f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − ((𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (1 − (𝑥 + 1))
= 𝑒 2𝑥
−𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
9g Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 2𝑥 × 1) − ((𝑥 − 3) × 2𝑒 2𝑥 )
= (𝑒 2𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 (1 − (2𝑥 − 6))
= 𝑒 4𝑥
7 −2 𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥
9h Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × −2𝑥) − ((1−𝑥2 ) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (−2𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥2 ))
= 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
= 𝑒𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 21
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑 𝑑
10a ((𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 + 2)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 2)
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10b ((𝑒 2𝑥 + 3)(𝑒 2𝑥 − 2)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 − 6)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 6)
= 4𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10c ((𝑒 −𝑥 + 2)(𝑒 −𝑥 + 4)) = ((𝑒 −𝑥 )2 + 4𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 8)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 6𝑒 −𝑥 + 8)
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 6𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10d ((𝑒 −3𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 −3𝑥 − 5)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 −3𝑥 )2 − 5𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −6𝑥 − 6𝑒 −3𝑥 + 5)
= −6𝑒 −6𝑥 + 18𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10e ((𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
= 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10f ((𝑒 3𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 −𝑥 + 4)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4)
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 12𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 22
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
11a Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢5
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑢4
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒 𝑥 × 5(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )4 = −5𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )4
𝑑𝑥
11b Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 4𝑥 − 9
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑒 4𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑒 4𝑥 × 4(𝑒 4𝑥 − 9)3 = 16𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑒 4𝑥 − 9)3
𝑑𝑥
11c Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence = 𝑒 𝑥 and =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 × − (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 = − (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥
11d Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 4
1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢2 = 𝑢−2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 2
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑢3
𝑑𝑦 2 6𝑒 3𝑥
= 3𝑒 3𝑥 × − (𝑒 3𝑥 + 4)3 = − (𝑒 3𝑥 + 4)3
𝑑𝑥
12a Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 5 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 5 × 𝑒 5𝑥 = 5𝑦
𝑑𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 23
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
12b Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 2 × 3𝑒 2𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
12c Let 𝑢 = −4𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 5𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −4 and 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= −4 × 5𝑒 −4𝑥 = −4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
12d Let 𝑢 = −3𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −3 and 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= −3 × 2𝑒 −3𝑥 = −3𝑦
𝑑𝑥
13a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑓 ′ (0) = 2𝑒
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 × 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 = 4𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 4𝑒
13b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑓 ′ (1) = −3𝑒 −3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −3 × −3𝑒 −3𝑥 = 9𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 9𝑒 −3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 24
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
13c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 ) = (1 − 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (2) = −𝑒 −2
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × −1) + ((1 − 𝑥) × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
= (−1 − (1 − 𝑥))𝑒 −𝑥
= (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (2) = 0
13d Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
2 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥 × 𝑒 −𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (0) = 0
2
Let 𝑢 = −2𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −2 and 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
2 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × −2) + (−2𝑥 × −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
= −2𝑒 −𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 × 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (4𝑥 2 − 2)
𝑓 ′′ (0) = −2𝑒 0 (1 − 0) = −2
𝑑𝑦
14a = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14b = −𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 25
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑𝑦
14c = 𝐴𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14d = −𝐵𝑙𝑒 −𝑙𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14e = 𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14f = 𝐶𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥 −𝑞𝑒 −𝑞𝑥
14g =
𝑑𝑥 𝑟
𝑑𝑦
14h = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥
𝑑𝑥
15a Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑢2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 × 3(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 = 3𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥
15b Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) × 4(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )3 = 4(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )3
𝑑𝑥
15c Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 1 + 𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 26
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 1 + 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + ((1 + 𝑥 2 ) × 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2
15d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 × (2𝑥 − 1)) + ((𝑥 2 − 𝑥) × 2𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 (2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)
= 𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 (2𝑥 2 − 1)
15e Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ((𝑒 𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
15f Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ((𝑒 𝑥 − 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − ((𝑒 𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − (𝑒 𝑥 + 1))
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
−2𝑒 𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 27
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑 1
16a 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑
16b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑
16c 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −4𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑
16d 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 )
= −12𝑒 −4𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑
16e 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 − 3𝑒 4𝑥−𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑒 3𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 − 9𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑
16f 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥−2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 + 𝑒 0−2𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 0 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
= −2𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 28
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
17a y ex
1
x
ye 2
1 1x
y e 2
2
1 x
y' e
2
17b y 3 ex
1
x
ye 3
1 13 x
y e
3
13 x
y' e
3
1
17c y
ex
1
x
ye 2
1 -1x
y¢ = - e 2
2
1
y
2 ex
1
17d y
3
ex
1
x
ye 3
1 -1x
y¢ = - e 3
3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 29
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
y
33 ex
17e ye x
d f x 1 1 1
Using e e f x f x with f x x and f x x 2 we obtain:
dx 2 2 x
1
y e x
2 x
17f y e x
d f x 1 1 1
Using e e f x f x with f x x and f x x 2 we
dx 2 2 x
obtain:
1
y e x
2 x
1
17g y ex
d f x 1 1
Using e e f x f x with f x and f x 2 we obtain:
dx x x
1 1x
y e
x2
1
17h ye x
d f x 1 1
Using e e f x f x with f x and f x 2 we obtain:
dx x x
1 1x
y 2 e
x
© Cambridge University Press 2019 30
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
x
17i ye x
d f x 1 1
Using e e f x f x with f x x and f x 1 2 we obtain:
dx x x
1 x 1
y 1 2 e x
x
y ee
x
17j
d f x
Using e e f x f x with f x e x and f x e x we obtain:
dx
y e x e e e x e
x x
e x e x e x e x
18a cosh x and sinh x
2 2
d e x e x
LHS : cosh x sinh x
dx 2
RHS sinh x
d
LHS RHS and so cosh x sinh x
dx
d e x e x
LHS : sinh x cosh x
dx 2
RHS cosh x
d
LHS RHS and so sinh x cosh x
dx
e x e x
18b Let y cosh x .
2
e x e x e x e x
y and y
2 2
e x e x e x e x
LHS : y and RHS : y
2 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 31
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
e x e x
LHS RHS and so y cosh x satisfies y y
2
e x e x
Let y sinh x .
2
e x e x e x e x
y and y
2 2
e x e x e x e x
LHS : y and RHS : y
2 2
e x e x
LHS RHS and so y sinh x satisfies y y
2
18c Given cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1 .
2 2
æ e x + e- x ö æ e x - e- x ö
LHS = ç -
è 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø
= ((
1 2x
4
) (
e + 2 + e-2 x - e2 x - 2 + e-2 x ))
= ( 4)
1
4
=1
= RHS
LHS RHS and so cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1
19a i Given y 2e3 x
LHS : y 6e3 x
RHS : 3 y 3 2e3 x 6e3 x
LHS RHS and so y 2e3 x is a solution of y 3 y
© Cambridge University Press 2019 32
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
19a ii Given y 2e3 x
y 6e3 x and y 18e3 x
LHS:
y 9 y 18e3 x 9 2e3 x
18e3 x 18e3 x
0
RHS
LHS RHS and so y 2e3 x is a solution of y 9 y 0
1
19b y e3 x 4
2
dy 3
LHS : e3 x
dx 2
1 3
RHS : 3 y 4 3 e 3 x 4 4 e 3 x
2 2
1 dy
LHS RHS and so y e3 x 4 is a solution of 3 y 4
2 dx
19c i y e x
Substituting y e x , y e x and y e x into y 2 y y 0 we obtain:
LHS e x 2e x e x
0
RHS
LHS RHS and so y e x is a solution of y 2 y y 0
19c ii y xe x
Applying the product rule on y xe x :
Let u x and v e x .
Then u 1 and v e x .
© Cambridge University Press 2019 33
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
y vu uv
e x 1 x e x
e x xe x
Differentiating again (including use of the product rule) we obtain:
y e x e x xe x
2e x xe x
Substituting y xe x , y e x xe x and y 2e x xe x into y 2 y y 0 we
obtain:
LHS 2e x xe x 2 e x xe x xe x
2 2 e x x 2 x x e x
0
RHS
LHS RHS and so y xe x is a solution of y 2 y y 0
20a Given y e x is a solution of y 3 y 10 y 0 .
Substituting y e x and y 2 e x into y 3 y 10 y 0 we obtain:
2e x 3e x 10e x 0
Taking out e x as a common factor we obtain:
e x 2 3 10 0
e x 0 and so 2 3 10 0
5 2 0
So 5 or 2 .
20b Given y e x is a solution of y y y 0 .
Substituting y e x and y 2 e x into y y y 0 we obtain:
2 e x e x e x 0
Taking out e x as a common factor we obtain:
© Cambridge University Press 2019 34
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
e x 2 1 0
e x 0 and so 2 1 0
1 12 4 1 1 1 5
2 2
So
1
2
1
1 5 or 1 5 .
2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 35
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5C
1
1
1a When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 2(2) – 1
= 𝑒0
=1
𝑑𝑦
1b = 2𝑒 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
1
1
Gradient of tangent at 𝐴 (2 , 1) = 2𝑒 2(2)−1 = 2
1
1c 𝑦 − 1 = 2 (𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 + 1
𝑦 = 2𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 × 0 = 0
Hence, it passes through 𝑂.
1
1
2a When 𝑥 = − 3 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 3(− 3) + 1
= 𝑒0
=1
1
𝑅 (− 3 , 1)
𝑑𝑦
2b = 3𝑒 3𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
1
1
Gradient of tangent at 𝑅 (− 3 , 1) = 3𝑒 3(−3)−1 = 3
1 1
2c Gradient of normal at 𝑅 (− 3 , 1) = − 3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 36
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 1
2d 𝑦 − 1 = − 3 (𝑥 − (− 3))
1 1
𝑦 − 1 = −3𝑥 − 9
9𝑦 − 9 = −3𝑥 − 1
3𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝑑𝑦
3a = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝑃(−1, 𝑒) = −𝑒 −(−1) = −𝑒
1
3b Gradient of normal at 𝑃(−1, 𝑒) =
𝑒
1
3c 𝑦 − 𝑒 = 𝑒 (𝑥 − (−1))
𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 2 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒 2 + 1 = 0
3d When 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 − 0 + 𝑒2 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = −𝑒 2 − 1
When 𝑥 = 0,
0 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒 2 + 1 = 0
𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒 2 + 1
1
𝑦 =𝑒+𝑒
1 1
3e Area = 2 ((0 − (−𝑒 2 − 1)) × (𝑒 + 𝑒))
1 1
= 2 ((𝑒 2 + 1) × (𝑒 + 𝑒))
1 1
= 2 (𝑒 3 + 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒)
© Cambridge University Press 2019 37
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 1
= 2 (𝑒 3 + 2𝑒 + 𝑒)
𝑑𝑦
4a = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝐵(0, 1) = 𝑒 0 = 1
4b 𝑦 − 1 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 =𝑥+1
At 𝑥-axis, 𝑦 = 0
0=𝑥+1
𝑥 = −1
Hence, tangent meets 𝑥-axis at 𝐹(−1, 0)
𝑑𝑦
4c = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝐵(0, 1) = −𝑒 0 = −1
4d 𝑦 − 1 = −1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
At 𝑥-axis, 𝑦 = 0
0 = −𝑥 + 1
𝑥=1
Hence, tangent meets 𝑥-axis at 𝐺(1, 0)
4e
© Cambridge University Press 2019 38
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4f Isosceles right triangle
1
Area = 2 ((1 − (−1)) × 1)
1
= 2 (2 × 1)
=1
𝑑𝑦
5a = 1 − 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 1, gradient of tangent = 1 − 𝑒
5b When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒
𝑦 − (1 − 𝑒) = (1 − 𝑒)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 − (1 − 𝑒) = 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 − (1 − 𝑒)
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 − 0 × 𝑒 = 0 so the tangent passes through the origin.
6a 𝑦′ = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 𝑥
6b 𝑒 𝑥 will always be positive for all 𝑥
So 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 𝑥 will always be negative for all 𝑥
6c Stationary points when:
𝑦′ = 0
1 − 𝑒𝑥 = 0
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 − 𝑒 0 = −1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 0 = −1
Maximum turning point at (0, −1)
© Cambridge University Press 2019 39
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
6d
Range: 𝑦 ≤ −1
6e
7a Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × −1) + ((1 − 𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−1 + 1 − 𝑥)
= −𝑥𝑒 𝑥
7b When 𝑥 = −1, gradient of tangent = −(−1)𝑒 −1 = 𝑒 −1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (1 − (−1))𝑒 −1 = 2𝑒 −1
𝑦 − 2𝑒 −1 = 𝑒 −1 (𝑥 − (−1))
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −1 + 𝑒 −1 + 2𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 −1 (𝑥 + 3)
7c At 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒 −1 (𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 = −3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 40
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 −𝑥 × 1) + ((𝑥 + 1) × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − (𝑥 + 1))
= −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
When 𝑥 = −1, gradient of tangent = −(−1)𝑒 −(−1) = 𝑒
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (−1 + 1)𝑒 −𝑥 = 0
𝑦 − 0 = 𝑒(𝑥 − (−1))
𝑦 = 𝑒(𝑥 + 1)
8b At 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
At 𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = 𝑒(0 + 1)
𝑦=𝑒
1
8c Area = 2 ((0 − (−1)) × 𝑒)
1
= 2 (𝑒)
𝑒
=2
9a 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑒 3𝑥−6
𝑦 ′′ = 3 × 3𝑒 3𝑥−6 = 9𝑒 3𝑥−6
9b 3𝑒 3𝑥−6 and 9𝑒 3𝑥−6 are always positive.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 41
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
9c Gradient = 3
3𝑒 3𝑥−6 = 3
𝑒 3𝑥−6 = 1
3𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑥=2
When 𝑥 = 2,
𝑦 = 𝑒 (3 × 2) – 6
= 𝑒0
=1
9d At 𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0,
Gradient of tangent = 3𝑒 0 − 6 = 3𝑒 −6
𝑒6
Gradient of normal = − 3
10a Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= −2𝑥 × 𝑒 −𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
10b When 𝑥 = 1, gradient of tangent = −2𝑒 −(1) = −2𝑒 −1
1 𝑒
Gradient of normal = =
2𝑒 −1 2
2
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −(1) = 𝑒 −1
𝑒
𝑦 − 𝑒 −1 = 2 (𝑥 − 1)
2𝑦 − 2𝑒 −1 = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
2𝑦 − 2𝑒 −1 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒
𝑒𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 = 0
© Cambridge University Press 2019 42
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
10c At 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0,
𝑒𝑥 − 2(0) + 2𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 = 0
𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒 − 2𝑒 −1
𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑒 −2
𝑑𝑦
11a = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at origin (0, 0) = 𝑒 −0 = 1
𝑦 − 0 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦=𝑥
11b 𝑦 = −𝑥
11c Asymptote of 𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 0
Hence, asymptote of 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 1
11d
1
11e Area = 2 ((1 − (−1)) × 1)
1
= 2 (2 × 1)
=1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 43
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑𝑦
12a = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝑇(𝑡, 𝑒 𝑡 ) = 𝑒 𝑡
12b 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑡)
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑡 + 1)
At 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑡 + 1)
𝑥−𝑡+1 =0
𝑥 =𝑡−1
12c The 𝑥-intercept of each tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 1 unit left of the 𝑥-value of the point
of contact.
13a
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 3.6945 29.6826 2202.6466 24258259.77 5.8846 × 1015
13b
𝑥 −2 −5 −10 −20 −40
𝑦 −0.2707 −0.0337 −0.000454 −0.000000041 −1.6993 × 10−16
lim 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→−∞
13c
𝑥 −2 −5 −10 −20 −40
𝑦 −3.6945 −29.6826 −2202.6466 −24258259.77 −5.8846 × 1015
© Cambridge University Press 2019 44
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
13d
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 0.2707 0.0337 0.000454 0.000000041 1.6993 × 10−16
lim 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 = 0
𝑥→∞
14a
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑦 −𝑒 −1 0 𝑒
sign − 0 +
There is a zero at 𝑥 = 0, it is positive for 𝑥 > 0 and negative for 𝑥 < 0.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
Therefore, it is neither even nor odd.
14b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑦 ′′ = ((1 + 𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
= (1 + 𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
= (2 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
14c Stationary point is when 𝑦 ′ = 0
0 = 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
1+𝑥 =0
𝑥 = −1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 45
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Therefore, only one stationary point.
When 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 ′′ = (2 + (−1))𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 −1 > 0
Minimum turning point at 𝑥 = −1
14d Point of inflection is when 𝑦 ′′ = 0
0 = (2 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
2+𝑥 =0
𝑥 = −2
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −2𝑒 −2.
14e
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑒𝑥 7.3891 148.4132 22026.4658 485165195.4 2.3539 × 1017
As 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑒 𝑥 → ∞
Hence, their product 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 → ∞.
Since (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 and (2 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , these must also tend towards ∞.
Hence 𝑦, 𝑦′ and 𝑦 ′′ must all tend towards ∞.
14f
Range: 𝑦 ≥ −𝑒 −1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 46
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
14g
15a To show that the function is even, we must show:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) for all 𝑥,
1 2 1
(−𝑥)2
𝑒 −2 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
1 2
= 𝑒 −2 𝑥
1 2
𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥,
Hence, it is always positive
1
15b Let 𝑢 = − 2 𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
1 2 1 2
𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2 1 2
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 −2𝑥 × −1) + (−𝑥 × −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1 2 1 2
= −𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
= (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 47
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
15c Turning point is when
𝑦′ = 0
1 2
−𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
1 2
Since 𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥,
𝑥=0
Hence, turning point at the 𝑦-intercept.
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 ′′ = (0 − 1)𝑒 0
= −1 < 0
Hence, it is a maximum turning point
15d Inflection point is when
𝑦 ′′ = 0
1 2
(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
Since 𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥,
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥 = ±1
1 2 1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2(1 ) = 𝑒 −2
1 2 1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2((−1) ) = 𝑒 −2
15e
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 0.1353 0.00000373 −1.929 × 10−22 1.3839 × 10−87 0
Hence 𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → ∞.
Since 𝑦 is an even function, that is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥), 𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → −∞.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 48
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
15f
Range = 0 < 𝑦 ≤ 1
15g
16a When 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (1 − 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
1−𝑥 =0
𝑥=1
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑦 1 0 −𝑒 2
sign + 0 −
16b Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × −1) + ((1 − 𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−1 + 1 − 𝑥)
= −𝑥𝑒 𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 49
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = (𝑒 𝑥 × −1) + (−𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−1 − 𝑥)
= −(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
16c When 𝑦′ = 0,
−𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = 0, which is the 𝑦-intercept.
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 ′′ = −(0 + 1)𝑒 0
= −1 < 0
Therefore, there is a maximum turning point at the 𝑦-intercept.
Inflection point is when 𝑦 ′′ = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (1 − (−1))𝑒 −1 = 2𝑒 −1
Therefore, point of inflection at (−1, 2𝑒 −1 ).
16d
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
−𝑥𝑒 𝑥 −14.7781 −742.0658 −220264.6579 −9703303908 −9.4154 × 1018
As 𝑥 → ∞, −𝑥𝑒 𝑥 → −∞
Hence 𝑦 ′ tends towards −∞. To show that 𝑦 tends towards −∞:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1.
By substitution, 𝑦 = −𝑢𝑒 𝑢+1
= 𝑒 × −𝑢𝑒 𝑢
© Cambridge University Press 2019 50
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
As 𝑥 tends to ∞, so does 𝑢.
Hence −𝑢𝑒 𝑢 → −∞.
Since 𝑦 is a constant positive multiple of −𝑢𝑒 𝑢 , it must also tend towards −∞.
To show that 𝑦 ′′ also tends towards −∞:
Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 1.
By substitution, 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑣𝑒 𝑣−1
= −𝑣𝑒 𝑣 𝑒 −1
As 𝑥 tends to ∞, so does 𝑣.
Hence −𝑣𝑒 𝑣 → −∞.
Since 𝑦 is a constant positive multiple of −𝑣𝑒 𝑣 , it must also tend towards −∞.
16e
Range: 𝑦 ≤ 1
e x e x
17a Given cosh x .
2
Algebraically, a function f x is even if f x f x for all x in the domain.
Replacing x with x we obtain:
e x e x
cosh x
2
x
e ex
2
cosh x
So y cosh x is an even function.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 51
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
e x 0 and e x 0
e x e x
Hence 0 and so y cosh x is always positive.
2
dy e x e x
17b
dx 2
dy
Find the value of x such that 0.
dx
e x e x
0 e2 x 1 0
2
e2 x 1
2 x log e 1
x0
There is a stationary point at x 0 , which corresponds to there being a
stationary point at the y - intercept.
dy e x e x
17c Given .
dx 2
d 2 y e x e x
dx 2 2
e x 0 and e x 0
e x e x d2y d2y
Hence 0 and so 0 i.e. is always positive.
2 dx 2 dx 2
Hence cosh x is always concave up.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 52
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
e x e x e x e x
17d Consider y .
2 2 2
ex e x
As x , and 0.
2 2
So as x , y .
17e
18a y x 2e x
Applying the product rule on y x 2 e x :
Let u x 2 and v e x .
Then u 2 x and v e x .
y vu uv
2 xe x x 2e x
xe x 2 x
So y x 2 x e x .
Differentiating again (including use of the product rule) we obtain:
Let u xe x and v 2 x .
Then u e x xe x and v 1.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 53
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
y vu uv
e x xe x 2 x xe x
2e x xe x 2 xe x x 2e x xe x
e x x 2 4 x 2
So y 2 4 x x 2 e x .
18b There are stationary points where y 0 .
x 2 x e x 0 x 0, 2 noting that e x 0 for all real values of x
So there are stationary points at x 0 and x 2 .
x 1 0 1 2 3
y 3e 0 e1 0 3e 3
slope \ / \
When x 0 , y 0 and when x 2 , y 4e 2 .
Hence 0, 0 is a minimum turning point and 2, 4e2 is a maximum turning
point.
18c i So y 2 4 x x 2 e x .
y 0 x 2 4 x 2 0 noting that e x 0 for all real values of x .
x2 4x 2 0
4 4 4 1 2
2
x
2
42 2
2
2 2
So there are inflection points at x 2 2 and x 2 2 .
© Cambridge University Press 2019 54
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
18c ii
x 0 2 2 1 2 2 4
f x 2 0 e 1
0 2e4
concavity up down up
18d The range is y 0 .
© Cambridge University Press 2019 55
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5D
Let 𝐶 be a constant.
1
1a ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
1b ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 1
1
1c ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1 1 1
1
1d ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
10
1e ∫ 10𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 5𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
12
1f ∫ 12𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 = 4𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1
2a ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑒 4𝑥+5 + 𝐶
1
2b ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑒 4𝑥−2 + 𝐶
6
2c ∫ 6𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶 = 2𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶
4
2d ∫ 4𝑒 4𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑒(4𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶 = 𝑒 4𝑥+3 + 𝐶
1
2e ∫ 𝑒 7−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 7−2𝑥 + 𝐶
© Cambridge University Press 2019 56
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
1 1
2f ∫ 2 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶 = − 6 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1
3a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
2
3b ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]12
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒
3
3c ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]3−1
= −𝑒 −(3) − (−𝑒 −(−1) )
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −3
0
3d ∫−2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]0−2
= −𝑒 0 − (−𝑒 −(−2) )
= 𝑒2 − 1
2 1 2
3e ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(2) − 2 𝑒 0
1
= 2 (𝑒 4 − 1)
1 1 1
3f ∫−1 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥 ]
−1
1 1
= 3 𝑒 3 − 3 𝑒 −3
1
= 3 (𝑒 3 − 𝑒 −3 )
© Cambridge University Press 2019 57
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2 20 −5𝑥 2
3g ∫−1 20𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 5
𝑒 ]
−1
= −4𝑒 −5(2) − (−4𝑒 −5(−1) )
= 4(𝑒 5 − 𝑒 −10 )
1 8 1
3h ∫−3 8𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 4 𝑒 −4𝑥 ]
−3
= −2𝑒 −4(1) − (−2𝑒 −4(−3) )
= −2(𝑒 −4 − 𝑒 12 )
= 2(𝑒 12 − 𝑒 −4 )
3 9 3
3i ∫−1 9𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [6 𝑒 6𝑥 ]
−1
3 3
= 2 𝑒 6(3) − 2 𝑒 6(−1)
3
= 2 (𝑒 18 − 𝑒 −6 )
2
4a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥−1 ]20
= 𝑒 2−1 − 𝑒 0−1
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1
1 1 1
4b ∫−1 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥+1 ]
−1
1 1
= 𝑒 2(1)+1 − 𝑒 2(−1)+1
2 2
1
= 2 (𝑒 3 − 𝑒 −1 )
0 1 0
4c ∫−2 𝑒 4𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 = [4 𝑒 4𝑥−3 ]
−2
1 1
= 4 𝑒 4(0)−3 − 4 𝑒 4(−2)−3
1
= 4 (𝑒 −3 − 𝑒 −11 )
© Cambridge University Press 2019 58
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
−1 1 −1
4d ∫−2 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥+2 ]
−2
1 1
= 3 𝑒 3(−1)+2 − 3 𝑒 3(−2)+2
1
= 3 (𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −4 )
1 1
3−2𝑥 1 2
4e 2
∫ 𝑒
1 𝑑𝑥 = [− 2 𝑒 3−2𝑥 ] 1
−2 −
2
1 1
1 1
= − 2 𝑒 3−2(2) − (− 2 𝑒 3−2(−2) )
1
= − 2 (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 4 )
𝑒2
=− (1 − 𝑒 2 )
2
𝑒2
= (𝑒 2 − 1)
2
1 1
2+3𝑥 1 3
4f 3
∫ 𝑒1 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 2+3𝑥 ] 1
− −
3 3
1 1
1 1
= 3 𝑒 2+3(3) − 3 𝑒 2+3(−3)
1
= 3 (𝑒 3 − 𝑒)
𝑒
= 3 (𝑒 2 − 1)
2 6 2
4g ∫1 6𝑒 3𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥+1 ]
1
= 2𝑒 3(2)+1 − 2𝑒 3(1)+1
= 2(𝑒 7 − 𝑒 4 )
= 2𝑒 4 (𝑒 3 − 1)
© Cambridge University Press 2019 59
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3 12 3
4h ∫2 12𝑒 4𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥 = [ 4 𝑒 4𝑥−5 ]
2
= 3𝑒 4(3)−5 − 3𝑒 4(2)−5
= 3(𝑒 7 − 𝑒 3 )
= 3𝑒 3 (𝑒 4 − 1)
2 12 2
4i ∫1 12𝑒 8−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 3
𝑒 8−3𝑥 ]
1
= −4𝑒 8−3(2) − (−4𝑒 8−3(1) )
= −4(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 5 )
= −4𝑒 2 (1 − 𝑒 3 )
= 4𝑒 2 (𝑒 3 − 1)
1
5a = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
1
5b = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
5c = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
5d − 𝑒 3𝑥 = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
3
∫ −3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − (− 3) 𝑒 −3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶
6
5e = 6𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
6
∫ 6𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −3𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
© Cambridge University Press 2019 60
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8
5f = 8𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥
8
∫ 8𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
6a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
6b 𝑓(0) = −2
1
𝑒 2(0) + 𝐶 = −2
2
1
+ 𝐶 = −2
2
1
𝐶 = −2
2
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 2
1 1 1 1
6c 𝑓(1) = 2 𝑒 2(1) − 2 2 = 2 𝑒 2 − 2 2
1 1 1 1
𝑓(2) = 2 𝑒 2(2) − 2 2 = 2 𝑒 4 − 2 2
7a 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 1 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = 1
0 + 2𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 1
2+𝐶 =1
𝐶 = −1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 − 1
𝑓(1) = 1 + 2𝑒 − 1 = 2𝑒
© Cambridge University Press 2019 61
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
7b 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 1 − 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = −1
0 − 3𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = −1
𝐶 − 3 = −1
𝐶=2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 + 2
𝑓(1) = 1 − 3𝑒 + 2 = 3 − 3𝑒
7c 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = 0
2(0) − 𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶−1=0
𝐶=1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 2 − 𝑒 −1 + 1 = 3 − 𝑒 −1
7d 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 4 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = 2
4(0) + 𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 2
1+𝐶 =2
𝐶=1
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 4 + 𝑒 −1 + 1 = 5 + 𝑒 −1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 62
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
7e 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥−1 + 𝐶
1
𝑓 (2) = 3
1
1
𝑒 2(2)−1 + 𝐶 = 3
2
1
𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 3
2
5
𝐶=2
1 5
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑒 2𝑥−1 + 2
1 5 1 5
𝑓(1) = 2 𝑒 2(1)−1 + 2 = 2 𝑒 + 2
7f 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶
1 2
𝑓( ) =
3 3
1
1 2
− 3 𝑒 1−3(3) + 𝐶 = 3
1 2
− 3 𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 3
𝐶=1
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥
1 1
𝑓(1) = 1 − 3 𝑒 1−3(1) = 1 − 3 𝑒 −2
1
7g 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 1 𝑒 2𝑥+1 + 𝐶
2
1
= 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 + 𝐶
𝑓(−2) = −4
1
(−2)+1
2𝑒 2 + 𝐶 = −4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 63
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = −4
𝐶 = −6
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 − 6
1 3
(1)+1
𝑓(1) = 2𝑒 2 − 6 = 2𝑒 2 − 6
1
7h 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 1 𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶
3
1
= 3𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶
𝑓(−6) = 2
1
(−6)+2
3𝑒 3 +𝐶 =2
3𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 2
𝐶 = −1
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑒 3𝑥+2 − 1
1 7
(1)+2
𝑓(1) = 3𝑒 3 − 1 = 3𝑒 3 − 1
8a ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
8b ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
8c ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 )
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
© Cambridge University Press 2019 64
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8d ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
8e ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 9 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 9 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶
8f ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
8g ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
8h ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1
= 2 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
8i ∫ (𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 )(𝑒 5𝑥 − 𝑒 −5𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 5𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 5𝑥−5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥+5𝑥 − (𝑒 −5𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 10𝑥 − 𝑒 −10𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 10 𝑒 10𝑥 − (− 10 𝑒 −10𝑥 )
1
= 10 (𝑒 10𝑥 + 𝑒 −10𝑥 ) + 𝐶
© Cambridge University Press 2019 65
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
9a ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑏 + 𝐶
1
9b ∫ 𝑒 7𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = 7 𝑒 7𝑥+𝑞 + 𝐶
1
9c ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑘 + 𝐶
1
9d ∫ 𝑒 6𝑥−𝜆 𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑒 6𝑥−𝜆 + 𝐶
1
9e ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+3 + 𝐶
𝑎
1
9f ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑥+1 + 𝐶
1
9g ∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥−2 + 𝐶
𝑚
1
9h ∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑒 𝑘𝑥−1 + 𝐶
𝑝
9i ∫ 𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝 𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 + 𝐶
𝑚
9j ∫ 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑘 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑘 + 𝐶
𝐴
9k ∫ 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑥−𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑥−𝑡 + 𝐶
𝐵
9l ∫ 𝐵𝑒 𝑘𝑥−ℓ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑒 𝑘𝑥−ℓ + 𝐶
1
10a = 𝑒 −(𝑥−1) = 𝑒 1−𝑥
𝑒 𝑥−1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 66
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
∫ 𝑒 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 1−𝑥 + 𝐶
1
10b = 𝑒 −(3𝑥−1) = 𝑒 1−3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥−1
1
∫ 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶
1
10c = 𝑒 −(2𝑥+5) = 𝑒 −2𝑥−5
𝑒 2𝑥+5
1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥−5 + 𝐶
4
10d 𝑒 2𝑥−1
= 4𝑒 −(2𝑥−1) = 4𝑒 1−2𝑥
4
∫ 4𝑒 1−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 1−2𝑥 = −2𝑒 1−2𝑥 + 𝐶
10
10e = 10𝑒 −(2−5𝑥) = 10𝑒 5𝑥−2
𝑒 2−5𝑥
10
∫ 10𝑒 5𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥−2 = 2𝑒 5𝑥−2 + 𝐶
5
12
10f = 12𝑒 −(3𝑥−5) = 12𝑒 5−3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥−5
12
∫ 12𝑒 5−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 5−3𝑥 = −4𝑒 5−3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
𝑒 𝑥 +1 1
11a ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 2𝑥 +1 1
11b ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
© Cambridge University Press 2019 67
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑒 𝑥 −1 1
11c ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑒 −𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
1
= 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑥 −3 3
11d ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−3𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 3
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (− 3 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 𝐶
1
= 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑒 2𝑥 −3𝑒 𝑥
11e ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥−4𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥−4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 3
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (− 3 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 2𝑥
11f ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥−3𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
12a 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥−1 + 𝐶
When 𝑥 = 1,
𝑦=1
𝑒 1−1 + 𝐶 = 1
𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 68
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝐶=0
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−1
At 𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑒 0−1 = 𝑒 −1
12b 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 2−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 2−𝑥 + 𝐶
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦=1
−𝑒 2−0 + 𝐶 = 1
−𝑒 2 + 𝐶 = 1
𝐶 = 1 + 𝑒2
𝑦 = 𝑒 2 + 1 − 𝑒 2−𝑥
Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦 = 𝑒 2 + 1
1
12c 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 + 𝐶
𝑓(−1) = −1
1
𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 + 𝐶 = −1
𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −1 + 𝐶 = −1
𝐶 = −1
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 − 1
0
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 − 1
=0
12d 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
© Cambridge University Press 2019 69
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑓(0) = 0
𝑒0 + 𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶 = −2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2
1 1
13a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 1
= [2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]
0
= (𝑒 2(1) − 𝑒) − (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒
1 1
13b ∫−1(𝑒 𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= [ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥]
2 −1
1 1
= (2 𝑒 2(1) + 4𝑒 + 4) − (2 𝑒 2(−1) + 4𝑒 −1 − 4)
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2 + 4𝑒 − 2 𝑒 −2 − 4𝑒 −1 + 8
1 1
13c ∫0 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑒 𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 )]10
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒 + 𝑒 −1 − 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 70
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 1
13d ∫−1(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1(𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥+2𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= [4 𝑒 4𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) ]
−1
1 1 1 1
= (4 𝑒 4 + 2 𝑒 −2 ) − (4 𝑒 4(−1) + 2 𝑒 −2(−1) )
1 1 1 1
= 4 𝑒 4 + 2 𝑒 −2 − 4 𝑒 −4 − 2 𝑒 2
1 𝑒 3𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥 1
13e ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 3𝑥−2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
1
= ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )]10
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1
1 𝑒 𝑥 −1 1 1
13f ∫−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= [−𝑒 −𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )]
−1
1 1
= (2 𝑒 −2(1) − 𝑒 −1 ) − (2 𝑒 −2(−1) − 𝑒 −(−1) )
1 1
= 2 𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 −1 − 2 𝑒 2 + 𝑒
3
14a i Let y e x
2
.
Applying the chain rule:
Let u x 2 3 and so y eu .
du dy
Hence 2 x and eu .
dx du
© Cambridge University Press 2019 71
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
dy dy du
dx du dx
3
2 xe x
2
dy
2 xe x 3 .
2
So
dx
14a ii From part (a) (i),
dx
d x2 3
e 2 xe x 3 .
2
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
2 xe
x2 3 3
dx e x C
2
2 x 3
14b i Let y e x
2
.
Applying the chain rule:
Let u x 2 2 x 3 and so y eu .
du dy
Hence 2 x 1 and eu .
dx du
dy dy du
dx du dx
2 x 1 e x 2 x 3
2
dy
2 x 1 e x 2 x 3 .
2
So
dx
14b ii From part b i,
dx
e
d x2 2 x 3
2 x 1 e x 2 x 3 .
2
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
1 1 2
2 x 1 e x 2 x 3 dx e x 2 x 3 C
2
2 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 72
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4 x 1
14c i Let y e3 x
2
.
Applying the chain rule:
Let u 3x 2 4 x 1 and so y eu .
du dy
Hence 2 3x 2 and eu .
dx du
dy dy du
dx du dx
2 3 x 2 e3 x 4 x 1
2
dy
2 3x 2 e3 x 4 x 1 .
2
So
dx
14c ii From part c i,
dx
e
d 3 x2 4 x 1
2 3x 2 e3 x 4 x 1 .
2
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
1 1 2
2 3x 2 e3 x 4 x 1 dx e3 x 4 x 1 C
2
2 2
14d i Let y e x .
3
Applying the chain rule:
Let u x3 and so y eu .
du dy
Hence 3x 2 and eu .
dx du
dy dy du
dx du dx
3x 2e x
3
dy
3x 2e x .
3
So
dx
© Cambridge University Press 2019 73
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
14d ii From part d i,
dx
d x3
e 3x 2e x .
3
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
0
1 1 x3 0
3 1
3 x 2 x3
e dx e
3 1
3
e e
1 0 1
1 e 1
1
3
1
15a Given dx .
e
x 2
1
dx e2 x dx
e x 2
1 ax b
Using eax b dx e C for some constant C we obtain:
a
1
e
2 x
dx e2 x C
2
1
15b Given dx .
e
x 3
1
dx e3 x dx
e x 3
1 ax b
Using eax b dx e C for some constant C we obtain:
a
1
e
3 x
dx e3 x C
3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 74
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
15c Given e x dx .
1
x
e x dx e 2 dx
1 ax b
Using eax b dx e C for some constant C we obtain:
a
1 1
x x
e 2 dx 2e 2 C
3
15d Given e x dx .
1
x
e dx e dx
3 x 3
1 ax b
Using eax b dx e C for some constant C we obtain:
a
1 1
x x
e 3
dx 3e C 3
1
15e Given ex
dx .
1
1 x
ex
dx e 2
dx
1 ax b
Using eax b dx e C for some constant C we obtain:
a
1 1
x x
e 2
dx 2e 2
C
1
15f Given 3
ex
dx .
1
1 x
3
ex
dx e 3
dx
1 ax b
Using eax b dx e C for some constant C we obtain:
a
© Cambridge University Press 2019 75
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 1
x x
e 3
dx 3e 3
C
16a i Given y xe x e x .
Applying the product rule on
d
dx
xe x :
Let u x and v e x .
Then u 1 and v e x .
d
uv vu uv
dx
e x 1 x e x
xe x e x
y xe x e x
d x
dx
e
xe x e x e x
xe x
So y xe x .
16a ii From part a i,
d
dx
xe x e x xe x .
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
2
xe dx xe
2
x x
e x
0
0
2e 2 e 2 0 1
e2 1
2
xe dx e 1 .
x 2
So
0
© Cambridge University Press 2019 76
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
16b i Given y xe x e x .
Applying the product rule on
d
dx
xe x :
Let u x and v e x .
Then u 1 and v e x .
d
uv vu uv
dx
e x 1 x e x
e x xe x
y e x xe x
d x
dx
e
e x xe x e x
xe x
So y xe x .
16b ii From part b i,
d
dx
xe x e x xe x .
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
0
xe x dx xe x e x
0
2
2
0 1 2e2 e2
1 e2
0
xe
x
So dx 1 e 2 .
2
e x e x 1
x
3
x
17a ex
dx e e
2 2
dx
1 ax b
Using eax b dx e C for some constant C we obtain:
a
1 3 1
x x x 2 3x
e 2 e 2
dx 2e 2 e 2 C
3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 77
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
e x e x 1
x 2 3x
So ex
dx 2e 2 e 2 C .
3
e x + e- x 2
x
4
- x
17b ò 3
ex
dx = ò e 3 +e 3
dx
1 ax b
Using eax b dx e C for some constant C we obtain:
a
2 4
x - x 3 2x 3 -4x
ò e 3 +e 3
dx = e 3 - e 3 + C
2 4
e x e x 3 23 x 3 43 x
So 3
ex
dx e e C .
2 4
Given f x xe x .
2
18a
If the function is odd, then f x f x .
f x x e
x
2
xe x
2
xe x 2
f x
Hence the function is odd.
18b The graph has point symmetry in the origin.
2 0
xe x dx xe x dx 0 .
2 2
So
0 2
xe x dx 0 .
2
Hence
2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 78
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5E
1
1a i ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
≑ 1.72
0
1a ii ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−1
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −1
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
≑ 0.63
0
1a iii ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−2
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −2
= 1 − 𝑒 −2
≑ 0.86
0
1a iv ∫−3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−3
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −3
= 1 − 𝑒 −3
≑ 0.95
1
1b ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 1.72
0
1c i ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 0.63
0
1c ii ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 0.86
© Cambridge University Press 2019 79
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
0
1ciii ∫−3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 0.95
1d The total area is exactly 1.
0
2a ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−1
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −1
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
3
2b ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]13
= 𝑒 3 − 𝑒1
= 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)
1
2c ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]1−1
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1
1
2d ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]1−2
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −2
3 1 3
3a i ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(3) − 2 𝑒 0
1 1
= 2 𝑒6 − 2
≑ 201.2
0
3a ii ∫−3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 2𝑥 ]0−3
1 1
= 2 𝑒 0 − 2 𝑒 2(−3)
1 1
= 2 − 2 𝑒 −6
© Cambridge University Press 2019 80
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
≑ 0.4988
1
3b i ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= −𝑒 −1 − (−𝑒 0 )
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
≑ 0.6321
0
3b ii ∫−1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]0−1
= −𝑒 0 − (−𝑒 −(−1) )
=𝑒−1
≑ 1.718
3
3 1𝑥 1 1
𝑥
3c i ∫0 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 ] 3
3 0
1 3
= [3𝑒 3𝑥 ]
0
1
(3)
= 3𝑒 3 − 3𝑒 0
= 3𝑒 − 3
≑ 5.155
0
0 1𝑥 1 1
𝑥
3c ii ∫−3 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 ] 3
3 −3
1 0
= [3𝑒 3𝑥 ]
−3
1
(−3)
= 3𝑒 0 − 3𝑒 3
= 3 − 3𝑒 −1
≑ 1.896
© Cambridge University Press 2019 81
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2
4a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥+1 ]20
= 𝑒 2+1 − 𝑒 0+1
= 𝑒3 − 𝑒
= 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)
0
4b ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥+3 ]0−2
= 𝑒 0+3 − 𝑒 −2+3
= 𝑒3 − 𝑒
= 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)
1 1 1
4c ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥−1 ]
0
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(1)−1 − 2 𝑒 0−1
1 1
= 2 𝑒 − 2 𝑒 −1
1
= 2 (𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 )
2 1 2
4d ∫1 𝑒 3𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥−5 ]
1
1 1
= 3 𝑒 3(2)−5 − 3 𝑒 3−5
1 1
= 3 𝑒 − 3 𝑒 −2
1
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2 )
3
1
4e ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥+1 ]1−1
= −𝑒 −1+1 − (−𝑒 −(−1)+1 )
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
= 𝑒2 − 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 82
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
−1 1 −1
4f ∫−2 𝑒 −2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = [− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥−1 ]
−2
1 1
= − 2 𝑒 −2(−1)−1 − (− 2 𝑒 −2(−2)−1 )
1 1
= 2 𝑒3 − 2 𝑒
1
= 2 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)
3
3 1𝑥+2 1 1
𝑥+2
4g ∫0 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 3 ]
3 0
1 3
= [3𝑒 3𝑥+2 ]
0
1
(3)+2
= 3𝑒 3 − 3𝑒 0+2
= 3𝑒 3 − 3𝑒 2
= 3𝑒 2 (𝑒 − 1)
2
2 1𝑥−1 1 1
𝑥−1
4h ∫−2 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 2 ]
2 −2
1 2
= [2𝑒 2𝑥−1 ]
−2
1 1
(2)−1 (−2)−1
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2
= 2𝑒 0 − 2𝑒 −2
= 2(1 − 𝑒 −2 )
2
5a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]20
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
= 𝑒2 − 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 83
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2
2 1𝑥 1 1
𝑥
5b ∫−1 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 ] 2
2 −1
1 2
= [2𝑒 2𝑥 ]
−1
1 1
(2) (−1)
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2
1
= 2𝑒 − 2𝑒 −2
1
= 2 (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2 )
1
5c ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= −𝑒 −1 − (−𝑒 0 )
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
2
2 −1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥
1
5d ∫−1 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = [− 1 𝑒 2 ]
2 −1
1 2
= [−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ]
−1
1 1
(2) (−1)
= −2𝑒 −2 − (−2𝑒 −2 )
1
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 −1
1
= 2 (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −1 )
2
6a ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥]20
= (−𝑒 −2 + 2) − (−𝑒 0 + 0)
= 2 − 𝑒 −2 + 1
= 3 − 𝑒 −2
≑ 2.865
© Cambridge University Press 2019 84
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
0
6b ∫−1 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]0−1
= (0 − 𝑒 0 ) − (−1 − 𝑒 −1 )
= −1 + 1 + 𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 −1
≑ 0.3679
2
6c ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]2−2
= (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 ) − (𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 −(−2) )
= 𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 −2 + 𝑒 2
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 −2
= 2(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
≑ 14.51
3 1 3
6d ∫−3 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑥 3 + 𝑒 𝑥 ]
−3
1 1
= (3 (3)3 + 𝑒 3 ) − (3 (−3)3 + 𝑒 −3 )
= 9 + 𝑒 3 + 9 − 𝑒 −3
= 18 + 𝑒 3 − 𝑒 −3
≑ 38.04
2
7a ∫0 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]20
= (2 + 𝑒 −2 ) − (0 + 𝑒 0 )
= 2 + 𝑒 −2 − 0 − 1
= 1 + 𝑒 −2
1
7b ∫0 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= (𝑒 − 𝑒) − (0 − 𝑒 0 )
=1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 85
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
0
7c ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥]0−1
= (𝑒 0 − 0) − (𝑒 −1 − (−1))
= 1 − 𝑒 −1 − 1
= −𝑒 −1
Area = 𝑒 −1
2
7d ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥]20
= (−𝑒 −2 − 2(2)) − (−𝑒 0 − 0)
= −𝑒 −2 − 4 + 1
= −𝑒 −2 − 3
Area = 3 + 𝑒 −2
0
7e ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒]0−1
= (−𝑒 0 − 0) − (−𝑒 −(−1) − (−1)𝑒)
= −1 + 𝑒 − 𝑒
= −1
Area = 1
2
7f ∫−1 3 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]2−1
= (3(2) + 𝑒 −2 ) − (3(−1) + 𝑒 −(−1) )
= 6 + 𝑒 −2 + 3 − 𝑒
= 9 + 𝑒 −2 − 𝑒
1 1 1
8a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 ]
0
1
= (𝑒 − 1 − ) − (𝑒 0 − 0 − 0)
2
1
= 𝑒−1−2−1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 86
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
=𝑒−2
2
1 1 1
8b ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 ]
0
1
= (𝑒 − 1 + 2) − (𝑒 0 − 0 + 0)
1
= 𝑒−1+2−1
1
=𝑒−1
2
9a The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area in the first quadrant.
1
9b 2∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[−𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= 2(−𝑒 −1 − (−𝑒 0 ))
= 2(1 − 𝑒 −1 )
© Cambridge University Press 2019 87
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2
= 2−𝑒
10a The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area in the first quadrant.
1
10b 2 ∫0 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 2((𝑒 − 𝑒) − (0 − 𝑒 0 ))
= 2(1)
=2
11a To show that 𝑦 is an odd function, we must show that 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −(−𝑥)
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
= −(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −𝑓(𝑥)
11b 0
11c The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area in the first quadrant.
3
11d 2∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]30
= 2((𝑒 3 + 𝑒 −3 ) − (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 ))
= 2(𝑒 3 + 𝑒 −3 − 1 − 1)
= 2(𝑒 3 + 𝑒 −3 − 2)
12a For 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 : when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (−1)2 = 1
For 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 : when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −1+1 = 𝑒 0 = 1
So the two curves intersect at (−1, 1).
© Cambridge University Press 2019 88
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
12b
0 1 0
12c ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥+1 − 3 𝑥 3 ]
−1
1
= (𝑒 − 0) − (𝑒 −1+1 − 3 (−1)3 )
1
= 𝑒 − 𝑒0 − 3
1
= 𝑒 −13
13a For 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 :
when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1 and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 1 = 𝑒
For 𝑦 = (𝑒 − 1)𝑥 + 1:
when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 + 1 = 1 and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = (𝑒 − 1) + 1 = 𝑒
So the two curves intersect at (0, 1) and (1, 𝑒).
13b
© Cambridge University Press 2019 89
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 𝑒−1 1
∫0 (𝑒 − 1)𝑥 + 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥]
0
𝑒−1
=( + 1 − 𝑒) − (0 + 0 − 𝑒 0 )
2
𝑒−1
= −𝑒+2
2
3−𝑒
= 2
1
= 2 (3 − 𝑒)
14
𝑒2
2 1 2
∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 ]
0
1
= (𝑒 2 − 2 (2)2 ) − (𝑒 0 − 0)
= 𝑒2 − 2 − 1
= 𝑒2 − 3
1
15a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
≑ 1.7183
© Cambridge University Press 2019 90
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 1
1 𝑒 0 +𝑒 2 1 𝑒 2 +𝑒 1
15b Area = 2 ( ) + 2( )
2 2
1
1
= 4 (1 + 2𝑒 2 + 𝑒)
≑ 1.7539
15c The trapezoidal rule approximation is greater. The curve is concave up, so all the
chords are above the curve.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑒 0 +𝑒 −(1) 𝑒 −(1) +𝑒 −(2) 𝑒 −(2) +𝑒 −(3) 𝑒 −(3) +𝑒 −(4)
16a Area = + + +
2 2 2 2
1+𝑒 −1 𝑒 −1 +𝑒 −4 𝑒 −4 +𝑒 −9 𝑒 −9 +𝑒 −16
= + + +
2 2 2 2
1
= 2 (1 + 2𝑒 −1 + 2𝑒 −4 + 2𝑒 −9 + 𝑒 −16 )
1 𝑒 −16
= 2 + 𝑒 −1 + 𝑒 −4 + 𝑒 −9 + 2
≑ 0.8863
1 1 1 1
1 3 3 1 1 5 5 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 𝑒 1 +𝑒 2 1 𝑒 2 +𝑒 2 1 𝑒 2 +𝑒 2 1 𝑒 2 +𝑒 3
16b Area = 2 ( ) + 2( )+ 2( )+ 2( )
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
1
= 4 (𝑒 1 + 2𝑒 3 + 2𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 5 + 𝑒 3 )
≑ 3.5726
e dx e
0
17a i x x
1 e N
N
N
0
17a ii As N , e N 0 and so lim e x dx 1 .
n
N
N
e dx e x e N 1 1 e N
x N
17b i
0
0
© Cambridge University Press 2019 91
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
N
17b ii As N , e N 0 and so lim e x dx 1 .
n
0
Let y e x .
2
18a
Applying the chain rule:
Let u x 2 and so y eu .
du dy
Hence 2 x and eu .
dx du
dy dy du
dx du dx
2 xe x
2
dy
2 xe x .
2
So
dx
From above,
dx
d x2
e 2 xe x .
2
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
1 1 2
2 xe x dx e x
2
2 2
2
1 2 1 1 1
2
1
xe
x2
18b dx e x e 4 e 4
0 2 0 2 2 2 2
1 1 4
So from x 0 to x 2 , the area is e square units.
2 2
1 1
The function is odd, so the area (not signed) from x 2 to x 2 is 2 e 4
2 2
4
square units i.e. 1 e square units.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 92
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5F
1a 2.303
1b −2.303
1c 11.72
1d −12.02
1e 3.912
1f −3.912
2a log e 𝑒 3 = 3
2b log e 𝑒 −1 = −1
1
2c log e 𝑒 2 = log 𝑒 𝑒 −2 = −2
1
1
2d log 𝑒 √𝑒 = log 𝑒 𝑒 2 = 2
2e 𝑒 ln 5 = 𝑒 log𝑒 5 = 5
2f 𝑒 ln 0.05 = 𝑒 log𝑒 0.05 = 0.05
2g 𝑒 ln 1 = 𝑒 log𝑒 1 = 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 93
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2h 𝑒 ln 𝑒 = 𝑒 log𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒
3a log 𝑒 1 = 0
3b 1 = 𝑒0
log 𝑒 1 = log 𝑒 𝑒 0 = 0
3c log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1
3d 𝑒 = 𝑒1
log 𝑒 𝑒 = log 𝑒 𝑒 1 = 1
4a log 𝑒 𝑥 = 6
4b 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
4c 𝑒 𝑥 = 24
1
4d 𝑥 = log 𝑒 3
log 7
5a log 2 7 = log𝑒 2 ≑ 2.807
𝑒
log 25
5b log10 25 = log𝑒 10 ≑ 1.398
𝑒
log𝑒 0.04
5c log 3 0.04 = ≑ −2.930
log𝑒 3
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
6a Reflection in 𝑦 = 𝑥, which reflects lines with gradient 1 to lines of gradient 1. The
tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 at its 𝑦-intercept has gradient 1, so its reflection also has
gradient 1.
6b Reflection in the 𝑦-axis, which is also horizontal dilation with factor −1.
6c
7a Shift 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 up 1
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
7b Shift 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 down 2
7c Stretch 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 horizontally with factor 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 96
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
7d Stretch 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 vertically with factor 3
8a Shift 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) down 1.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 97
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8b Reflect 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) in the 𝑥-axis.
8c Stretch 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) vertically with factor 3.
1
9 It is a horizontal dilation of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) with factor 2.
Its equation is 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−2𝑥).
© Cambridge University Press 2019 98
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
10a 4𝑥 − 9 × 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
(22 )𝑥 − 9 × 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
(2𝑥 )2 − 9 × 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 9𝑢 + 14 = 0
(𝑢 − 2)(𝑢 − 7) = 0
𝑢 = 2, 7
2𝑥 = 2,7
For 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥=1
For 2𝑥 = 7
𝑥 = log 2 7
10b 32𝑥 − 8 × 3𝑥 − 9 = 0
(3𝑥 )2 − 8 × 3𝑥 − 9 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 8𝑢 − 9 = 0
(𝑢 + 1)(𝑢 − 9) = 0
𝑢 = −1, 9
3𝑥 = −1, 9
For 3𝑥 = 9
𝑥=2
For 3𝑥 = −1 there are no solutions
10c i 25𝑥 − 26 × 5𝑥 + 25 = 0
(52 )𝑥 − 26 × 5𝑥 + 25 = 0
(5𝑥 )2 − 26 × 2𝑥 + 25 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 26𝑢 + 25 = 0
© Cambridge University Press 2019 99
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 25) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 25
5𝑥 = 1, 25
For 5𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
For 5𝑥 = 25
𝑥=2
10c ii 9𝑥 − 5 × 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
(32 )𝑥 − 5 × 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
(3𝑥 )2 − 5 × 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 5𝑢 + 4 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 4
3𝑥 = 1, 4
For 3𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
For 3𝑥 = 4
𝑥 = log 3 4
10c iii 32𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0
(3𝑥 )2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 𝑢 − 20 = 0
(𝑢 + 4)(𝑢 − 5) = 0
𝑢 = −4, 5
3𝑥 = −4, 5
© Cambridge University Press 2019 100
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
For 3𝑥 = −4 there are no solutions
For 3𝑥 = 5
𝑥 = log 3 5
10c iv 72𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
(7𝑥 )2 + 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 7𝑥 ,
𝑢2 + 𝑢 + 1 = 0
The quadratic has no solutions because △= 1 − 4(1)(1) = −3 < 0
10c v 35𝑥 = 9𝑥+3
35𝑥 = (32 )𝑥+3
35𝑥 = 32𝑥+6
5𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 6
3𝑥 = 6
𝑥=2
10c vi 4𝑥 − 3 × 2𝑥+1 + 23 = 0
(22 )𝑥 − 3 × 2𝑥 × 2 + 8 = 0
(2𝑥 )2 − 6 × 2𝑥 + 8 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 6𝑢 + 8 = 0
(𝑢 − 2)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
𝑢 = 2, 4
2𝑥 = 2, 4
For 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥=1
For 2𝑥 = 4
𝑥=2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 101
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
11a 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑒 2 )𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 1 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 1) = 0
𝑢=1
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
11b 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑒 2 )𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑢2 + 𝑢 − 6 = 0
(𝑢 + 3)(𝑢 − 2) = 0
𝑢 = −3, 2
𝑒 𝑥 = −3, 2
For 𝑒 𝑥 = −3 there are no solutions
For 𝑒 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = log 𝑒 2
11c 𝑒 4𝑥 − 10𝑒 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
(𝑒 2 )2𝑥 − 10𝑒 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
(𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 10𝑒 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 10𝑢 + 9 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 9) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 9
© Cambridge University Press 2019 102
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑒 2𝑥 = 1, 9
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 9
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 = 32
𝑒 𝑥 = ±3
𝑥 = log 𝑒 3 as 𝑒 𝑥 = −3 has no solutions.
11d 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
(𝑒 2 )2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
(𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 𝑢 = 0
𝑢(𝑢 − 1) = 0
𝑢 = 0, 1
𝑒 2𝑥 = 0, 1
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0 there are no solutions
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
12a (log 𝑒 𝑥)2 − 5 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 4 = 0
Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥,
𝑢2 − 5𝑢 + 4 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 4
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 1, 4
For log 𝑒 𝑥 = 1
𝑥=𝑒
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
For log 𝑒 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 = 𝑒4
12b (log 𝑒 𝑥)2 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑥
Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥,
𝑢2 = 3𝑢
𝑢2 − 3𝑢 = 0
𝑢(𝑢 − 3) = 0
𝑢 = 0, 3
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0, 3
For log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥=1
For log 𝑒 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 = 𝑒3
13a i log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒
13a ii log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 ) = log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1
13a iii log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 )) = log 𝑒 1 = 0
13b i ln 5 + ln 4 = ln(5 × 4) = ln 20
13b ii ln 30 − log 𝑒 6 = ln(30 ÷ 6) = ln 5
13b iii ln 12 − ln 15 + ln 10 = ln(12 ÷ 15 × 10) = ln 8
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
14a 24 x 7 22 x 12 0
Let u 22 x and so u 4 x .
2
2x 2
7 22 x 12 0
u 2 7u 12 0
u 3 u 4 0
u 3, 4
So 4 x 3 or 4x 4 .
Hence x log 4 3 0.792 or x 1 .
14b 100 x 10 x 1 0
Let u 10 x .
102 x 10x 1 0 10 x 10 x 1 0
2
u2 u 1 0
1 1 4 1 1
u
2
1 5
2
1 5
So 10 x .
2
1 5 1 5
log10 does not exist because is negative
2 2
1 5
Hence x log10 0.209 .
2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 105
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2x x
1 1
14c 7 10 0
5 5
x
1
Let u .
5
2
1 x 1
x
7 10 0
5 5
u 2 7u 10 0
u 2 u 5 0
u 2,5
x x
1 1
So 2 or 5 .
5 5
Hence x 1 or x log 1 2 0.431 .
5
1
15a Stretch horizontally with factor .
2
15b Shift right 1.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 106
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
15c Stretch vertically with factor .
2
15d Shift down 2.
1
16a As a dilation, the transformation is stretch horizontally with factor .
5
Alternatively, y log e x log e 5 , so it is a shift up log e 5 .
16b As a translation, the transformation is shift up 2.
Alternatively, y loge x loge e2 loge e2 x so it is a horizontal dilation with factor
e2 .
© Cambridge University Press 2019 107
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5G
𝑑𝑦 1
1a = 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
1b = 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
1c = 3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
1d = 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4
1e = − −4𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
1f = − −3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 2
1g = − −2𝑥−7 = 2𝑥+7
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
1h = 3 (2𝑥+4)
𝑑𝑥
6
= 2𝑥+4
3
= 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑦 3 15
1i = 5 (3𝑥−2) = 3𝑥−2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 1
2a = 2𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 1
2b = 5𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑𝑦 3 1
2c = 3𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7 1
2d = 7𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7 4
2e = 4 (7𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 3
2f = 3 (5𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 6 4
2g 𝑑𝑥
= 4 (6𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 9 3
2h = 3 (9𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
3a = 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 3+1 = 4
𝑑𝑦 2
3b = 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 2
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2(3)−1 = 5
𝑑𝑦 2
3c =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−5
𝑑𝑦 2
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2(3)−5 = 2
𝑑𝑦 4
3d = 4𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4 4
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 4(3)+3 = 15
© Cambridge University Press 2019 109
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑𝑦 1 5
3e = 5 (𝑥+1) = 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 5
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 3+1 = 4
𝑑𝑦 2 12
3f = 6 (2𝑥+9) = 2𝑥+9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 12
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2(3)+9
12
= 15
4
=5
𝑑 1
4a (2 + log 𝑒 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
4b (5 − log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 1)) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑑 1 4
4c (𝑥 + 4 log 𝑒 𝑥) = 1 + 4 ( ) = 1 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1 3
4d (2𝑥 4 + 1 + 3 log 𝑒 𝑥) = 2(4𝑥 3 ) + 3 ( ) = 8𝑥 3 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 2 2
4e (ln(2𝑥 − 1) + 3𝑥 2 ) = + 3(2𝑥) = 2𝑥−1 + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−1
𝑑 5
4f (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4 + ln(5𝑥 − 7)) = 3𝑥 2 − 3 +
𝑑𝑥 5𝑥−7
5a 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 3 = 3 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 3
= 3 (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 110
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
5b 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 = 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 2
= 2 (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5c 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 −3 = −3 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 3
= −3 (𝑥) = − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5d 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 −2 = −2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −2
= −2 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5e 𝑦 = ln √𝑥
1
= ln 𝑥 2
1
= 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= ( )=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑥
5f 𝑦 = ln √𝑥 + 1
1
= ln(𝑥 + 1)2
1
= 2 ln(𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 2 (𝑥+1) = 2(𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 2 1
6a = 1 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑦 3 1
6b = 1 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3
1
𝑑𝑦 5 3
6c = 3( ) = 𝑥1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5
© Cambridge University Press 2019 111
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
𝑑𝑦 2 6
6d = −6 ( ) = − 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑦 7 1
6e =1+ 1 =1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
7
1
𝑑𝑦 2) 1
6f = 4(3𝑥 − 1
5
= 12𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5
7a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
Then 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥
= 2𝑥 × 𝑥 2 +1 = 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑥
7b Let 𝑢 = 2 − 𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥
= −2𝑥 × 2−𝑥 2 = − 2−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
7c Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 × 1+𝑒 𝑥 = 1+𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥+3
8a log 𝑒 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2(3𝑥 2 ) 6𝑥 2
8b log 𝑒 (1 + 2𝑥 3 ) = = 1+2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 1+2𝑥 3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 112
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑 𝑒𝑥
8c ln(𝑒 𝑥 − 2) = 𝑒 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥+1
8d (𝑥 + 3 − ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)) = 1 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥
𝑑 3𝑥 2 −1
8e (𝑥 2 + ln(𝑥 3 − 𝑥)) = 2𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 −𝑥
𝑑 2(2𝑥)−3
8f (4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + ln(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1)) = 4(3𝑥 2 ) − 5(2𝑥) +
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1
4𝑥 − 3
= 12𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 +
2𝑥 2− 3𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦 1
9a =𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
At 𝑥 = 1, gradient = 1 = 1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 1 = 45˚
1
9b At 𝑥 = 3, gradient = 3
1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 3 ≑ 18˚ 26′
1 1
9c At 𝑥 = 2, gradient = 1 =2
2
Angle of inclination = tan−1 2 ≑ 63˚ 26′
1
9d At 𝑥 = 4, gradient = 4
1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 4 ≑ 14˚ 2′
1
The graph of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 with the four tangents at 𝑥 = 1, 3, 2 and 4 is shown below.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 113
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
10a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥) = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
10b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦 2 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1) × 1) + (𝑥 × 2𝑥+1) = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑥+1
10c Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 2) + ((2𝑥 + 1) × 𝑥) = 2log 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
10d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 4𝑥 3 ) + (𝑥 4 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 3 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 114
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
= 𝑥 3 (4 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
10e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+3
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 3) × 1) + ((𝑥 + 3) × 𝑥+3)
𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 3) + 1
10f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 7)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥+7
𝑑𝑦 2
= (log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 7) × 1) + ((𝑥 − 1) × 2𝑥+7)
𝑑𝑥
2(𝑥−1)
= log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 7) + 2𝑥+7
10g Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥)
10h Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑒 −𝑥 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥)
11a Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 115
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1−log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2
11b Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥)
𝑥
= (𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥4
1−2 log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥3
11c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − (𝑥 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
log𝑒 𝑥 − 1
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
11d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑥(2 log𝑒 𝑥 − 1)
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 116
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
11e Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑥 ( − log𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
1
( − log𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥)
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
11f Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑥 (log𝑒 𝑥 – )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥(log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12a = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 5 + log 𝑒 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 5 + 3 log e 𝑥)
3
=𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12b = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 3 + log 𝑒 𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 3 + 4 log e 𝑥)
4
=𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12c 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 3 )
© Cambridge University Press 2019 117
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (3 log e 𝑥)
1
= 3𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12d = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (4 log e 𝑥)
1
= 4𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12e = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 3 − log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12f = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 2 − log 𝑒 5 − log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
12g = 𝑑𝑥 (2 ln(2 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 2 (− 2−𝑥)
1
= 2𝑥−4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
12h = 𝑑𝑥 (2 ln(5𝑥 + 2))
𝑑𝑥
1 5
= 2 (5𝑥+2)
5
= 10𝑥+4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 118
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
13a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥−1
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − (𝑥−1)2
1 1
𝑓 ′ (3) = 3−1 = 2
1 1
𝑓 ′′ (3) = − (3−1)2 = − 4
2
13b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
2𝑥+1
Let 𝑢 = 2 and 𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2
((2𝑥+1) × 0) − (2 ×2)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (2𝑥+1)2
4
= − (2x+1)2
2
𝑓 ′ (0) = = 2
1
4
𝑓 ′′ (3) = − (0+1)2 = −4
𝑑
13c 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 2 log 𝑥
2
=𝑥
2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − 𝑥 2
2
𝑓 ′ (2) = = 1
2
2 1
𝑓 ′′ (2) = − 22 = − 2
13d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (log 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥) = log 𝑥 + 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 119
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑒) = log 𝑒 + 1
= 1+1
=2
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑒) = 𝑒
14a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= ((log 𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥)) − 1
𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − 1
= log 𝑒 𝑥
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥=1
14b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥
= 𝑥(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑥(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0 which is not a valid solution as log 𝑒 0 is undefined.
2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
log 𝑒 𝑥 = − 2
1
𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 120
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
14c Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1−log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2
1−log𝑒 𝑥
=0
𝑥2
1 − log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 1
𝑥=𝑒
14d Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2 log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥 × 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 log𝑒 𝑥
=0
𝑥
2 log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥=1
14e Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦 1 4(log𝑒 𝑥)3
= 𝑥 × 4(log 𝑒 𝑥)3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
4(log𝑒 𝑥)3
=0
𝑥
4(log 𝑒 𝑥)3 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
© Cambridge University Press 2019 121
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑥=1
14f Let 𝑢 = 1 + log 𝑒 𝑥
1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥 × − (1+log 2
= − 𝑥(1+log 2
, which is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥)
14g Let 𝑢 = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦 2 8(2 log𝑒 𝑥−3)3
= 𝑥 × 4(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3)3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
8(2 log𝑒 𝑥−3)3
=0
𝑥
8(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3)3 = 0
2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3 = 0
3
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 2
3
𝑥 = 𝑒2
14h Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥
1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥 × − (log = − 𝑥(log , which is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥)2 𝑒 𝑥)
2
14i Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
© Cambridge University Press 2019 122
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥 × log = 𝑥 log , which is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
15a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (ln 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥) = ln 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 + 1 = 0
ln 𝑥 = −1
𝑥 = 𝑒 −1
When 𝑥 = 𝑒 −1 ,
𝑦 = 𝑒 −1 ln 𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 −1 (−1)
= −𝑒 −1
1 1
Point where tangent is horizontal = (𝑒 −1 , −𝑒 −1 ) = (𝑒 , − 𝑒)
𝑑𝑦 1 1
15b = − 𝑥2 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1
− 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥
1 1
= 𝑥2
𝑥
1
1=𝑥
𝑥=1
When 𝑥 = 1,
1
𝑦 = 1 + ln 1
=1
Point where tangent is horizontal = (1, 1)
© Cambridge University Press 2019 123
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
x
16a y
ln x
x
Applying the quotient rule on y :
ln x
Let u x and v ln x .
1
Then u 1 and v .
x
vu uv
y
v2
1
ln x x
x
ln x
2
ln x 1
ln x
2
ln x 1
So y .
ln x
2
2
x dy y y
16b Need to show that y is a solution of
ln x dx x x
ln x 1
LHS : y
ln x
2
2
x x
y y 2
RHS : ln x ln x
x x x x
1 1
ln x ln x 2
ln x 1
ln x
2
LHS
2
x dy y y
LHS RHS and so y is a solution of
ln x dx x x
© Cambridge University Press 2019 124
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
17a y log e x 2 x 1
loge x 2 x 1 log e x 2 log e x 1
dy 1 1
So .
dx x 2 x 1
17b y log e x 5 3x 4
log e x 5 3x 4 log e x 5 log e 3x 4
dy 1 3
So .
dx x 5 3x 4
1 x
17c y ln
1 x
1 x
ln ln 1 x ln 1 x
1 x
dy 1 1
So .
dx 1 x 1 x
3x 1
17d y ln
x2
3x 1
ln ln 3x 1 ln x 2
x2
dy 3 1
So .
dx 3x 1 x 2
x 4
2
17e y log e
3x 1
x 4
2
log e 2 ln x 4 ln 3 x 1
3x 1
dy 2 3
So .
dx x 4 3x 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 125
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
17f y log e x x 1
1
log e x x 1 log e x log e x 1
2
dy 1 1
So .
dx x 2 x 1
18a y loge 2x
y x log e 2
So y log e 2 .
18b y loge e x
yx
So y 1 .
18c y loge x x
y x log e x
Applying the product rule on y x log e x :
Let u x and v log e x .
1
Then u 1 and v .
x
y vu uv
1
log e x 1 x
x
1 log e x
So y 1 log e x .
log e x, for x 0
19a log e x
log e x , for x 0
© Cambridge University Press 2019 126
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
19b
19c For x 0 , log e x log e x .
d 1
So log e x .
dx x
For x 0 , log e x log e x .
d 1 1
Using the standard form, log e x .
dx x x
19d x 0 was excluded in this discussion because log e 0 is undefined.
In fact, log e x as x 0 , so x 0 is an asymptote.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 127
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5H
1a
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
=
𝑥
1b The gradient of the tangent at point 𝑃(𝑒, 1) is the derivative of the function
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝑃(𝑒, 1) is 𝑒
1c As the gradient of the tangent is constant, it is a straight line. By employing the
1
formula for a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 𝑒
1
𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑐
𝑒
Since this line passes through point 𝑃(𝑒, 1),
1
1= (𝑒) + 𝑐
𝑒
𝑐 = 1−1= 0
1
The equation for the gradient is 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 (0) = 0. Therefore the tangent passes through the origin (0,0)
2a The gradient of the tangent at point 𝑄(1,0) is the derivative of the function
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝑄(1,0) is 1 = 1
2b As the gradient of the tangent is constant, it is a straight line. By employing the
formula for a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 1
𝑦 =𝑥+𝑐
Since this line passes through point 𝑄(1,0),
© Cambridge University Press 2019 128
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
0 = 1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = 0 − 1 = −1
The equation for the gradient is 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0) − 1 = −1. Therefore the tangent passes through the point 𝐴(0,0)
1
3a The gradient of the tangent at point 𝑅(𝑒 , −1) is the derivative of the function
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝑅(𝑒 , −1) is 1 =𝑒
𝑒
3b As the gradient of the tangent is constant, it is a straight line. By employing the
formula for a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
1
Since this line passes through point 𝑅(𝑒 , −1),
1
−1 = 𝑒 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑒
𝑐 = −1 − 1 = −2
The equation for the gradient is 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 2
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒(0) − 2 = −2. Therefore the tangent passes through the point
𝐵(0, −2)
4a The gradient of the tangent at point 𝐴(1,0) is the derivative of the function
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝐴(1,0) is 1 = 1
1
4b As the gradient of the tangent is 1, the gradient of the normal is − 𝑚 = −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
4c The equation of the normal is
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = −1
and passes through the point 𝐴(1,0).
© Cambridge University Press 2019 129
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
∴ 0 = −1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=1
The equation of the normal is, therefore, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −(0) + 1 = 1
The 𝑦-intercept is 1.
5a 𝑦 = 4 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 4
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (4 log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥
4
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑄(1,0) is 1 = 4
The equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 4
At 𝑄(1,0), 0 = 4(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −4
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 4
1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − =−
𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 4
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − 4
1
At 𝑄(1,0), 0 = − 4 (1) + 𝑐
1
𝑐=
4
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 4 𝑥 + 4.
5b 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 3
𝑑 1
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥
1
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑅(1,3) is 1 = 1
The equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 1
At 𝑅(1,3), 3 = 1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=2
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 130
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 = −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = −1
At 𝑅(1,3), 3 = −1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=4
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4.
5c 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 2
𝑑 2
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥
2
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑆(1, −2) is 1 = 2
The equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 2
At 𝑆(1, −2), −2 = 2(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −4
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4
1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 = −2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − 2
1
At 𝑆(1, −2), −2 = − 2 (1) + 𝑐
1
𝑐 = −1
2
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 1 2.
5d 𝑦 = 1 − 3 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 3
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 3 log 𝑒 𝑥) = − 𝑥
3
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑇(1,1) is − 1 = −3
The equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = −3
At 𝑇(1,1), 1 = −3(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 131
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 4
1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 =3
tangent
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 3
1
At 𝑇(1,1), 1 = 3 (1) + 𝑐
2
𝑐=
3
1 2
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 + 3.
6a Let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 (3(1) − 2) = 0
Therefore the point 𝑃(1,0) lies on the curve.
𝑑
6b The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 (3𝑥 − 2))
𝑑 1 𝑑 3
By chain rule, 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 (3𝑥 − 2)) = 3𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 − 2) = 3𝑥−2
At 𝑃(1,0), 𝑥 = 1
3
Therefore the gradient of the tangent at 𝑃(1,0) is 3(1)−2 = 3
1 1
The gradient of the normal at 𝑃(1,0) is − 𝑚 = − 3.
tangent
6c Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 3
At 𝑃(1,0), 0 = 3(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −3
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 3
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3(0) − 3 = −3
The 𝑦-intercept is −3
1
Let the equation of the normal be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − 3
1
At 𝑃(1,0), 0 = − 3 (1) + 𝑐
© Cambridge University Press 2019 132
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
𝑐=
3
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3
1 1 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3 = 3
1
The 𝑦-intercept is 3.
1
6d A triangle is created with the points (0, −3), (0, 3), and (1,0)
1 1
The base of the triangle is therefore (3 − (−3)) = 3 3
The altitude of the triangle is therefore 1
1 1 5
The area of the triangle is therefore 2 (3 3) (1) = 3 square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 133
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑥
7a The gradient of the tangent at any point to 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − 2 + 1 is
𝑑 𝑥 1 1
(ln 𝑥 − + 1) = −
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2
1 1 1
At 𝑥 = 1, the gradient of the tangent is 1 − 2 = 2.
1 1
7b At 𝑥 = 1, the curve 𝑦 = ln 1 − 2 + 1 = 2
1
The tangent at 𝑥 = 1 passes through the point (1, 2)
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 2
1 1
At 𝑥 = 1, the tangent resolves to 2 = 2 (1) + 𝑐
𝑐=0
1
Therefore, the equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 2 𝑥
1
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 (0) = 0
Therefore, the tangent passes through the origin.
8a The gradient of the tangent at any point to 𝑦 = (2 − 𝑥) ln 𝑥 is
𝑑
((2 − 𝑥) ln 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
By the product rule,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
((2 − 𝑥) ln 𝑥 ) = ln 𝑥 ( (2 − 𝑥)) + (2 − 𝑥) (ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2−𝑥
= − ln 𝑥 +
𝑥
2−(2)
At 𝑥 = 2, the gradient of the tangent is − ln(2) + (2)
= − ln 2
At 𝑥 = 2, the curve 𝑦 = (2 − (2)) ln(2) = 0
The tangent at 𝑥 = 2 passes through the point (2,0)
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − ln 2
At 𝑥 = 2, the tangent resolves to 0 = −2 ln 2 + 𝑐
© Cambridge University Press 2019 134
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑐 = 2 ln 2
Therefore, the equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = −𝑥 ln 2 + 2 ln 2 = − ln 2 (𝑥 − 2).
8b At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − ln 2 ((0) − 2)
𝑦 = 2 ln 2
The 𝑦-intercept is 2 ln 2.
9a The equation 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is defined for all values of 𝑥 > 0.
𝑑 1
(log 𝑒 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
9b The gradient of every tangent to 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is the derivative, which from 9(a) is 𝑥.
As the domain of the equation 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑥 > 0 i.e. all positive values, the
gradient of every tangent is also positive.
1
9c The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 = −𝑥. As the domain of the
tangent
equation 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑥 > 0 i.e. all positive values, the gradient of every normal is
negative.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 135
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
9d
The graph above shows a typical tangent (red) and a typical normal (blue). All
tangents will be positive, while all normal will be negative.
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
9e 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 −1 ) = −𝑥 −2 = − 𝑥 2
This describes the rate of change of the gradient of the tangents. Due to the
1
domain, 𝑥 > 0, the value of − 𝑥 2 is always negative. There will be no inflection
points, and the curve is always concave down.
1
10a 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. 𝑦′ describes the gradient of any tangent to 𝑦.
1 1
∴ if 𝑦 ′ = 2 , 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑦 = log 𝑒 2. The tangent of gradient 2 occurs at point
(2, log 𝑒 2).
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the tangent, 𝑚 = 2
1
At (2, log 𝑒 2), log 𝑒 2 = 2 (2) + 𝑐
𝑐 = log 𝑒 2 − 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 136
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + log 𝑒 2 − 1
1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent at (2, log 𝑒 2) is − 𝑚 = −2
tangent
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the normal, 𝑚 = −2
At (2, log 𝑒 2), log 𝑒 2 = −2(2) + 𝑐
𝑐 = log 𝑒 2 + 4
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + log 𝑒 2 + 4.
1
10b 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. 𝑦′ describes the gradient of any tangent to 𝑦.
1 1
∴ if 𝑦 ′ = 2, 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑦 = log 𝑒 2 = − log 𝑒 2. The tangent of gradient 2 occurs at
1
point (2 , − log 𝑒 2).
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the tangent, 𝑚 = 2
1 1
At (2 , − log 𝑒 2), − log 𝑒 2 = 2 (2) + 𝑐
𝑐 = − log 𝑒 2 − 1
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − log 𝑒 2 − 1
1 1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent at (2 , − log 𝑒 2) is − 𝑚 = −2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the normal, 𝑚 = − 2
1 1 1
At (2 , − log 𝑒 2), − log 𝑒 2 = − 2 (2) + 𝑐
1
𝑐 = − log 𝑒 2 +
4
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 𝑥 − log 𝑒 2 + .
2 4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 137
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
11a The diagram shows the tangent 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 and the graph 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 for some 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑒. As 𝑎 traverses from 0 to 𝑒, the tangent becomes less
steep, and as the tangents are straight lines, they will intersect the 𝑦-axis at
various points where 𝑦 < 0.
Let 𝑥 = 𝑏 for some 𝑒 < 𝑏 < ∞. As 𝑏 increases from 𝑒, the tangent becomes less
steep, and as the tangents are straight lines, they will intersect the 𝑦-axis at
various points where 𝑦 > 0.
Therefore, only the tangent at (𝑒, 1) passes through the origin.
11b
Observe the points below the curve. Because the curve is convex everywhere,
there are no tangents that can possibly intersect any point that lies below the
curve.
Observe the points above the curve, located within the domain 𝑥 > 0. Any point
above the curve in this domain can be intersected by 2 tangents.
Any point located outside of the domain, i.e. 𝑥 ≤ 0, is intersected by 1 tangent.
Any point located on the curve is intersected by only one tangent.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 138
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
12a The domain is 𝑥 > 0. As the domain is not symmetric about the 𝑦-axis, the function
is neither odd or even.
𝑑 1
12b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥
𝑑 ′ 1
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑦 ) = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
12c As the domain is 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 2 is necessarily positive. As 𝑦′′ is always positive, the
function is concave up for all values of 𝑥 in its domain.
12d The minimum turning point is when 𝑦 ′ = 0
1
1− =0
𝑥
𝑥=1
𝑦 = (1) − log 𝑒 (1) = 1
The minimum turning point is therefore at (1, 1).
12e
The range for 𝑦 = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 ≥ 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 139
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
12f Let 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑦) = log 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥
Since 𝑓(𝑦) = −𝑔(𝑦), the transformation is a reflection about the 𝑥-axis.
1
13a The domain of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 is 𝑥 > 0
𝑑 1 1 1 −1+𝑥 𝑥−1
13b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + ln 𝑥) = − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = =
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥−1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 ′ ) = 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) × 𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) × (𝑥 − 1) by the product rule.
1 2 𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2
+ (− 3 ) (𝑥 − 1) = = 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥
13c Minimum is located at 𝑦 ′ = 0,
𝑥−1
=0
𝑥2
𝑥=1
1
𝑦= + ln 1 = 1
1
Therefore the minimum is at (1,1)
Inflection is located at 𝑦 ′′ = 0,
© Cambridge University Press 2019 140
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2−𝑥
=0
𝑥3
𝑥=2
1
𝑦= + ln 2
2
1
Therefore the inflection point is located at (2, 2 + ln 2).
13d The range is 𝑦 ≥ 1.
log𝑒 𝑥
14a 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40 4000
𝑦 0.347 0.322 0.230 0.150 0.092 0.002
log𝑒 𝑥
Based on this trend, lim = 0.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
14b 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 5 10 20 40 4000
𝑦 −0.347 −0.322 −0.230 −0.150 −0.092 −0.002
© Cambridge University Press 2019 141
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Based on this trend, lim+ 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→0
15a The domain for 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑥 > 0
When 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
∴𝑥=1
The 𝑥-intercept is (1, 0).
𝑑 𝑑
15b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) × log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) by the product rule.
1
𝑦 ′ = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( )
𝑥
𝑦 ′ = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
𝑑 1
𝑦 ′′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
15c As the domain is 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦′′ is always positive. As such, there are no inflection
points. A minimum is when 𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑦 ′ = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = −1
1
log 𝑒 =1
𝑥
1
=𝑒
𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑒 −1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −1 log 𝑒 𝑒 −1 = −𝑒 −1
The minimum is at (𝑒 −1 , −𝑒 −1 ).
© Cambridge University Press 2019 142
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
15d
The range is 𝑦 ≥ −𝑒 −1.
16a y x log e x x
The domain is x 0 .
The x - intercept occurs when y 0 .
x log e x 1 0
log e x 1 0 x e
So the x - intercept is e,0 .
16b
x 1 e e2
y 1 0 e2
sign 0
16c y x log e x x
Applying the product rule on y x log e x :
Let u x and v log e x .
© Cambridge University Press 2019 143
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
Then u 1 and v .
x
d
uv vu uv
dx
1
log e x 1 x
x
1 log e x
d
y 1 log e x x
dx
1 log e x 1
So y log e x .
1
And so y .
x
16d y log e x
There are stationary points where y 0 .
log e x 0 x 1
So there is a stationary point at x 1 .
1
x 1 e
2
y 0.693... 0 1
slope \ /
When x 1 , y 1 .
Hence 1, 1 is a minimum turning point.
1
16e y for x 0 tells us that the curve is concave up throughout its domain.
x
© Cambridge University Press 2019 144
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
16f Given that y 0 as x 0 and the tangent approaches vertical as x 0 .
The range is y 1 .
17a y log e 1 x 2
1 x 2 0 for all real values of x
So the domain is all real values of x .
17b Algebraically, a function f x is even if f x f x for all x in the domain.
Replacing x with x we obtain:
y log e 1 x log e 1 x 2
2
So y log e 1 x 2 is an even function.
17c log e 1 x 2 0 1 x 2 1
Hence the function is zero at x 0 , and is positive otherwise because the logs of
numbers greater than 1 are positive.
17d y log e 1 x 2
Applying the chain rule:
Let u 1 x 2 and so y log e u .
du dy 1
Hence 2 x and .
dx du u
© Cambridge University Press 2019 145
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
dy dy du
dx du dx
2x
1 x2
dy 2x
So .
dx 1 x 2
dy 2x
Applying the quotient rule on :
dx 1 x 2
Let u 2 x and v 1 x 2 .
Then u 2 and v 2 x .
vu uv
y
v2
2 1 x 2 2 x 2 x
1 x 2 2
2 2 x2 4 x2
1 x 2 2
2 2x2
1 x
2 2
2 1 x 2
So y .
1 x 2
2
17e There are stationary points where y 0 .
2x 0 x 0
So there is a stationary point at x 0 .
x 1 0 1
y 1 0 1
slope \ /
When x 0 , y 0 .
© Cambridge University Press 2019 146
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
So 0, 0 is a minimum turning point.
2 1 x 2
17f y
1 x
2 2
There are points of inflection where y 0 .
y 0 2 1 x 2 0
Solving 2 1 x 2 0 for x we obtain x 1 .
So there are points of inflection at x 1 .
x 2 1 0 1 2
6 6
y 0 2 0
25 25
concavity down up down
So the points of inflection are 1, log e 2 .
17g
The range is y 0 .
© Cambridge University Press 2019 147
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
y ln x
2
18a
The domain is x 0 .
Solving ln x 0 for x we obtain x 1 .
2
18b
So the function is zero at x 1 , and is positive otherwise because squares cannot
be negative.
18c Applying the chain rule:
Let u ln x and so y u 2 .
du 1 dy
Hence and 2u .
dx x du
dy dy du
dx du dx
2
ln x
x
2
So y ln x .
x
2
Applying the product rule on y ln x :
x
2
Let u and v ln x .
x
2 1
Then u 2
and v .
x x
y vu uv
2 2 1
2
ln x
x x x
2
1 ln x
x2
2 1 ln x
So y .
x2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 148
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2 1 ln x
18d y
x2
There are points of inflection where y 0 .
y 0 2 1 ln x 0
Solving 2 1 ln x 0 for x we obtain x e .
So there is a point of inflection at x e .
x 2 e 3
y 0.153... 0 0.021...
concavity up down
So the point of inflection is e,1 .
2
18e y ln x
x
There are stationary points where y 0 .
2ln x 0 x 1
So there is a stationary point at x 1 .
1
x 1 e
e
2
y 2e 0
e
slope \ /
When x 1 , y 0 .
So 1, 0 is a minimum turning point.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 149
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
The range is y 0 .
log e x
19a y
x
The domain is x 0 .
log e x
19b Applying the quotient rule on y :
x
Let u log e x and v x .
1
Then u and v 1 .
x
vu uv
y
v2
1
x 1 log e x
x
x2
1 log e x
x2
1 log e x
So y .
x2
1 log e x
Applying the quotient rule on y :
x2
Let u 1 log e x and v x 2 .
1
Then u and v 2 x .
x
© Cambridge University Press 2019 150
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
vu uv
y
v2
x 2 1x 2 x 1 log e x
x2
2
x 2 x 2 x log e x
x4
x 2 log e x 3
x4
2 log e x 3
x 0
x3
2log e x 3
So y .
x3
1 log e x
19c y
x2
There are stationary points where y 0 .
1 log e x 0 x e
So there is a stationary point at x e .
x 2 e 3
y 0.076... 0 0.010...
slope / \
When x e , y e 1 .
So e, e 1 is a maximum turning point.
2log e x 3
19d y
x3
There are points of inflection where y 0 .
y 0 2 log e x 3 0
© Cambridge University Press 2019 151
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3
Solving 2 log e x 3 0 for x we obtain x e 2 .
3
So there is a point of inflection at x e 2 .
3
x e e 2 e2
y e3 0 e6
concavity down up
3
3
log e e 2 3 32
When x e , y
2
3
e .
2
2
e
3 3
3
So the point of inflection is (𝑒 2 , 2 𝑒 −2 ).
19e Given y 0 as x and that y as x 0 .
The range is y e 1 .
20a y log e x
dy 1
dx x
1
So the tangent at A a, log e a has gradient .
a
1
The tangent is y log e a x a .
a
Multiplying both sides by a and rearranging we obtain:
© Cambridge University Press 2019 152
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
a y log e a x a
ay a log e a x a
x ay a a log e a
So the tangent is x ay a 1 log e a .
20b Suppose the tangent at 𝑥 = 𝑎 passes through the origin.
Substituting 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 into the equation for the tangent gives:
0 − 𝑎 × 0 = 𝑎(1 − log 𝑒 𝑎)
0 = 𝑎(1 − log 𝑒 𝑎)
1 − log 𝑒 𝑎 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑎 = 1
𝑎=𝑒
So e,1 is the only point on y log e x where the tangent passes through the
origin.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 153
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5I
Let 𝐶 be a constant.
1a
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
1b
5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
= 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 5 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
1c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
1
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
2 𝑒
1d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
1
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
3 𝑒
© Cambridge University Press 2019 154
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1e
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥
4 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥
4
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
5 𝑒
1f
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
3 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
3
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
2 𝑒
2a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 + 1
1
= log |4𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
4 𝑒
2b
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 − 3
1
= log |5𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
5 𝑒
2c
6
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 + 2
6
= log |3𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
3 𝑒
© Cambridge University Press 2019 155
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
= 2 log 𝑒 |3𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
2d
15
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 + 1
15
= log 𝑒 |5𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
5
= 3 log 𝑒 |5𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2e
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 + 3
4
= log |4𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
4 𝑒
= log 𝑒 |4𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
2f
𝑑𝑥
∫
3−𝑥
1
= log |3 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
−1 𝑒
= − log 𝑒 |3 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
2g
𝑑𝑥
∫
7 − 2𝑥
1
= log |7 − 2𝑥| + 𝐶
−2 𝑒
1
= − log 𝑒 |7 − 2𝑥| + 𝐶
2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 156
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2h
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 − 1
4
= log |5𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
5 𝑒
2i
12
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 3𝑥
12
= log |1 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
−3 𝑒
= −4 log 𝑒 |1 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
3a
5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]15
= log e 5 − log e 1
= log e 5
3b
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]13
= log e 3 − log e 1
= log e 3
3c
−2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−8 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]−2
−8
© Cambridge University Press 2019 157
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
= log e |−2| − log e |−8|
= log e 2 − log e 8
2
= log e
8
1
= log e
4
= − log e 4
= − log e 22
= −2 log e 2
3d
9
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [log e |𝑥|]9−3
−3 𝑥
This definite integral is meaningless, as it passes over an asymptote at 𝑥 = 0,
1
over which the function 𝑥 is undefined.
3e
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥
4
1
= [ log e |2𝑥|]
2 1
1 1
= log e 8 − log e 2
2 2
1
= (log e 4)
2
1
= log e 42
= log e 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 158
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3f
−5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−15 5𝑥
−5
1
= [ log e |5𝑥|]
5 −15
1 1
= log e |−25| − log e |−75|
5 5
1
= (log e 25 − log e 75)
5
1 25
= (log e )
5 75
1 1
= log e
5 3
1
= log 3−1
5 e
1
= − log e 3
5
4a
1
𝑑𝑥
∫
0 𝑥+1
= [log e |𝑥 + 1|]10
Check for asymptote.
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1, outside of range of limits.
[log e |𝑥 + 1|]10
= log e |1 + 1| − log e |0 + 1|
= log e 2 − log e 1
= log e 2
≑ 0.6931
© Cambridge University Press 2019 159
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4b
−5
𝑑𝑥
∫
−7 𝑥+2
= [log e |𝑥 + 2|]−5
−7
Check for asymptote.
𝑥+2=0
𝑥 = −2, outside of range of limits.
[log e |𝑥 + 2|]−5
−7
= log e |−5 + 2| − log e |−7 + 2|
= log e 3 − log e 5
≑ −0.5108
4c
18
𝑑𝑥
∫ = [log e |𝑥 − 2|]18
4
4 𝑥−2
Check for asymptote.
𝑥−2=0
𝑥 = 2, outside of range of limits.
[log e |𝑥 − 2|]18
4
= log e |18 − 2| − log e |4 − 2|
= log e 16 − log e 2
= log 𝑒 8
= 3 log 𝑒 2
≑ 2.079
© Cambridge University Press 2019 160
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4d
3
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 3𝑥 − 1
3
1
= [ log e |3𝑥 − 1|]
3 1
Check for asymptote.
3𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
𝑥 = 3, outside of range of limits.
3
1
[ log e |3𝑥 − 1|]
3 1
1 1
= log e |3(3) − 1| − log e |3(1) − 1|
3 3
1
= (log e 8 − log e 2)
3
1
= log 4
3 𝑒
1
= log 22
3 𝑒
2
= log 2
3 𝑒
≑ 0.4621
4e
−2
𝑑𝑥
∫
−5 2𝑥 + 3
−2
1
= [ log e |2𝑥 + 3|]
2 −5
Check for asymptote.
2𝑥 + 3 = 0
3 1
𝑥 = − 2 = −1 2, outside of range of limits.
−2
1
[ log e |2𝑥 + 3|]
2 −5
© Cambridge University Press 2019 161
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 1
= log e |2(−2) + 3| − log e |2(−5) + 3|
2 2
1
= (log e 1 − log e 7)
2
1 1
= log 𝑒
2 7
1
= log 7−1
2 𝑒
1
= − log 𝑒 7
2
≑ −0.9730
4f
2
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 5 − 2𝑥
2
3
= [− log e |5 − 2𝑥|]
2 1
Check for asymptote.
5 − 2𝑥 = 0
5 1
𝑥 = 2 = 2 2, outside of range of limits.
2
3
[− log e |5 − 2𝑥|]
2 1
3 3
= − log e |5 − 2(2)| − (− log e |5 − 2(1)|)
2 2
3
= − (log e 1 − log e 3)
2
3
= log 3
2 𝑒
≑ 1.648
© Cambridge University Press 2019 162
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4g
1
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−1 7 − 3𝑥
1
3
= [− log e |7 − 3𝑥|]
3 −1
Check for asymptote.
7 − 3𝑥 = 0
7 1
𝑥 = 3 = 2 3, outside of range of limits.
1
3
[− log e |7 − 3𝑥|]
3 −1
= − log e |7 − 3(1)| − (− log e |7 − 3(−1)|)
= −(log e 4 − log e 10)
4
= − log 𝑒
10
5 −1
= − log 𝑒 ( )
2
5
= log 𝑒
2
≑ 0.9163
4h
4
6
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 4𝑥 − 1
4
6
= [ log e |4𝑥 − 1|]
4 1
Check for asymptote.
4𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
𝑥 = 4, outside of range of limits.
4
6
[ log e |4𝑥 − 1|]
4 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 163
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
6 6
= log e |4(4) − 1| − log e |4(1) − 1|
4 4
6
= (log e 15 − log e 3)
4
3 15
= log 𝑒
2 3
3
= log 5
2 𝑒
≑ 2.414
4i
11
5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 2𝑥 − 11
11
5
= [ log e |2𝑥 − 11|]
2 0
Check for asymptote.
2𝑥 − 11 = 0
11 1
𝑥= = 5 2, the integral is meaningless because it runs across an asymptote at
2
1
𝑥 = 52
5a
𝑒
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]1𝑒
= log e |𝑒| − log e |1|
= log 𝑒 𝑒
=1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 164
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
5b
𝑒2
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 𝑥
2
= [log e |𝑥|]1𝑒
= log e |𝑒 2 | − log e |1|
= 2 log 𝑒 𝑒
=2
5c
𝑒4
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 𝑥
4
= [log e |𝑥|]1𝑒
= log e |𝑒 4 | − log e |1|
= 4 log 𝑒 𝑒
=4
5d
𝑒
𝑑𝑥
∫ = [log e |𝑥|]𝑒√𝑒
√𝑒 𝑥
1
= log e |𝑒| − log e |𝑒 2 |
1
= 1 log 𝑒 𝑒 − log 𝑒 𝑒
2
1
=
2
6a
𝑥+1 𝑥 1 1
= + =1+
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
The primitive of the function above is
© Cambridge University Press 2019 165
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
6b
𝑥+3 𝑥 3 1 3
= + = +
5𝑥 5𝑥 5𝑥 5 5𝑥
The primitive of the function above is
1 3 𝑥 3
∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥 = + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
5 5𝑥 5 5
6c
2−𝑥 2 𝑥 2 1
= − = −
3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥 3
The primitive of the function above is
2 1 2 𝑥
∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| − + 𝐶
3𝑥 3 3 3
6d
1 − 8𝑥 1 8𝑥 1 8
= − = −
9𝑥 9𝑥 9𝑥 9𝑥 9
The primitive of the function above is
1 8 1 8
∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| − 𝑥 + 𝐶
9𝑥 9 9 9
6e
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3𝑥 2 2𝑥 2
2
= 2 − 2 = 3−
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
The primitive of the function above is
2
∫ 3 − 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 166
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
6f
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 2 𝑥 4 4
= + − = 2𝑥 + 1 −
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
The primitive of the function above is
4
∫ (2𝑥 + 1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
6g
3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 3 4𝑥 1 4 1
= + − = 3𝑥 + −
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2
The primitive of the function above is
4 1 3 1
∫ (3𝑥 + − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥
6h
𝑥4 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥4 𝑥 2 1 2
2
= 2 − 2 + 2 = 𝑥2 − + 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
The primitive of the function above is
1 2 𝑥3 2
∫ (𝑥 2 − + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − log 𝑒 |𝑥| − + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥
7a
𝑑 2
(𝑥 − 9) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 9
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 − 9| + 𝐶
𝑥2 −9
© Cambridge University Press 2019 167
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
7b
𝑑
(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
6𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |3𝑥 2 + 𝑥| + 𝐶
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥
7c
𝑑 2
(𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
𝑥2 +𝑥−3
7d
𝑑
(2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ) = 5 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
5 − 6𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 168
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
7e
𝑑 2
(𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 6 = 2(𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
1
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator, subjected to a factor of 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥+3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 6𝑥 − 1
1 2𝑥 + 6
= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 1
1
= log |𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑒
7f
𝑑
(12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2 ) = 12 − 4𝑥 = 4(3 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator, subjected to a factor of 4
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
3−𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2
1 4(3 − 𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2
1
= log |12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
4 𝑒
7g
𝑑
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator
© Cambridge University Press 2019 169
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |1 + 𝑒 𝑥 | + 𝐶
1 + 𝑒𝑥
7h
𝑑
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator, subjected to a factor of −1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
−𝑒 −𝑥
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
= − log 𝑒 |1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶
7i
𝑑 𝑥
(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
The absolute value signs are not required because the answers to part g-i are
always positive, therefore are not affected by the absolute value signs.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 170
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8a
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 +
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
Since 𝑓(1) = 1,
1 + 2 log 𝑒 |1| + 𝐶 = 1
𝐶=0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥|
𝑓(2) = 2 + 2 log 𝑒 |2|
8b
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 +
3𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
3
Since 𝑓(1) = 2,
1
(1)2 + log 𝑒 |1| + 𝐶 = 2
3
𝐶=1
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 1
3
1 1
𝑓(2) = (2)2 + log 𝑒 |2| + 1 = 5 + log e 2
3 3
8c
5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 +
2𝑥 − 1
5
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + log 𝑒 |2𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2
Since 𝑓(1) = 0,
5
3(1) + log 𝑒 |2(1) − 1| + 𝐶 = 0
2
𝐶 = −3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 171
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
5
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + log 𝑒 |2𝑥 − 1| − 3
2
5 5
𝑓(2) = 3(2) + log 𝑒 |2(2) − 1| − 3 = 3 + log 𝑒 3
2 2
8d
15
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 +
3𝑥 + 2
15
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + log 𝑒 |3𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
3
Since 𝑓(1) = 5 log 𝑒 5,
2(1)3 + 5 log 𝑒 |3(1) + 2| + 𝐶 = 5 log 𝑒 5
𝐶 = −2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 5 log 𝑒 |3𝑥 + 2| − 2
𝑓(2) = 2(2)3 + 5 log 𝑒 |3(2) + 2| − 2 = 14 + 5 log 𝑒 8
1
9a 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥
1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
4
Since 𝑥 = 𝑒 2 , 𝑦 = 1
1
1 = log 𝑒 𝑒 2 + 𝐶
4
1 1
𝐶 = 1 − (2) log 𝑒 𝑒 =
4 2
1 1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| +
4 2
When 𝑦 = 0,
1 1
log 𝑒 |𝑥| + = 0
4 2
1 1
log 𝑒 |𝑥| = −
4 2
log 𝑒 |𝑥| = −2
|𝑥| = 𝑒 −2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 172
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
The curve meets the 𝑥-axis on the right-hand side of the origin at 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
2
9b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥+1
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
1 = 2 log 𝑒 (0 + 1) + 𝐶
𝐶 = 1 − 2 log 𝑒 1 = 1
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥 + 1| + 1
2𝑥+5
9c 𝑦′ =
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+4
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 5
The numerator for 𝑦′ is the derivative of its denominator.
𝑢′
𝑦=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4| + 𝐶
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
1 = log 𝑒 |(1)2 + 5(1) + 4| + 𝐶
𝐶 = 1 − log 𝑒 10
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4| + 1 − log 𝑒 10
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4
= log 𝑒 | |+1
10
𝑦(0)
(0)2 + 5(0) + 4
= log 𝑒 | |+1
10
4
= log 𝑒 +1
10
2
or log 𝑒 5 + 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 173
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
(2+𝑥) 2
9d 𝑦′ = =𝑥+1
𝑥
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥 + 𝐶
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
1 = 2 log 𝑒 |1| + 1 + 𝐶
𝐶=0
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 2,
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |2| + 2 = log 𝑒 4 + 2
1
9e 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − + 𝐶1
𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
1
0 = − + 𝐶1
1
𝐶1 = 1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − + 1
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥 + 𝐶2
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
3 = − log 𝑒 1 + 1 + 𝐶2
𝐶2 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = − log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑒) = − log 𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 2 = −1 + 𝑒 + 2 = 𝑒 + 1
10a
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |2𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝐶
2𝑥 + 𝑏 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 174
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
10b
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |3𝑥 − 𝑘| + 𝐶
3𝑥 − 𝑘 3
10c
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑎𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥 + 3 𝑎
10d
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑚𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
𝑚𝑥 − 2 𝑚
10e
𝑝 𝑝
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞| + 𝐶 = log 𝑒 |𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞| + 𝐶
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑝
10f
𝐴 𝐴
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑠𝑥 − 𝑡| + 𝐶
𝑠𝑥 − 𝑡 𝑠
11a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 5
𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
3𝑥 2
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 3 − 5| + 𝐶
𝑥 −5
11b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 5
𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 + 1
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
© Cambridge University Press 2019 175
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4𝑥 3 + 1
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 5| + 𝐶
𝑥 +𝑥−5
11c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2
𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 6𝑥 2
1 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2
1
= log |𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
4 𝑒
11d Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 8
𝑢′ = 20𝑥 3 − 14𝑥
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
10𝑥 3 − 7𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 8
1 20𝑥 3 − 14𝑥
= ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
2 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 2 + 8
1
= log |5𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 8| + 𝐶
2 𝑒
11e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2 − 1
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
3
3𝑥 2 − 1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 −𝑥
= [log 𝑒 |𝑥 3 − 𝑥|]32
© Cambridge University Press 2019 176
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
= log 𝑒 |33 − 3| − log 𝑒 |23 − 2|
= log 𝑒 |24| − log 𝑒 |6|
= log 𝑒 4
= 2 log 𝑒 2
11f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 2
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
2𝑒
2𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
= [log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 2𝑥|]2𝑒
𝑒
= log 𝑒 |4𝑒 2 + 4𝑒| − log 𝑒 |𝑒 2 + 2𝑒|
4𝑒 2 + 4𝑒
= log 𝑒 ( 2 )
𝑒 + 2𝑒
4(𝑒 + 1)
= log 𝑒
𝑒+2
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝑥2 𝑥 1 1
12a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = +𝑥+𝑥 =𝑥+1+𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑥 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 2
(1)2 1
𝑓(1) = + (1) + log 𝑒 (1) + 𝐶 = 1
2 2
1 1
𝐶 =1 −1− =0
2 2
𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑥 + log 𝑒 |𝑥|
2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 177
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
12b
′ (𝑥)
2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 4
𝑔 =
𝑥2
2𝑥 3 3𝑥 4
= − 2− 2
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
3 4
= 2𝑥 − −
𝑥 𝑥2
3 4
𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ (2𝑥 − − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
4
= 𝑥 2 − 3 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + +𝐶
𝑥
4
𝑔(2) = (2)2 − 3 log 𝑒 |2| + + 𝐶 = −3 log 𝑒 2
2
𝐶 = −2 − 4 = −6
4
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + −6
𝑥
13
2
1 2 2 1
e e
1 x x 2 dx 1 x x x 4 dx
e
2 2 1 1 3 1
e
1 x x x 4 dx 3 x 2 ln x 3x3 1
1 1 1 1
e3 2 e 3 0
3 3 3 3
1 1
e3 2 e 3
3 3
2
1
e
So x dx e3 e 3 2 .
1
1
x 3
14a y x log e x x
d
Applying the product rule on x log e x :
dx
© Cambridge University Press 2019 178
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Let u x and v log e x .
1
Then u 1 and v .
x
d
uv vu uv
dx
1
log e x 1 x
x
log e x 1
d
y log e x 1 x
dx
log e x 1 1
log e x
So y log e x .
d
14b i From part (a), x log e x x log e x .
dx
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
log e x dx x log e x x C for some constant C
14b ii Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
e
log x dx x log e x x
e
e e
e
1
e e e log e e 2 e
e
e
2
e
2
e
e
So log e x dx
2
.
e
© Cambridge University Press 2019 179
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
15a y 2 x 2 loge x x 2
Applying the product rule on
d
dx
2 x 2 log e x :
Let u 2 x 2 and v log e x .
1
Then u 4 x and v .
x
d
uv vu uv
dx
1
log e x 4 x 2 x 2
x
4 x log e x 2 x
y 4 x log e x 2 x
d 2
dx
x
4 x log e x 2 x 2 x
4 x log e x
So y 4 x log e x .
15b From part (a),
d
dx
2 x 2 log e x x 2 4 x log e x .
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
4 x log e x dx 2 x 2 log e x x 2
1 1
4 4
1 2 1
So x log e x dx
2
x log e x x 2 + 𝐶
4
2
1 2 1 2
2
15c e x log e x dx 2 x log e x 4 x e
1 1
2 log e 2 1 e 2 e 2
2 4
1
2 log e 2 1 e 2
4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 180
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2
e2
So x loge x dx 2 loge 2 1
e
4
.
Let y log e x .
2
16a
Applying the chain rule:
Let u log e x and so y u 2 .
du 1 dy
Hence and 2u .
dx x du
dy dy du
dx du dx
2
log e x
x
dy 2 log e x
So .
dx x
16b From part a,
d
dx
log e x
2 2 log e x
x
.
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
e
1 2
e
1 2 log x
2 x e dx 2 log e x e
e
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1
2 8
3
8
e
log e x 3
So x
dx .
8
e
© Cambridge University Press 2019 181
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
17 Let y ln ln x .
Applying the chain rule:
Let u ln x and so y ln u .
du 1 dy 1
Hence and .
dx x du u
dy dy du
dx du dx
1
x ln x
dy 1
So .
dx x ln x
From above,
d
dx
ln ln x
1
x ln x
.
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
1
x ln x dx ln ln x C for some constant C
18 The key to all this is that log e 5 x log e 5 log e x and so log e x and log e 5 x
differ only by a constant log e 5 .
1
Thus C2 C1 log e 5 .
5
As C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants, it does not matter at all.
In particular, in a definite integral, adding a constant does not change the answer
because it cancels out when we take F b F a .
a
1
19a i Given x dx 5 and a 0 .
1
a
1
x dx ln x
a
1
1
ln a
ln a 5 a e5
© Cambridge University Press 2019 182
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
So a e5 .
e
1
19a ii x dx 5 and a 0
a
e
1
a x a
e
dx ln x
1 ln a
1 ln a 5
ln a 4
a e4
So a e 4 .
1
1
19b i x dx 2 and a 0
a
1
1 1
x dx ln x
a
a
ln a
ln a 2
ln a 2
a e2
a e2
So a e2 as a 0 .
a
1
19b ii x dx 2 and a 0
e
a
1
x dx ln x
a
e
e
ln a ln e
ln a 1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 183
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
ln a 1 2
ln a 1
a e 1
a e 1
So a e1 as a 0 .
20a x a2
1
2
dx log e x x 2 a 2 C for some constant C
1 1
dx log e x x 2 1
1
0 x 1
2 0
log e 1 2
1
1
So
0 x2 1
dx log e 1 2 .
1
20b x a2 2
dx log e x x 2 a 2 C for some constant C
8 8
dx log e x x 2 16
1
4 x 16
2 4
log e 8 4 3 log e 4
8 4 3
log e
4
log e 2 3
8
1
So
4 x 16
2
dx log e 2 3 .
© Cambridge University Press 2019 184
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5J
1a
𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1−0
= 1 square unit
1b
Based on the diagram above, the 100 square mark occurs at approximately 2.7.
2a i The area between the curve is calculated as the definite integral.
𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
© Cambridge University Press 2019 185
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1 square unit
2a ii
5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]15
= ln 5 − ln 1
= ln 5 square units
≑ 1.609 square units
2b i The area between the curve is calculated as the definite integral.
𝑒2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥
2
= [ln|𝑥|]𝑒𝑒
= ln 𝑒 2 − ln 𝑒
= 2−1
= 1 square unit
2b ii
8
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]82
= ln 8 − ln 2
= ln 4
= 2 ln 2 square units
≑ 1.386 square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 186
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2b iii
𝑒2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
= [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
= ln 𝑒 2 − ln 1
= 2−0
= 2 square units
2b iv
25
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]125
= ln 25 − ln 1
= 2 ln 5 square units
≑ 3.219 square units
3a
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]12
= ln 2 − ln 1
= ln 2 square units
3b
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]32
= (ln 3 − ln 2) square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 187
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3c
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
= [ln|𝑥|]11
3
1
= ln 1 − ln
3
= 0 − (− ln 3)
= ln 3 square units
3d
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
= [ln|𝑥|]21
2
1
= ln 2 − ln
2
= ln 2 − (− ln 2)
= 2 ln 2 square units
4a i
5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝑥 + 1
5
1
= [ ln|2𝑥 + 1|]
2 2
1 1
= ln|2(5) + 1| − ln|2(2) + 1|
2 2
1
= 2 (ln 11 − ln 5) square units
≑ 0.3942 square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 188
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4a ii
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥 + 1
4
1
= [ ln|2𝑥 + 1|]
2 1
1 1
= ln|2(4) + 1| − ln|2(1) + 1|
2 2
1
= (ln 9 − ln 3)
2
1 9
= (ln )
2 3
1
= 2 ln 3 square units
≑ 0.5493 square units
4b i
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 3𝑥 + 2
1
1
= [ ln|3𝑥 + 2|]
3 0
1 1
= ln|3(1) + 2| − ln|3(0) + 2|
3 3
1
= 3 (ln 5 − ln 2) square units
≑ 0.3054 square units
4b ii
6
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 3𝑥 + 2
6
1
= [ ln|3𝑥 + 2|]
3 0
1 1
= ln|3(6) + 2| − ln|3(0) + 2|
3 3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 189
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
= (ln 20 − ln 2)
3
1 20
= (ln )
3 2
1
= 3 ln 10 square units
≑ 0.7675 square units
4c i
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 2𝑥 − 5
4
1
= [ ln|2𝑥 − 5|]
2 3
1 1
= ln|2(4) − 5| − ln|2(3) − 5|
2 2
1
= (ln 3 − ln 1)
2
1
= 2 ln 3 square units
≑ 0.5493 square units
4c ii
16
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 2𝑥 − 5
16
1
= [ ln|2𝑥 − 5|]
2 4
1 1
= ln|2(16) − 5| − ln|2(4) − 5|
2 2
1
= (ln 27 − ln 3)
2
1 27
= ln
2 3
1
= ln 9
2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 190
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
= ln 32
2
= ln 3 square units
≑ 1.099 square units
4d i
𝑒 3 +1
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥−1
3 +1
= [3 ln|𝑥 − 1|]𝑒2
= 3 ln|(𝑒 3 + 1) − 1| − 3 ln|(2) − 1|
= 3(ln 𝑒 3 − ln 1)
= 9 ln 𝑒
= 9 square units
4d ii
12
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥−1
= [3 ln|𝑥 − 1|]12
3
= 3 ln|(12) − 1| − 3 ln|(3) − 1|
= 3(ln 11 − ln 2) square units
≑ 5.114 square units
5a
2
1
∫ ( + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥| + 𝑥]12
= (ln|2| + 2) − (ln|1| + 1)
= (ln 2 + 1) square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 191
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
5b
2
1
∫ + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
2
𝑥2
= [ln|𝑥| + ]
2 1
2
1 2
2 2
1 (2)
= (ln|2| + ) − (ln | | + )
2 2 2
1
= ln 2 + 2 + ln 2 −
8
15
= (2 ln 2 + ) square units
8
5c
3
1
∫ + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
𝑥3
= [ln|𝑥| + ]
3 1
33 13
= (ln|3| + ) − (ln|1| + )
3 3
27 1
= ln 3 + −
3 3
2
= (ln 3 + 8 3) square units
6a
3
3
∫ 3 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [3𝑥 − 3 ln|𝑥|]13
= (3(3) − 3 ln|3|) − (3(1) − 3 ln|1|)
= 9 − 3 ln 3 − 3 + 0
= (6 − 3 ln 3) square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 192
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
6b
3
1
∫ 2 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [2𝑥 − ln|𝑥|]13
= (2(3) − ln|3|) − (2(1) − ln|1|)
= 6 − ln 3 − 2 + 0
= (4 − ln 3) square units
7a
4 4
2 1
∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 1 2
4
2 𝑥 1
= ∫ (2 − − + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 2 2
4
5 2 𝑥
= ∫ ( − − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 𝑥 2
4
5𝑥 𝑥2
= [ − 2 ln|𝑥| − ]
2 4 1
5(4) (4)2 5(1) (1)2
=( − 2 ln|4| − )−( − 2 ln|1| − )
2 4 2 4
5 1
= 10 − 2 ln 4 − 4 − +0+
2 4
15
= ( 4 − 2 ln 4) square units
7b
5−𝑥
Rearrange 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 to become 𝑦 = 2
4 4
5−𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 𝑥
4
5 𝑥 2
= ∫ ( − − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 2 𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 193
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4
5𝑥 𝑥 2
= [ − − 2 ln|𝑥|]
2 4 1
5(4) (4)2 5(1) (1)2
=( − − 2 ln|4|) − ( − − 2 ln|1|)
2 4 2 4
5 1
= 10 − 4 − 2 ln 4 − + +0
2 4
15
= ( 4 − 2 ln 4) square units
8a
8b
8
4
∫ 1 − 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥
= [𝑥 − 4 ln|𝑥|]84
= (8 − 4 ln|8|) − (4 − 4 ln|4|)
= 4 − 4 × 3 ln 2 + 4 × 2 ln 2
= 4 − 12 ln 2 + 8 ln 2
= 4 − 4 ln 2
= 4(1 − ln 2) square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 194
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
9a
2
2
∫ (2 − (2 − )) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [2 ln|𝑥|]12
= (2 ln|2|) − (2 ln|1|)
= 2 ln 2 square units
9b
0
1
∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑥+2
= [𝑥 − ln|𝑥 + 2|]0−1
= (0 − ln|0 + 2|) − ((−1) − ln|(−1) + 2|)
= 0 − ln 2 + 1 + ln 1
= (1 − ln 2) square units
10a
4
1
∫ (0 − (− )) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]14
= (ln|4|) − (ln|1|)
= ln 4 − ln 1
= ln 4 square units
10b
3
3
∫ (0 − ( − 3)) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [3𝑥 − 3 ln|𝑥|]13
= (3(3) − 3 ln|3|) − (3(1) − 3 ln|1|)
© Cambridge University Press 2019 195
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
= 9 − 3 ln 3 − 3 − 3 ln 1
= (6 − 3 ln 3) square units
11a
1 2
1 1
∫ ( − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (0 − ( − 1)) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
1
2
= [ln|𝑥| − 𝑥]11 + [𝑥 − ln|𝑥|]12
2
1 1
= [(ln|1| − 1) − (ln | | − )] + [(2 − ln|2|) − (1 − ln|1|)]
2 2
1 1
= 0 − 1 − ln + + 2 − ln 2 − 1 + ln 1
2 2
1
= 0 − 1 + + 2 − 1 + ln 2 − ln 2 + ln 1
2
1
= 2 square units
11b
2 3
2 2
∫ 0 − 1 + 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 2 𝑥
= [2 ln|𝑥| − 𝑥]12 + [𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑥|]32
= [(2 ln|2| − 2) − (2 ln|1| − 1)] + [(3 − 2 ln|3|) − (2 − 2 ln|2|)]
= 2 ln 2 − 2 − 2 ln 1 + 1 + 3 − 2 ln 3 − 2 + 2 ln 2
= 1 − 2 + 3 − 2 + 2 ln 2 − 2 ln 1 − 2 ln 3 + 2 ln 2
= 2 ln 4 − 2 ln 3
4
= 2 ln 3 square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 196
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
12a First, solve the equations simultaneously to determine the intersection point.
1
𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4 − 3𝑥
1
= 4 − 3𝑥
𝑥
1 = 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
𝑥= ,𝑥 = 1
3
1 1
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 =3
3
1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 = 1
1
The intersection points are (3 , 3) , (1,1)
12b Given that there are only two intersection points, we only need to determine
1
which curve lies above the other, pick a value of 𝑥ϵ (3 , 1) between the points of
intersection.
2 1
Try 𝑥 = 3, let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 3𝑥
2 3 2 2
𝑓( ) = ,𝑔( ) = 4 − 3( ) = 2
3 2 3 3
2 2
As 𝑔 (3) > 𝑓 (3) the line 𝑔(𝑥) lies above 𝑓(𝑥)
The integral required to determine the area between the curves is
1
1
∫ 4 − 3𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
1
3 2
= [4𝑥 − 𝑥 − ln|𝑥|]1
2
3
3 2
1 3 1 2 1
= (4(1) − (1) − ln|1|) − (4 ( ) − ( ) − ln | |)
2 3 2 3 3
3 4 1 1
= 4− − 0 − + + ln
2 3 6 3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 197
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4
= (3 − ln 3) square units
13a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑢′
13b Given the standard form ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
2
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 + 1
1 2 2𝑥
= ∫ 2
2 0 𝑥 +1
2
1
= [ ln|𝑥 2 + 1|]
2 0
1 1
= ( ln|(2)2 + 1|) − ( ln|(0)2 + 1|)
2 2
1 1
= ln 5 − ln 1
2 2
1
= 2 ln 5 square units
14a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 2
𝑢′
14b Given the standard form ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
1
𝑥+1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 3
1 1 2𝑥 + 2
= ∫
2 0 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
1
1 2
= [ ln|𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3|]
2 0
1 1
= ( ln|(1)2 + 2(1) + 3|) − ( ln|(0)2 + 2(0) + 3|)
2 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 198
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 1
= ln 6 − ln 3
2 2
1
= 2 ln 2 square units
15a
15b The appropriate integral is a sum of integrals from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1 and from 𝑥 = 1
to 𝑥 = 𝑒.
1 𝑒
1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 𝑥
1
𝑥2
= [ ] + [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
2 0
12 02
= ( − ) + (ln|𝑒| − ln|1|)
2 2
1
= +1
2
1
= 1 2 square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 199
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
16a
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]12
= (ln|2|) − (ln|1|)
= ln 2
≑ 0.693
16b Two trapezoids are formed.
1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = =1
1
3 1 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = =
2 3 3
2
1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 =
2
Dimensions of trapezoid 1:
𝑎1 = 𝑦(1) = 1
3 2
𝑏1 = 𝑦 ( ) =
2 3
3 1
ℎ1 = −1=
2 2
1 1 2 1 5
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴1 = 2 (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )(ℎ1 ) = 2 (1 + 3) (2) = 12
Dimensions of trapezoid 2:
3 2
𝑎2 = 𝑦 ( ) =
2 3
1
𝑏2 = 𝑦(2) =
2
3 1
ℎ2 = 2 − =
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 7
Area of trapezoid 2, 𝐴2 = 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )(ℎ2 ) = 2 (3 + 2) (2) = 24
5 7 17
Total area, 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 12 + 24 = 24 ≑ 0.708
© Cambridge University Press 2019 200
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
17a
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]13
= ln 3 − ln 1
= ln 3
≑ 1.0986
17b Two equal subintervals between 1 and 3,
1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = =1
1
1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 =
2
1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 =
3
Dimensions of trapezoid 1:
𝑎1 = 𝑦(1) = 1
1
𝑏1 = 𝑦(2) =
2
ℎ1 = 2 − 1 = 1
1 1 1 3
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴1 = 2 (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )(ℎ1 ) = 2 (1 + 2) (1) = 4
Dimensions of trapezoid 2:
1
𝑎2 = 𝑦(2) =
2
1
𝑏2 = 𝑦(3) =
3
ℎ2 = 3 − 2 = 1
1 1 1 1 5
Area of trapezoid 2, 𝐴2 = 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )(ℎ2 ) = 2 (2 + 3) (1) = 12
3 5 7
Total area, 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 4 + 12 = 6 ≑ 1.1667
© Cambridge University Press 2019 201
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
18 Four subintervals require 5 function values between 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = ln 1 = 0
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = ln 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = ln 3
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = ln 4 = 2 ln 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = ln 5
Dimensions of trapezoid 1:
𝑎1 = 𝑦(1) = 0
𝑏1 = 𝑦(2) = ln 2
ℎ1 = 2 − 1 = 1
1 1 1
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴1 = 2 (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )(ℎ1 ) = 2 (0 + ln 2)(1) = 2 ln 2
Dimensions of trapezoid 2:
𝑎2 = 𝑦(2) = ln 2
𝑏2 = 𝑦(3) = ln 3
ℎ2 = 3 − 2 = 1
1 1 1
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴2 = 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )(ℎ2 ) = 2 (ln 2 + ln 3)(1) = 2 ln 6
Dimensions of trapezoid 3:
𝑎3 = 𝑦(3) = ln 3
𝑏3 = 𝑦(4) = ln 4
ℎ3 = 4 − 3 = 1
1 1 1
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴3 = 2 (𝑎3 + 𝑏3 )(ℎ3 ) = 2 (ln 3 + ln 4)(1) = 2 ln 12
Dimensions of trapezoid 4:
𝑎4 = 𝑦(4) = ln 4
𝑏4 = 𝑦(5) = ln 5
ℎ4 = 5 − 4 = 1
1 1 1
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴4 = 2 (𝑎4 + 𝑏4 )(ℎ4 ) = 2 (ln 4 + ln 5)(1) = 2 ln 20
Total area of trapezoids, 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 202
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 1 1 1
= ln 2 + ln 6 + ln 12 + ln 20
2 2 2 2
1
= (ln(2 × 6 × 12 × 20))
2
1
= ln 2880
2
≑ 3.928 square units
19a
19b To calculate this area we need to express x in terms of y and integrate with
respect to y .
y loge x x e y
1
e dy e
y 1
y
0
0
e 1
So the required area is e 1 u2.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 203
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
19c To calculate this area we subtract the area found in part b, from the area of a
rectangle of length e and width 1 .
1
e 1 e y dy e e y 0
1
e e 1
1
So the required area is 1 square unit.
20a Consider the curves y 6e x and y e x 1 .
The x - coordinate of the intersection point of these two curves satisfies the
equation e x 1 6e x .
Multiplying both sides by e x we obtain e2 x e x 6 .
Let u e x and given that e2x e x :
2
e
x 2
ex 6 0
So u 2 u 6 0 .
20b u2 u 6 0
u 3 u 2 0
u 2,3
So e x 2 or e x 3 .
log e 2 does not exist
Hence x ln 3 .
Substituting x ln 3 into y e x 1 we obtain y 2 .
© Cambridge University Press 2019 204
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
20c
−1
ln 3
20d The area of the shaded region is given Area top curve bottom curve dx .
0
6e e 1 dx 6e
ln 3
ln 3
x x x
e x x
0
0
2 3 ln 3 6 1 0
2 ln 3
So the area of the shaded region is 2 ln 3 square units.
1
1
21a The required area is given by x 1 dx .
e
1
1 1
x 1 dx ln x x
e
e
0 1 1 e
e2
So the required area is e 2 square units.
21b In this region the sign of 𝑦 is negative so
−𝑒 −1 1
the required area is given by − ∫−1 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥.
−𝑒 −1 1
∫−1 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 205
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
−1
= [ln|𝑥| + 𝑥]−𝑒
−1
= (ln 𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (ln 1 − 1)
= −1 − 𝑒 −1 − 0 + 1
= −𝑒 −1
So the required area is e 1 square units.
21c The required area is given by e 2 + e 1 or e 2 e1 square units.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 206
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5K
Let 𝐶 be a constant.
1a
log 𝑒 3
log 2 3 = ≑ 1.58
log 𝑒 2
Since log 2 3 ≑ 1.58, 21.58 ≑ 2.99, which approximates to 3
1b
log 𝑒 10
log 2 10 = ≑ 3.32
log 𝑒 2
Since log 2 10 ≑ 3.32, 23.32 ≑ 9.99, which approximates to 10
1c
log 𝑒 26
log 5 26 = ≑ 2.02
log 𝑒 5
Since log 5 26 ≑ 2.02, 52.02 ≑ 25.82, which approximates to 26
1d
log 𝑒 0.0047
log 3 0.0047 = ≑ −4.88
log 𝑒 3
Since log 3 0.0047 ≑ −4.88, 3−4.88 ≑ 0.004695, which approximates to 0.0047
2a
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 2
1
Since log is a constant,
𝑒2
𝑑 1
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 2
1 1
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 207
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
2b
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = log10 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 10
1
Since log is a constant,
𝑒 10
𝑑 1
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 10
1 1
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
2c
3 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 3 log 5 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 5
3
Since log is a constant,
𝑒5
𝑑 3
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 5
1 3
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 5
3
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 5
𝑑 1
3a Standard form 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log
𝑒𝑎
𝑦 = log 3 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 208
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑 1
3b Standard form 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log
𝑒𝑎
𝑦 = log 7 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 7
𝑑 1
3c Standard form 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log
𝑒𝑎
𝑦 = 5 log 6 𝑥
𝑑
𝑦′ = 5 log 6 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 6
4a 𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑒 log𝑒 3 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 (𝑥 log 𝑒 3) by the chain rule
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3
= 3𝑥 log 𝑒 3
4b 𝑦 = 4𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑒 log𝑒 4 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 4
𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 4 (𝑥 log 𝑒 4) by the chain rule
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 4 log 𝑒 4
= 4𝑥 log 𝑒 4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 209
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
4c 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑒 log𝑒 2 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2
𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 (𝑥 log 𝑒 2) by the chain rule
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 2
5a Standard form:
𝑑 𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 10𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 10𝑥 log 𝑒 10
5b Standard form:
𝑑 𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 8𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 8𝑥 log 𝑒 8
5c Standard form:
𝑑 𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 3 × 5𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3(5𝑥 log 𝑒 5)
6a
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
Integrate by substitution.
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 210
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 2
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 2
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 2
2𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 2
6b
∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 6 𝑑𝑥
Integrate by substitution.
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 6 , 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 6 so 𝑑𝑢 = log 𝑒 6 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 6 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 6 log 𝑒 6 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 6
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 6
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 6
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 6
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 6
6𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 6
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
6c
∫ 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 7 𝑑𝑥
Integrate by substitution.
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 7 , 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 7 so 𝑑𝑢 = log 𝑒 7 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 7 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 7 log 𝑒 7 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 7
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 7
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 7
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 7
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 7
7𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 7
6d
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
Integrate by substitution.
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 3 so 𝑑𝑢 = log 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 3
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 3
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 212
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 3
3𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 3
7a Standard form:
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
2𝑥 1
=[ ]
log 𝑒 2 0
21 20
= −
log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
2−1
=
log 𝑒 2
1
=
log 𝑒 2
≑ 1.443
7b Standard form:
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
1
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
3𝑥 1
=[ ]
log 𝑒 3 0
31 30
= −
log 𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3
3−1
=
log 𝑒 3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 213
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2
=
log 𝑒 3
≑ 1.820
7c Standard form:
𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
1
∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
5𝑥 1
=[ ]
log 𝑒 5 −1
51 5−1
= −
log 𝑒 5 log 𝑒 5
1
5−
= 5
log 𝑒 5
24
= 5
log 𝑒 5
24
=
5 log 𝑒 5
≑ 2.982
7d Standard form:
𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
2
∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
4𝑥 2
=[ ]
log 𝑒 4 0
42 40
= −
log 𝑒 4 log 𝑒 4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 214
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
16 − 1
=
log 𝑒 4
15
=
log 𝑒 4
≑ 10.82
8a
1 1
𝑥 1 2 4
4 2
log 2 2−2 log 2 2−1
log 2 𝑥 log 2 1 = 0 log 2 2 = 1 log 2 22 = 2
= −2 = −1
log 𝑒 2−2 log 𝑒 2−1 log 𝑒 22
log 𝑒 2
log 𝑒 𝑥 = −2 log 𝑒 2 = −1 log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 1 = 0 = 2 log 𝑒 2
= 0.69
= −1.39 = −0.69 = 1.39
1 1
log 4 4−2 log 4 42
log 4 4−1
1 1 log 4 4
log 4 𝑥 = − log 4 4 = − log 4 4 log 4 1 = 0 = log 4 4
2 2 =1
= −1 1 1
=− =
2 2
8b
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 215
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
9a 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
1
The tangent of the gradient to the curve at 𝑥 = 1 is 𝑦 ′ = log 2.
𝑒
1
9b Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = log
𝑒2
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = log 2 1 = 0
The tangent passes through the point (1, 0).
1
𝑓(1) = +𝑏 =0
log 𝑒 2
1
𝑏=−
log 𝑒 2
𝑥 1 1
Equation of tangent, 𝑓(𝑥) = log − log = log (𝑥 − 1)
𝑒2 𝑒2 𝑒2
9c i 𝑦 = log 3 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 3
1
The tangent of the gradient to the curve at 𝑥 = 1 is 𝑦 ′ = log 3.
𝑒
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = log 3.
𝑒
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = log 3 1 = 0
The tangent passes through the point (1, 0).
1
𝑓(1) = +𝑏 =0
log 𝑒 3
1
𝑏=−
log 𝑒 3
𝑥 1 1
Equation of tangent, 𝑓(𝑥) = log − log = log (𝑥 − 1)
𝑒3 𝑒3 𝑒3
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
9c ii 𝑦 = log 5 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 5
1
The tangent of the gradient to the curve at 𝑥 = 1 is 𝑦 ′ = log 5.
𝑒
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = log 5.
𝑒
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = log 5 1 = 0
The tangent passes through the point (1, 0).
1
𝑓(1) = +𝑏 =0
log 𝑒 5
1
𝑏=−
log 𝑒 5
𝑥 1 1
Equation of tangent, 𝑓(𝑥) = log − log = log (𝑥 − 1)
𝑒 5 𝑒 5 𝑒5
10a
3
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
2𝑥 3
=[ ]
log 𝑒 2 1
23 21
= −
log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
8−2
=
log 𝑒 2
6
=
log 𝑒 2
≑ 8.6562
© Cambridge University Press 2019 217
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
10b
1
∫ 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
3𝑥
=[ + 𝑥]
log 𝑒 3 −1
31 3−1
=( + 1) − ( − 1)
log 𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3
1
3−3
= +2
log 𝑒 3
8
= +2
3 log 𝑒 3
≑ 4.4273
10c
2
∫ (10𝑥 − 10𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
10𝑥 2
=[ − 5𝑥 ]
log 𝑒 10 0
102 2
100
=( − 5(2) ) − ( − 5(0)2 )
log 𝑒 10 log 𝑒 10
100 − 1
= − 20
log 𝑒 10
99
= − 20
log 𝑒 10
≑ 22.9952
11a
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = log10 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 10
1 𝑑
𝑦′ = log 𝑒 𝑥
log 𝑒 10 𝑑𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 218
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
At (10, 1),
1
𝑦′ =
10 log 𝑒 10
1
11b Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 10 log
𝑒 10
The tangent passes through the point (10, 1).
10
𝑦= +𝑏 =1
10 log 𝑒 10
10 1
𝑏 = 1− =1−
10 log 𝑒 10 log 𝑒 10
𝑥 1
Equation of tangent, 𝑦 = 10 log + 1 − log
𝑒 10 𝑒 10
Rearranging gives:
𝑥 1
+1− −𝑦 =0
10 log 𝑒 10 log 𝑒 10
𝑥 − 10𝑦 log 𝑒 10 + 10 log 𝑒 10 − 10 = 0
11c The tangent has a gradient of 1 when 𝑦 ′ = 1
1
=1
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
1
𝑥=
log 𝑒 10
12a For 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = log 2 3 , 𝑦 ′ = 3 log
𝑒2
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3 log
𝑒2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 219
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3
log 2 3 = +𝑏
3 log 𝑒 2
1 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑏 = log 2 3 − =
log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
Equation of tangent to 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is
𝑥 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑦= +
3 log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
1 𝑥
𝑦= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 2 3
For 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥
1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3 , 𝑦 ′ = 3
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3
3
log 𝑒 3 = +𝑏
3
𝑏 = log 𝑒 3 − 1
Equation of tangent to 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is
𝑥
𝑦= + log 𝑒 3 − 1
3
For 𝑦 = log 4 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 4
1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = log 4 3 , 𝑦 ′ = 3 log
𝑒4
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3 log
𝑒4
3
log 4 3 = +𝑏
3 log 𝑒 4
1 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑏 = log 4 3 − =
log 𝑒 4 log 𝑒 4
Equation of tangent to 𝑦 = log 4 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is
© Cambridge University Press 2019 220
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑥 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑦= +
3 log 𝑒 4 log 𝑒 4
1 𝑥
𝑦= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 4 3
12b Check when 𝑦 = 0 for each curve.
1 𝑥
For 𝑦 = log (3 + log 𝑒 3 − 1),
𝑒2
1 𝑥
0= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 2 3
𝑥 = 3 − 3 log 𝑒 3
𝑥
For 𝑦 = 3 + log 𝑒 3 − 1,
𝑥
0= + log 𝑒 3 − 1
3
𝑥 = 3 − 3 log 𝑒 3
1 𝑥
For 𝑦 = log ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1),
𝑒 4 3
1 𝑥
0= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 4 3
𝑥 = 3 − 3 log 𝑒 3
All derived tangents above meet at (3 − 3 log 𝑒 3 , 0).
13a At 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = 20 = 1
𝑦 = 1 + 2(0) − (0)2 = 1
At 𝑥 = 1,
𝑦 = 21 = 2
𝑦 = 1 + 2(1) − 12 = 2
Therefore, both 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 intersect at points 𝐴(0, 1) and 𝐵(1, 2).
© Cambridge University Press 2019 221
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
13b
The area shaded is defined by the definite integral:
1
∫ (1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2
𝑥3 2𝑥
= [𝑥 + 𝑥 − − ]
3 log 𝑒 2 0
13 21 03 20
= (1 + 12 − − ) − (0 + 02 − − )
3 log 𝑒 2 3 log 𝑒 2
1 2 1
= (1 + 1 − − ) − (− )
3 log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
2 1
= (1 − ) square units
3 log 𝑒 2
14 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0 = 8 − 2𝑥
2𝑥 = 8
𝑥 = log 2 8
𝑥 = log 2 23 = 3
𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = 8 − 20 = 7
Intercepts are: (0, 7), (3, 0)
The area under the curve bounded by the coordinate axes is
© Cambridge University Press 2019 222
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3
∫ (8 − 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
2𝑥 3
= [8𝑥 − ]
log 𝑒 2 0
23 20
= (8(3) − ) − (8(0) − )
log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
8 1
= 24 − +
log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
7
= (24 − ) square units
log 𝑒 2
15a
15b
1
∫ (3 − 3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
3𝑥 1
= [3𝑥 − ]
log 𝑒 3 0
31 30
= (3(1) − ) − (3(0) − )
log 𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3
3 1
= 3− +
log 𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 223
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2
= (3 − log 3) square units
𝑒
16a First find the 𝑦-intercept.
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 40 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 + 1 = 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
At 𝑥 = − 2, 𝑦 = 4−2 = 1 = 2, 𝑦 = − 2 + 1 = 2
42
1 1
Both 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 intersect at 𝑦-intercept (0, 1) and the point (− , ).
2 2
1
16b Determine which of the curves lies above the other, between the interval [− 2 , 0]
1
Choose 𝑥 = − 4,
1 1 1
𝑦 = 4 −4 = 1 = ≑ 0.7071
44 √2
1 3
𝑦 = − + 1 = = 0.75 > 0.7071
4 4
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 is located above 𝑦 = 4𝑥 over the interval of (− 2 , 0).
The integral which defines the area of the enclosed region is:
0
∫ (𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
−
2
0
16c ∫−1(𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝑥2 4𝑥
=[ +𝑥− ]
2 log 𝑒 4 −1
2
1 2 −
1
0 2
4 (− ) 1 0
4 2
= ( +0− ) − ( 2 + (− ) − )
2 log 𝑒 4 2 2 log 𝑒 4
1 1 1 1
=− − + +
log 𝑒 4 8 2 2 log 𝑒 4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 224
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3 1
= −
8 2 log 𝑒 4
17a y log 3 x
dy 1
dx x log e 3
1
So the tangent at A e,log3 e has gradient .
e log e 3
log e e 1
Using change of base, log 3 e .
log e 3 log e 3
1 1
The tangent is y x e .
log e 3 e log e 3
x 1 1
y
e log e 3 log e 3 log e 3
x
e log e 3
1
This tangent has gradient and passes through the origin.
e log e 3
17b y log 5 x
dy 1
dx x log e 5
1
So the tangent at A e,log5 e has gradient .
e log e 5
log e e 1
Using change of base, log 5 e .
log e 5 log e 5
1 1
The tangent is y x e .
log e 5 e log e 5
© Cambridge University Press 2019 225
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
x 1 1
y
e log e 5 log e 5 log e 5
x
e log e 5
1
This tangent has gradient and passes through the origin.
e log e 5
17c y log a x
dy 1
dx x log e a
1
So the tangent at A e,log a e has gradient .
e log e a
log e e 1
Using change of base, log a e .
log e a log e a
1 1
The tangent is y x e .
log e a e log e a
x 1 1
y
e log e a log e a log e a
x
e log e a
1
This tangent has gradient and passes through the origin.
e log e a
18a Let y x log e x x .
d
Applying the product rule on x log e x :
dx
Let u x and v log e x .
1
Then u 1 and v .
x
© Cambridge University Press 2019 226
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
d
uv vu uv
dx
1
log e x 1 x
x
log e x 1
d
y log e x 1 x
dx
log e x 1 1
log e x
So y log e x .
d
From above, x log e x x log e x .
dx
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
log e x dx x log e x x C for some constant C
18b log e x dx x log e x x C for some constant C .
log e x log e x
Using log a x , we obtain log10 x .
log e a log e 10
10 10
log e x
log10 x dx
1 1
log e 10
dx
1
x log e x x 1
10
log e 10
1
log e 10
10 log e 10 10 0 1
9
10
log e 10
10
9
So log
1
10 x dx 10
log e 10
.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 227
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
19a i y log 3 x
d m
Using log a mx b with a 3, m 1 and b 0 we
dx mx b loge a
d 1
obtain log 3 x .
dx x log e 3
1
So y .
x log e 3
19a ii y log 7 2 x 3
d m
Using log a mx b with a 7, m 2 and b 3 we
dx mx b loge a
d 2
obtain log 7 2 x 3 .
dx 2 x 3 log e 7
2
So y .
2 x 3 log e 7
19a iii y 5log 6 4 9 x
d m
Using log a mx b with a 6, m 9 and b 4 we
dx mx b loge a
d 45
obtain 5 log 6 4 9 x .
dx 4 9 x loge 6
45
So y .
4 9 x loge 6
19b i y 10 x
d mx b
Using a ma mx b log e a with a 10, m 1 and b 0 we
dx
d x
obtain 10 10 x log e 10 .
dx
© Cambridge University Press 2019 228
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
So y 10x loge 10 .
19b ii y 84 x 3
d mx b
Using a ma mx b log e a with a 8, m 4 and b 3 we
dx
d 4 x 3
obtain 8 4 84 x 3 log e 8 .
dx
So y 4 84 x3 loge 8 .
19b iii y 3 527 x
d mx b
Using a ma mx b log e a with a 5, m 7 and b 2 we
dx
d 27 x
obtain 3 5 3 7 527 x log e 5 .
dx
So y 21 527 x loge 5 .
a mx b
19c i Using a mx b dx C with a 3, m 5 and b 0 we obtain:
m log e a
35 x
3 dx C for some constant C .
5x
5log e 3
a mx b
19c ii Using a mx b dx C with a 6, m 2 and b 7 we obtain:
m log e a
62 x 7
6 dx
2 x7
C for some constant C .
2 log e 6
© Cambridge University Press 2019 229
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
a mx b
19c iii Using a mx b dx C with a 7, m 9 and b 4 we obtain:
m log e a
5 79 4 x
5 7 dx
94 x
C for some constant C .
9 log e 7
© Cambridge University Press 2019 230
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Chapter review
1a
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is the reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 about the 𝑦-axis.
The 𝑦-intercepts are identical, when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 𝑒 −0 = 1.
Observe 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = −1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = −1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 1 = −0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴ 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
Observe 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 1 = 𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴𝑦 =𝑥+1
The tangents meet at right angles.
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1b
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is the reflection of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥, as they are
inverse functions.
The 𝑦-intercept occurs on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , as 𝑥 = 0 is only within the domain of
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1.
The 𝑥-intercept occurs on the curve 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, as 𝑦 = 0 is outside of the range of
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑦 = 0, log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1.
Observe 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 1 = 0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴𝑦 =𝑥+1
1
Observe 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 ′ = 1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 1
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = −1
∴𝑦 =𝑥−1
The tangents have the same gradients but different intercepts, indicating they are
parallel in the same plane.
2a 𝑒 4 = 54.60 (use your calculator)
2b 𝑒 = 2.718 (use your calculator)
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3
2c 𝑒 −2 = 0.2231 (use your calculator)
2d log 𝑒 2 = 0.6931 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
1
1 log𝑒
2
2e log10 2 = log = −0.3010 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
𝑒 10
log𝑒 0.03
2f log 2 0.03 = = −5.059 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
log𝑒 2
log𝑒 586
2g log1.05 586 = = 130.6 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
log𝑒 1.05
24
3 log𝑒 (log𝑒 24−log𝑒 7)
7
2h log 8 3 7 = = = 0.5925(use your calculator with the “ln”
log𝑒 8 log𝑒 8
function)
3a 3𝑥 = 14
𝑥 = log 3 14
log 𝑒 14
=
log 𝑒 3
≑ 2.402
3b 2𝑥 = 51
𝑥 = log 2 51
log 𝑒 51
=
log 𝑒 2
≑ 5.672
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3c 4𝑥 = 1345
𝑥 = log 4 1345
log 𝑒 1345
=
log 𝑒 4
≑ 5.197
3d 5𝑥 = 132
𝑥 = log 5 132
log 𝑒 132
=
log 𝑒 5
≑ 3.034
4a 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥
4b 𝑒 7𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 7𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 1
4c = 𝑒 2𝑥−6𝑥 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 6𝑥
4d (𝑒 3𝑥 )3 = 𝑒 9𝑥
5a 9𝑥 − 7 × 3𝑥 − 18 = 0
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 9 − 7 × 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 − 18 = 0
𝑒 2𝑥 log𝑒 3 − 7𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 − 18 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
𝑢2 − 7𝑢 − 18 = 0
(𝑢 − 9)(𝑢 + 2) = 0
∴ 𝑢 = 9, 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = −2
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 = 9 or 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 = −2
3𝑥 = 9 or 3𝑥 = −2
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
3𝑥 = 32 or 𝑥 = log 3 −2
As log 3 −2 is undefined, 𝑥 = 2.
5b 𝑒 2𝑥 − 11𝑒 𝑥 + 28 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑢2 − 11𝑢 + 28 = 0
(𝑢 − 7)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
∴ 𝑢 = 7, or 𝑢 = 4
𝑒 𝑥 = 7, or 𝑒 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 = log 𝑒 7 or 𝑥 = log 𝑒 4
6a
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 > 0.
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
6b
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 > 0.
6c
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 is 𝑦 > 1.
6d
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 is 𝑦 > −1.
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
7a i 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3 is a translation of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 3 units to the right.
7a ii 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3 = 𝑒 𝑥+(−3) = 𝑒 −3 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 −3
This statement implies that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3 is dilated by a factor of 𝑒 −3 . As the 𝑦-value is
transformed, the dilation is vertical.
𝑥
7b i 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3𝑥 = log 𝑒 1
3
1
This statement implies that 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is dilated by a factor of 3. As the 𝑥-value is
transformed, the dilation is horizontal.
7b ii 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 + log 𝑒 3
This statement implies that 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3𝑥 is a translation of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 by log 𝑒 3
units upwards (𝑦- intercept increases by log 𝑒 3 units).
𝑒2
3
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8a 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
8b 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = 3𝑥, =3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (3) = 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
8c 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+3
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3, =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
8d 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = −𝑥, = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (−1) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
8e 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = −3𝑥, = −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (−3) = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
8f 𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥+5
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (3𝑒 𝑢 ), 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5, =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (3𝑒 𝑢 ) = 3𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 6𝑒 2𝑥+5
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
8g 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 1
𝑦′ = (4𝑒 𝑢 ), 𝑢 = 𝑥, =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑦′ = (4𝑒 𝑢 ) = 4𝑒 𝑢 ( ) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2
2
8h 𝑦 = 3 𝑒 6𝑥−5
𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = ( 𝑒 ) , 𝑢 = 6𝑥 − 5, =6
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑢
𝑦′ = ( 𝑒 ) = 𝑒 (6) = 4𝑒 6𝑥−5
𝑑𝑢 3 𝑑𝑥 3
9a 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 × 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥+2𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 5𝑒 5𝑥
𝑒 7𝑥
9b 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 7𝑥−3𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑒 4𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑒𝑥
9c 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−4𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
9d 𝑦 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 )3
𝑦 = 𝑒 −6𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −6𝑒 −6𝑥
3
10a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (3𝑥 2 )
3
= 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
2 −3𝑥
10b 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (2𝑥 − 3)
2 −3𝑥
= (2𝑥 − 3)𝑒 𝑥
10c 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
By product rule,
𝑑 𝑑 2𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By chain rule,
𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥(2𝑒 2𝑥 )
= 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥)
10d 𝑦 = (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑
Let 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By chain rule,
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 3 𝑑𝑣
𝑦′ = (𝑣 )
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑣 2 (2𝑒 2𝑥 )
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒 3𝑥
10e 𝑦 = 𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑒 3𝑥
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 1
By quotient rule,
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦=
𝑔(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑦′ = 2
(𝑔(𝑥))
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
′
(𝑥)(3𝑒 3𝑥 ) − 𝑒 3𝑥 (1)
𝑦 =
(𝑥)2
3𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥
=
𝑥2
𝑒 3𝑥
= (3𝑥 − 1)
𝑥2
2
10f 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
By product rule,
𝑑 2 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑥2
𝑦′ = (𝑥 )𝑒 + 𝑥 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2
(𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑥2
𝑦′ = (𝑥 )𝑒 + 𝑥 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
2
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
10g 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )5
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 −𝑥
= (𝑒 ) − (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑢5 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑢4 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= 5(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )4 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑒 2𝑥
10h 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2
By quotient rule,
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦=
𝑔(𝑥)
′
𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑦 = 2
(𝑔(𝑥))
(2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑒 2𝑥 ) − (𝑒 2𝑥 )(2)
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒 2𝑥 (4𝑥 + 2 − 2)
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
4𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
11a 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑢 )(2)
= 2𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑑 2𝑥+1
𝑦 ′′ = 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 ′′ = 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 2(𝑒 𝑢 )(2)
= 4𝑒 2𝑥+1
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
2 +1
11b 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑢 )(2𝑥)
2 +1
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 +1 )
𝑑𝑥
By product rule,
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑥 2 +1
𝑦 ′′ = 2 [ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 +1 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 +1 2 +1
Given that 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 from above by the chain rule,
2 +1 2 +1
𝑦 ′′ = 2[(1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥(2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )]
2 +1 2 +1
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
2 +1
= 2𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥 2 )
12 Gradient of the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 2
Let the equation of the tangent be of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 𝑒 2
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2
𝑒 2 = 2𝑒 2 + 𝑏
𝑏 = 𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2 = −𝑒 2
The equation of the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2 is
𝑦 = 𝑒 2 (𝑥 − 1)
The 𝑥-intercept is when 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒 2 (𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
The 𝑦-intercept is when 𝑥 = 0,
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑦 = 𝑒 2 (0 − 1) = −𝑒 2
13a First, find the gradient of the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑦 ′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
At 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 ′ = −3
1 1
The gradient of the normal is − =
𝑦′ 3
13b 𝑦 ′′ = (−3)(−3𝑒 −3𝑥 )
= 9𝑒 −3𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′′ = 9. As this is a positive value, the curve is concave up.
14a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) − (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 ) − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
14b A stationary point is determined when 𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑒𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥 = ln 1
𝑥=0
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 − 0 = 1
The stationary point is at (0,1)
14c The concavity of the curve is determined by the second derivative, 𝑦 ′′
First, we have to determine the domain of the original equation, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 245
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
The equation of 𝑦 is defined for all real values of 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 is defined for all real values of 𝑥.
For all values of 𝑥, the range of 𝑦 ′′ is in the interval (0, ∞)
As such, 𝑦 ′′ > 0 ∀ 𝑥
The curve is always concave up.
14d Since we have determined that a stationary point exists at (0,1) and the curve is
concave up for all values of 𝑥, we can infer that the stationary point (0,1) is a local
minimum.
We can therefore, infer the range of 𝑦 ≥ 1
15 The stationary point 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 is when 𝑦 ′ = 0
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑 −2𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)
When 𝑦 ′ = 0,
𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥) = 0
⇒ 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0 or 1 − 2𝑥 = 0
As the range of 𝑒 𝑢 does not include 0 for any value of 𝑢,
1 − 2𝑥 = 0
1
𝑥=
2
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
1 1 1 1
At 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = (2) 𝑒 −2(2) = 2 𝑒 −1 = 2𝑒
1 1
The stationary point is therefore at (2 , ).
2𝑒
To determine the nature of the stationary point, the second derivative 𝑦′′ should
be determined.
By the chain rule,
𝑑 −2𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 ) (1 − 2𝑥) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2)
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥
= 4𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥
= 4𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
1
At 𝑥 = 2,
1 1 2
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑒 −2(2) ( − 1) = −2𝑒 −1 = − < 0
2 𝑒
As this is a negative value, the curve is concave down at the stationary point.
The stationary point is therefore a maximum turning point.
16a
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥, 𝑢′ = 5
1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
5
1
= 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶
5
© Cambridge University Press 2019 247
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
16b
∫ 10𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 2 − 5𝑥, 𝑢′ = −5
∫ 10𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 2(−5)𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − ∫ 2𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= −2𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
= −2𝑒 2−5𝑥 + 𝐶
16c
1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Let 𝑢 = 5 𝑥, 𝑢′ = 5
1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
= 5 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 5𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
1
= 5𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶
16d
∫ 3𝑒 5𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 4, 𝑢′ = 5
1
∫ 3𝑒 5𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3(5)𝑒 5𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥
5
3
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5
3
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
5
3
= 𝑒 5𝑥−4 + 𝐶
5
© Cambridge University Press 2019 248
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
17a
2
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]20
0
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
= 𝑒2 − 1
17b
1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑢′ = 2
1
1 1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0
1 2 𝑢
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
2 0
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]20
2
1
= (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0 )
2
1
= (𝑒 2 − 1)
2
17c
0
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
0
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]0−1
−1
= −𝑒 0 − (−𝑒1 )
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 249
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
17d
0
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
2
−
3
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
0 0
1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 ] 2
−
2 3 −
3 3
1 1
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
3 3
1 2
= (𝑒 − 1)
3
17e
1
2
∫ 𝑒 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1 1
2 1 2
∫ 𝑒 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 𝑒 3−2𝑥 ]
0 2 0
1 3−2(1) 1
= (− 𝑒 2 ) − (− 𝑒 3−2(0) )
2 2
1 2 1 3
= (− 𝑒 ) − (− 𝑒 )
2 2
1 3 1 2
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2
1 2
= 𝑒 (𝑒 − 1)
2
17f
2 1
∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Applying the standard form:
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
2 1 1 2
∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [4𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0 0
1 1
(2) (0)
= (4𝑒 2 ) − (4𝑒 2 )
= 4𝑒 − 4
= 4(𝑒 − 1)
1
18a Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 = 𝑒 −5𝑥
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶
5
18b Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1 4𝑥
∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
4
6
18c Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 = 6𝑒 −3𝑥
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
∫ 6𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶
18d Let 𝑦 = (𝑒 3𝑥 )2 = 𝑒 6𝑥
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 6𝑥
∫ 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
6
𝑒 3𝑥
18e Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝑒 3𝑥 +1
18f Let 𝑦 = = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1
∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
18g Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1
∫(𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
18h Let 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 = 1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
Applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1
= ∫(1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
19a By applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1
∫ (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
0
= (1 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (0 − 𝑒 −0 )
1
= (1 − ) + 1
𝑒
1
=2−
𝑒
19b By applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
2 2
1 2𝑥 𝑥 2
∫ (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑒 + ]
0 2 2 0
1 2(2) (2)2 1 2(0) (0)2
=( 𝑒 + )−( 𝑒 + )
2 2 2 2
1 1
= ( 𝑒 4 + 2) − ( )
2 2
1 4
= (𝑒 + 3)
2
19c By applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1 1
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒𝑥 0
= [−2𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= (−2𝑒 −1 ) − (−2𝑒 0 )
= (−2𝑒 −1 ) − (−2)
= 2 − 2𝑒 −1
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
19d By applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1 1
3 3
3𝑥 (1 −3𝑥 )
∫ 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 0 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
3
= ∫ (𝑒 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
1 3
= [ 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑥]
3 0
1 3(1) 1 1
= ( 𝑒 3 − ( )) − ( 𝑒 3(0) − (0))
3 3 3
1 1 1
=( 𝑒− )−( )
3 3 3
1
= (𝑒 − 2)
3
19e By applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1 1
𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒𝑥 0
= [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= (𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −0 )
1
= (𝑒 − ) − (1 − 1)
𝑒
1
=𝑒−
𝑒
19f By applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1 1
∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
1 2𝑥 𝑥
= [ 𝑒 + 2𝑒 + 𝑥]
2 0
1 2(1) 1
=( 𝑒 + 2𝑒 (1) + 1) − ( 𝑒 2(0) + 2𝑒 (0) + 0)
2 2
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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 1
= ( 𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 + 1) − − 2
2 2
1 2 3
= 𝑒 + 2𝑒 −
2 2
1 2
= (𝑒 + 4𝑒 − 3)
2
20 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
Given 𝑓(0) = 3,
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −0 − 0 + 𝐶
3= 1+1+𝐶
𝐶=1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −1 − 1 + 1
= 𝑒+𝑒 −1
3
21a Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 (3𝑥 2 )
=𝑒
3
= 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
21b
1
2 𝑥3
1 1 2 𝑥3
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0 3 0
1 3 1
= [𝑒 𝑥 ]0
3
1 3 3
= [𝑒 1 − 𝑒 0 ]
3
1
= (𝑒 − 1)
3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 255
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
22a The area under the curve can be expressed by the following integral:
1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
By applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1 2𝑥 1
=[ 𝑒 ]
2 0
1 2(1) 1 2(0)
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2
1 2
= (𝑒 − 1)
2
≑ 3.19 square units
22b The area under the curve can be expressed by the following integral:
1
∫ 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
By applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
1
∫ 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= (1 + 𝑒 −1 ) − (0 + 𝑒 −0 )
1
= 1+ −1
𝑒
1
=
𝑒
≑ 0.368 square units
© Cambridge University Press 2019 256
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
23a The area of the shaded region can be expressed by the following integral:
0 0
∫ −(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1
By applying the standard form:
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
0
∫ 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
1 2𝑥 0
= [𝑥 − 𝑒 ]
2 −1
1 1
= (0 − 𝑒 2(0) ) − (−1 − 𝑒 2(−1) )
2 2
1 1
= − + 1 + 𝑒 −2
2 2
1
= (1 + 𝑒 −2 ) square units
2
23b The area of the shaded region can be expressed by the following integral:
1 1
𝑒−1 2
∫ (𝑒 − 1)𝑥 − (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑥]
0 2 0
𝑒−1 𝑒−1
=( (1)2 − 𝑒 1 + 1) − ( (0)2 − 𝑒 0 + 0)
2 2
𝑒−1
= −𝑒+1+1
2
𝑒 1
= − −𝑒+2
2 2
3 𝑒
= −
2 2
1
= (3 − 𝑒) square units
2
24a The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 257
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
24b The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
24c The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 1, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 1.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 258
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
24d The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = −3, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > −3.
25a The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
25b The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 < 0.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 259
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
25c The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 2, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 2.
24d The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
26a 𝑒 log 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒 × 1
=𝑒
26b log 𝑒 𝑒 3 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑒
=3×1
=3
© Cambridge University Press 2019 260
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
26c
1
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 −1
𝑒
= − ln 𝑒
= −1
26d
1
2𝑒 ln √𝑒 = 2𝑒 ln 𝑒 2
1
= 2𝑒 ( ) ln 𝑒
2
=𝑒×1
=𝑒
27a Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥
27b Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 2𝑥
2 1
𝑦′ = ==
2𝑥 𝑥
27c Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4, 𝑑𝑥 = 1
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= ×1
𝑢
1
=
𝑥+4
27d Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 − 5)
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 5, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 261
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= ×2
𝑢
2
=
2𝑥 − 5
27e Let 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 (5𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 5
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = 2 log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2
= ×5
𝑢
10
=
5𝑥 − 1
27f Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 + log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) + (log e 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 1+
𝑥
27g Let 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= (2𝑥 − 5)
𝑢
2𝑥 − 5
= 2
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 262
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
27h Let 𝑦 = ln(1 + 3𝑥 5 )
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 1 + 3𝑥 5 , 𝑑𝑥 = 15𝑥 4
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 4
= (15𝑥 )
𝑢
15𝑥 4
=
1 + 3𝑥 5
27i Let 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 + ln(𝑥 2 − 2)
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (4𝑥 2 ) − (8𝑥 3 ) + (ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= 8𝑥 − 24𝑥 2 + (2𝑥)
𝑢
2𝑥
= 8𝑥 − 24𝑥 2 + 2
𝑥 −2
28a Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 3
𝑦 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑥
3
𝑦′ =
𝑥
28b Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 √𝑥
1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 2
1
= log 𝑒 𝑥
2
1
𝑦′ =
2𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 263
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
28c Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 + 2)
1 1
𝑦′ = +
𝑥 𝑥+2
𝑥
28d Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥−1
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 − 1)
1 1
𝑦′ = −
𝑥 𝑥−1
29a Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥
By the product rule,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) log 𝑥 + 𝑥 (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑥 + 1
29b Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑥
By the product rule,
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 log 𝑥 +
𝑥
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥 + )
𝑥
𝑥
29c Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
By the quotient rule,
𝑑 𝑑
ln 𝑥 (𝑥) − 𝑥 (ln 𝑥)
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ln 𝑥)2
𝑥
(ln 𝑥 − 𝑥)
=
(ln 𝑥)2
ln 𝑥−1
= (ln 𝑥)2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 264
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
ln 𝑥
29d Let 𝑦 = 𝑥2
By the quotient rule,
𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑥2 (ln 𝑥) − ln 𝑥 (𝑥 )
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 )2
𝑥2
− ln 𝑥 × 2𝑥
= 𝑥
𝑥4
𝑥 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥
=
𝑥4
1 − 2 ln 𝑥
=
𝑥3
30 𝑦 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 4
3
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥
At (1, 4), 𝑥 = 1
3
𝑦′ = =3
1
Let the equation of the tangent at point (1, 4) be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3
At (1, 4), 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4
4 = 3(1) + 𝑏
𝑏=1
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1
31a 𝑦 = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) − (log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 1−
𝑥
𝑥 1
= −
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥−1
=
𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 265
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
31b The turning point is located when the gradient of the graph reaches 0, which is
𝑦′ = 0
𝑥−1
=0⇒𝑥=1
𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 − log 𝑒 1
𝑦=1
To determine if the turning point is a local minimum or maximum, the concavity of
the graph must be determined by finding 𝑦′′
𝑑 𝑥−1
𝑦 ′′ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
By the quotient rule,
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 − 1) −
𝑥 (𝑥)(𝑥 − 1)
′′
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
(𝑥
𝑥(1) − 1 × − 1)
=
𝑥2
𝑥−𝑥+1
=
𝑥2
1
= 2
𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 ′′ = 1 > 0
The second derivative of the function is positive, indicating that the curve is
concave up at the point (1, 1).
Therefore, it can be concluded that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥 has a minimum
turning point at point (1, 1).
32a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
32b
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 266
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
32c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥
1
= ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
5
32d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+7
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 7, 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑥+7 𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= ln|𝑥 + 7| + 𝐶
32e
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 1
1 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑢
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑢
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
= ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 267
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
32f
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = −3
1 1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
2 − 3𝑥 3 2 − 3𝑥
1 1
= − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢
1
= − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
3
1
= − ln|2 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
3
32g
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 9, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2𝑥 + 9 𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= ln|2𝑥 + 9| + 𝐶
32h
8
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 4𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = −4
8 2(−4)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
1 − 4𝑥 1 − 4𝑥
2
= − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= −2 ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= −2 ln|1 − 4𝑥| + 𝐶
© Cambridge University Press 2019 268
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
33a
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥 + 2|]10
0 𝑥+2
= ln(1 + 2) − ln(0 + 2)
= ln 3 − ln 2
3
= ln
2
33b
4 4
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ln|4𝑥 − 3|]
1 4𝑥 − 3 4 1
1 1
= ln|4(4) − 3| − ln|4(1) − 3|
4 4
1
= (ln 13 − ln 1)
4
1
= ln 13
4
33c
𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
1 𝑥
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1−0
=1
33d
𝑒3
1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]𝑒𝑒 2
𝑒2 𝑥
= ln 𝑒 3 − ln 𝑒 2
= 3 ln 𝑒 − 2 ln 𝑒
=3−2
=1
© Cambridge University Press 2019 269
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
34a By applying the standard form:
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 4, 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
2𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑥 2 + 4| + 𝐶
𝑥 +4
Since 𝑥 2 + 4 is always greater than zero, the absolute value can be ignored.
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e (𝑥 2 + 4) + 𝐶
𝑥2 + 4
34b By applying the standard form:
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 7, 𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2 − 5
3𝑥 2 − 5
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 7| + 𝐶
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7
34c By applying the standard form:
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 3, 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑥 1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 −3 2 𝑥 −3
1
= log e |𝑥 2 − 3| + 𝐶
2
34d By applying the standard form:
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥, 𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 − 4
𝑥3 − 1 1 4𝑥 3 − 4
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 4𝑥 4 𝑥 − 4𝑥
© Cambridge University Press 2019 270
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
= log 𝑒 |𝑥 4 − 4𝑥| + 𝐶
4
35 The integral that describes the area of the bounded region is as follows
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]42
2 𝑥
= ln|4| − ln|2|
4
= ln
2
= ln 2 square units
5
36a 𝑦1 = 𝑥
𝑦2 = 6 − 𝑥
Let 𝑦1 = 𝑦2
5
= 6−𝑥
𝑥
5 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = 1
5
Let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 = 5
5
Let 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 5 = 1
The points of intersection are (1 ,5) and (5 ,1).
© Cambridge University Press 2019 271
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
5
36b The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 (red curve) and 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥 (purple line) are shown below.
The area of the enclosed region is evaluated by the following integral.
5 5
5 𝑥2
∫ 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = [6𝑥 − − 5 ln|𝑥|]
1 𝑥 2 1
52 12
= (6(5) − − 5 ln|5|) − (6(1) − − 5 ln|1|)
2 2
25 1
= 30 − − 5 ln 5 − 6 +
2 2
= (12 − 5 ln 5) square units
37a Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
37b Let 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 log𝑒 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2, 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 2
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (log 𝑒 2)
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
𝑥
= 𝑒 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 272
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 2
37c Let 𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 log𝑒 3 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 3, 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 3
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (log 𝑒 3)
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3
𝑥
= 𝑒 log𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3
= 3𝑥 log 𝑒 3
37d Let 𝑦 = 5𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 log𝑒 5 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 5
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 5, 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 5
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (log 𝑒 5)
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 5 log 𝑒 5
𝑥
= 𝑒 log𝑒 5 log 𝑒 5
= 5𝑥 log 𝑒 5
38a
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
38b
𝑥
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2 , 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 273
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 2
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 2
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 2
2𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 2
38c
𝑥
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 log𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 3 , 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 3
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 3
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 3
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 3
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 3
3𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 3
38d
𝑥
∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 log𝑒 5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 5 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 5 , 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 5
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 5 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 5
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 5
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 5
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 5 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 5
© Cambridge University Press 2019 274
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
5𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 5
39a Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
By the product rule,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( )
𝑥
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
∫ log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
=𝑦−𝑥+𝐶
= 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
39b Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
By the product rule,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶
© Cambridge University Press 2019 275
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
39c Consider each term individually:
𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
1 𝑥
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1−0
=1
From 39a,
𝑒
∫ log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= [𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥]1𝑒
= ((𝑒) log 𝑒 𝑒 − 𝑒) − (log 𝑒 1 − 1)
= 𝑒−𝑒−0+1
=1
From 39b,
1
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= ( 𝑒1 − 𝑒1) − ( 0 − 𝑒 0)
= 𝑒0
=1
40a 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 log𝑒 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2
The gradient of the graph at any point is the first derivative, 𝑦′
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2, 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 2
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (log 𝑒 2)
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
𝑥
= 𝑒 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 2
At 𝐴(3, 8), 𝑦 ′ = 23 log 𝑒 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 276
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑦 ′ = 8 log 𝑒 2
40b 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦=
log 𝑒 2
The gradient of the graph at any point is the first derivative, 𝑦′
1 𝑑
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥)
log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ( )
log 𝑒 2 𝑥
1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
At 𝐵(8, 3),
1
𝑦′ =
8 log 𝑒 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 277
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
40c
The graph 𝑦 = 2𝑥 (red curve) is a reflection of 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 (blue curve) about
𝑦 = 𝑥 (green line). Given that 𝐴(3, 8) is a reflection of 𝐵(8, 3) about 𝑦 = 𝑥, the
gradients of those points are by definition reciprocal (the rise and runs are
switched).
41a
3 3 3
𝑥
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2 , 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 2
3
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
0
3
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2 0
3 log𝑒 2
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 2 0
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]30 log𝑒 2
log 𝑒 2
1
= [𝑒 3 log𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0 log𝑒 2 ]
log 𝑒 2
1
= [23 − 20 ]
log 𝑒 2
© Cambridge University Press 2019 278
Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
(8 − 1)
=
log 𝑒 2
7
=
log 𝑒 2
0 0 0
𝑥
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
−3 −3 −3
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2 , 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 2
0
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
−3
0
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2 −3
0
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 2 −3 log𝑒 2
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]0−3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2
log 𝑒 2
1
= [𝑒 0 log𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −3 log𝑒 2 ]
log 𝑒 2
1
= [20 − 2−3 ]
log 𝑒 2
1
1−8
=
log 𝑒 2
7
=
8 log 𝑒 2
41b The region in the first integral is 8 times larger than the first because the area is
equivalent to a vertical dilation by a factor of 8. If the graph is inspected such that
𝑦
𝑦 = 2𝑥 is dilated vertically by a factor of 8, (draw the graph 8 = 2𝑥 ), it is
equivalent to a translation to the left of the same graph (𝑦 = 2𝑥+3 ). Therefore,
the region of the first integral is simply transformed by a vertical dilation of 8
and translated 3 units to the right to be the region of the second integral.
© Cambridge University Press 2019 279
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