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4T Test

The document describes an experiment that tested the abrasive wear of two materials (Materials 1 and 2). 12 pieces of Material 1 were tested and had an average wear of 85 units with a standard deviation of 4. 10 pieces of Material 2 were tested and had an average wear of 81 units with a standard deviation of 5. The question is whether we can conclude that the abrasive wear of Material 1 exceeds that of Material 2 by more than 2 units at the 0.05 significance level, assuming the populations are approximately normal with equal variances.

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162 views

4T Test

The document describes an experiment that tested the abrasive wear of two materials (Materials 1 and 2). 12 pieces of Material 1 were tested and had an average wear of 85 units with a standard deviation of 4. 10 pieces of Material 2 were tested and had an average wear of 81 units with a standard deviation of 5. The question is whether we can conclude that the abrasive wear of Material 1 exceeds that of Material 2 by more than 2 units at the 0.05 significance level, assuming the populations are approximately normal with equal variances.

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Keertana
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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T Test

The Edison Electric Institute has published figures on the


number of kilowatt hours used annually by various home
appliances. It is claimed that a vacuum cleaner uses an average
of 46 kilowatt hours per year. If a random sample of 12 homes
included in a planned study indicates that vacuum cleaners use
an average of 42 kilowatt hours per year with a standard
deviation of 11.9 kilowatt hours, does this suggest at the 0.05
level of significance that vacuum cleaners use, on average, less
than 46 kilowatt hours annually? Assume the population of
kilowatt hours to be normal.
used annually by various home appliances. It is claimed that a vacuum cleaner uses
an average of 46 kilowatt hours per year. If a random sample of 12 homes included
in a planned study indicates that vacuum cleaners use an average of 42 kilowatt
hours per year with a standard deviation of 11.9 kilowatt hours, does this suggest
at the 0.05 level of significance that vacuum cleaners use, on average, less than 46
kilowatt hours annually? Assume the population of kilowatt hours to be normal.
ion : 1. H0: µ = 46 kilowatt hours.
2. H1: µ < 46 kilowatt hours.
3. α = 0.05.
x̄−µ
4. Critical region: t < −1.796, where t = √0
s/ n
with 11 degrees of freedom.
5. Computations: x̄ = 42 kilowatt hours, s = 11.9 kilowatt hours, and n = 12.
Hence,
42 − 46
t= √ = −1.16, P = P (T < −1.16) ≈ 0.135.
11.9/ 12
mple: Tests Concerning a Single Mean 341

6. Decision: Do not reject H0 and conclude that the average number of kilowatt
hours used annually by home vacuum cleaners is not significantly less than
46.

n the Single-Sample t-Test


The reader has probably noticed that the equivalence of the two-tailed t-test for
a single mean and the computation of a confidence interval on µ with σ replaced
by s is maintained. For example, consider Example 9.5 on page 275. Essentially,
we can view that computation as one in which we have found all values of µ0 , the
hypothesized mean volume of containers of sulfuric acid, for which the hypothesis
H0 : µ = µ0 will not be rejected at α = 0.05. Again, this is consistent with the
statement “Based on the sample information, values of the population mean volume
between 9.74 and 10.26 liters are not unreasonable.”
Comments regarding the normality assumption are worth emphasizing at this
point. We have indicated that when σ is known, the Central Limit Theorem
allows for the use of a test statistic or a confidence interval which is based on Z,
the standard normal random variable. Strictly speaking, of course, the Central
Limit Theorem, and thus the use of the standard normal distribution, does not
apply unless σ is known. In Chapter 8, the development of the t-distribution was
An experiment was performed to compare the abrasive wear of two
different laminated materials. Twelve pieces of material 1 were tested by
exposing each piece to a machine measuring wear. Ten pieces of material
2 were similarly tested. In each case, the depth of wear was observed.
The samples of material 1 gave an average (coded) wear of 85 units with
a sample standard deviation of 4, while the samples of material 2 gave an
average of 81 with a sample standard deviation of 5. Can we conclude at
the 0.05 level of significance that the abrasive wear of material 1 exceeds
that of material 2 by more than 2 units? Assume the populations to be
approximately normal with equal variances.
case, the depth of wear was observed. The samples of material 1 gave an average
(coded) wear of 85 units with a sample standard deviation of 4, while the samples
of material 2 gave an average of 81 with a sample standard deviation of 5. Can
we conclude at the 0.05 level of significance that the abrasive wear of material 1
exceeds that of material 2 by more than 2 units? Assume the populations to be
approximately normal with equal variances.
olution : Let µ1 and µ2 represent the population means of the abrasive wear for material 1
and material 2, respectively.
1. H0 : µ1 − µ2 = 2.
2. H1 : µ1 − µ2 > 2.
3. α = 0.05.
(x̄1 −x̄2 )−d0
4. Critical region: t > 1.725, where t = √ with v = 20 degrees of
sp 1 /n1 +1 /n2
freedom.
5. Computations:

x̄1 = 85, s1 = 4, n1 = 12,


x̄2 = 81, s2 = 5, n2 = 10.
mples: Tests on Two Means 345

Hence
!
(11)(16) + (9)(25)
sp = = 4.478,
12 + 10 − 2
(85 − 81) − 2
t= " = 1.04,
4.478 1/12 + 1/10
P = P (T > 1.04) ≈ 0.16. (See Table A.4.)

6. Decision: Do not reject H0 . We are unable to conclude that the abrasive wear
of material 1 exceeds that of material 2 by more than 2 units.

But Unequal Variances


There are situations where the analyst is not able to assume that σ1 = σ2 . Recall
from Section 9.8 that, if the populations are normal, the statistic

(X̄1 − X̄2 ) − d0
T′ = " 2
s1 /n1 + s22 /n2
andard Would you agree with this claim if the random sample
µ = 800 showed an average of 23,500 kilometers and a standard
a ran- deviation of 3900 kilometers? Use a P -value in your
hours. conclusion.
10.26 According to a dietary study, high sodium in-
nal Hy- take may be related to ulcers, stomach cancer, and
ls who migraine headaches. The human requirement for salt
r their is only 220 milligrams per day, which is surpassed in
of 225 most single servings of ready-to-eat cereals. If a ran-
er week dom sample of 20 similar servings of a certain cereal
at sug- has a mean sodium content of 244 milligrams and a
e more standard deviation of 24.5 milligrams, does this sug-
ur con- gest at the 0.05 level of significance that the average
sodium content for a single serving of such cereal is
greater than 220 milligrams? Assume the distribution
content of sodium contents to be normal.
s if the
crease in RMR of the women runners over the seden- higher th
tary women? Assume the populations to be approxi- level of s
mately normally distributed with equal variances. Use
a P -value in your conclusions. 10.33 A
substrate
10.28 According to Chemical Engineering, an impor- the veloc
tant property of fiber is its water absorbency. The aver- concentr
age percent absorbency of 25 randomly selected pieces run 15 t
of cotton fiber was found to be 20 with a standard de- moles pe
viation of 1.5. A random sample of 25 pieces of acetate With a s
yielded an average percent of 12 with a standard devi- 12 runs w
ation of 1.25. Is there strong evidence that the popula- micromo
tion mean percent absorbency is significantly higher for viation o
cotton fiber than for acetate? Assume that the percent increase
absorbency is approximately normally distributed and in the m
that the population variances in percent absorbency micromo
for the two fibers are the same. Use a significance level cance an
of 0.05. normally
10.29 Past experience indicates that the time re-
10.34 A
quired for high school seniors to complete a standard-
matter in
ized test is a normal random variable with a mean of 35
lab const
clusion.
gr
10.23 Test the hypothesis that the average content of
of containers of a particular lubricant is 10 liters if the
of contents of a random sample of 10 containers are 10.2,
an 9.7, 10.1, 10.3, 10.1, 9.8, 9.9, 10.4, 10.3, and 9.8 liters.
40 Use a 0.01 level of significance and assume that the
are distribution of contents is normal.
on
10.24 The average height of females in the freshman
on
class of a certain college has historically been 162.5 cen-
an-
timeters with a standard deviation of 6.9 centimeters.
ur
Is there reason to believe that there has been a change
in the average height if a random sample of 50 females
ed- in the present freshman class has an average height of
h a 165.2 centimeters? Use a P -value in your conclusion.
sis Assume the standard deviation remains the same.
is,
10.25 It is claimed that automobiles are driven on
average more than 20,000 kilometers per year. To test

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