WHS* “Chemistry yy Name: = 1 + Chemistry: The Study of Change Fundamentals of Experimental Design Why? Working in the science Ib can be alot of fun, Mixing random chemicals and busning stft just to see what happens can be entertaining (and possibly dangerous), but it doesn’t lead to anything helpful In onlee te helpful inthe community, a reearch’s work the lab must be systematic. A researcher usually asks s quoston and then designs an experiment to investigate that question. Tn this activity you will identify different types of ‘aables that will help you design controlled experiments. In this aetvty you wil dently ffercet ype of Variables in an experiment and graph the data appropriately. Model 1 Alka-Seltzer® and Vinegar ® © Before Mix: After Aa-ettzer a 100.0 mi vinegar (eam 35 c Room Temp. Room Temp. Pressure Pressure 1. Briefly describe the reaction illustrated in Mode! 1 in one or more complete sentences, 2. Did the room pressure change as the reaction occusred? If yes, was there an increase or decrease? 3: What two pieces of evidence observed during the “mix” phase of the reaction suggest that a chemical change is taking place? bubbie Say feny? Change 4. Did the solution temperature increase or decrease during the reaction? Aecrease.WHS AP Chemistry Model 2 —Resulty of Alka-Seltzer® Experiment # of Alka] Volume off Room | Initial Temp Final Temp °C Seltzes® | Vinegar | Pressure] Vinegar Solution| Final Mixture w Tablets | (mL) (kPa) (GG) 2 ye Trial 1 1 100.0 84 23.5 (24 7 Trial 2 2 100.0 84 23.9 205 Trial 3 3 100.0 84 23.7 20.4 ‘Trial 4 4 100.0 84 23.6 19.2 Trial 5. * 100.0 84 23.7 18.1 5. Which trial in the Model 2 data table corresponds to the reaction illustrated in Model 1? OTraiarey 6. Consider the five trials that produced the data in Model 2. 2. What variable was purposefully changed in the experiment? + of alka-seltter tablet S b. What variable changed as a result of changing the variable listed in pact a? finer remy 7. What variable(s) shown in the Model 2 data table remained constant among all the trails? ; Volu M2, FOC pPrescoure. Model 3 Boiling Pointy of Alcohol ‘Alcohol Formula Number of |” Volume of Boiling Room Pressure | _Name Carbons | Alcoho! (ml) | Point °C) (KPa) ‘Methanol _| CH,OH 1 75 647 101 Ethanol_| CH,CH,OH 2 75 78.4 101 Propanol_ CH,CH,CH,OH 3 75 O74 101 Butanol_[ CH,CH,CH,CH,OH 4 75 117.7 101 Pentanol_| CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,OH 3 75 137.9 101 aities and differences inthe five alcohols used in the Model 3 Experiment, valumae,r0OM Pressure, elerrent type (GE LAiff: # Of Carbon S, bor ING Point 9. Consider the experiment that produced the data in Model 3. a. What variable was purposefully changed in the experiment? + Of Carbon S- b. What variable changed as a result of changing the vasiable listed in part a? eboils 0G point 10. What variable(s) in the Model 3 data table remained constant among all the trials? a pressure Valume, reer j SsWHS ¢ AP Chemistry Read This ‘When designing an experiment, you need to consider three types of variables. The independent variable is changed by the expesimenter by design. This variable is sometimes called the “manipulated vatiable”, The dependent variable is what changes as a result of the change in the independent variable. This variable is sometimes called the “responding variable”. In some cases more that one dependent variable is considered. The third category involves controlled variables. These are variables that you think might change the outcome of the experiment, but since you are not studying them, you need to keep them constant in each trial 11, Identify the independent, dependent, and controlled variables for the experiments that produced the data shown in Model 2 and Model 3. ‘Model Experiment Watiables Tadependent Dependent Controlled repo of tabler volume Alka-Seltzer® and Vinegar |. Finas -emp eee pe Olu Boiling Points of Alcohols | 4 Of Cali-bern boiling point aon aed Read This! A well-written research question states the independent and dependent variables for an experiment. For example, a student investigated the effect of the deicer, magnesium chloride, on vegetation on the sides of highways. Her research question was, “What is the effect of magnesium chloride solution concentration on the growth of rye grass?” 12. Write a research question, using the format suggested above, for the experiments in Models 2 and 3, Alka-Seltzer® and Vinegar— Boiling Points of Alcohols— 13. A student wonders, “Will changing the volume of alcohol in a boiling point expesiment change the boiling point of the liquid?” identify the variables that should be considered in this experiment. Independent Dependent Controlled volume boing pt type of alconol (4 of Carbon s) room presrureWHS ¢ AP Chemistry Extension Questions 14. Many experiments designed to investigate the reaction of Mentos® with Diet Coke® have been documented on YouTube. Design and write an experiment that uses the knowledge gained in this activity to investigate this reaction. Include a research question; the independent, dependent and controlled variables; and a simple procedure. 15. Scientist many design an experiment with a control group, which is a set of organisms or samples that no NOT receive the treatment (the independent variable) that is being tested. Scientist can then compare normal changes in organisms or samples with those that might have occurred because of the treatment. ‘The idea of a “control group” is not the same as a “controlled variable”. Suppose a scientist is doing an experiment to determine the effect of a cancer drug on mice with lymphoma. a. What are some of the variables that scientist should control in the experiment? type of alrag [amet type of mouse (breed, gender , age) Stage of lymphenre b. Describe the control group for this experiment.WHS © H Chemistry Name. ( m ) Date__/_j/__ Period _ Measuring with a Ruler/Scientific Notation #1-5 Use a metric ruler to measure the length of the lines below. #6-10 Use the metric rules to draw lines. 1/1490 cm 29751) cm [ en fay Ea rs) 424° mm Eo 5) (ELSISO NF vem | RSRRRERRE oe 4 g097 =o -———______4 n a7 om 9 132 mm (4 9 8 mm 10) 121 mm Ee. Convert #11-15 from scientific notation to real. Convert #16-20 from real numbers to scientific numbers. 11) 6.683x 10° 0.006683 — 16) 0.0001762 1.762 x10* 12) 1.956x10 19.56 4417) 92,300 9.23x 10° 13) 1.2113x 10° 121130 4418) 78,000, 7.8000 x 10* 14) 3.200x10* 9,000003200_ 19) 00004006 4.006 x 10% 15) 9.008x 10 0.000009008 20) 0.00027600 2.87600 x 10% vyKey Measuring Equipment with Significant Figures Read the instrument in the drawing and record the value. Identify the possible equipment it could be trom the word bank below. 1 4.40 cm 2 43cm 3. 36.5 mL graduated cylinder 4 4 35.0 mL 5 10.25 mL 6. 8.60 mL burette or pipette graduated cylinder 10.0 ba 8m. 11.0 = 2. 8 4.70 mL 0.60 mL thermometer bi Ig atte burette or pipette When measuring a burette or pipette you read from the zero which means you read the air or top down. ‘When measuring with a graduated cylinder you read from the zero which means you read the liquid from the bottom up.WHS ¢ H Chemistry seme (Cx) ——— Date _/ Period 2 Significant Figures/Math Identify the number of significant figures in the following measurements: * 1,0,0028376g 5 6. 0,0003493000L 7 2. 28937600 cm 6 7. 1230000 s ? 3. 1,007 x 10? mg 4 8. 8.0.x 10% mL 2 4, 293287 5 9. 28000,00900 ps 10 5. 2.000876 nm 7 10. 9 x 10° meg 1 Math with Sig Figs: Perform the following calculations. Include the appropriate number of sig figs in your answer. 11, 389 + 8.35= 397.35 #397 19. 791 - 699.5=91.5 #92 12. 0.00783 - 0.000235-0.007595* 0.00760 20. 450 x 250= 112,500 #110,000 13. 10283.1 + 293.35=10,576.45%10,576.5 21. 0.023 x 1550= 35.65%36 14. 0, 028960 + 0. 0278=0. 056760, 0568 22. 11.0 - 0.45= 10.55810.6 15. 2.9200 x 10.0000=29.2#29.200 23, 100+4=25*30 16. 92000 +25921= 3.5492457983.5, 24. 0.005000 x 250.0=1.25*1.250 17. 100.0 + 25.000=4#4.000 25. 16 x 2000.0=32,000#32,000 18. 89.00 x 5.88000=523.328523.3 26. 999 + 0.9=999.9#1000: 1000+Honors Density e (Goks Density is a physical property of matter. Density is defined as the mass per 4 SS ~ . unit volume of a substance at a particular temperature and pressure. Density is, SM AT GRE Usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm). ae Use this formula to figure out density: Density = mass + volume or D = m/v Density measures how densely or tightly packed the particles of a substance are. The higher the density, the more tightly packed the particles are in a particular volume. Here is a chart containing the densities of several common substances, Densities of Common Substances Substance: Density Substance Density water 1.00 g/cm’ seawater 1.025 g/cm’ ice 0.92 e/em® aluminum 2.70 g/em?_ gasoline 0.70 g/em oll 0.90 g/em’ lead 11.30 g/cm™ gold 19.30 g/cm? white pine rubber 1.10 g/cm’ cork bone 1.80 g/em> iron human fat. 0.92 g/cm* According to Archimedes Principle, objects that are less dense than water will loat on water. Objects witha density Greater than water will sink in water. 1. Use the Archimedes principles to predict which of the materials in the chart above will float on water. List them, ic) 9qsoline, White Pine, Cork ,o/'! human fat 2. Now use Archimedes principle to predict which of the materials will sink in water. List them. lead icor Seq widter al AZiminupn gala. rubbe te bone 3. Whichisthemostdense material listed abover_ _GOlq 4. Which s the least dense material sted boven CORK Show your work for #57. py aq 5. Find the density when. vw a) mass=25 grams volume =5 cubic centimeter 59 fern? b) mass=150 grams volume = 75.0 cubic centimeters “2 , g/cm? ) mass = 500.0 grams volume =1,000 cubic centimeters (>, 39/em 3 6. Findthemasswhen M= Dy a 5.0 cm’ and density = white pine M9 = (0.509 /er3)( 35.0 crn?) = 189 a) volum: b) volume = 955.0 cm? and density = aluminum yy = (2.71 > €) volume = 2.800 cm? and density = gasoline yy As ater 2155 . Oem? )x 25805 +799 fern) (2.8 00cm 2.09 m. 7. Find the volume when V= 2B Pes 3 a) density: 25g VE Oe 299 F I. 0C09/em? =0,25em b) density 6008 V= @.00g-% MI. 3O9/ep 43 = O-531 cm3 €) density= oil and mass =3008 y= 30, Og + 0.90 G9)em3 = 33.erm3WHS + H Chemistry 2 © DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS Be sure to show your work and Use the comet number of sig igs in your answe Helpful Conversion Factors: 1'km = 0.62 mites (miy 1m=100cm 1L=1.4 qt 1'km=1000 meters (mm) 4In=25¢em 1. =0264 gal 1 mile = 5280 feet (ft) 1=42in 4qt=1 gal 1m=1000mm 1em=10mm 1) 85miles= BF km “Remember setup: 56 miles! thm = 39 km 0.62 miles 2) Convert 0.0035 weeks into seconds, 9.0035 wk | Taays 24 hr | COmia| WOsec = 2iles¢ lwk Iday} Ihr Imin ©2100 se 3) Your, Pencil is 6.5 inches Jong. What is its length in millimeters? GS 10/2546 10 mm = 105 Imam % 170mm lin lem 4) Convert 825 cm into km. B25cm|] Im ! = 0.00825 Lin ee et 5) In England gasoline is sold by the liter. Assume that it takes 10.20 Sallons of gasoline to fill the tank of @ compact car. How much will it cost to fil 4p the car if the price of gas is $2.99 er liter in England? 10.20ge2 | IL 2 435.77 6) If Thousand Oaks Blvd. is 5.3 miles long, how many centimeters long is it? cr 5:3 mi | 5280F4/I2in |o.syon, = 852952,32% B50, 000¢! Imi Ife T Tin : 7) You have just received a French eokbook from the exchange student. You want to make 3 quarts of Punch for a party. Will a recipe of 25 liters be enough? Not enough Punch 25 lore4 ag] Y = 2.ugt 2. IL lgak aH Chemistry Ch 1 & 2 Practice Problems 2017-20184ey What s Chemistry and Scent Method? 1. acontrolinan experiment i used as standard for comparison 2. weight 3. AlistoF steps implies that after you are done wth llth steps the scientific methods firshed, Scientific metho seca because «ven after you make conclusions, more observations canbe made 3: well 3s posibly changing the hypothesis, so the process of observing and testing can always be continued 4. the data does support the claim 5. ifyou ge plant sl soltion, it wil die 6. _amobservation: gathering information based on senses, ex the house ion fie an inference: easonable hypothesis or onclsion based onan obseration, ex the house is going to burn down 7. aypothesis: proposed explanation for an absewation; a theory: an explanation that hasbeen supported by many experiments based on data: a law a concise statement that describes and summarizes events of many experiments and observations. (Laws do not try to explain anything Theale quality today i poor quaitative Visit isonly a quarter mile-quanttative Pollutants in the air are expected to rise above 0.085 parts per million (ppm)- quantitative inthe next eight hour average- quantitative Measurements 9. List the units for) time-secondlsb ength meters (m) e)temperature-kevin(k) 6] mas-klogram ka) 10, *yolume = length length xiength 11,2) 10006) 1000) 1000) 1000 e) 100 12. (erc+273 13, 962°C+273 = 1.235K 14, * postive 15, smal 16, *subtract them 17. We don't know f the measurements are accurate because no actual valve was given, They ae fay precise because there is only 0.056 diference between the two 18, Youonly need to know the difference between the measure value andthe actual vale not is above or below the actual value. 19, significant figures, actual value 20. series of measured values 21. a.aceurate:no, precise: yes. b. accurate: yes, rece: yes. acurate: yes, precise: no n ‘Mass of Cylinder (g) i Canon Ta Wathwage [738 aa aa PABN | Recrate Bat vat pres] Not crate as cate | Leas Se, Te OCD Us, more prec than Usa | than Use cord coma Tae Tas Density, = ae = 2. Lent 2%. thevolme Sofmtandre dense |, be 2s. “05m. Dimensional Analysis 26. conversion factor or unt fraction 27. the numerator must equal the denominator 28, it must be the same unit as the unit above and diagonally left 23, 2, $700mg [beter answer 5.70% 10? me) b. 0.0887 m 30. © 0907m 783.0008 3, 98205 f 298k 4. 0.0559m be azrm -206C © 20006m 86,400 (better f25,000em* answer 86,0005) eB BAakg 4 06t2keH Ch, 1-2 Study Guide Key Page 23, 1d 2e Page 50-53, ° 57. the size of the units are equal, °C +273 = 62. You must know the accepted value to know if the measurements are accurate. They are fairly precise because there is only 0.14 g difference between the two measurements, 65. the first one; place holder 66.3.448 and 3.450 67. the number that has the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point; it is less precise. 68, 3.72; it has the smaller number of significant figures 73.1.5 g/mL 743.0 mt 7S. a.4.5834x10? mm b.3.054x 107g ©. 4.38904 x 105 s d. 7.0043 x 10° g 0.0453 m 1000 cm 37.5 kg/l 82 a.1.12% = |8.86.2/mL-8.96 g/ml| x 100 84. 8.96 g/ml. a..0.00321 b.3.88 kg €. 219,000 m 4.25.41 €..0.0876em £,0.00311 mg 85. 17.19 mg 430,000 m? 8.8097 87. slope 7 e/mt 90. No, because in the last fraction the minutes should be on top and the hours should be on the bottom to cancel the previous units of minutes. 104, thick = qualitative density 4.58 g/mL = quantitative LeH Ch, 1-2 Study Guide Key Page 23, 1d 2e Page 50-53, . 57. the size of the units are equal, °C + 273 = 62. You must know the accepted value to know if the measurements are accurate. They are fairly precise because there is only 0.14 g difference between the two measurements. 65. the first one; place holder 66.3.448 and 3.450 67. the number that has the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point; itis less precise. 68. 3.72; it has the smaller number of significant figures 73.1.5 g/ml 743.0 mt 75. a.4.5834%10? mm b. 3.054% 107g ©. 4.38904 x 105 s 4. 7.0043 x 10° g 40.0453 m 1000 em 37.5 kg/l 82 a.1.12% = |8.86.2/mL-8.96 g/ml| x 100 84. 8.96 g/ml. a..0.00321 b.3.88 kg €. 219,000 m 4.25.41 €..0.0876em 0.00311 mg 85. 17.19 mg 430,000 m? 8.8097 87. slope 7 emt 90. No, because in the last fraction the minutes should be on top and the hours should be on the bottom to cancel the previous units of minutes. 104, thick = qualitative density 4.58 g/mL = quantitative Le