Swimming

Swimming is the self-propulsion of a person

through water, or other liquid, usually for
recreation, sport, exercise, or survival.
Locomotion is achieved through coordinated
movement of the limbs and the body to achieve
hydrodynamic thrust that results in directional
motion. Humans can hold their breath
underwater and undertake rudimentary
locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as
a survival response.[1]

Swimming is consistently among the top public

recreational activities,[2][3][4][5] and in some A competitive swimmer performing the breaststroke
countries, swimming lessons are a compulsory
part of the educational curriculum.[6] As a
formalized sport, swimming is featured in a range of local, national, and international
competitions, including every modern Summer Olympics.

Swimming involves repeated motions known as strokes in order to propel the body forward. While
the front crawl, also known as freestyle, is widely regarded as the fastest out of four primary
strokes, other strokes are practiced for special purposes, such as for training.

There are various risks present during swimming, mainly due to it taking place in water.
Swimmers are at risk of incapacitation due to panic and exhaustion, which may cause death due to
drowning. Other dangers include getting an infection or contact with hostile aquatic fauna. To
minimize these risks, most facilities employ a lifeguard to look for signs of distress.

Swimmers often wear specialized swimwear, although depending on the culture of the area, some
swimmers may also swim nude or wear their day attire. In addition to this, a variety of equipment
can be used to enhance the swimming experience or performance, including but not limited to the
use of swimming goggles, floatation devices, swim fins, and snorkels.

Science
Swimming relies on the nearly neutral buoyancy of the
human body. On average, the body has a relative density
of 0.98 compared to water, which causes the body to
float. However, buoyancy varies on the basis of body
composition, lung inflation, muscle and fat content,
centre of gravity and the salinity of the water. Higher
levels of body fat and saltier water both lower the relative
density of the body and increase its buoyancy. Human
males tend to have a lower centre of gravity and higher Swimmers perform squats prior to entering
muscle content, therefore find it more difficult to float or the pool in a U.S. military base, 2011.
be buoyant. See also: Hydrostatic weighing.
Since the human body is less dense than water, water is able to support the weight of the body
during swimming. As a result, swimming is “low-impact” compared to land activities such as
running. The density and viscosity of water also create resistance for objects moving through the
water. Swimming strokes use this resistance to create propulsion, but this same resistance also
generates drag on the body.

Hydrodynamics is important to stroke technique for swimming faster, and swimmers who want to
swim faster or exhaust less try to reduce the drag of the body's motion through the water. To be
more hydrodynamically effective, swimmers can either increase the power of their strokes or
reduce water resistance, though power must increase by a factor of three to achieve the same effect
as reducing resistance.[7] Efficient swimming by reducing water resistance involves a horizontal
water position, rolling the body to reduce the breadth of the body in the water, and extending the
arms as far as possible to reduce wave resistance.[7]

Just before plunging into the pool, swimmers may perform exercises such as squatting. Squatting
helps in enhancing a swimmer's start by warming up the thigh muscles.[8]

Infant swimming
Human babies demonstrate an innate swimming or diving reflex from newborn until the age of
approximately 6 months.[9] Other mammals also demonstrate this phenomenon (see mammalian
diving reflex). The diving response involves apnea, reflex bradycardia, and peripheral
vasoconstriction; in other words, babies immersed in water spontaneously hold their breath, slow
their heart rate, and reduce blood circulation to the extremities (fingers and toes).[9] Because
infants are innately able to swim, classes for babies of about 6 months old are offered in many
locations. This helps build muscle memory and makes strong swimmers from a young age.

Technique
Swimming can be undertaken using a wide range of styles, known as 'strokes,' and these strokes
are used for different purposes, or to distinguish between classes in competitive swimming. It is
not necessary to use a defined stroke for propulsion through the water, and untrained swimmers
may use a 'doggy paddle' of arm and leg movements, similar to the way four-legged animals swim.

There are four main strokes used in competition and recreation swimming: the front crawl, also
known as freestyle, breaststroke, backstroke and butterfly. Competitive swimming in Europe
started around 1800, mostly using the breaststroke. In 1873, John Arthur Trudgen introduced the
trudgen to Western swimming competitions.[10] Butterfly was developed in the 1930s, and was
considered a variant of the breaststroke until accepted as a separate style in 1953.[11] Butterfly is
considered the hardest stroke by many people, but it is the most effective for all-around toning and
the building of muscles.[12] It also burns the most calories and can be the second fastest stroke if
practiced regularly.[12]

In non-competitive swimming, there are some swimming strokes including sidestroke. The
sidestroke toward the end of the 19th century, this pattern was changed by raising one arm above
the water first, then the other, and then each in turn. It is still used in lifesaving and recreational
swimming.
Other strokes exist for particular reasons such as training, school lessons, and rescue, and it is
often possible to change strokes to avoid using parts of the body, either to separate specific body
parts, such as swimming with only arms or legs to exercise them harder, or for amputees or those
affected by paralysis.

History
Swimming has been recorded since prehistoric times, and the
earliest records of swimming date back to Stone Age paintings
from around 7,000 years ago. Written references date from
2000 BC. Some of the earliest references include the Epic of
Gilgamesh, the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible (Ezekiel 47:5, Acts
27:42, Isaiah 25:11), Beowulf, and other sagas.

The coastal tribes living in the volatile Low Countries were

known as excellent swimmers by the Romans. Men and horses Timurid conqueror Babur's troops
of the Batavi tribe could cross the Rhine without losing swim across a river.
formation, according to Tacitus. Dio Cassius describes one
surprise tactic employed by Aulus Plautius against the Celts at
the Battle of the Medway:[13]

The [British Celts] thought that Romans would not be able to cross it without a bridge,
and consequently bivouacked in rather careless fashion on the opposite bank; but he
sent across a detachment of [Batavii], who were accustomed to swim easily in full
armour across the most turbulent streams. ... Thence the Britons retired to the river
Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood-tide forms a lake.
This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy
passages in this region were to be found, but the Romans in attempting to follow them
were not so successful. However, the [Batavii] swam across again and some others got
over by a bridge a little way up-stream, after which they assailed the barbarians from
several sides at once and cut down many of them.

In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, a Swiss–German professor of languages, wrote the earliest known
complete book about swimming, Colymbetes, sive de arte natandi dialogus et festivus et iucundus
lectu (The Swimmer, or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming and Joyful and Pleasant to Read).[14]

Purpose
There are many reasons why people swim, from swimming as a recreational pursuit to swimming
as a necessary part of a job or other activity. Swimming may also be used to rehabilitate injuries,
especially various cardiovascular and muscle injuries. People may also pursue swimming as a
career or field of interest. Some may be gifted and choose to compete professionally and go onto
claim fame.

Recreation

Many swimmers swim for recreation, with swimming consistently ranking as one of the physical
activities people are most likely to take part in. Recreational swimming can also be used for
exercise, relaxation or rehabilitation.[15] The support of the water, and the reduction in impact,
makes swimming accessible for people who are unable to
undertake activities such as running. Swimming is one of the
most relaxing activities, water is known to calm us and can help
reduce stress.

Health

Swimming is primarily a cardiovascular/aerobic exercise[16] Children's bathing beach, Lincoln

due to the long exercise time, requiring a constant oxygen Park, Chicago, Illinois, United
supply to the muscles, except for short sprints where the States, 1905
muscles work anaerobically. Furthermore, swimming can help
tone and strengthen muscles.[17] Swimming allows sufferers of
arthritis to exercise affected joints without worsening their
symptoms. However, swimmers with arthritis may wish to
avoid swimming breaststroke, as improper technique can
exacerbate arthritic knee pain.[18] As with most aerobic
exercise, swimming reduces the harmful effects of stress.
Swimming is also effective in improving health for people with
cardiovascular problems and chronic illnesses. It is proven to
positively impact the mental health of pregnant women and Chuck Sketch, a former U.S. Marine
mothers. Swimming can even improve mood.[19] Although and a Wounded Warrior with the
many forms of physical activity have been shown to improve veteran swim team, swims laps
bone density and health, this is where swimming has its during a practice session at the
downfalls. Due to the low-impact nature of the sport, studies 2012 Marine Corps Trials at Marine
have demonstrated that bone mass acquisition will be Corps Base Camp Pendleton,
negatively impacted, which could be an issue for adolescent California, February 14, 2012.
athletes in particular.[20] Wounded Warriors, veterans, and
allies competed in the second
annual trials, which included
Disabled swimmers swimming.

Since 2010, the Americans with Disabilities Act has required

that swimming pools in the United States be accessible to disabled swimmers.[21]

Elderly swimmers

"Water-based exercise can benefit older adults by improving quality of life and decreasing
disability. It also improves or maintains the bone health of post-menopausal women."[22]
Swimming is an ideal workout for the elderly, as it is a low-impact sport with very little risk of
injury. Exercise in the water works out all muscle groups, helping with conditions such as
muscular dystrophy which is common in seniors. It is also a common way to relieve pain from
arthritis.

Sport

Swimming as a sport predominantly involves participants competing to be the fastest over a given
distance in a certain period of time. Competitors swim different distances in different levels of
competition. For example, swimming has been an Olympic sport since 1896, and the current
program includes events from 50 m to 1500 m in length, across all four main strokes and medley.
During the season competitive swimmers typically train multiple times per day and week to
increase endurance, strength, and preserve fitness.
Furthermore when the cycle of work is completed swimmers go
through a stage called taper where intensity is reduced in
preparation for competition season. During taper, focus is on
power and water feel.

The sport is governed internationally by the Fédération

Internationale de Natation (FINA), and competition pools for
FINA events are 25 or 50 meters in length. In the United
Start of the 4 × 100 meters men's
States, a pool 25 yards in length is commonly used for
relay during the 2008 Summer
competition. Olympics in Beijing

Other swimming and water-related sporting disciplines include

open water swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, water
polo, triathlon, and the modern pentathlon.

Safety

As a popular leisure activity done all over the world, one of the primary risks of swimming is
drowning. Drowning may occur from a variety of factors, from swimming fatigue to simply
inexperience in the water. From 2005 to 2014, an average of 3,536 fatal unintentional drownings
occurred in the United States, approximating 10 deaths a day.[23]

To minimize the risk and prevent potential drownings from occurring, lifeguards are often
employed to supervise swimming locations such as pools, waterparks, lakes and beaches. Different
lifeguards receive different training depending on the sites that they are employed at; i.e. a
waterfront lifeguard receives more rigorous training than a poolside lifeguard. Well-known aquatic
training services include the National Lifesaving Society (https://www.lifesavingsociety.com/hom
e.aspx) and the Canadian Red Cross, which specialize in training lifeguards in North America.

Occupation

Some occupations require workers to swim, such as abalone and pearl diving, and spearfishing.

Swimming is used to rescue people in the water who are in distress, including exhausted
swimmers, non-swimmers who have accidentally entered the water, and others who have come to
harm on the water. Lifeguards or volunteer lifesavers are deployed at many pools and beaches
worldwide to fulfil this purpose, and they, as well as rescue swimmers, may use specific swimming
styles for rescue purposes.

Swimming is also used in marine biology to observe plants and animals in their natural habitat.
Other sciences use swimming; for example, Konrad Lorenz swam with geese as part of his studies
of animal behavior.

Swimming also has military purposes. Military swimming is usually done by special operation
forces, such as Navy SEALs and US Army Special Forces. Swimming is used to approach a
location, gather intelligence, engage in sabotage or combat, and subsequently depart. This may
also include airborne insertion into water or exiting a submarine while it is submerged. Due to
regular exposure to large bodies of water, all recruits in the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and
Coast Guard are required to complete basic swimming or water survival training.

Swimming is also a professional sport. Companies sponsor swimmers who have the skills to
compete at the international level. Many swimmers compete competitively to represent their home
countries in the Olympics. Professional swimmers may also earn a living as entertainers,
performing in water ballets.

Locomotion

Locomotion by swimming over brief distances is frequent when alternatives are precluded. There
have been cases of political refugees swimming in the Baltic Sea[24] and of people jumping in the
water and swimming ashore from vessels not intended to reach land where they planned to go.[25]

Risks
There are many risks associated with voluntary or involuntary human
presence in water, which may result in death directly or through
drowning asphyxiation. Swimming is both the goal of much voluntary
presence and the prime means of regaining land in accidental
situations.

Most recorded water deaths fall into these categories:

Panic occurs when an inexperienced swimmer or a nonswimmer

becomes mentally overwhelmed by the circumstances of their
immersion, leading to sinking and drowning. Occasionally, panic
kills through hyperventilation, even in shallow water.
Exhaustion can make a person unable to sustain efforts to swim or
tread water, often leading to death through drowning. An adult with
fully developed and extended lungs has generally positive or at
least neutral buoyancy, and can float with modest effort when calm
and in still water. A small child has negative buoyancy and must
make a sustained effort to avoid sinking rapidly.
Hypothermia, in which a person loses critical core temperature,
A sign warns hikers on the
can lead to unconsciousness or heart failure.
trail to Hanakapiai Beach.
Dehydration from prolonged exposure to hypertonic salt water—or,
less frequently, salt water aspiration syndrome where inhaled salt
water creates foam in the lungs that restricts breathing—can
cause loss of physical control or kill directly without actual
drowning. Hypothermia and dehydration also kill directly, without
causing drowning, even when the person wears a life vest.
Blunt trauma in a fast moving flood or river water can kill a
swimmer outright, or lead to their drowning.

Adverse effects of swimming can include:

Exostosis, an abnormal bony overgrowth narrowing the ear canal

due to frequent, long-term splashing or filling of cold water into the
ear canal, also known as surfer's ear Man smiling to camera
Infection from water-borne bacteria, viruses, or parasites while ice swimming at a
Chlorine inhalation (in swimming pools) summer cottage in Finland
Heart attacks while swimming (the primary cause of sudden death
among triathlon participants, occurring at the rate of 1 to 2 per
100,000 participations.[26])
Adverse encounters with aquatic life:
Stings from sea lice, jellyfish, fish, seashells, and some species of coral
 Puncture wounds caused by crabs, lobsters, sea urchins, zebra mussels, stingrays, flying
fish, sea birds, and debris
Hemorrhaging bites from fish, marine mammals, and marine reptiles, occasionally resulting
from predation
Venomous bites from sea snakes and certain species of octopus
Electrocution or mild shock from electric eels and electric rays

Around any pool area, safety equipment is often important, and is a zoning requirement for most
residential pools in the United States.[27] Supervision by personnel trained in rescue techniques is
required at most competitive swimming meets and public pools.

Lessons
Traditionally, children were considered not able to swim
independently until 4 years of age,[28] although now infant
swimming lessons are recommended to prevent drowning.[29]

In Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Finland, the

curriculum for the fifth grade (fourth grade in Estonia) states
that all children should learn how to swim as well as how to
handle emergencies near water. Most commonly, children are
expected to be able to swim 200 metres (660  ft)—of which at A Styrofoam flotation aid being used
least 50 metres (160  ft) on their back – after first falling into
deep water and getting their head under water. Even though
about 95 percent of Swedish school children know how to swim, drowning remains the third most
common cause of death among children.

In both the Netherlands and Belgium swimming lessons under school time (schoolzwemmen,
school swimming) are supported by the government. Most schools provide swimming lessons.
There is a long tradition of swimming lessons in the Netherlands and Belgium, the Dutch
translation for the breaststroke swimming style is even schoolslag (schoolstroke). In France,
swimming is a compulsory part of the curriculum for primary schools. Children usually spend one
semester per year learning swimming during CP/CE1/CE2/CM1 (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th grade).

In many places, swimming lessons are provided by local swimming pools, both those run by the
local authority and by private leisure companies. Many schools also include swimming lessons into
their Physical Education curricula, provided either in the schools' own pool or in the nearest public
pool.

In the UK, the "Top-ups scheme" calls for school children who cannot swim by the age of 11 to
receive intensive daily lessons. Children who have not reached Great Britain's National Curriculum
standard of swimming 25 meters by the time they leave primary school receive a half-hour lesson
every day for two weeks during term-time.[30]

In Canada and Mexico there has been a call to include swimming in public school curriculum.[31]

In the United States there is the Infant Swimming Resource (ISR)[32] initiative that provides
lessons for infant children, to cope with an emergency where they have fallen into the water. They
are taught how to roll-back-to-float (hold their breath underwater, to roll onto their back, to float
unassisted, rest and breathe until help arrives), while clothed and unclothed. In ISR they teach the
children how to roll with their clothes on, as a simulation, if they were to actually fall in walking or
crawling by.
In Switzerland, swimming lessons for babies are popular, to help them getting used to be in
another element. At the competition level, unlike in other countries - such as the Commonwealth
countries, swimming teams are not related to educational institutions (high-schools and
universities), but rather to cities or regions.

Clothing and equipment

Swimsuits

Standard everyday clothing is usually impractical for

swimming and is unsafe under some circumstances.
Most cultures today expect swimmers to wear
swimsuits.

Men's swimsuits commonly resemble shorts, or

briefs. Men's casual swimsuits (for example,
boardshorts) are rarely skintight, unlike competitive
swimwear, like jammers or diveskins. In most cases,
boys and men swim with their upper body exposed,
except in countries where custom or law prohibits it
in a public setting, or for practical reasons such as
sun protection. Boardshorts, a type A man and woman in
of men's casual competitive swimwear
Modern women's swimsuits are generally skintight, swimwear during a synchronised
covering the pubic region and the breasts (See swimming event
bikini). Women's swimwear may also cover the
midriff as well. Women's swimwear is often a
fashion statement, and whether it is modest or not is a subject of debate by many groups, religious
and secular.

Competitive swimwear is built so that the wearer

can swim faster and more efficiently. Modern
competitive swimwear is skintight and lightweight.
There are many kinds of competitive swimwear for
each gender. It is used in aquatic competitions, such
as water polo, swim racing, diving, and rowing.

Wetsuits provide both thermal insulation and

flotation. Many swimmers lack buoyancy in the leg.
The wetsuit provides additional volume at a lower
density and therefore improves buoyancy and trim
while swimming. It provides insulation between the Different cultures have different standards for
skin and water which reduces heat loss. The wetsuit swimsuits. In Muslim communities, women may
is the usual choice for those who swim in cold water choose to wear Hijab modified swimsuits,
for long periods of time, as it reduces susceptibility sometimes called burkini.
to hypothermia.
Some people also choose to wear no clothing while swimming; this is known as skinny dipping. In
some European countries public pools have naturist sessions to allow clothes-free swimming and
many countries have naturist beaches where one can swim naked. It is legal to swim naked in the
sea at all UK beaches. It was common for males to swim naked in a public setting up to the early
20th century. Today, skinny dipping can be a rebellious activity or merely a casual one.

Accessories
Ear plugs can prevent water from getting in the ears.
Noseclips can prevent water from getting in the nose. However, using noseclips in competitive
swimming can cause disadvantage, so many competitive swimmer choose not to use one. For
this reason, nose clips are primarily used for synchronized swimming and recreational
swimming.
Goggles protect the eyes from chlorinated water, and improve underwater visibility. Tinted
goggles protect the eyes from sunlight that reflects from the bottom of the pool.
Swim caps keep the body streamlined and protect the hair from chlorinated water, though they
are not entirely watertight.
Kickboards are used to keep the upper body afloat while exercising the lower body.
Pull buoys are used to keep the lower body afloat while exercising the upper body.
Swimfins are used in training to elongate the kick and improve technique and speed. Fins also
build upper calf muscles. Fins provide a significantly greater and more efficient conversion of
muscle power to thrust than available from the feet, and allow the powerful leg muscles to be
used effectively for propulsion through water. The value of fins as an active aid in the teaching,
learning and practice of swimming has long been recognised. In the US, as early as 1947, they
were used experimentally to build the confidence of reluctant beginners in swimming,[33] while
a 1950 YMCA lifesaving and water safety manual reminded swimming instructors how "flippers
can be used to great advantage for treading water, surface diving, towing, underwater
searching and supporting a tired swimmer".[34] In 1967, research was conducted on fin use in
teaching the crawl stroke.[35] During the 1970s, the so-called "flipper-float" method came into
vogue in Europe with the aim of helping beginners learn to swim faster and more safely,[36]
Hand paddles are used to increase resistance during arm movements, with the goal of
improving technique and power.
Finger paddles have a similar effect to handle paddles however due to their smaller size create
less resistance. They also help with improving a swimmers 'catch' in the water.
Snorkels are used to help improve and maintain a good head position in the water. They may
also be used by some during physical therapy.
Pool noodles are used to keep the user afloat during the time in the water.
Safety fencing and equipment is mandatory at public pools and a zoning requirement at most
residential pools in the United States.[37]
Swimming Parachutes are used in competitive training, adding an element of resistance in the
water helping athletes to increase power in the strokes central movements.
 Inflatable armbands are swimming aids designed to provide buoyancy for the swimmer which
helps the wearer to float.

See also
Aquatic ape hypothesis Microswimmer Swimhiking
Aquatic locomotion Mixed bathing Swimming machine
List of swimmers Resistance swimming Total Immersion
List of water sports Stunt swimming Winter swimming

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Bibliography
Cox, Lynne (2005). Swimming to Antarctica: Tales of a Long-Distance Swimmer. Harvest
Books. ISBN 978-0-15-603130-1.
Maniscalco F., Il nuoto nel mondo greco romano, Naples 1993.
Mehl H., Antike Schwimmkunst, Munchen 1927.
Schuster G., Smits W. & Ullal J., Thinkers of the Jungle. Tandem Verlag 2008.
Sprawson, Charles (2000). Haunts of the Black Masseur - The Swimmer as Hero. University of
Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3539-9.svin
Tarpinian, Steve (1996). The Essential Swimmer (https://archive.org/details/essentialswimmer0
0tarp). The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-55821-386-9.

External links
Media related to Swimming at Wikimedia Commons
Swimmingstrokes.info (http://www.swimmingstrokes.info), Overview of 150 historical and less
known swimming-strokes

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