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1
Topics Covered
Chemical Reactions and Equations

1 .1 Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equation 1.2 Types of Chemical Reactions

1.3 Corrosion and Rancidity

C hapter map
CHANGES AROUND US
Physical changes Chemical
changes/reactions
Chemical equation
1. Combination reaction
Law of 2. Decomposition reaction
Skeletal Balanced conservation
equation equation 3. Displacement reaction
of mass 4. Double displacement reaction
(Precipitation reaction)

Air tight
Oxidising agent Oxidation Reduction Reducing agent packing

Rancidity Methods of
Redox reaction Prevention

Corrosion
Antioxidants Inert atmosphere

Topic 1. Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equation

Chemical reaction: It takes place by bond breaking between atoms and formation of new bonds
between different atoms. New substances with different properties are formed, e.g. Iron reacts
with oxygen in the presence of moisture to form reddish brown Iron (III) oxide.
4Fe(s) + 3O2 ( g) Moisture
→ 2Fe2 O3 (s)
( greyish black) Oxygen (reddish brown)

Chemical equation: It is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, with the help of
symbols of elements and formulae of compounds.
burning
2Mg(s) + O2(g)   →   2MgO(s) + heat + light
           (Magnesium) (Oxygen)     (Magnesium oxide)
In physical change, no new substance is formed e.g., melting of ice, evaporation of water.
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Writing Chemical Equation: How to Write a Chemical Equation

(i) Reactants must be written on the left hand side with the help of symbols of elements and
formulae of compounds.
(ii) Products should be written on the right hand side.
(iii) Physical state of the reactants must be written as ‘s’ for solid, ‘l’ for liquid, ‘g’ for gas, ‘aq’
for aqueous, ‘dil’ for dilute and ‘conc’ for concentrated.
(iv) Reaction conditions must be written on the arrow.
(v) Reactants and products are separated by arrow.
(vi) Write (+) sign between two or more reactants or products.
Balancing of chemical equation
Skeletal Equation: The equation which just shows the chemical substances involved without
considering their number (i.e., equation is not balanced) is called skeletal equation, e.g.
Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s)
Balanced Equation: The equation in which the number of atoms of each element on the reactants
and products side are equal so as to follow the law of conservation of mass, e.g.
burning
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  → 2MgO(s) + heat + light
Law of conservation of mass: The total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total
mass of products. That is why, we balance every chemical equation.
(i) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
12g + 32g = 12 + 2 (16) = 44g
(ii) Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Step I: There are 3 Fe atoms on RHS, so multiply Fe with 3 on the reactant side.
3Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Step II: There are four oxygen atoms on RHS, so multiply H2O with 4 on LHS.
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Step III: There are 8 hydrogen atoms on LHS, so multiply H2 by 4 on RHS.
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
The equation is now balanced.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

EXERCISE 1.1
I. Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)
Choose the correct answer from the given options.
1. Which of the following is not a physical change?
(a) Boiling of water to give water vapours
(b) Melting of ice to give water
(c) Dissolution of salt in water
(d) Combustion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
2. Which one of the following processes involve chemical reactions?
(a) Storing of oxygen gas under pressure in a gas cylinder
(b) Liquefaction of air
(c) Keeping petrol in a china dish in the open
(d) Heating copper wire in presence of air at high temperature
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3. In which of the following chemical equations, the abbreviations represent the correct
states of the reactants and products involved at reaction temperature?
(a) 2H2(l) + O2(l) → 2H2O(g) (b) 2H2(g) + O2(l) → 2H2O(l)
(c) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) (d) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
4. Cu + x HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + y NO2 + 2H2O. The values of ‘x’ and ‘y’ are
(a) 3 and 5 (b) 8 and 6 (c) 4 and 2 (d) 7 and 1
[CBSE 2020]
5. The compound obtained on reaction of iron with steam is/are:
(a) Fe2O3 (b) Fe3O4 (c) FeO (d) Fe2O3 and Fe3O4
[CBSE 2020]
6. An element ‘X’ reacts with O2 to give a compound with a high melting point. This
compound is also soluble in water. The element ‘X’ is likely to be:
(a) iron (b) calcium (c) carbon (d) silicon
[CBSE 2020]
7. Identify ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’ in the following reaction:
( y)
2KClO3(x)  → 2KCl(x) + 3O2(z)[CBSE 2020]
(a) x = gas; y = reaction condition; z = gas
(b) x = solid; y = liquid; z = gas
(c) x = number of moles of KClO3; y = reaction condition; z = no. of molecules of oxygen
(d) x = physical state of KClO3 and KCl; y = reaction condition; z = physical state of O2.
8. In which of the following the identity of initial substance remains unchanged?
(a) Curdling of milk
(b) Formation of crystals by process of crystallisation
(c) Fermentation of grapes (d) Digestion of food. [CBSE 2020]
9. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron filings? Tick the correct
answer.
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced.
(c) No reaction takes place.
(d) Iron salt and water are produced.
10. A balanced chemical equation is in accordance with
(a) Avogadro’s law
(b) law of multiple proportion
(c) law of conservation of mass
(d) law of gaseous volumes
II. Assertion-Reason Type Questions (1 Mark)
For question numbers 1 to 4, two statements are given—one labeled as Assertion (A) and
the other labeled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to this question from the codes
(a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false.
(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true.
1. Assertion: Mg + O2 → MgO is skeletal equation.
Reason: The equation is not balanced.
2. Assertion: Following is a balanced chemical equation for the action of steam on iron:
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
Reason: The law of conservation of mass holds good for a chemical equation.
[CBSE 2020]
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3. Assertion: The balancing of chemical equation is based on law of conservation of mass.

Reason: Total mass of reactants is equal to total mass of products.
4. Assertion: The following chemical equation:
7
2C6H6 + O2  → 4CO2 + 3H2O
2
is a balanced chemical equation.
Reason: In a balanced chemical equation, the total number of atoms of each element
must be equal on both sides of the equation.

Answers 1.1
I. 1. (d) Combustion of LPG is chemical change because new substances are being formed.
Heat
2. (d) 2 Cu (s) + O2 (g)  → 2CuO (s)
3. (c) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
4. (c) 4 and 2
5. (b) 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2(g)
6. (b) Calcium. 2Ca + O2 → CaO; CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
7. (d) x = physical state of KClO3 and KCl; y = reaction condition; z = physical state of O2.
8. (b) It is physical change, no new substance is formed.
9. (a) The solution will become pale green due to iron (II) chloride and colourless, odourless
hydrogen gas will be evolved.
Fe(s) + 2HCl(dil) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
10. (c) law of conservation of mass
II. 1. (a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
2. (a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
3. (a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
4. (d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true.
The correct balanced chemical equation is:
2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O

Topic 2. Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Combination reactions: Those reactions in which two or more elements or compounds
combine to form one or more compounds are called combination reactions, e.g.
340 atm
CO(g) + 2H2(g)  → CH3 OH(l)
Methanol

2. Decomposition reactions: Those reactions in which a compound breaks into simpler

substances (elements or compounds) are called decomposition reactions, e.g.
2Cu(NO3 )2 (s) Heat
→ 2CuO(s) + 4NO2 ( g) + O2 ( g)
Blue Black Brown (colourless)
(i) Thermal decomposition: Those decomposition reactions in which compound breaks down
into simpler substances by heat, e.g.
Heat
CaCO3(s)  → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(ii) Photo-chemical decomposition: Those decomposition reactions in which sunlight is used
for decomposition of a compound, e.g.
2AgCl(s) Sunlight
→ 2Ag (s) + Cl2 ( g)
(white) (grey) greenish yellow
\ 14-Sep-2021    Ved_Goswami  Proof-1 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

Activity:
•T  ake 2 g of AgCl in China dish formed by
reaction of AgNO3(aq) and NaCl(aq). It is
white in colour.
• Place the China dish in sun light.
• The colour will change to grey due to formation
of Ag(s) and greenish yellow chlorine gas will
be involved.

(iii) Electrolysis (Decomposition by electricity): Those decomposition reactions in which a

compound is broken down into simpler substances by passing electric current through it,
in aqueous solution or molten state, e.g.
Electricity
2H2O(l)  → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
3. Displacement reactions: Those reactions in which a more reactive element can displace
a less reactive metal from its salt solution are called displacement reactions, e.g.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3 )2 (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Reddish brown Blue Shiny metal

4. Double displacement reactions: Those reactions in which two compounds exchange

their ions to form two new compounds are called double displacement reactions. If one of the
products formed is a solid (insoluble in water) it is also called precipitation reaction. e.g.
(i) Double displacement reaction:
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(ii) Precipitation reaction:
AgNO3(aq) + KBr(aq) → AgBr(s) + KNO3(aq)
Yellow ppt.

5. Exothermic reactions: Those reactions in which heat is evolved are called exothermic
reactions, e.g. respiration is an exothermic reaction.
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + Heat
6. Endothermic reactions: Those reactions in which heat is absorbed are called endothermic
Heat
reactions, e.g. 2KClO3(s)  → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
7. Oxidation reactions: Those reactions in which oxygen is added or hydrogen is removed
are called oxidation reactions. e.g. 2Cu(s) + O2 ( g) Heat
→ 2CuO(s)
(Reddish brown) Copper oxide (Black)
In electronic concept, oxidation reactions involve loss of electrons, e.g.
Fe2+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + e–
8. Reduction reactions: Those reactions in which hydrogen is added or oxygen is removed
are called reduction reactions, e.g. 2Na(s) + H2(g) → 2NaH(s)
In electronic concept, reduction reactions involve gain of electrons, e.g.
Fe3+(aq) + e– → Fe2+(aq)
9. Redox reactions: Those reactions in which reduction as well as oxidation take place
Heat
simultaneously are called redox reactions, e.g. CuO(s) + H2 ( g) → Cu(s) + H2 O(l)
Black Reddish brown
Redox reactions involve loss and gain of electrons simultaneously, e.g.
Zn(s) + Fe2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Fe(s)
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10. Oxidising agent: Those substances which can add oxygen or remove hydrogen are called
oxidising agents, e.g. CuO, O2, MnO2, KMnO4. It can gain electrons e.g., non-metals.
11. Reducing agent: Those substances which can add hydrogen or remove oxygen are called
reducing agents, e.g. H2, NaH, NH3. It can lose electrons e.g., metals.

EXERCISE 1.2
I. Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)
Choose the correct answer from the given options.
1. A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually added to the beaker containing
acidified permanganate solution. The light purple colour of the solution fades and finally
disappears. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the observation?
(a) KMnO4 is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeSO4
(b) FeSO4 acts as an oxidising agent and oxidises KMnO4
(c) The colour disappears due to dilution; no reaction is involved
(d) KMnO4 is an unstable compound and decomposes in presence of FeSO4 to a colourless
compound.
2. Which among the following statement(s) is(are) true? Exposure of silver chloride to
sunlight for a long duration turns grey due to
I. the formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride
II. sublimation of silver chloride
III. formation of chlorine gas from silver chloride
IV. oxidation of silver chloride
(a) I only (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) IV only
3. Barium chloride on reacting with ammonium sulphate forms barium sulphate and
ammonium chloride. Which of the following correctly represents the type of the reaction
involved?
I. Displacement reaction II. Precipitation reaction
III. Combination reaction IV. Double displacement reaction
(a) I only (b) II only (c) IV only (d) II and IV
4. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen
gases liberated during electrolysis of water is
(a) 1:1 (b) 2:1 (c) 4:1 (d) 1:2
5. Formation of CuO from copper and oxygen denotes
(a) Reduction (b) Oxidation
(c) Redox reaction (d) None of these
6. Rahul took some zinc granules in a test tube and added dil HCl to it. He observed that
the colour of Zn granules changed to
(a) Yellow (b) Brown (c) Black (d) White
7. Four students were asked to study the reaction between solution of BaCl2 and sodium
sulphate. On mixing the solutions of the two salts in a test tube, they reported their
experiments as follows:
(a) The colour of mixture became brown
(b) The solution forms separate layers
(c) A colourless mixture is obtained
(d) A white substance settles at the bottom
∆
8. 2KClO3 →  2KCl + 3O2 is a
(a) Decomposition reaction (b) Combination reaction
(c) Displacement reaction (d) Redox reaction
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9. Which of the following reactions is an endothermic reaction?

(a) Burning of coal
(b) Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost
(c) Process of respiration
(d) Decomposition of calcium carbonate to form quick lime and carbon dioxide
[CBSE Sample Paper 2019-2020]
10. Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq). This reaction can be classified as:
(A) Combination reaction (B) Exothermic reaction
(C) Endothermic reaction (D) Oxidation reaction
Which of the following is a correct option?
(a) (A) and (C) (b) (C) and (D)
(c) (A), (C) and (D) (d) (A) and (B) [CBSE 2020]
11. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper sulphate, a black
precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric acid so formed remains in
the solution. The reaction is an example of a:
(a) Combination reaction (b) Displacement reaction
(b) Decomposition reaction (d) Double displacement reaction
[CBSE 2020]
12. In a double displacement reaction such as the reaction between sodium sulphate solution
and barium chloride solution:
(A) exchange of atoms takes place (B) exchange of ions takes place
(C) a precipitate is produced (D) an insoluble salt is produced
The correct option is:
(a) (B) and (D) (b) (A) and (C)
(c) only (B) (d) (B), (C) and (D) [CBSE 2020]
II. Assertion-Reason Type Questions (1 Mark)
For question numbers 1 to 10, two statements are given—one labeled as Assertion (A) and
the other labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes
(a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false.
(d) ‘A’ is false and ‘R’ is true.
340 atm
1. Assertion: CO + 2H2  ∆
→ CH3OH(l)
Reason:  It is combination reaction because CO combines with H2 to form CH3OH
i.e. two substances combine to form a single compound.
2. Assertion: All combustion reactions are exothermic.
Reason: Heat is absorbed in endothermic reactions.
3. Assertion: The reaction, MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 is an example of redox
reaction.
Reason: In this reaction, HCl is reduced to Cl2 whereas MnO2 is oxidized to MnCl2.
[CBSE 2020]
4. Assertion: A. In electrolysis of water volume of hydrogen is twice the volume of oxygen.
Reason: H2 gas is liberated at cathode and O2 at anode.
5. Assertion: In a reaction.
Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
Zn is a reductant but itself get oxidized.
\ 14-Sep-2021   Ved_Goswami  Proof-1 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

Reason:  In a redox reaction, oxidant is reduced by accepting electrons and reductant

is oxidized by losing electrons.
6. Assertion: A reducing agent is a substance which can accept electron.
Reason: A substance which helps in oxidation is known as oxidising agent.
7. Assertion: White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.
Reason: Decomposition of silver chloride in presence of sunlight takes place to form
silver metal and chlorine gas.
8. Assertion: In the following chemical equation,
CuO(s) + Zn(s) → ZnO(s) + Cu(s)
Zinc is getting oxidised and copper oxide is getting reduced.
Reason: The process in which oxygen is added to a substance is called oxidation
whereas the process in which oxygen is removed from a substance is called
reduction.
9. Assertion: Quicklime reacts vigorously with water releasing a large amount of heat.
Reason: The above chemical reaction is an exothermic reaction.
10. Assertion: Photosynthesis is considered as an endothermic reaction.
Reason: Energy gets released in the process of photosynthesis.

Answers 1.2
I. 1. (a) KMnO4 is an oxidising agent. It oxidises FeSO4 to Fe2(SO4)3 and KMnO4 gets reduced
to MnSO4.
Sun
2. (a) 2AgCl(s)  → 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
light (grey)

3. (d) BaCl2(aq) + (NH4)2 SO4(aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NH4Cl (aq)

4. (b) 2:1  H2 and O2 are in 2:1 in H2O
5. (b) Oxidation
6. (d) White due to formation of ZnCl2
7. (d) A white substance BaSO4(s) settles at the bottom
8. (a) Decomposition reaction
9. (d) Decomposition of calcium carbonate to form CaO and CO2 is endothermic
reaction.
10. (d) It is combination and exothermic reaction.
11. (d) Double displacement reaction
12. (d) A precipitate is formed which is insoluble in water by exchange of ions between
two compounds.
II. 1. (b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not correct explanation of the assertion.
2. (b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not correct explanation of the assertion.
3. (c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false. HCl is getting oxidised to Cl2 whereas MnO2 is getting
reduced to MnCl2.
4. (b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not correct explanation of the assertion.
5. (a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
6. (d) ‘A’ is false and ‘R’ is true.
A reducing agent itself gets oxidised but reduces others i.e., looses electrons.
7. (a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
8. (a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
9. (a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
\ 18-Sep-2021    Ved_Goswami  Proof-1 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

10. (c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false.

Photosynthesis is considered as an endothermic reaction because energy in the form
of sunlight is absorbed by the green plants.

Topic 3. Corrosion and Rancidity

Corrosion: It is a process in which metals react with substances present in atmosphere to
form surface compounds, e.g. Iron forms reddish brown coating of Fe2O3 . xH2O in presence of
oxygen and moisture. It is called rusting of iron. Silver turns black due to the formation of Ag2S
(silver sulphide).
Disadvantages of corrosion: Corrosion causes damage to the bodies of vehicles, bridges, iron
railings, ships and to all the objects that are made up of metals especially that of iron, because
iron is used to large extent in our daily life, as it is a less expensive metal.
Prevention of corrosion: Oiling, greasing, painting, coating with zinc (galvanisation) and
alloying are some of the methods to prevent corrosion of iron.
Rancidity: The process in which food gets spoiled due to oxidation, especially during summers
is called rancidity. It leads to change in taste, smell, colour, etc, e.g. when fats and oils are
oxidised, they become rancid, e.g. milk turns sour, butter becomes rancid, etc.
Antioxidants can prevent oils and fats from oxidation, e.g. BHA (Butylated hydroxy anisole) and
BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene) are added to butter, an antioxidant to prevent its oxidation.
Chips and other snacks are packed in nitrogen gas, which is least reactive (inert) and prevents
spoilage of food by oxidation. Some of the snacks like peanuts, walnuts are vacuum packed, i.e.
air is taken out completely, so that they do not become rancid due to oxidation.

EXERCISE 1.3
I. Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)
Choose the correct answer from the given options.
1. Silver turn black due to formation of
(a) Ag2O (b) Ag2S (c) Ag2SO4 (d) AgNO3
2. Which of the following gases can be used for storage of fresh sample of an oil for a long
time?
(a) Carbon dioxide or oxygen (b) Nitrogen or oxygen
(c) Carbon dioxide or helium (d) Helium or nitrogen
3. Copper forms green layer on its surface due to
(a) CuO (b) CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 (c) CuSO4 (d) CuCl2
4. The rust on iron articles has chemical formula
(a) Fe2O3 (b) FeO (c) Fe(OH)2 (d) Fe2O3.xH2O
5. Which of the following is an antioxidant used in butter?
(a) BSA (b) BHS (c) BHT (d) BHR
II. Assertion-Reason Type Questions (1 Mark)
For question number 1 and 2, two statements are given-one labeled as Assertion (A) and
the other labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes
(a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false.
(d) ‘A’ is false and ‘R’ is true.
\ 14-Sep-2021   Ved_Goswami  Proof-1 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

1. Assertion: Iron articles get rusted in moist air.

Reason: Moisture and oxygen required for rusting to form hydrated ferric oxide.
2. Assertion: Chips and other snacks become rancid due to oxidation.
Reason: To prevent the food like chips and other snacks they are packed in carbon
dioxide gas.

Answers 1.3
I. 1. (b) It is due to formation of Ag2S.
2. (d) He or N2 because these are inert gases.
3. (b) CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 is green.
4. (d) Fe2O3.xH2O is the chemical formula of reddish brown rust.
5. (c) BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene)
II. 1. (a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the assertion.
2. (c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false.
Foods are packed in inert gases like nitrogen to prevent from rancidity.

C ase study questions

 

1. A student took HCl in a conical flask and was

placed on a white tile with cross mark. When
seen through the flask the mark was visible. On
adding some sodium thiosulphate in the flask
the cross mark disappeared when seen through
the flask. The student observed some reaction Hydrochloric Black cross
acid x
as the products formed were different than the on white tile
reactants. Both the reactants were transparent.
(i) Name the type of reaction seen in the set up.
(a) Combustion (b) Combination (c) Precipitation (d) Decomposition
(ii) Why did the cross mark disappear?
(a) The solution formed in the flask does not allow the light to pass through it to see
the cross mark
(b) The sulphur is a colloid in this reaction, staying in suspension and eventually
blocking the light from reaching the solution
(c) The solution transforms from being colourless to being milky and entirely opaque
(d) All of the above
(iii) Select the correct reaction for the above chemical reaction
(a) Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + SO2 (g) + S(s)
–2 +
(b) S2O3 (aq) + 2H (aq) → H2O (l) + SO2 (g) + S(s)
(c) Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + SO2 (g) + S(s)
(d) None of the above
(iv) Name the resultant insoluble substance formed in the flask
(a) Copper(II) iodide (b) Potassium hydroxide
(c) Sulphur (d) Sodium Thiosulphate
(v) What type of reaction occurs in the flask?
(a) Displacement reaction (b) Double displacement reaction
(c) Photo-chemical decomposition (d) Thermal decomposition
Ans. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (c) (v) (b)
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2. Ammonia is manufactured industrially from nitrogen and hydrogen by the Haber’s process
using Fe as catalyst according to the equation:
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

(i) Under what pressure higher percentage of NH3 can be obtained?

(a) 200 atm (b) 400 atm (c) 600 atm (d) 800 atm
(ii) Under what condition of temperature higher percentage of NH3 can be obtained.
(a) 300° C (b) 400° C (c) 500° C (d) 600° C
(iii) What type of reaction is involved in Haber’s Process?
(a) Displacement (b) Endothermic (c) Exothermic (d) Decomposition
(iv) What does the symbol ‘’ mean?
(a) Irreversible reaction (b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Reversible reaction (d) Redox reaction
(v) If we consider decomposition of ammonia back into nitrogen and hydrogen molcules
then the reaction is favoured by
(a) low temperature and high pressure (b) low temperature and low pressure
(c) high temperature and high pressure (d) high temperature and low pressure
Ans. (i) (d) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (c) (v) (d)

Quick revision notes

• In a physical change, no new substance is formed, e.g., melting of ice.
• In a chemical change, new substance(s) with new properties is (are) formed, e.g., rusting.
• Whenever a chemical change occurs, a chemical reaction takes place.
• Whenever a chemical reaction takes place, one or more of the following changes take place:
(i) change in state, (ii) change in colour, (iii) evolution of gas, (iv) change in temperature.
• Chemical reactions are represented with the help of chemical equations.
• Chemical equations represent reactants, products and their physical states, with the help of
symbols of elements and formulae of compounds.
• A chemical equation must be balanced so as to follow the law of conservation of mass.
• The elements and compounds taking part in the reaction are called reactants. They must be
written on the left hand side of the chemical equation.
• The substances formed are called products. They are written on the right hand side, separated
from the reactants by an arrow.
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• A chemical equation is balanced, if the number of atoms of each element is equal on the
reactants and products side.
• Chemical reactions involve breaking and making of bonds between atoms, so as to produce
new substances.
• Combination reactions involve combination of two or more elements or compounds, to form
new elements and compounds.
• In exothermic reactions, heat is evolved. In endothermic reactions, heat is absorbed.
• Decomposition reactions involve breaking up of a compound into simpler substances, with
the help of heat, sunlight or electricity.
• When a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its salt solution, it is
called displacement reaction.
• Double displacement reactions involve interchange of ions between two compounds to form
two new compounds.
• If one of the products formed is a precipitate (insoluble) in double displacement reaction, then
it is also called precipitation reaction.
• Oxidation reaction involves addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen or loss of electrons.
• Reduction reaction involves the addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen or gain of electrons.
• Redox reaction is a reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.
• Corrosion is a process in which metals react with substances present in the atmosphere to
form surface compounds.
• When fats, oils, butter are oxidised, they become rancid and then their taste changes. This
phenomenon is called rancidity.
• Antioxidants are added to the food containing fats, so as to prevent oxidation.
COMMON ERRORS
Errors Corrections
• Students write formulae of compounds ☞ Learn all valency and charge on radicals and
wrongly. do practice of making formulae.
• Students leave the equation unbalanced. ☞ Do lot of practice. Best way is to use
fractions for balancing, remove fractions by
multiplying the whole equation by suitable
number.
• Students do not know the colour, physical ☞
Remember the colour by doing actual or
states of reactants and products. virtual experiment; use internet.
• Students always get confused among ☞ Grasp the concept of oxidation and reduction
oxidising and reducing agents. to decide about oxidising and reducing
agents.
• Students get confused among examples of ☞ Try to remember examples of each type of
different types of reaction. reaction.
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IMPORTANT REACTIONS
1. CuO + C → Cu + CO 32. 2Na + S → Na2S
2. Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2 33. FeS + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2S
3. Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 34. Ag2S + H2SO4 → Ag2SO4 + H2S
4. NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3 35. Hg2Cl2 → Hg + HgCl2
ZnO/Cr O
5. CO + 2H2  → CH3OH
2 3
340 atm, heat 36.
Heat
6. 2KMnO4 → K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
Heat
7. 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 37. AuCl3 → AuCl + Cl2
8. 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 38. 2CuSO4 + 4KI → Cu2I2 + I2 + 2K2SO4
39. 2FeCl2 + Cl2 → 2FeCl3
9. CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
40. Fe + S → FeS
Heat

10. 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

41. Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe
11. S + O2 → SO2
42. 2KBr + BaI2 → 2KI + BaBr2
12. 4P + 5O2 → 2P2O5
Sunlight 43. Cu(s) + 4HNO3 (conc.) →
13. H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Electrolysis
14. 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 sunlight
44. 6CO2 + 12H2O 
chlorophyll
→
Electrolysis
15. 2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
molten ∆
Heat 45. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
16. ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
46. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
17. Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag 47. ZnO + C → Zn + CO
18. 2Al + 3CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu moisture
48. 2Fe + 3O2  → Fe2O3 .xH2O
( H2 O )
∆ ( rust )
19. 2KBr + Cl2 → 2KCl + Br2 49. 3Cu + 8HNO3 →
20. 2KI + Cl2 → 2KCl + I2 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O+ 2NO
21. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 50. 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → 2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4
 6H2O + Energy 51. 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2
52. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
22. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Heat
53. Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
23. 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
∆
54. Fe + 2HCl (dil.) → FeCl2 + H2
24. Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3 55. 2H2S + 3O2 → 2H2O + 2SO2
25. CH3COOH + NaOH → (from air)
CH3COONa + H2O 56. NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl
Oxidation
57. BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl
26. CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O 58. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Reduction 59. Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Zn(NO3)2 (aq)
Oxidation  + 2Ag(s)
∆
60. 2Cu(NO3)2(s) → 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) +
27. PbO + C → Pb + CO  O2(g)
Reduction
CuS( s)
61. CuSO4(aq) + H2S(g) → Black ppt +
28. 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O  H2SO4(aq)
29. Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O 62. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO3(aq) → BaSO 3 ( s) +
30. 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O (White ppt.)
 2NaCl(aq)
31. 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
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ASSIGNMENT Total Marks : 10

I. Multiple Choice Questions (8 × 1 = 8)
Choose the correct answer from the given options.
1.
Which of the following is(are) an endothermic process(es)?
(I) Dilution of sulphuric acid (II) Sublimation of dry ice (Solid CO2)
(III) Condensation of water vapours (IV) Evaporation of water
(a) (I) and (III) (b) (II) only (c) (III) only (d) (II) and (IV)
2.
Strong heating of ferrous sulphate leads to the formation of a brown solid and two gases.
This reaction can be categorised as
(a) Displacement and redox (b) Decomposition and redox
(c) Displacement and endothermic (d) Decomposition and exothermic[CBSE 2020]
3.
Before burning in air, the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by rubbing with a sand paper
to:
(a) Make the ribbon surface shinier
(b) Remove the layer of magnesium oxide from the ribbon surface
(c) Remove the layer of magnesium carbonate from the ribbon surface
(d) Remove the moisture from the ribbon surface
4.
Select the oxidising agent for the following reaction:
H2S + I2 → 2HI + S
(a) I2 (b) H2S (c) HI (d) S
5.
A substance added to food containing fats and oils is called:
(a) Oxidant (b) Rancid (c) Coolant (d) Antioxidant
6.
In a chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium chloride solution the white
precipitates formed are of:
(a) Hydrochloric acid (b) Barium sulphate
(c) Chlorine (d) Sulphur
7. The respiration process during which glucose undergoes slow combustion by combining
with oxygen in the cells of our body to produce energy, is a kind of:
(a) Exothermic process (b) Endothermic process
(c) Reversible process (d) Physical process
8. Which of the following gases is used in the storage of fat and oil containing foods for a
long time?
(a) Carbon dioxide gas (b) Nitrogen gas
(c) Oxygen gas (d) Neon gas
II. Assertion-Reason Type Questions (2 × 1 = 2)
Note: Use instructions as given in topical exercises of the chapter.
∆
1. Assertion: PbO(s) + C(s) →
 Pb(s) + CO(g) is redox reaction
Reason: PbO is reduced and ‘C’ is oxidised.
2. Assertion: Combustion of substances is redox reaction.
Reason: This is because oxidation as well as reduction take place in combustion
reaction.