SURAJ R.

KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T

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SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.

• Computer Aided Design {CAD)

can be defined as use of
computer to assist in the
creation, modification, analysis
or optimization of a design.

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 SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.

Rec ogn it ion

of need

D efin it ion of
•
p rob lem es1 recess:
• The process of designing something is
Synthesis
an iterative procedure, which
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I generally consists of six steps as
T shown-
1..__-111114. A narysis and
opti m iz stion

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Evaluation

Product can be manufactured to customer design or as per in-house design

'
Presentat ion
of manufacturing industry.
However the sequence of events involved in new product design will be same.

Fig. The general design process [3].

 SU RAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.

• Problem identification •

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Identification of need '
• and recognition of need •

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-- Problem definition
and conceptualisation
Definition of problem '
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- Geometric modelling ..
·► and spatial analysis
Synthesis '
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, Engineering analysis
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and optimisation ◄

A11alysis and optimization '

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Prototype development
• ,
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Evaluation Manufacturing process -
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development
Iteration
,
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Manufacturing
Presentation Implementation
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Fig. The general design process [3]. Fig. Stages in the design process [8].

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 The Design Process (Contd.):

•
••
•

1.Recognition of need: 2.Definition of problem: 3.Synthesis:

This involves the This involves a thorough In th is stage, the

realization by someone specification of the item designer conceptualize a
that a problem to be designed. component or
exists for which some subsystem, develops
It includes the
corrective action should number of designs to
specification of physical
be taken. meet the requirement of
and functional
design brief.
The problems in the characteristics, cost,
existing products (or) quality, performance Synthesis and analysis
Potential for new requirements etc. are closely related and
products in market has highly iterative in the
to be identified. design process. ~
 SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR SGGSIE&T

The Design Process (Contd.):

• Each design from the synthesis • In this stage optimized design from
stages is analysed and optimum the previous stage is checked for all
one is selected. the specification mentioned in the
• A certain component or subsystem problem definition. Whether the
of the overall system conceived by design is realistic?
the designer in the synthesis stage • A prototype of the product is
is subjected to analysis. developed and experimentally
• Based on the analysis, checked for its performance,
improvements are made and quality, reliability and other aspects
redesigned. of product.
• The process is repeated until the • The discrepancies/problems are
design optimized within all the faced, it is recommended to
constraints imposed by designer. redesign the product which should
be fed back to the designer in the
synthesis stage.
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 SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T .

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es1 rOCeSS (Contd.):
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• 6. Presentation:

• After the product design passing through the

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evaluation stage, drawings, Diagrams,
material specification, assembly lists, bill of
materials etc. which are required for product
manufacturing are prepared and given to
process planning department and production
department

• Engineering design has traditionally been

accomplished on drawing boards,
with the design being documented in the
(iJl
I form of a detailed engineering drawing.
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 The design process C_A.D

Recognition Onlit1e Mat·ket

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of need Sluvey

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Problem i,. Attificial
definition h1telligei1ce(AI)

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s"-ntl1esis Geometrical
- modeling

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Analvsis and Engineering
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optimization analvsis
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Design re,-ie"\'--
E,-aluation
and ev-aluation
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Presentation Automated
d rafting

Fig. The various design-related tasks which are performed by a modern

computer aided design system. 8
The Application of Computers for Design Process
(Contd.):
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1. Online Market Survey: ~

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• Market surveys in web-based environment/agile ~
manufacturing/ Custom (Tailor) made manufacturing. ®
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2. Artificial Intelligence:
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• It can be done by building an artificia Ily intel Ii gent ~

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system to solve that particular problem.
• To do this, one needs to define the problem
statements first and then generating the solution by
keeping the conditions in mind.
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 The Application of Computers for Design Process
(Contd.):

• 3. Geometric Modeling:
• It is used to create image of the object in the CRT screen.
It is concerned with computer compatible mathematical
description of geometry of an object.
• The mathematical description allows the image of the
object to be displayed and manipulated on a graphics
terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD system.
• So, During this geometric modeling process, the computer
converts the commands into a mathematical model, stores
it in the computer data files and displays it as an image on
the CRT screen.

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SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.
 The Application of Computers for Design Process (Contd.):
3. Geometric Modeling:
• There are several different methods of
representing the object in geometric
modeling.
• (a) Wire frame modeling:
• the object is displayed by interconnecting
lines.
• {b) Surface modeling:
• It is an advanced modeling technique than
wire frame modeling.
• Using which complex surface shapes such
V\1 re~ c1me
~lodel
Surface 5a Id as aero foil, car door panels, shoe model
M odel
etc. can be modeled.
• (c) Solid modeling:
• uses solid geometry shapes called
primitives to construct the object.
• It is the most powerful 3D modeling
technique. It provides the user with
complete information about the model.
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SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.
3. Geometric Modeling {Contd.):

{a)

{b)

{c) 12
 • 4(a). Engineering Analysis/
Analysis/Simulation/CAE:

• In the formulation of nearly any engineering design

project, some type of analysis (e.g., stress-strain
calculations, heat-transfer computations, describing
the dynamic behavior of the system) is required.

• The models which are created can be used for

analysis.
• There are two important types of design analysis as
follows:
• (1) Analysis for mass properties: Surface area,
weight, volume, C.G. and Ml. of the solid object can
be predicted.
• (2) Finite element analysis: By using a computer with
significant computational capabilities, the entire
object can be analyzed for stress strain, heat transfer,
and other characteristics by calculating the behavior
of each node which are obtained by dividing object
into many finite elements .
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SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.
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The Application of • 4(b). Design Optimization:
Computers for Design
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• Optimization software tools are ~

Process (Contd.): available in a CAD system. Some

FEA packages are provided with ~
some of shape and structural
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optimization feature. 00

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 The Application of Computers for Design Process (Contd.):
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• 5. Design Review and II
Evaluation:
l<lfl Tools 1/'icw ffamewof\: Apr6c4tionS

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• The accuracy of the design can .:_Shott&Sgo
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be checked and rectified if

required in the CRT screen itself.
• Semiautomatic dimensioning Mi1l'/h

~--t"~f/dy
and tolerancing routines which □ -q,a.3
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assign size specifications to

surfaces indicated by the user •
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help to reduce the possibility of • •

dimensioning errors. Quo •

• Tolerance checking, interference

checking, kinematics checking
etc. can be done on computer
itself before commencing for
actua I production. I

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SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T. I
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The Application of Computers for Design Process (Contd.):
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• 6. Automated drafting: ''

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• Automated drafting is a process of creating hard copies of design I
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drawing directly from the CAD data base . I

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• Automatic dimensioning, generation of crosshatched areas, scaling of '

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the drawing, and the capability to develop sectional views and I
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enlarged views of part details etc., all an be done using automated '
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drafting features of CAD Software. '

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• The four fundamental reasons for implementing a CAD system ~
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• (1) To increase the productivity of the designer. g

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• Using CAD, the designer can visualize quickly the product and
its components, subassemblies and parts. ~
• Reduces the time required for synthesis, analysis and
documentation of the design. ~
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• This productivity improvement translates not only into lower
design cost but also into shorter project completion times.

[Video Clip]

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 • r2. To improve the quality of design.
• A CAD system permits a more thorough engineering analysis, and
a larger number of design alternatives can be investigated.

• Design errors are also reduced through the greater accuracy

provided by the system.

• In short, Design alterations can be done quickly without error.

• These factors lead to a better design.

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SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.
 • B. To improve communications.
• Use of a CAD system provides better engineering drawings, more
standardization in the drawings, better documentation of the
design, fewer drawing errors, and greater legibility.

• ~- To create a database for engineering.

• Design database consists of product geometries and
dimensions, bill of materials, etc. which are essential input for
manufacturing of the product.

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SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.
SURAJ R. KA.'£.1NJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.

•
•

• 1. Productivity improvement in design:

-

• Increased productivity translates into a more competitive position

for the firm because it will reduce staff requirements on a given
project.
• This leads to lower costs in addition to improving response time on
projects with tight schedules.
• 2. Shorter lead times:
• Interactive computer-aided design is inherently faster than the
traditiona I design.
• It also speeds up the task of preparing reports and lists (e.g., the
assembly lists) which are normally accomplished manually.
• The enhanced productivity of designers working with CAD systems
will tend to reduce the prominence of design, engineering analysis,
and drafting as critical time elements in the overall manufacturing
lead time. 20
 SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGGSIE&T.

Benefits of CAD (Contd.):

• 3. Desi n analY-sis:
• The same person can perform the analysis while remaining at a
CAD workstation.
• This helps to improve the concentration of designers & help
consolidate the design process into a more logical work pattern.
• Because of this analysis capability, designs can be created which
are closer to optimum.

• 4. Fewer desi n errors:

• Interactive CAD systems provide an intrinsic capability for
avoiding design, drafting, and documentation errors.
• Data entry, transposition, and extension errors that occur quite
naturally during manual data compilation for preparation of a bill ~

of materials are virtually eliminated.

• No manual handling of information is required once the initial
drawing has been developed.
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 SURAJ R. KARANJIKAR @ SGG IE&T.

Benefits of CAD (Contd.):

5. Greater accuracy in design calculations:

There is a high level of dimensional control, far beyond the levels of
accuracy attainable manually.
Mathematical accuracy is often to 14 significant decimal places.
In some CAD systems, a change entered on a single item can appear
throughout the entire documentation package, effecting the change
on all drawings which utilize that part.
6. Standardization of design, drafting, and documentation procedures:
The single data base and operating system is common to all
workstations in the CAD system. Consequently, the system provides
a natural standard for design/drafting procedure.
With interactive computer-aided design, drawings are standardized
as they are drawn; there is no confusion as to proper procedures.
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 Fig. Improvement in visualization of images for
various drawing types and computer graphics
features. [3].
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Benefits of CAD (Contd.):

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Orthographic Oblique Isometric Perspective

ii. Drawings are more understandable:

• Interactive CAD is equally adept at creating and
maintaining isometrics and oblique drawings as well as
the simpler orthographies.
• All drawings can he generated and updated with equal
ease.
• Thus, an up-to-date version of any drawing type can
always he made available.

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Benefits of CAD (Contd.):

8. Improved procedures for engineering changes

• Control and implementation of engineering changes is significantly •
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improved with computer-aided design. ~
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• Original drawings and reports are stored in the data base of the CAD
system.
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• This makes them more accessible than documents kept in a drawing
vault. ~
• They can be quickly checked against new information.
• Since data storage is extremely compact, historical information from ~

previous drawings can be easily retained in the system's data base, for
easy comparison with current design/drafting needs.
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 Benefits of CAD (Contd.):

9. Benefits in manufacturing:
-
• As indicated previously, the same CAD/CAM data base is used for
manufacturing planning and control, as well as for design.
• These manufacturing benefits are found in the following areas:
• Tool and fixture design for manufacturing
• Numerical control part programming
• Computer-aided process planning
• Assembly lists (generated by CAD) for production
• Computer-aided inspection
• Robotics planning
• Group tech no logy
• Shorter manufacturing lead times through better scheduling
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• Hardware in CAD system

• configuration
• The Design workstation

• Functions
• Image generation in computer system

• Stroke writing

• Raster scan
• Graphics terminal for CAD

• Directed Beam Refresh

• DVST

• Raster Scan Terminal

• Comparison of Graphics terminal

• Operator input devices
• Plotters and other output devices
• CPU
• Storage system
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Unit- I. Fundamentals of CAD:
Area Application
•!• Applications of CAD: • Assembly layout
• New-part design
• Standard part library
Design
• Tolerance specification
• lnterface and clearance specification
• Part relations in an assembly
• Interference checking
• Fit analysis
• Weight and balance
Analysis • Volume and area properties
• Structural analysis
• Kinematics analysis
• Tolerance stacking

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Unit- I. Fundamentals of CAD:

•!• Applications of CAD: Area

I

• Drawing generation
• Technical illustrations
Documentation
• Bill of materials
• Image rending
• Process planning
• NC part program generation
• NC part program verification
Manufacturing • NC machine simulation
• Inspection programming
• Robot programming and verification
• Factory layout

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Unit- I. Fundamentals of CAD:

•!• Applications of CAD:

• Review and release

• Engineering changes

Management • Project control and monitoring

• Selection of standard parts and assemblies

• Design standards

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[1] Ibrahim Zeid, ''CAD/CAM theory and Practice," Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1992.

[2] Groover M.P. ''Automation Production Systems, and Computer

Integrated Manufacturing," PHI.

[3] Groover M.P. and Zimmers E.W., ''CAD/CAM: Computer Aided Design
and Manufacturing," Prentice Hall International, New Delhi, 1992.

[4] P. Radhakrishnan, S. Subramanayan and V.Raju, ''CAD/CAM/CIM," New

Age International {P) Ltd., New Delhi.

[S] Chris McMahon and Jimmie Browne, "CAD/CAM - Principle Practice and
Manufacturing Management," Addision Wesley England, Second Edition, 2000.

[6] Rogers, D.F. and Adams, A., ''Mathematical Elements for Computer
Graphics," McGraw Hill Inc, NY, 1989.

[7] S. Pabla, M. Adithan, ''CNC Machines," New Age International Ltd. New
Delhi.

[8] P.N. Rao, N.K. Tewari, T.K. Kundra, ''Computer Aided Manufacturing,"
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.