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L10 - Addressing in A Network - 2022

Addresses in computer networks can be physical, logical, or port addresses. Physical addresses are used to identify network interfaces, logical addresses identify hosts, and port addresses identify processes for communication. IP addresses introduce at the network layer and include both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit and organized into classes A-E, while IPv6 addresses are 128-bit. Each IP address has a network ID portion and a host ID portion. Subnet masking using binary AND operations allows routers to determine the network address of an IP address. Private IP address ranges are reserved for local networks and cannot be used for public internet-facing interfaces.

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20 views

L10 - Addressing in A Network - 2022

Addresses in computer networks can be physical, logical, or port addresses. Physical addresses are used to identify network interfaces, logical addresses identify hosts, and port addresses identify processes for communication. IP addresses introduce at the network layer and include both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit and organized into classes A-E, while IPv6 addresses are 128-bit. Each IP address has a network ID portion and a host ID portion. Subnet masking using binary AND operations allows routers to determine the network address of an IP address. Private IP address ranges are reserved for local networks and cannot be used for public internet-facing interfaces.

Uploaded by

gepove
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Computer Systems
Computer networks
Lecture 10

Addressing in a Network
Lecture Outline

Addresses used in a Network

IPv4 Addressing

Classful Addresses

Public vs Private Addresses


Addresses Used in Computer Networks

Addresses

Physical Logical
Port Addresses
Addresses Addresses
▪ Used to identify the source and destination processes for communication
▪ Ex: Port address

What is the layer of IOS-OSI Ref. model the PORT addresses are introduced?
What is the layer of IOS-OSI Ref. model the MAC addresses are introduced?
• There are two major versions of IP addresses

IPv4

IP Addresses

IPv6

• IP version 4 (IPv4) address is 32 bits long (i.e. 4 bytes)


• IP version 6 (IPv6) address is 128 bits long (i.e. 16 bytes)

What is the layer of IOS-OSI Ref. model the IP addresses are introduced?
IP version 4 (IPv4)
Activity
➢ Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to dotted decimal notation.
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

➢ Change the following IP addresses from dotted decimal notation to binary notation.
111.56.45.78

➢ Find the error, if any, in the following IP address:


111.56.045.78
Classful Addressing
• When IP addressing was first Class Usage
introduced, all IPv4 addresses
were divided into 5 classes. Class A General purpose
Class B General purpose

Class C General purpose


Class D Multicasting

Class E Reserved for future


use
Finding the
class in
binary
notation
Activity
Find the class of each address:

➢00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111


➢11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
➢11011111 10110000 00011111 01011101
➢11110111 11110011 10000111 11011101
➢10101111 11000000 11110000 00011101
Finding the
class in
decimal
notation
Activity
Find the class of each address:

✓227.12.14.87
✓193.14.56.22
✓14.23.120.8
✓252.5.15.111
✓134.11.78.56
Network ID (Net ID) and Host ID
• When an organization reserves a set of IP addresses from their ISP (Internet
Service Provider) to use for the hosts used within that organization,

Each IP address consist of two parts

Network ID Host ID

Common in all the hosts within that


Unique to each host
organization
Net ID and Host ID cont.

http://www.vlsm-calc.net/ipclasses.php
Masking Concept
• Each LAN is owned by a particular organization, the net ID/Network Address is what
differentiates one LAN from another in Internet terms

• Finding the net ID is extremely important because net ID is used by routers to route the packets
from one LAN to another LAN over the Internet

NET2 ID/Address
192.168.8.0

NET1 ID/Address
172.16.0.0
Masking Concept Cont.

Default Masks

Mask in
Class Mask in binary Mask in dotted decimal slash (/)
notation

A 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0 /8

B 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0 /16

C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0 /24


Masking Concept Cont.
• Although we humans can easily interpret the net ID of a given classful IP
address, how does a router calculate the net ID?
• For this we use the concept of masking

i.e. the Net ID


(Network Address)

Bitwise AND
operation
Activity 0 0 0

0 0
• Find the subnet mask for following addresses 0
✓ 35.56.7.91 ➔ 255.0.0.0
✓ 68.87.34.68
✓ 140.30.1.21
✓ 210.50.60.1
✓ 188.1.1.1

✓Then Find the Network address for above addresses


Address: 35.56.7.91 00100011.00111000.00000111.01011011
Netmask: 255.0.0.0 = 8 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
=> Network: 35.0.0.0/8 00100011.00000000.00000000.00000000 (Class A)
Special IPv4 Addresses
Direct Broadcast Address
(Broadcast Address)
Loopback
Address

• The most widely used loopback address is 127.0.0.1


Activity
• For following addresses, find the
• Network address
• Subnet mask
• Broadcast address
• 1st usable host IP address
• Last usable host IP address

✓23.56.7.91
✓72.87.34.10
✓130.10.1.21
✓200.50.60.1
✓198.1.1.1
Public Addresses vs Private Addresses
IPv4 Private
Address Ranges
• Following ranges are
reserved to be used in
Local Area Networks for
private addresses.

• Remember: You cannot


use these ranges for
machines/interfaces that
are directly connected to
Internet.
Class A and B are too large for typical
organizations and many IP addresses will not
be used and wasted.
Problems
Class C is not enough for most organizations
with resulting the reservation of at least a Class B
address range for the organization.
Classful
Addressing The end result is that, the available IP
addresses are depleting at an alarming rate
and soon there will be no more IP
addresses.
✓ Short Term:
• Subnetting
Solutions • Classless Addressing

✓ Long Term: IPv6


Who has the authority Who has the authority
to provide you an IP to reserve IP addresses
address? to each ISP?
Address
Allocation A global authority
Internet Service called the Internet
Provider (e.g. Sri Lanka Corporation for
Telecom). Assigned Names and
Addresses (ICANN).
THANK
YOU!

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