1.

To determine if a specific information system project is even worth pursuing, organizations

perform a financial analysis.
2. Time value of money takes into account the fact that a peso today is worth more than a peso
paid in the future.
3. Payback period is the number of years required to recover the initialcost of an investment.
4. Internal rate of return of an investment is the rate of return that makes the net present value
of all after-tax cash flows (benefits and costs) generated by a project equal to zero.
5. Database - A collection of data or information that is organized in such a way that it can be
easily access, manage, and update.
6. Data Base Management System - The program that manages and controls the data and the
interfaces between the data and the application programs that use the data stored in the
database.
7. Data Base Management System - A software that handles the storage, retrieval and updating of
data in our computer system.
8. Information about the attributes of a customer, such as name and address, are stored in fields.
9. All the fields containing data about one entity form a record.
10. A set of related records, such as all customer records, forms a file.
11. A set of interrelated, centrally coordinated data files that are stored with as little data
redundancy as possible forms a database.
12. A database management system (DBMS) is the program that manages and controls the data
and the interfaces between the data and the application programs that use the data stored in
the database.
13. The database, the DBMS, and the application programs that access the database through the
DBMS are referred to as the database system.
14. Database administrator (DBA) is responsible for coordinating, controlling, and managing the
database.
15. Data Redundancy - is a condition created within a database or data storage technology in which
the same piece of data is held in two separate places.
16. Data Inconsistency - is a situation where there are multiple tables within a database that deal
with the same data but may receive it from different inputs.
17. Difficulty in Accessing the Data – arises whenever there is no application program for a specific
task.
18. Unsecured Data - data can access by unauthorized users.
19. Data warehouse is one or more very large databases containing both detailed and summarized
data for a number of years that issued for analysis rather than transaction processing.
20. Analyzing large amounts of data for strategic decision making is often referred to as business
intelligence.
21. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) - Using queries to investigate hypothesized relationships
among data.
22. Data Mining - Using sophisticated statistical analysis to “discover” unhypothesized relationships
in the data.
23. Data integration. Master files are combined into large “pools” of data that many applications
programs access
24. Data sharing. Integrated data are more easily shared with authorized users. Databases are easily
browsed to research a problem or obtain detailed information underlying a report.
25. Minimal data redundancy and data inconsistencies. Because data items are usually stored only
once, data redundancy and data inconsistencies are minimized.
26. Data independence Because data and the programs that use them are independent of each
other, each can be changed without changing the other. This facilitates programming and
simplifies data management.
27. Cross-functional analysis. In a database system, relationships, such as the association between
selling costs and promotional campaigns, can be explicitly defined and used in the preparation
of management reports.
28. A record layout is a document that shows the items stored in a file, including the order and
length of the data fields and the type of data stored in an accounts receivable file.
29. The logical view is how people conceptually organize and understand the relationships among
data items.
30. The physical view refers to the way data are physically arranged and stored in the computer
system.
31. A schema is a description of the data elements in a database, the relationships among them,
and the logical model used to organize and describe the data.
32. The conceptual-level schema, the organization-wide view of the entire database, lists all data
elements and the relationships among them.
33. The external-level schema is an individual user’s view of portions of a database, each of which is
referred to as a subschema.
34. The internal-level schema, a low-level view of the database, describes how the data are stored
and accessed, including record layouts, definitions, addresses, and indexes.
35. A data dictionary contains information about the structure of the database.
36. Outputs include reports for programmers, designers, and users.
37. Inputs include new or deleted data elements and changes in data element names, descriptions,
or uses.
38. Incorrect database data can lead to bad decisions, embarrassment, and angry users.
39. Increases in cash flows – any new revenue, such as additional sales generated
40. Increases in cash flows – any cost savings associated
41. Increases in cash flows – tax reduction generated
42. Increases in cash flows – any acceleration in cash flow
43. Decreases in cash flows – any capital investment required
44. Decreases in cash flows – all ongoing operating costs
45. Decreases in cash flows – any ongoing maintenance costs
46. Firm’s opportunity cost - the rate of return that can be earned on this money
47. If the project does not exceed the hurdle rate, it is not acceptable from a financial standpoint
48. Store and analyze information - Sophisticated and comprehensive databases, sometimes cloud-
based, are used to store and analyze information pertaining to business functions, customers,
transaction data, and both employee and customer activity.
49. Assist with making decisions: Information systems can compare inhouse analyses to external
sources to, for example, compare internal insights to information about the general state of the
economy or competitors’ financial reports. Decision-makers use these insights to review the
adequacy and quality of their strategic decisions
50. Assist with business processes: Information systems are used to develop value added systems
for business functions.
51. In file-oriented systems, programmers must know the physical location and layout of records.
52. Operating system – translates DBMS requests into instructions to physically retrieve data from
various storage devices.
53. DBMS – translates users logical views into instructions in which data should be retrieve from the
database
54. Data definition language (DDL) builds the data dictionary, creates the database, describes
logical views for each user, and specifies record or field security constraints
55. Data manipulation language (DML) changes database content, including data element
creations, updates, insertions, and deletions
56. Data query language (DQL) is a high-level English-like language that contains powerful, easy-to-
use commands that enable users to retrieve, sort, order, and display data
57. A report writer simplifies report creation
58. Internal level – data about data storage, such as record layouts, definitions, addresses, indexes.
59. External level – a set of individual user logical views of portions of the database.
60. Conceptual level – enterprise view of entire database